Lec 1 OS Updated
Lec 1 OS Updated
Lec 1 OS Updated
Operating System Concepts – 10h Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Chapter 1: Introduction
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What is an Operating System?
An operating system is software that manages a
computer’s hardware.
It is a program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware
Operating system provides an environment to:
• Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
• Make the computer system convenient to use
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner
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Operating System
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Computer System Structure
Computer system can be divided into four components:
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices
2. Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among
various applications and users
3. Application programs – define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users
Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
4. Users
People, machines, other computers
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Analogy….
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Abstract View of Components of Computer
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What Operating Systems Do
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What Operating Systems Do..(Contd.)
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations
have dedicated resources but frequently use
shared resources from servers
Mobile devices like smartphones and tables are
resource poor, optimized for usability and battery
life
• Mobile user interfaces such as touch screens,
voice recognition
Some computers have little or no user interface,
such as embedded computers in devices and
automobiles
• Run primarily without user intervention
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Operating System Definition
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Operating System Definition..(Contd.)
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Operating System Definition..(Contd.)
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Operating System Definition..(Contd.)
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Overview of Computer System Structure
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Computer System Organization
Computer-system operation
• One or more CPUs, device controllers connect
through common bus providing access to shared
memory
• Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices
competing for memory cycles
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Computer-System Operation
Each device controller type has an operating
system device driver to manage it
Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its
operation by causing an interrupt
• Interrupt: Alert the CPU to events that require
attention
Hardware may trigger an interrupt at any time by
sending a signal to the CPU, usually by way of the
system bus.
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Computer-System Operation…(Contd.)
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Common Functions of Interrupts
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Interrupt Handling
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Interrupt-drive I/O Cycle
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Storage Structure
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Storage Structure
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Storage Structure (Cont.)
Hard Disk Drives (HDD) – rigid metal or glass platters
covered with magnetic recording material
• Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which
are subdivided into sectors
• The disk controller determines the logical
interaction between the device and the computer
Non-volatile memory (NVM) devices– faster than hard
disks, nonvolatile
• Various technologies
• Becoming more popular as capacity and
performance increases, price drops
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Storage Hierarchy
Storage systems organized in hierarchy
• Speed
• Cost
• Volatility
Caching – copying information into faster storage
system; main memory can be viewed as a cache for
secondary storage
Device Driver for each device controller to manage
I/O
• Provides uniform interface between controller and
kernel
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Storage-Device Hierarchy
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How a Modern Computer Works
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Direct Memory Access Structure
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Operating-System Operations
Bootstrap program – simple code to initialize the system, load
the kernel
Kernel loads
Starts system daemons (BACKGROUND PROCESSES)
• services provided outside of the kernel
• Syslogd: system logging facility
Kernel interrupt driven (hardware and software)
• Hardware interrupt by one of the devices
• Software interrupt (exception or trap):
Software error (e.g., division by zero)
Request for operating system service – system call
Other process problems include infinite loop, processes
modifying each other or the operating system
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Multiprogramming (Batch system)
Single user cannot always keep CPU and I/O devices
busy
Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so
CPU always has one to execute
A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory
One job selected and run via job scheduling
When job has to wait (for I/O for example), OS
switches to another job
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Multitasking (Timesharing)
A logical extension of Batch systems– the CPU
switches jobs so frequently that users can interact with
each job while it is running, creating interactive
computing
• Response time should be < 1 second
• Each user has at least one program executing in
memory process
• If several jobs ready to run at the same time CPU
scheduling
• If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves
them in and out to run
• Virtual memory allows execution of processes not
completely in memory
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Memory Layout for Multiprogrammed System
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Dual-mode Operation
Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and
other system components
• User mode and kernel mode
Mode bit provided by hardware
• Provides ability to distinguish when system is running
user code or kernel code.
• When a user is running mode bit is “user”
• When kernel code is executing mode bit is “kernel”
How do we guarantee that user does not explicitly set
the mode bit to “kernel”?
• System call changes mode to kernel, return from call
resets it to user
Some instructions designated as privileged, only
executable in kernel mode
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Transition from User to Kernel Mode
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Timer
Timer to prevent infinite loop (or process hogging
resources)
• Timer is set to interrupt the computer after some
time period
• Keep a counter that is decremented by the
physical clock
• Operating system set the counter (privileged
instruction)
• When counter reaches zero generate an interrupt
• Set up before scheduling process to regain control
or terminate program that exceeds allotted time
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Process Management
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Multithreading
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File-System management
• Files usually organized into directories
• Access control on most systems to determine who
can access what
• OS activities include
Creating and deleting files and directories
Primitives to manipulate files and directories
Mapping files onto secondary storage
Backup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage
media
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Mass-Storage Management
Usually disks used to store data that does not fit in main
memory or data that must be kept for a “long” period of time
Proper management is of central importance
Entire speed of computer operation hinges on disk subsystem
and its algorithms
OS activities
• Mounting and unmounting
• Free-space management
• Storage allocation
• Disk scheduling
• Partitioning
• Protection
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Caching
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Characteristics of Various Types of Storage
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Migration of data “A” from Disk to Register
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I/O Subsystem
One purpose of OS is to hide peculiarities of hardware devices from
the user
I/O subsystem responsible for
• Memory management of I/O including buffering (storing data
temporarily while it is being transferred), caching (storing parts of
data in faster storage for performance), spooling (the overlapping
of output of one job with input of other jobs)
• General device-driver interface
• Drivers for specific hardware devices
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Protection and Security
Protection – any mechanism for controlling access of processes or
users to resources defined by the OS
Security – defense of the system against internal and external attacks
• Huge range, including denial-of-service, worms, viruses, identity
theft, theft of service
Systems generally first distinguish among users, to determine who
can do what
• User identities (user IDs, security IDs) include name and
associated number, one per user
• User ID then associated with all files, processes of that user to
determine access control
• Group identifier (group ID) allows set of users to be defined and
controls managed, then also associated with each process, file
• Privilege escalation allows user to change to effective ID with
more rights
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Virtualization
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Computing Environments - Virtualization
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Distributed Systems
Collection of separate, possibly heterogeneous, systems networked
together
• Network is a communications path, TCP/IP most common
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Network Operating System provides features between systems
across network
• Communication scheme allows systems to exchange messages
• Illusion of a single system
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