Kinematics 3.

Kinematics
CHAPTER
3
Section A - Distance, Displacement, Velocity 
Consider a particle which moves from location r1
and Acceleration, Equation of
(at time t1)
Motion

to location r2 (at time t2) as shown in the figure
below, following path ACB.
1. REST AND MOTION :
y
* An object is said to be in motion wrt a frame of A C
reference S1, when its location is changing with r1 B
time in same frame of reference S1.
r2
* Rest and motion are relative terms.
x
* Absolute rest and absolute motion have no
meaning. (C) Distance :
The length of the actual path traversed by the particle
is termed as its distance.
Motion is broadly classified int o 3
categories. Distance = length of path ACB.

1. Rectilinear and translatory motion. * Its SI unit is metre and it is a scalar quantity.

2. Circular and rotatory motion. * It can never decrease with time.

3. Oscillatory and vibratory motion. (D) Displacement :

The change in position vector of the particle for a
given time interval is known as its displacement.
1.1 Rectilinear or 1-D Motion
When a particle is moving along a straight line, then    
AB  r  r2  r1
its motion is a rectilinear motion.
* Displacement is a vector quantity and its SI unit
Parameters of rectilinear motion or translatory
is metre.
motion or plane motion:
* It can decrease with time.
(A) Time :
For a moving particle in a given interval of time
* It is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is second(s).
* Displacement can be +ve, –ve or 0, but distance
* At a particular instant of time, a physical object
would be always +ve.
can be present at one location only.
* Distance  Magnitude of displacement.
* Time can never decrease.
* Distance is always equal to displacement only
(B) Position or location - It is defined with
and only if particle is moving along a straight
respect to some reference point (origin) of given
line without any change in direction.
frame of reference.

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3.2 Theory and Exercise Book

(E) Av erag e sp eed and av erag e On the distance - time plot, the speed is equal to the
velocity: slope of the tangent to the curve at the time instant
Average speed and average velocity are always 't'. Let A and B point on the plot corresponds to the
defined for a time interval. time t and t + t during the motion. As t approaches
Total dis tan ce travelled s zero, the chord AB becomes the tangent AC at A.
Average speed (v av )   The slope of the tangent equal ds/dt, which is equal
Time int erval t
to the instantaneous speed at 't'.
  
 Displacement  r r2  r1
Average velocity (v av )    DC ds
Time int erval t t 2  t1 v = tan = 
AC dt
* Average speed is a scalar quantity, while
average velocity is a vector quantity. Both have
the same SI units, i.e., m/s. (G) Instantaneous velocity :
For a moving particle in a given interval of time Instantaneous velocity is defined exactly like speed.
* Average speed can be a many valued function It is equal to the ratio of total displacement and time
but average velocity would be always a single- interval, but with one qualification that time interval
valued function. is extremely (infinitesimally) small. Thus,
* Average velocity can be positive, negative or 0 instantaneous velocity can be termed as the average
but average speed would be always positive. velocity at a particular instant of time when t tend
to zero and may have entirely different value that of
(F) Inst antaneous sp eed and average velocity : Mathematically.
instantaneous velocity
Instantaneous speed is also defined exactly like r dr
v  lim 
average speed i.e. it is equal to the ratio of total t0 t dt
distance and time interval, but with one qualification
As t tends to zero, the ratio defining velocity
that time interval is extremely (infinitesimally) small.
becomes finite and equals to the first derivative of
The instantaneous speed is the speed at a particular
the position vector. The velocity at the moment 't' is
instant of time and may have entirly different value
than that of average speed. Mathematically. called the instantaneous velocity or simply velocity
at time 't'.
s ds
v  lim  ...(4) S
s0 t dt
Position/displacement

When s is the distance travelled in time t. B

As t tends to zero, the ratio defining speed
B'
becomes finite and equals to the first derivative of D S

the distance. The speed at the moment 't' is called A C
t
the instantaneous speed at time 't'. t
O t t  t time
S Instantaneous velocity is equal to the slope
of the tangent at given instant.

B
Distance

The magnitude of average velocity |vavg| and average

D S
speed vavg may not be equal, but magnitude of

instantaneous velocity |v| is always equal to
A t C
instantaneous speed v.
t
O t t  t time
Instantaneous speed is equal to the slope
of the tangent at given instant.

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 Kinematics 3.3

EXAMPLE 1 Sol. Let total distance = 2x. Then

In 1.0 sec a particle goes from point A to point B x x  v1  v 2 

moving in a semicircle of radius 1.0 m. The total time taken = v  v  x  v v 
1 2  1 2 
magnitude of average velocity is
(A) 3.14 m/sec (B) 2.0 m/sec 2x 2v1v 2
(C) 1.0 m/sec (D) zero  Average speed = 
 v  v 2  v1  v 2
x 1 
Total displacement d  v1 v 2 
Sol. Average velocity  
Total time t
(G-1) When v elocit y is g iv en as a
D = AO + OB function of t :
A
= 1 + 1 = 2m 1m
o
t = 1 sec (given) 1m EXAMPLE 4
B Velocity-time equation of a particle moving in a
2
 mg of v of = 2m/sec straight line is,
1
v = (10 + 2t + 3t2)
Find :
EXAMPLE 2 (a) displacement of particle from the origin of time
A particle moves along a semicircular path of radius t = 1 s, if it is given that displacement is 20 m at
R in time t with constant speed. For the particle time t = 0
calculate (b) acceleration-time equation.
(i) distance travelled, Sol. (a) The given equation can be written as,
(ii) displacement, R
A B ds
(iii) average speed, v=  (10  2t  3t 2 )
dt
(iv) average velocity,
ds = (10 + 2t + 3t2) dt
Sol. (i) Distance = length of path of particle = AB = R
s t
(ii) Displacement = minimum distance between or ds  (10  2t  3t 2 )dt
initial and final point

20

0

= AB = 2R
or s – 20 = [10t + t2 + t3]01
total dis tan ce R or s = 20 + 12 = 32 m
(iii) Average speed, v = 
time t (b) Acceleration-time equation can be obtained by
differentiating the given equation w.r.t. time.
2R
(iv) Average velocity = Thus,
t
dv d
a=  (10  2t  3t 2 )
dt dt
EXAMPLE 3
A body travels the first half of the total distance or a = 2 + 6t
with velocity v1 and the second half with velocity
v2. Calculate the average velocity :

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3.4 Theory and Exercise Book

SPECIMEN PROBLEM : (G-2) When velocity is given as a function

of x

(A) WHEN EQ UA TION OF dx

v = f(x)   f (x)
DISPLA CEMENT IS GIVEN AN D dt
SPEED TO BE FIND OUT
dx
EXAMPLE 5   f (x)   dt
If displacement is depend on time such that
x = 2t –2 then find out average speed upt to 4 sec.
EXAMPLE 7
Total distance
Sol. Average speed = If velocity is given by following function V = x2.
Total time
Then find out relation between x & t (assume x = 1 m
for Total distance at t = 0)
at t = 0 it is at x = – 2 Sol. Relation between v & x is

at t = 1 it is at 0 m v = x2

at t = 4 it is at 6 m. dx dx
we know that v =   x2
Total distance = |– 2| + 0 + 6 = 8 m dt dt

Average speed = 8/4 = 2m/sec x t

dx dx
x2
 dt   1
x2 0
 dt

(B) WHEN VELOCITY IS GIVEN AS A

FUNCTION OF TIME AND DISTANCE x
 1 1
TO BE FIND OUT  –   t  – +1=t
 x 1 x
In this type of question first find out at what instant
the velocity is zero. If this instant is come in our 1
 x=
time limit then distance can be calculated by 1– t
breaking the integration in two part with modulas

(E) Av erag e and inst antaneous

acceleration.
EXAMPLE 6
When the velocity of a moving object/particle
If velocity is depend on time such that v = 4 – 2t. changes with time, we can say that it is accelerated.
Find out distance travelled by particle from 1 to 3
Average acceleration,
sec.
  
Sol. Velocity is zero (4 – 2t = 0) at t = 2 sec  v  v1 v Change in velocity
(a av )  2  
t 2  t1 t Time int erval
dx
So for distance = 4 – 2t Instantaneous acceleration,
dt

  dv
2 3
(a)  lim a av  = Rate of change of velocity
 t 0 dt
 
 dx = (4 – 2t)dt  (4 – 2t)dt
2 Acceleration is a vector quantity whose direction is
1
same as that of change in velocity vector. Its SI
dx = 1 + 1 = 2m unit is m/s2.

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 Kinematics 3.5

* When direction of acceleration and velocity are t

opposite to each other, then acceleration is  t2 
or [s]s0  u[t]0t  a  
termed as retardation.  2 0
  
 d v d2 r  d v
* a  2 v   t2 
dt dt dr or s – 0 = u (t – 0) + a   0 
2 

(E-4) Constant Acceleration Format  t2 

or s = ut +   0  ...(4)
Deduce the following equations for unifromly 2 
accelerated motion by using intergration technique.
Third equation of motion. By the definitions of
1 2 acceleration and velocity,
(A) v = u + at (B) s = ut + at
2
dv dv ds dv
a    v
dt ds dt ds
a
(C) v2 – u2 = 2as (D) snth = u + (2n – 1) or ads = vdv ...(5)
2
When time = 0, velocity = u, displacement travelled = 0
First equation of motion. Acceleration is defined
as When time = t, velocity = v, displacement travelled = s
(say)
dv Integrating equation (5) within the above limits of
a or dv = adt ...(1)
dt velocity and displacement, we get
When time = 0, velocity = u (say) s v s v

When time = t, velocity = v (say) 

0
a ds  v dvu

or a ds  v dv
0

u
Integrating equation (1) within the above limits of
time and velocity, we get v
 v2  v2 u2
v t t or a[s]s0   or a [s  0]  
[v]uv  a
t  2 u 2 2
 dv   a dt
u 0
or  dt  a  t 
0
0
or 2as = v2 – u2 or v2 – u2 = 2as ...(6)
or v – u = a(t – 0) Fourth equation of motion. By definition of
or v = u + at ...(2) velocity,

Second equation of motion. Velocity is defined ds

v
as dt

ds or ds = vdt = (u + at) dt ...(7)

v
dt When time = (n – 1) second, displacement travelled
or ds = v dt = (u + at) dt ...(3) = sn – 1 (say).
When time = n second, displacement travelled = sn
When time = 0, displacement travelled = 0
(say)
When time = t, displacement travelled = s (say).
Integrating equation (7) within the above limits of
Integrating equation (3) within the above limits of
time and distance, we get
time and distance, we get
sn n
s t t t

 ds   (u  at)dt  u  dt  a  t dt 
sn 1
ds   (u  at)dt
n 1
0 0 0 0

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3.6 Theory and Exercise Book

n n dis tan ce
[s]ssnn 1  Time taken, t  uniform velocity
or u 
n 1
dt  a 
n 1
t dt

200
n   10sec.
 t2  20
or sn  sn 1  u[t]nn 1 a 
 2  n 1  Total time of journey, t = (20 + 10 + 20) sec
t = 50 sec
a
= u[n –(n – 1)] + [n2 – (n – 1)2]
2 Total displacement 600
Average velocity = 
Total Time 50
a 2
=u+ [n – (n2 – 2n + 1)] = 12 m/s.
2

a (iii) Motion with uniform retardation.

snth  u  (2n  1) ...(8)
2 For this motion, initial velocity, u = 20 m s–1 and
where snth = sn – sn –1 = displacement in nth second. final velocity v = 0 ; S2 = 200 m
Acceleration a' = ?

EXAMPLE 8 Using, v2 – u2 = 2 a' S2

(0)2 – (20)2 = 2(a) × 200
A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly
for 20 seconds to a velocity of 72 km h–1. It then a = – 1 ms–2
runs at constant velocity and finally brought to rest Let t = time for which the body comes to rest.
in 200 m with a constant retardation. The total  v = u + a t
distance covered is 600 m. Find the acceleration, 0 = 20 – 1t
retardation and the total time taken.
 t = 20 sec.
Sol. (i) Motion with uniform acceleration

5 C. SPECIMEN PROBLEM
Here, u = 0 ; t1 = 20 sec ; v = 72 × = 20 ms–1
18
EXAMPLE 9
 v = u + at1
Find out distance travelled by the block in 10 sec.
20 = 0 + a × 20 or a = 1 m s–2 for a given situation.
Distance travelled by car in this time (20 sec),
2
a=2m/s
1 2 1 u=10 m/s
S1 = ut + at = 0 + × 1 × (20)2 = 200 m
2 2

(ii) Motion with uniform velocity. Sol. First find out it what instant velocity of block becomes
zero.
As given, total distance = 600 m
v = u + at
we have calculated S1 = 200 m (with uniform acc.)
given : u = 10 m/s, a = – 2m/s2
and S2 = 200 m (with retardation)
 0 = 10 – 2t
 Net distance for which body moves with
uniform velocity,  t = 5 sec
S = 600 – S1 – S2= 600 – 200 – 200 = 200 m So we calculate distance for two time intervals.

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 Kinematics 3.7

For first 5 sec. Note :

Definition : Time taken by a driver to react for a situation
1 2
S1 = ut – at Reaction Time of the driver is t = t1 – t0
2

1 a v=0
 S1 = (10)(5) – (2) (5)2 = 25 m u
2
for Next 5 sec (blockis travelling towards the starting
point) t1 t2
t=t0 (brakes applied)

1 2 Total distance covered by the car before stopping

S2 = ut + at
2 = distance covered in uniform motion during to to t1
u=0 + distance cover in deaccelerated motion during t1

1 u2
S2 = × 2 × 25 = 25 m to t2 = Total distance = u(t) +
2 2a
S = S1 + S2 = 50 m
EXAMPLE 11
(D) Reaction time : Assume that a car is able to stop with a retardation
When a particular situation demands our immediate of 8 ms–2 and that a driver can react to an emergency
action, it takes some time before we really respond. in 0.5 sec. Calculate the overall stopping distance of
Reaction time is the time a person takes to observe, the car for a speed of 60 km–1 of the car.
think and act. 5 50 1
Sol. Here, u = 60 km h–1  60   ms
For example, if a person is driving and suddenly a 18 3
boy appears on the road, then the time elapse before Since the application of brakes takes 0.5 s, before
he applies the breaks of the car is the reaction time. this the car was moving with uniform speed of
Reaction time depends on complexity of the situation 50 1
and on an individiual. One can measure one's ms .
3
reaction time by a simple experiment.
 Distance covered in 0.5 sec, with a uniform
EXAMPLE 10 speed is
Take a rule and ask your friend to drop it vertically 50 25
through the gap between your thumb and forefinger. S1  u  t   0.5  m  8.33m
3 3
As soon as it is dropped, note the time elapsed ts
Now car begins to move with a retardation of 8ms–2
before you catch it and the distance d travelled by
 Distance covered before coming to rest,
the ruler. (In a particular case, y was found to be
2a S2 = v2 – u2
21.0 cm. Estimate reaction time).
2
Sol. As the ruler drops under free fall so u = 0, and  50 
2 2 0 
g = 9.8 ms –2. The distance travelled d and the or S  v  u   3   50  50
2
reaction time tr are related by 2a 2  8 9 28

1 2 d 2500
d gt r  4.9t 2r Or, tr    17.36 m
2 4.9 144
 Total (overall) distance = S1 + S2 = 8.33 + 17.36
Here d = 21.0 cm = 0.21 m
 S = 25.69 m
0.21
 tr   0.2s
4.9

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3.8 Theory and Exercise Book

EXAMPLE 12 SPECIMEN PROBLEM

Two buses A and B are at positions 50 m and (E) Maximum Separation :

100 m from the origin at time t = 0. They start moving EXAMPLE 14
in the same direction simultaneously with uniform
u=0 2
velocity of 10 ms–1 and 5 ms–1. Determine the time a=4m/s
and postion at which A overtakes B.
Sol. Here we use equation of motion for constant velocity
in Cartesian form. 40 m/s

Given x1 (0) = 50 m, x2 (0) = 100 m,

What is the maximum separation between car and
v1 = 10 ms–1, v2 = 5 ms–1 scooter ?
The positions of the two buses at any instant t are
Sol. Initially seperation between car & scooter increases
x1 (t) = x1 (0) + v1t = 50 + 10 t and then decreases.
x2 (t) = x2 (0) + v2t = 100 + 10 t Separation between them will be maximum at an
When A overtakes B, instant at which velocity of the car is equal to the
x1 (t) = x2 (t) velocity of scooter.
50 + 10t = 100 + 5t or 5t = 50 Velocity car = Velocity scooter = 40 m/s
t = 10 s from v = u + at
x1 (10) = x2 (10) = 150 m 40 = 0 + 4t  t = 10 sec
Thus A overtakes B at a position of 150 m from the The distance travelled by scooter in 10 sec.
origin at time t = 10 s.
is S1 = 10 × 40 = 400 m
The distance travelled by car in 10 sec. is
EXAMPLE 13
1 2 1
A bus starts from rest with constant acceleration of S2 = ut + at = 0 + × 4 × (10)2 = 200 m
2 2
5 ms–2. At the same time a car travelling with a
constant velocity of 50 ms–1 overtakes and passes So maximum seperation = S1 – S2
the bus. = 400 – 200 = 200 m
(i) Find at what distance will the bus overtake the * When they meet both will travel the same
car ? distance.
(ii) How fast will the bus be travelling then ?
Sol. (i) Suppose the bus overtakes the car after
covering distance s.
When the two meet, time taken t is same.

1 2 1 2
For bus, s  ut  at  0   5t
2 2
For car, s = 50 t

5 2
 t  50t or t = 20 s
2
Hence s = 50 t = 50 × 20 = 1000 m.
(ii) v2 = u2 + 2as = 0 + 2 × 5 × 1000 = 10,000
or v = 100 ms–1

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 Kinematics 3.9

Section B - Motion under Gravity (c) Final velocity

from v = u + at
2. MOTION UNDER GRAVITY
2u
v = vf a=–g t=T=
I FORMAT : g
(When a body is thrown vertically upward)  2u 
It includes two types of motion  vf = u – g  
 g 
(i) Deaccelerated motion from A to B because the vf = – u
direction of velocity and acceleration is opposite. i.e. the body reaches the ground with the same
So speed decreases speed with which it was thrown vertically upwards
as it thrown vertically upward.
B

upward (d) Time to reach half of the maximum

motion downward motion
height :-
(accelerated motion)
(deaccelerated ui = u a=–g
motion)
u
C 1 2
A from S = ut + at
2

(ii) Accelerated motion from B to C because the Hmax

H 1 2
= ut – gt Hmax/2
direction of velocity and acceleration is same 2 2
(downward). So speed increases u
H = 2ut – gt2
(a) Time of flight :
 gt2 – 2ut + H = 0
It is the time taken by the particle to reach the
ground. If the particle is thrown vertically upward 2u  4u 2 – 4gH
 t=
with initial velocity u then 2g
ui = u
u2
a = – g (take downward direction negative) 2u  4u 2 – 4g 
2g
from equation  t=
2g
1 2
S = ut + at  u2
2  H max 
 2g
 Snet = 0 (when particle again reaches the ground)
u(2  2)
t = T (time of flight) t= ...(1)
2g
1 2 2u Equation 1 gives two value of time which
0 = uT – gT  T = corresponds to
2 g

(b) Maximum Height : u(2 – 2)

t1 =
2g
from v2 u2 + 2as
(from ground to Hmax/2 in upward motion)
at maximum height v = 0, s = Hmax
u(2  2)
2 t2 =
u 2g
 0 = u2 –2 gHmax  Hmax =
2g (from ground to Hmax/2 in downward motion)

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3.10 Theory and Exercise Book

(e) Time to reach any general height h EXAMPLE 15

Let us assume that particle reaches from A to B in A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity
time t1 & from A to C is time t2. u from the ground. The ball attains a maximum
height Hmax. Then find out the time and displacement
1 2 1 2
So from S = ut + at  h = ut – gt at which ball have half of the maximum speed.
2 2
Sol. Maximum speed of the ball is u. At point B and C
gt2 – 2ut + 2h = 0 ball have speed u/2 but direction
is opposite so from
2u  4u 2 – 8gh v = u + at B C
 t= B C
2g Let t1 is the time taken by u/2 u/2
the ball from point A to B h
h
u – u 2 – 2gh and t2 is the time taken by
So, t1 = , u the ball from A to C
g A A
u
From A to B  u – gt1 ...(i)
2
u  u 2 – 2gh
t2 =
g u
From A to C –  u – gt 2 ....(2)
2
 t1 + t2 = T (Time of flight)
u 3u
from (i) t1 = , from (ii) t2 =
2g 2g
II Format (Free fall) :
A body released near the surface of the earth is from equation v2 – u2 = 2as
accelerated downward under the influence of force  v = ± u/2, u = u, a = – g
of gravity. 2
u 2
   – u = – 2gh
2
 
(a) Time of Flight :
(0,0) 3u 2  u2 
u=0
1 2 h=   H max  
from equation S = ut + at 8g  2g 
2
H 3
S = – H, u = 0, a = – g h= H max
4
t = T (Let assume)
EXAMPLE 16
1 2 2H A ball thrown vertically upwards with a speed of
 – H = (0)T – gt  T =
2 g 19.6 ms–1 from the top of a tower returns to the
earth in 6 s. Find the height of the tower.
(b) Final Velocity when body reaches the Sol. Here u = 19.6 ms–1
ground g = –9.8 ms–2
2 2
from v – u = 2as Net displacement, s = – h
s=–H v = vf u=0 a=–g Negative sign is taken
because displacement is in
Tower

 v f 2 – 0 = 2 (–g) (–H)  vf = 2gH h

the opposite direction of
initial velocity.

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 Kinematics 3.11

For upward motion of the ball :

1 2
As s = ut + gt u = ?, v = 0, t = 2s, g = – 9.8 ms–2
2
As v = u + gt
1  0 = u – 9.8 × 2
 – h = 19.6 × 6 + × (–9.8) × 62
2
or u = 19.6 ms–1
= 117.6 – 176.4 = –58.8 Maximum height attained by the ball is given by
or h = 58.8 m
1 2 1
s = ut + gt = 19.6 × 2 + × (9.8) × 22 = 19.6 m.
2 2
EXAMPLE 17
Displacement of the ball in 3 s,
A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity
of 20 ms–1 from the top of a multistoreyed building. 1
s = 19.6 × 3 + × (–9.8) × 32 = 58.8 – 44.1 = 14.7 m
The height of the point from where the ball is thrown 2
is 25 m from the ground. (i) How high will the ball Distance of the ball from the highest point 3 s after
rise and (ii) how long will it be before the ball hits it was thrown
the ground? = 19.6 – 14.7 = 4.9 m.
Sol. (i) Here u = +20 ms–1, g = –10 ms–2
At the highest point, v = 0
EXAMPLE 19
Suppose the ball rises to the height h from the point
A balloon is ascending at the rate of 9.8 ms–1 at a
of projection.
height of 39.2 m above the ground when a food
As v2 – u2 = 2gs
packet is dropped from the balloon. After how much
 02 – 202 = 2 × (–10) × h time and with what velocity does it reach the ground?
or h = + 20 m. Take g = 9.8 ms–2.
(ii) Net displacement, s = –25 m Sol. Initially the food packet attains the upward velocity
Negative sign is taken because displacement is in of the balloon, so
the opposite direction of initial velocity. u = 9.8 ms–1, g = 9.8 ms–2 , s = –39.2 m
1 2 Here s is taken negative because it is in the opposite
As s = ut + gt direction of initial velocity.
2
1 2
1 Using, s = ut + gt , we get
 –25 = 20t + × (–10) × t2 2
2
or 5t2 – 20t – 25 = 0 or t2 – 4t – 5 = 0 1
– 39.2 = 9.8 t – × 9.8 t2
or (t+ 1) (t – 5) = 0 2
As t  –1, so t = 5s. or 4.9 t2 – 9.8 t – 39.2 = 0 or t2 – 2t – 8 =0
or (t – 4) (t + 2) = 0 or t = 4 s or – 2 s
EXAMPLE 18 As time is never negative, so t = 4s.
A ball thrown up is caught by the thrower after 4s. Velocity with which the food packet reaches the
How high did it go and with what velocity was it ground is
thrown ? How far was it below the highest point 3 s v = u + gt = 9.8 – 9.8 × 4 = – 29.4 ms–1.
after it was thrown? Negative sign shows that the velocity is directed
Sol. As time of ascent = time of descent vertically downwards.
 Time taken by the ball to reach the highest point = 2 s

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3.12 Theory and Exercise Book

EXAMPLE 20 Section C - Graphs

Two balls are thrown simultaneously, A vertically
3. GRAPHS :
upwards with a speed of 20 ms–1 from the ground,
and B vertically downwards from a height of 40 m
with the same speed and along the same line of (i) Straight line :
motion. At what points do the two balls collide? Take A linear relation between y & x represents a straight
g = 9.8 ms–2. line.
General equation of straight line
Sol. Suppose the two balls meet at a height of x from
y = mx + c
the ground after time t s from the start.
m  slope of line
For upward motion of balls A :
c  y intercept i.e. where the line cuts the y-axis.
u = 20 ms–1, g = – 9.8 ms–2
Slope is defined as the tan of angle made by the
1 2 straight line with positive x-axis in anticlockwise
s = ut + gt
2 direction.

1 m=tan
x = 20 t – × 9.8 t2 = 20t – 4.9 t2 ...(i) m=tan
2
 
u=20 ms
–1
B

40–x
40 m

m < 0   > 90°

C
m > 0   < 90°
x
0°   < 180°
–1
u=20 ms A
EXAMPLE 21
For downward motion of ball B,
Draw the graph for the equation : 2y = 3x + 2
1
40 – x = 20 × t + × 9.8 t2 3
2 Sol. 2y = 3x + 2 y = x 1
2
= 20t + 4.9 t2 ... (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), 40 = 40 t or t = 1 s
From (i), x = 20 × 1 – 4.9 × (1)2 = 15.1 m
(0,1) 3
Hence the two balls will collide after 1 s at a height
tan  =
of 15.1 m from the ground.  2

3
m= > 0   < 90°
2
c = +1 > 0
 The line will pass through (0, 1)

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 Kinematics 3.13

EXAMPLE 22
Draw the graph for the equation : x2 B
2y + 4x + 2 = 0
tan = –2 x2–x1
Sol. 2y + 4x + 2 = 0 
 y = – 2x – 1 A
x1 
m = – 2 < 0 i.e.,  > 90° t2–t1
c = – 1 i.e., (0,–1) t1 t2
line will pass through (0, –1) when t2 approaches t1 point B approaches Point A
and the chord AB becomes tangent to the curve.
: (i) If c = 0 line will pass through origin. Therefore
(ii) y = c will be a line parallel to x axis. vinstantaneous = Slope of the tangent x – t curve
(0,c)
(iii) Reading of Graph

(0,0)
(A) Reading x v/s t graphs
(iii) x = c will be a line perpendicular to y axis

x
(c,0)
(0,0)
(1) x0 Explanation :
Body is at rest at x0.
t
(ii) Parabola
A general quadratic equation represents a parabola.
y = ax2 + bx + c a0 x
if a > 0 ; It will be a opening upwards parabola. (2) Explanation : Body
starts from origin and is
if a < 0 ; It will be a opening downwards parabola.
moving with speed tan 
if c = 0 ; It will pass through origin.
away from origin.
e.g. y = 4 x2 + 3x  t
2
y=4x +3x (3) Explanation : Body
x
starts from rest from origin
y=–4x +3x
2 and moves away from
origin with increasing speed
Average velocity & instantaneous velocity from velocity and positive
Position vs time graph t acceleration.
Average velocity from t1 to t2
(4) x Explanation : Body
displacement x 2 – x1 starts from rest from x =
= 
time taken t 2 – t1 x0 and moves away from
= tan  = slope of the chord AB x0 origin with increasing
velocity or +ve
x 2 – x1 t
acceleration.
vinstantaneous = as tlim t
2 1 t 2 – t1

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3.14 Theory and Exercise Book

(5) Explanation : Body (B) V-T GRAPHS

starts from x = x0 and is v
x0 (1) Explanation : Body is
moving toward the origin always at rest.
with constant velocity
passes throw origin after
t same time and continues v t
to move away from
origin. v0
(2) Explanation : Body is
moving with constant
(6) x Explanation : Body t velocity v0
x0 starts from rest at x = x0 (3) Explanation : Body is
and then moves with v
at rest initially then it
increasing speed towards starts moving with its
origin velocity increasing at a
t
 acceleration is –ve constant rate i.e. body is
moving with constant
t
acceleration.
(7) x Explanation : Body v
starts moving away from (4) Explanation : Body
origin with some initial starts its motion with initial
v0 velocity v0 and continues
speed. Speed of body is
t2 to move with its velocity
decreasing till t 1 and it
t t increasing at a constant
O t1 becomes 0 momentarily of
rate i.e. acceleration of
t = t1 and At this instant.
the body is constant.
Its reverses its direction and move towards the origin
with increasing speed. (5) v Explanation : Body
starts its motion with initial
v0 velocity v 0. Then it
(8) x Explanation : Body t0 continues to move with its
starts from origin moves t velocity decreasing at a
t1 away from origin in the – constant rate i.e.
t
t2 ve x-axis at t = t 1 with acceleration of the body is negative and constant.
decreasing speed and at At t = t0 the body comes to rest instantaneously
t= t1 it comes at rest and reverses its direction of motion and then
continues to move with decreasing velocity or
momentarily, Reverses its direction moves towards increasing speed.
the origin the increasing speed. Crosses the origin For 0 < t < t0 motion of the body is deaccelerated
at t = t2. ( speed is decreassing)
t > t0 motion of the body is accelerated
( speed is increasing)
(9) x Explanation : Body
starts from origin from rest (6) Explanation : Body is
v
t and moves away from at rest initially. Then it
origin with increasing starts moving with
speed. increasing velocity. As
time increases its velocity
t is increasing more rapidly.
i.e. the moving with
increasing acceleration.

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 Kinematics 3.15

(7) v Explanation : Body (6) a Explanation : Initially

v0 starts its motion with initial acceleration of the body is
velocity v0. Its velocity is zero. Its acceleration is
decreasing with time and t positive for whole of its
t0 t at t = t0 . It becomes zero motion. Its acceleration is
after body increasing for whole of its
reverse its direction of motion and continues to move motion.
with decreasing velocity or increasing speed. Since
velocity of the body is decreasing for whole motion.
Therefore, its acceleration is negative.For 0 < t < t0 (IV) Drawing of graphs on the basis of
motion of the body is deaccelerated (speed is given information.
decreassing) t > t0 motion of the body is accelerated (a) If acceleration of the body is zero.
( speed is increasing)
(i) If the velocity of the body is v0 and it starts from
origin.
(C) READING OF a - t GRAPHS
(1) a Explanat ion : x v
acceleration of the body is
zero that means the body

t
v0

0
u
x=
is moving constant
t velocity. t t
a
(2) Explanat ion : (ii) If at t = 0, x = x0 then
Acceleration of the body
is constant and positive. x v
t
+v
0
t
x0 x 0
v0
x=
(3) a Explanat ion :
Acceleration of the body t t
t
is constant and negative

(iii) If at t = 0, x = – x0 then
(4) Explanation : Initially
a x
the acceleration of the v
body is zero. Then its t t
+v
0
v0
acceleration is increasing –x
0

x=
t at a constant rate. t
–x0 t

(5) a Explanation : The

body starts acceleratin
t (initial acceleration zero) (b) If a body has constant acceleration:
at t = 0. Its acceleration is For this section
negative for whole of its
motionand is decreasing at (i) u0, x0 & a0 are positive constants.
a constant rate. (ii) u  initial velocity
(iii) v  velocity at any time t.
(iv) x  Position at any time t.
xi  initial position

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3.16 Theory and Exercise Book

(i) if u = 0, a = a0 x

1 2 2
if xi = 0, x = at if xi = x0, x = x0 + (1/2)at x0
2
x x if xi = x0
t
t0

x0
v
t a
t
u0

x t
This is wrong because t0
it suggest the body
t –a0
don't have some initial
velocity
(iv) if u = – u0 , a = + a0
t 1 2
x = xi – u0t + a 0t
2
v a
x
a0
slope = tan x0
= a0

t t t
v = a0t if xi = 0 if xi = x0

(ii) If u = u0 , a = a0 v
a
1 2
x = xi + u0t + a 0 t v = u0 + a0t
2 a0
x x t
–u0 t
(v) If u = u0, a = – a0
1 2
t x = xi – u0t – a 0t
if xi = 0 if xi = x0 t 2

v a x x
x0
a0
t t
t t

if xi = 0 if xi = x0
(iii) if u = u0, a = – a0
1 2 v
x = xi + u0t – a 0t a
2
x

t t
–v0
if xi = 0 –a0
t

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 Kinematics 3.17

EXAMPLE 23 (iii) If a body is projected vertically upwards from

Draw the a tower of height h with initial velocity u. Take
(a) position vs time graph the projection point to be origin and upward
(b) velocity vs time graph direction as +ve.
(c) acceleration vs time graph
for the following cases x
u2
(i) If a body is projected vertically upwards with
2g 2u
initial velocity u. Take the projection point to
be origin and upward direction as positive. g
t
u v = u – gt
1 2 g
x = ut – gt
2 –h

x v
u2
u v
u 2u a
2g
g g
t
u/2g t
t
u 2u t
g g –u –g

(iv) A car starting from rest accelerates uniformly at

2 ms –2 for 5 seconds and then moves with
t
constant speed acquired for the next 5 seconds
–g and then comes to rest retarding at 2 ms–2.
Draw its
(a) Position vs time graph
(ii) If a body is dropped from a height h above the
(b) Velocity vs time graph
ground. Take dropping point to be origin and
upward direction as +ve. (c) acceleration vs time graph
acceleration vs time graph
1 2
x = – gt
2 a
+2
x v
10 15
2h 2h t
5
g g
t t
–2

–h – 2gh
acceleration vs time graph

a=–g v
a
–1
10ms
t 15
v = – gt
t
5 10
–g

velocity vs time graph

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3.18 Theory and Exercise Book

(V) Conversion of velocity v/s time graph

x (in m)
x to speed v/s time graph.
100
As we know that magnitude of velocity represent
speed therefore whenever velocity goes –ve take its
75
mirror image about time axis.
EXAMPLE 24
25

velocity
t (in sec) speed
5 10 15 e
ag
i m
Position vs time graph r
i rro
m
t (sec)
(v) A particle starts from x = 0 and initial speed t (sec)
10ms–1 and moves with constant speed 10ms–1
for 20 sec. and then retarding uniformly comes
EXAMPLE 25
to rest in next 10 seconds.
acceleration vs time graph
velocity speed e
ag
m
a
o ri
irr
m
t t
20 30
t (sec)

–2
–1ms (VI) Conversion of displacement vs time
graph to distance vs time graph
Acceleration vs time graph For distance time graph just make the mirror image
of the displacement time graph from point of zero
v
velocity onwards.
–1
10ms D
Dist./Displacement

Dist.-time
C

t (sec) B Disp-time
20 30
A
Time
velocity vs time graph

x
(VII) Conversion of v - t graphs in to x-t
250m
and a-t graphs

v x
200m

t (sec) v0
20 30sec
t0
v

(i) 
x=

Position vs time graph

t t

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 Kinematics 3.19

v x x

0
a



(ii) 
n

t1 t2
ta

t t
(v) upto t = t1 acceleration is +ve
t1 < t < t2 acceleration is zero.
a
v

a0
a - t graph t
t1 t2
t
t > t2 acceleration is –ve

v x x

tan   – a0

(iii) 
 x - t graph
t0 t
t t1 t2 t
t0

Some important points :

a
dv
• a=
dt
  dv   adt
t
 v = area under the a - t curve
–a0
dx
• v=
dt
  dx   vdt
at t = t0 velocity reverses its direction.
(iv) x – t graph  x = area under the v - t curve
From t = 0 to t = t1 acceleration = 0 therefore  displacement=area under the v–t
from t = 0 to t = t1, x - t graph will be a straight line. curve

v
EXAMPLE 26
v0 If at t = 0 u = 5 ms–1 then velocity at t = 10 sec
= u + change in velocity a

t1 t2 = 5 + area of the shaded –2

t 5ms
part
From t = t1 to t2 acceleration is negative = 5 + 10 × 5 10 sec t
 It will be an opening downward parabola = 55 ms –1

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3.20 Theory and Exercise Book

EXAMPLE 27 Conclusions :
if at t = 0, u = 2 ms–2 find out it maximum velocity. (i) Body A Start its motion at t = 0 from origin and is
Since whole motion is a moving away from the origin with constant velocity.
accelerating. Therefore 5ms –2
Finally it ends its motion at a distance of x2m from
velocity will be max at origin at t = t3.
the end of the motion (ii) Body B starts its motion at t = t1 from origin and is
which will be t moving away from origin with constant velocity.
10sec
Finally it ends its motion at a distance of x3m from
1
=2+ × 5 × 10 = 27 ms–1 origin at t = t3
2
(iii) Since slope of B is greater than slope of A. Therefore
velocity of B is greater than velocity of A.
EXAMPLE 28
(iv) A t = t2, Both A & B are at the same distance from
if at t = 0, u = 4 ms–1
starting point that means B overtakes A at t = t2
Find out v at
(v)  velocity of both A & B are constant
t = 10 sec, t = 20 sec & t = 30 sec.
 acceleration of both the bodies are zero.
Since for whole motion acceleration of the body is
positive (vi)  x3 > x2
 At the end of the motion B is at a greater distance
a
from the starting point.
10ms–2 EXAMPLE 29

t x
10sec 20sec 30sec
x2 A
1
vt= 10 sec = 4 + × 10 × 10 = 54 ms–1 B
2
x1
1 x0
vt = 20 sec = 4 + × 10 × 10 + 10 × 10
2
= 154 ms–1 t0 t1 t
1
vt = 30 sec = 154 + × 10 × 10 = 204 ms–1
2 Conclusion :
(i) Body A starts its motion at t = 0 from origin and is
(VIII) Reading of graphs if the motion moving away from the origin with constant velocity.
of two bodies are sketched on the Finally its motion ends at t = t1 at x = x2 m.
same axes.
(ii) Body B starts its motion at t = 0 from x = x0 and
(a) Reading of x - t graphs
then moves with constant velocity away from the
origin. Finally it ends its motion at t = t1.
x
(iii) Velocity of A is greater than that of B.
x3
B (iv) At t = t0 A overtakes B
(v) acceleration of both A & B is zero.
x2
(vi)  x2 > x1
x1
A  At the end of the motion A is at a greater distance
from the starting point then B
O t1 t2 t3 t

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 Kinematics 3.21

EXAMPLE 30 Section D - Variable Acceleration

(E-1) When acceleration is given as a

x function of x
B
A
EXAMPLE 31
if a = 2x ; initially particle is at x = 2m and is moving
with 3 ms–1. Then find out v at x = 5 m.
Sol. Given a = 2x
t1 t2 t
v 5
vdv

dx
 2x  
3

vdv  2xdx
2
Conclusions :
(i) Both A & B starts their motion at same time t = 0
and from same point x = 0. v2 9
 – = 25 – 4  v2 – 9 = 21 × 2
2 2
(ii) Both are moving away from the starting point.
(iii) A is moving with constant velocity while B starts  v= 51 ms –1
its motion from rest and its velocity is increasing
with time i.e. it has some positive acceleration.
(iv)  At t = t1 the tangent on B's graph becomes (E-2) When accelerat ion is g iv en as
parallel to the A's graphs function of velocity
 At t = t1 velocity of both A & B is same. EXAMPLE 32
(v) For t < t1 velocity of A is greater than velocity of B. If a is depend on v in a following way.
Therefore up to t = t1, separation between A & B
a = v and at t = 0 x = 1m, v = 1m/s.
increases with time.
(vi) For t > t1 velocity of B is greater than velocity of A. (a) Find out its velocity at t = 2 sec.
Therefore after t = t1 separation between A & B (b) Find out its velocity at x = 3 m
starts decreasing and it becomes zero at t = t 2 Sol. Given a = v
where B overtakes A.
v 2
dv dv

dt
v  
1
 dt
v 0 
 ln v = 2  v = e2 ms–1

(b) Given a = v

v 3
vdv

dx
v  
1

dv  dx
1

 v–1=2  v = 3 ms–1

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3.22 Theory and Exercise Book

(E-3) When acceleration is given as a Section E - Ground-to Ground projectile

function of t. Motion, Equation of Trajectory,
Projectile from tower, Projectile
EXAMPLE 33 Motion in Inclined plane
The acceleration of a particle which is depend on
time is given by following function 4. TWO DIMENSIONAL MOTION OR
a = 2t + 1 MOTION IN A PLANE
and at time t = 0, x = 1m and ui = 2m/s. Motion in a plane can be described by vector sum
of two independent 1D motions along two mutual
Then find out displacement of the particle at t = 3 sec.
perpendicular directions (as motions along two
dv mutual directions don’t affect each other).
Sol.  We know that a =
dt Consider a particle moving in X-Y plane, then its
equations of motions for X and Y axes are
dv
 = 2t + 1  dv = (2t + 1) dt vx = ux + axt, vy = uy + ayt
dt
1 2 1
vf t x = uxt + axt , and ; y = uyt + ayt2, and
2 2
 dv =  (2t  1)dt
2 0

v 2v  u 2x  2a x x v 2y  u 2y  2a y y
vf – 2 = t2 + t  vf = t2 + t + 2
where symbols have their usual meanings. Thus
dx dx
Now v=  = t2 + t + 2 resultant motion would be described by the
dt dt
equations
xf t  
r  xiˆ  y ˆj and v  v x ˆi  v y ˆj
  dx  (t 2  t  2)

1 0

4.1 PROJECTILE MOTION

t3 t2
xf =   2t  1 It is the best example to understand motion in a
3 2
plane. If we project a particle obliquely from the
So, xf at t = 3 sec is surface of earth, as shown in the figure below, then
it can be considered as two perpendicular 1D
(3)3 (3)2
=   2(3)  1  20.5 m motions - one along the horizontal and other along
3 2 the vertical.
So, after t = 3 sec the position of the particle is
20.5m but the displacement of the particle is
= 20.5 – 1 = 19.5 m Y u
usin

 +
 u cos 
O x

Assume that effect of air friction and wind resistance

are negligible and value of ‘acceleration due to

gravity g is constant.

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 Kinematics 3.23

Take point of projection as origin and horizontal and a minimum value (not equal to zero) and then again
vertical direction as +ve X and Y-axes, respectively. increases.
For X-axis For Y - axis

 is the angle between v and horizontal which
ux = u cos, uy = u sin
ax = 0, ay = – g,
decreases to zero. (at top most point) and again
vx = u cos, and vy = u sin – gt, and increases in the negative direction
1 2 EXAMPLE 34
x = u cos × t y = u sint – gt
2
A body is projected with a velocity of 30 ms–1 at an
It is clear from above equations that horizontal angle of 30° with the vertical. Find the maximum
component of velocity of the particle remains height, time of flight and the horizontal range.
constant while vertical component of velocity is first
Sol. Here u = 30 ms–1,
decreasing, gets zero at the highest point of
trajectory and then increases in the opposite Angle of projection,  = 90 – 30 = 60°
direction. At the highest point, speed of the particle Maximum height,
is minimum.
u 2 sin 2  302 sin 2 60
The time, which projectile takes to come back to H=  = 34.44 m
2g 2  9.8
same (initial) level is called the time of flight (T).
At initial and final points, y = 0, Time fo flight,

1 2 2u sin  2  30sin 60

So u sint – gt = 0 T=  = 5.3 s
2 g 9.8

2u sin  2u sin  Horizontal range,

 t = 0 and t  So, T=
g g
u 2 sin 2 30 sin120 302 sin 60
Range (R) The horizontal distance covered by the R= = = = 79.53 m.
g 9.8 9.8
projectile during its motion is said to be range of the
projectile
EXAMPLE 35
u 2 sin 2
R = u cos × T = Find out the relation between uA, uB, uC (where uA,
g
uB, uC are the initial velocities of particles A, B, C,
For a given projection speed, the range would be respectively)
maximum for  = 45°.
Maximum height attained by the projectile is

u 2 sin 2 
H= B C
2g A

at maximum height the vertical component of

velocity is 0. Sol.  Hmax is same for all three particle A, B, C

u sin  T
Time of ascent = Time of descent =  u2y
g 2  Hmax =
2g

Speed, kinetic energy, momentum of the particle  uy is same for all  uyA = uyB = uyC

initialy decreases in a projectile motion and attains

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3.24 Theory and Exercise Book

(E) Velocity and direction of motion at a

 2u y 
 TA = TB = TC  g  given height :
 
At a height 'h', vx = ucos And
from figure RC > RB > RA
vy = u 2 sin 2  – 2gh
2u x u y
 R=  Resultant velocity
g

 uxC > uxB > uxA  uA < uB< uC v = v x 2  vy2

(C) Coordinate of a particle after a given

= (u cos ) 2  u 2 sin 2  – 2gh
time t :
v= u 2 – 2gh

Note that this is the velocity that a particle would

Y vy
v
have at height h if it is projected vertically from
x  ground with u.
vx
P(x,y)
usin
u y EXAMPLE 36

O ucos X A body is projected with a velocity of 20 ms–1 in a
direction making an angle of 60° with the horizontal.
Calculate its (i) position after 0.5 s and (ii) velocity
Particle reach at a point P after time t then
after 0.5 s.
x = ucos .t
Sol. Here u = 20 ms–1,  = 60° , t = 0.5 s
1 2 (i) x = (u cos)t = (20 cos60°) × 0.5 = 5 m
y = usin.t – gt
2
1 2
Position vector y = (u sin ) t – gt = (20 × sin 60°) × 0.5
2

  1 
r  (u cos .t)iˆ   (u sin )t – gt 2  ˆj 1
 2  – × 9.8 × (0.5)2 = 7.43 m
2
(ii) vx = u cos  = 20 cos 60° = 10 ms–1
(D) Velocity and direction of motion after vy = u sin  – gt = 20 sin 60° – 9.8 × 0.5
a given time : = 12.42 ms–1
After time 't' vx = ucos and vy = usin – gt
 v = v 2x  v 2y = (10)2  (12.42)2 =15.95 ms–1
2 2
Hence resultant velocity v = v x  v y
vy 12.42
= 2 2
u cos   (u sin  – gt) 2 tan  = = = 1.242
vx 10

vy
u sin  – gt   = tan–1 1.242 = 51.16°.
tan  = 
vx u cos 
Equation of trajectory of a projectile.
 u sin  – gt  Suppose the body reaches the point P(x, y) after time t.
  = tan –1  
 u cos  

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 Kinematics 3.25

Sol. The ball passes through the point P(4, 4). So its
Y range = 4 + 14 = 18m.
vy
v A Path of The trajectory of the ball is,
x  v projectile
x
Now x = 4m, y = 4m and R = 18 m
usin P(x,y)
Max.
u y height=h  4 7

m
vx=u cos  4 = 4 tan  1 –  = 4 tan .
X  18  9
O ucos B 
R v 9 9 7
uy or tan  = , sin  = , cos =
7 130 130
 The horizontal distance covered by the body in time t,
x = Horizontal velocity × time = u cos . t
x y
or t =
u cos  P(4,4)
For vertical motion : u = u sin, a = –g, so the vertical u
distance covered in time t is given by
4m
1 2
s = ut + at or
2 

4m 14m x
x 1 x2
y = u sin . u cos – g. 2
2 u cos2 

1 x2 18  9.8  130
or y = x tanq – g 2 ...(1) or u2 = = 182
2 u cos2  297
or y = px – qx2, where p and q are constants.
–1
Thus y is a quadratic function of x. Hence the or u = 182 = 13.5 ms
trajectory of a projectile is a parabola. Also  = tan–1(9/7) = 52.1°

From equation (1)

EXAMPLE 38
 gx cos  
y = x tan  1 – 2
 2u cos  sin   A particle is projected over a triangle from one end
2

of a horizontal base and grazing the vertex falls on

 gx  the other end of the base. If  and  be the base
 y = x tan  1 – 2
 2u cos  sin   angles and  the angle of projection, prove that tan
 = tan  + tan .
 x
y = x tan 1 –  ...(2) Sol. If R is the range of the particle, then from the figure
 R 
we have
Equation (2) is another form of trajectory equation
of projectile
y y y(R – x)  xy
tan  + tan  =  
x R–x x(R – x)
EXAMPLE 37
A ball is thrown from ground level so as to just clear y R
a wall 4 m high at a distance of 4 m and falls at a or tan + tan  =  ...(1)
x (R – x)
distance of 14 m from the wall. Find the magnitude
and direction of the velocity.

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3.26 Theory and Exercise Book

Trajectory of the projectile. After the time t,

suppose the body reaches the point P(x, y).
Y
The horizontal distance covered by the body in time t is

x
P(x,y) x = ut  t=
u

y The vertical distance travelled by the body in time t

 is given by
 
x
O x B A
R–x 1 2
s = ut + at
2

Also, the trajectrory of the particle is 1 2 1 2

or y = 0 × 1 + gt = gt
2 2
 x
y = x tan  1 –  [For vertical motion, u = 0]
 R
2
y R 1 x  g  2
or y g    x
or tan =  2  u   2u 2 
x (R – x)

From equations (1) and (2), we get  x

tan  = tan  + tan .  t
u 

4.2 Projectile fired parallel to horizontal. g

or y = kx2 [Here k = = a constant]
As shown in shown figure suppose a body is 2u 2
projected horizontally with velocity u from a point As y is a quadratic function of x, so the trajectory of
O at a certain height h above the ground level. The the projectile is a parabola.
body is under the influence of two simultaneous
Time of flight. It is the total time for which the
independent motions:
projectile remains in its flight (from 0 to A). Let T
(i) Uniform horizontal velocity u.
be its time of flight.
(ii) Vertically downward accelerated motion with
For the vertical downward motion of the body,
constant acceleration g.
we use

O u 1 2
x s = ut + at
2
y
x P vx
h  1 2 2h
v or h = 0 × T + gT or T =
2 g
vy

R Horizontal range. It is the horizontal distance

Y A Ground covered by the projectile during its time of flight. It
is equal to OA = R. Thus R = Horizontal velocity ×
Under the combined effect of the above two time of flight = u × T
motions, the body moves along the path OPA.

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 Kinematics 3.27

EXAMPLE 40
2h
or R=u A particle is projected horizontally with a speed u
g
from the top of plane inclined at an angle  with the
Velocity of the projectile at any instant. At the horizontal. How far from the point of projection will
instant t (when the body is at point P), let the velocity the particle strike the plane?
of the projectile be v. The velocity v has two Sol. The horizontal distance covered in time t,
rectangular components:
x
Horizontal component of velocity, vx = u x = ut or t =
u
Vertical component of velocity, vy = 0 + gt = gt
The vertical distance covered in time t,
 The resultant velocity at point P is
1 2 1 x2
v  v 2x  v 2y = u2  g2t 2 y = 0 + gt  g  2 [using (1)]
2 2 u
If the velocity v makes an angle  with the
horizontal, then u

vy gt  gt 
tan  =  or  = tan–1  
vx u u y D


x=ut
EXAMPLE 39
A body is thrown horizontally from the top of a
tower and strikes the ground after three seconds at y gx 2
an angle of 45° with the horizontal. Find the height Also  tan  or y = x tan    x tan 
x 2u 2
of the tower and the speed with which the body
was projected. Take g = 9.8 ms–2.
 gx 
Sol. As shown in figure, suppose the body is thrown or x  2 – tan    0
 2u 
horizontally from the top O of a tower of height y
with velocity u. The body hits the ground after 3s.
Considering vertically downward motion of the body, 2u 2 tan 
As x = 0 is not possible, so x =
g
1 2 1
y = uyt + gt = 0 × 3 + ×9.8 × (3)2 = 44.1 m The distance of the point of strike from the point of
2 2
[ Initial vertical velocity, uy = 0] projection is

Final vertical velocity, D = x 2  y2 = x 2  (x tan ) 2

vy = uy + gt = 0 + 9.8 × 3 = 29.4 ms–1
Final horizontal velocity, vx = u = x 1  tan 2  = x sec  or
As the resultant velocity u makes an angle of 45°
with the horizontal, so
2u2
D= tan  sec 
vy 29.4 g
tan 45° = or 1 = or u = 29.4 ms–1.
vx x

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3.28 Theory and Exercise Book

EXAMPLE 41 For Y-axis,

uy = u sin ,
A ball rolls off the top of a stairway with a constant
ay = –g,
horizontal velocity u. If the steps are h meter high
and w meter wide, show that the ball will just hit gt 2
vy = u sin  – gt, and y = u sin  t –
2
2hu 2
the edge of nth step if n =
gw 2 EXAMPLE 42

Sol. Refer to figure. For nth step, From the top of a tower 156.8 m high a projectile is
projected with a velocity of 39.2 ms–1 in a direction
net vertical displacement = nh
making an angle 30° with horizontal. Find the
net horizontal displacement = n distance from the foot of tower where it strikes the
Let t be the time taken by the ball to reach the nth ground and time taken to do so.
step. Then
Sol. The situation is shown
u Here height of tower
1st
OA = 156.8 m
2nd
h u = 39.2 ms–1
w  = 30°
time for which projectile remain is air = t = ?
nth
R

–1
R = ut u=39.2 ms

n H
or n = ut or t= uy = usin
u

1 2
Also, y = uy t + gt =30°
2 A
ux = u cos B
2
1 2 1  n  2hu 2
or nh = 0 + gt  g   or n = g2
2 2  u 
156.8 m

4.3 Projectile at an angle  from height h

Consider the projectile as shown in the adjacent
O C D
figure.
Take the point of projection as the origin the X and
Y-axes as shown Y u Horizontal distance covered R = OD = ?
in figure.
 Now ux = u cos  and
For X-axis, 
uy = u sin  be the components of velocity u .
ux = u cos
Motion of projectile from O to H to D
ax = 0 h
vx = u cos, and 1 2
Using equation y = uyt + ayt
2
x = u cos  × t
x

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 Kinematics 3.29

Here : y = 156.8 m ; uy = – u sin

1
= 39.2 sin 30° 0 = ut sin  + (– g cos ) t2
2
ay = 9.8 m/s2 ; t = ?
156.8 = – 39.2 × 0.5 t + 4.9 t2 2u sin 
156.8 = – 19.6 t + 4.9 t2  t = 0 and
g cos 
or 4.9 t2 – 19.6 t – 156.8 = 0
or t2 – 4t – 32 = 0  (t – 8) (t + 4) = 0 2u sin 
t = 0, corresponds to point O and t =
We get t = 8 s; t = – 4s g cos 
t = – 4 s is not possible, thus we take t = 8s. corresponds to point B. Thus,
Now horizontal distance covered in this time
R = ux × t = u cos  × t = 39.2 × cos 30° × t 2u sin 
T=
g cos 
R = 271.57 m
4.4 Projectile Motion in Inclined Plane Range
Here, two cases arise. One is up the plane and the Range (R) or the distance OB is also equal to be
other is down the plane. Let us discuss both the displacement of projectile along x-direction in the
cases separately. t = T. Therefore.
(i) Up the Plane : In this case direction x is
1 2
chosen up the plane and direction y is chosen R = sa = uxT + a x T
2
perpendicular to the plane. Hence,
ux = u cos  , ax = – g sin  1
 R = u cos  T – sin  T2
uy = u sin and ay = – g cos  2

y x
(ii) Down the inclined plane :
along x - axis y-axis
B (1) ux = ucos  (1) uy = usin
u
(2) ax = g sin  (2) ay = g cos 
gsin
 gcos

 g
 O y
O
C

Now, let us derive the expressions for time of flight u sin 

u
(T) and range (R) along the plane.
(0,0) 
uc
os
Time of flight 
At point B displacement along y-direction is zero. 
os gs P
So, substituting the proper values in gc  in 

1 2 g
sy = uyt + a y t , we get
2 x

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3.30 Theory and Exercise Book

velocity at P If the direction of motion at the instant when the

vy = uy + ay T particle hits the plane be perpendicular to the plane,
vx = ux + axT then the velocity at that instant parallel to the plane
must be zero.
2u y 2usin 
 u cos ( – ) – g sin T = 0
Time of flight T = a  gcos 
y

u cos(  – ) 2u sin( – )
=T=
1 gsin  g cos 
Range Sx = ux T + a xT 2
2
 cos = 2 tan ( – )
1 EXAMPLE 44
= u cos  T + g sin .T 2
2
Two inclined planes OA and OB having inclinations
EXAMPLE 43 30° and 60° with the horizontal respectively intersect
each other at O, as shwon in figure. a particle is
A particle is projected at an angle  with horizontal
from the foot of a plane whose inclination to projected from point P with velocity u = 10 3 m / s
horizontal is . Show that it will strike the plane at along a direction perpendicular to plane OA. If the
right angles if cot = 2 tan ( – ) particle strikes
Sol. Let u be the velocity of projection so that u cos plane OB perpendicular of flight, then calculate.
( – ) and u sin ( – ) are the initial velocities
respectively parallel and perpendicular to the
x
inclined plane. The acceleration in these two y

directions are (–g sin ) and (–g cos). u v B

A Q
The initial component of velocity perpendicular to
P
PQ is u sin ( – ) and the acceleration in this h
30° 60°
direction is (–g cos). If T is the time the particle O
takes to go from P to Q then in time T the space
described in a direction perpendicular to PQ is zero.
(a) Time of flight
1 (b) Velocity with which the particle strikes the plane
0 = u sin ( – ).T – g cos .T2
2 OB,

2u sin( – ) (c) Height h of point P from point O

T= (d) Distance PQ. (Take g = 10 m/s2)
g cos 
Sol. Let us choose the x and y directions along OB and
u OA respectively. Then,
Q
ux = u = 10 3 m/s, uy = 0

ax = – g sin 60° = – 5 3 m/s2



and ay = – g cos 60° = – 5 m/s2
P N
(a) At point Q, x-component of velocity is zero.

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 Kinematics 3.31

Hence, substituting in Section F - Relative Motion

vx= ux + axt
5. RELATIVE MOTION
10 3 The word 'relative' is a very general term, which
0 =10 3 – 5 3t  t = = 2s Ans. can be applied to physical, nonphysical, scalar or
5 3
vector quantities. For example, my height is five
(b) At point Q, v = vy = uy + ayt feet and six inches while my wife's height is five
 v = 0 – (5) (2) = –10 m/s Ans. feet and four inches. If I ask you how high I am
Here, negative sign implies that velocity of particle relative to my wife, your answer will be two inches.
at Q is along negative y direction. What you did? You simply subtracted my wife's
height from my height. The same concept is applied
(c) Distance PO = |displacement of particle along
everywhere, whether it is a relative velocity, relative
y-direction| = |sy|
acceleration or anything else. So, from the above
1 2 1 2 discussion we may now conclude that relative velocity
Here, sy = uyt + a y t = 0 – (5)(2) = – 10 m
2 2
of A with respect of B (written as 
v AB ) is
 PO = 10 m
  
1 v AB  v A – v B
Therefore, h = PO sin 30° = (10)  
2 Similarly, relative acceleration of A with respect of
B is
or h = 5m Ans.
  
a AB  a A – a B
(d) Distance OQ = displaement of particle along
If it is a one dimensional motion we can treat the
x-direction = sx
vectors as scalars just by assigning the positive sign
Here, sx = uxt +  3 2 km / h to one direction and negative to the other. So, in
case of a one dimensional motion the above
1 2 equations can be written as
= (10 3)(2) – (5 3)(2) = 10 3 m
2 vAB = vA – vB
and aAB = aA – aB
or OQ = 10 3 m
Further, we can see that
PQ = (PO) 2  (OQ) 2 = (10)2  (10 3)2    
v AB  – v BA or a BA  – a AB
= 100  300  400
PQ = 20 m Ans. EXAMPLE 45
Seeta is moving due east with a velocity of 1 m/s
and Geeta is moving the due west with a velocity of
2 m/s. What is the velocity of Seeta with respect to
Geeta?
Sol. It is a one dimensional motion. So, let us choose the
east direction as positive and the west as negative.
Now, given that

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3.32 Theory and Exercise Book

vs = velocity of Seeta = 1 m/s

and vG = velocity of Geeta = – 2m/s N

Thus, vSG = velocity of Seeta with respect to

Geeta W E

= vS – vG = 1 – (–2) = 3 m/s
Hence, velocity of Seeta with respect to Geeta is 3 S
m/s due east.
 
= a B– a A


Here, a B = acceleration of car
   B = 4 m/s2 (due north)
A  B C ...(1)
(a) Their are 6 variables in this equation which are 
and a A = acceleration of car A = 2 m/s2 (due east)
following :
 
(1) Magnitude of A and its direction | a BA | (4) 2  (2) 2  2 5m / s2

(2) Magnitude of B and its direction
–1  4 
 and   tan   = tan–1(2)
(3) Magnitude of C and its direction. 2
(b) We can solve this equation if we know the value of  
4 varibales [Note : two of them must be directions] a BA a B  4m / s 2

(c) If we know the two direction of any two vectors

then we will put them on the same side and other on 
the different side. 
– a A  2m / s 2
For example
   
If we know the directions of A and B and C's Thus, a BA is 2 5 m/s2 at an angle of  = tan–1(2)
direction is unknown then we make equation as from west towards north.
follows : -
  
CA–B EXAMPLE 47
(d) Then we make vector diagram according to the Three particle A, B and C situated at the vertices
equation and resolve the vectors to know the of an equilateral triangle starts moving
unknown values. simultaneously at a constant speed "v" in the
direction of adjacent particle, which falls ahead in
EXAMPLE 46 the anti-clockwise direction. If "a" be the side of
the triangle, then find the time when they meet.
Car A has an acceleration of 2 m/s2 due east and car
Sol. Here, particle "A" follows "B", "B" follows "C" and
B, 4 m/s2 due north. What is the acceleration of car
"C" follows "A". The direction of motion of each
B with respect to car A?
particle keeps changing as motion of each particle is
Sol. It is a two dimensional motion. Therefore,
always directed towards other particle. The situa-
 tion after a time "t" is shown in the figure with a
a BA = acceleration of car B with respect to car A
possible outline of path followed by the particles
before they meet.

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 Kinematics 3.33

A (a) Minimum distance between two

bodies in motion
When two bodies are in motion, the questions like,
the minimum distance between them or the time
O when one body overtakes the other can be solved
easily by the principle of relative motion. In these
B C type of problems one body is assumed to be at rest
and the relative motion of the other body is
This problem appears to be complex as the path of considered. By assuming so two body problem is
motion is difficult to be defined. But, it has a simple converted into one body problem and the solution
solution in component analysis. Let us consider the becomes easy. Following example will illustrate the
pair "A" and "B". The initial component of velocities statement.
in the direction of line joining the initial position of EXAMPLE 48
the two particles is "v" and "vcos" as shown in the
figure here : Car A and car B start moving simultaneously in the
same direction along the line joining them. Car A
A
with a constant acceleration a = 4 m/s2, while car
B moves with a constant velocity v = 1 m/s. At
v
time t = 0, car A is 10 m behind car B. Find the time
when car A overtakes car B.
vcos O v Sol. Given : uA = 0, uB = 1 m/s, aA = 4m/s2 and aB = 0
60°
Assuming car B to be at rest, we have
B C
v
uAB = uA – uB = 0 – 1 = – 1 m/s
The component velocities are directed towards aAB = aA – aB = 4 – 0 = 4 m/s2
eachother. Now, considering the linear (one dimen-
Now, the problem can be assumed in simplified form
sional) motion in the direction of AB, the relative
as follow :
velocity of "A" with respect to "B" is :
vAB = vA – vB a=4m/s
2
v=1m/s
2

vAB = v – (– v cos ) = v + vcos A 10m B

In equilateral triangle,  = 60° +ve

v 3v
vAB = v + vcos60° = v + 
2 2 Substituting the proper values in equation
The time taken to cover the displacement "a" i.e. 2
uAB= –1m/s, aAB= 4m/s
the side of the triangle A 10m B

2a At rest
t=
3v
1 2
s = ut + at
QUESTIONS BASED ON RELATIVE 2
MOTION ARE USUALLY OF FOLLOWING
FOUR TYPES : 1
(a) Minimum distance between two bodies in we get 10 = – t + (4)(t 2 )
2
motion
(b) River-boat problems or 2t2 – t – 10 = 0
(c) Aircraft-wind problems
(d) Rain problems

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3.34 Theory and Exercise Book

1  1  80 1  81 1  9 2m/s
2
10m/s 20m/s
or t   or t = 2.5 s
4 4 4 +ve
Ball
and – 2 s
2
Ignoring the negative value, the desired 10m/s
L Lift B Ball
time is 2.5s. Ans.

5
t=0 and t s
3

5
 Ball will again meet the lift after s.
3
(b) At this instant
At the time when A overtakes B, 2
5 1  5  175
sA = sB + 10 sL  sB  10    2     m  19.4m
3 2  3 9
1
  4  t 2  1  t  10 (c) For the ball u  a . Therefore, we will first
2
find t0, the time when its velocity becomes zero.
or 2t2 – t – 10 = 0
Which on solving gives t = 2.5 s and – 2 s, the same u 20
t0    2s
as we found above. a 10
As per my opinion, this approach (by taking absolute
values) is more suitable in case of two body problem 5
As t   s   t 0 , distance and displacement are
in one dimensional motion. Let us see one more  3 
example in support of it.
equal or d = 19.4 m Ans.
Concept of relative motion is more useful in two
EXAMPLE 49
body problem in two (or three) dimensional motion.
An open lift is moving upwards with velocity 10m/s. This can be understood by the following example.
It has an upward acceleration of 2m/s2. A ball is
projected upwards with velocity 20 m/s relative to
ground. Find : EXAMPLE 50
(a) Time when ball again meets the lift. Two ships A and B are 10 km apart on a line running
(b) Displacement of lift and ball at that instant. south to north. Ship A farther north is streaming
(c) Distance travelled by the ball upto that instant. west at 20 km/h and ship B is streaming north at
Take g = 10 m/s2 20km/h. What is their distance of closest approach
Sol. (a) At the time when ball again meets the lift, and how long do they take to reach it ?
s L = sB Sol. Ships A and B are moving with same speed 20 km/
h in the directions shown in figure. It is a two
1 1
 10t + × 2 × t2 = 20 t – × 10t2 dimensional, two body problem with zero
2 2

acceleration. Let us find v BA
Solving this equation, we get
  
v BA  v B  v A

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 Kinematics 3.35

N Section G - River Boat Problems

vA A E (B) River - Boat Problems
vB In river-boat problems we come across the
B following three terms :
AB=10km

B B
 v br cos
Here, | v BA | (20) 2  (20) 2  20 2 km / h 
vbr W y
 

i.e., v BA is 20 2 km / h at an angle of 45º from east x
A  vbr sin A
vr vr
towards north. Thus, the given problem can be
simplified as :

v r = absolute velocity of river


45º
v br = velocity of boatman with respect to river or
velocity of boatman is still water

 and

A is at rest and B is moving with v BA in the direction v b = absolute velocity of boatman.
shown in figure.

Therefore, the minimum distance between the two is • Here, it is important to note that v is the velocity
br
smin = AC = AB sin 45º

of boatman with which he steers and v is the
b
A
C actual velocity of boatman relative to ground.
vBA
45º   
Further, v b  v br  v r
B
Now, let us derive some standard results and their
special cases.
A boatman starts from point A on one bank of a
 1  
 10   km  5 2 km Ans. river with velocity v br in the direction shown in
 2
fig. River is flowing along positive x-direction with
and the desired time is

velocity v r . Width of the river is w, then
BC 5 2
t   (BC = AC = 5 2 km )   
| v BA | 20 2
v b  v br  v r
Therefore, vbx = vrx + vbrx = vr – vbr sin
1
 h  15min Ans.
4 and vby = vry + vbry
= 0 + vbr cos = vbr cos
Now, time taken by the boatman to cross the river is :

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3.36 Theory and Exercise Book

w w B
t = v  v cos 
by br

vbr

w
or t = v cos  ...(i)
br A 
vr
Further, displacement along x-axis when he reaches
on the other bank (also called drift) is : or vr = vbr sin 

w
x = vbx t = (vr – vbr sin ) v cos  vr –1  v r 
br or sin = v or  = sin  v 
br  br 

w Hence, to reach point B the boatman should row at

or x = (vr – vbr sin) v cos  ...(ii)
br
–1  v r 
Three special are : an angle  = sin  v  upstream from AB.
 br 
(i) Condition when the boatman crosses
Further, since sin not greater than 1.
the river in shortest interval of time
So, if vr  vbr, the boatman can never reach at point
From Eq.(i) we can see that time (t) will be minimum
B. Because if vr = vbr, sin  = 1 or  = 90° and it is
when  = 0°, i.e., the boatman should steer his boat
just impossible to reach at B if  = 90°. Moreover it
perpendicular to the river current.
can be seen that vb = 0 if vr = vbr and  = 90°.
Similarly, if vr > vbr, sin > 1, i.e., no such angle
B
exists. Practically it can be realized in this manner
that it is not possible to reach at B if river velocity

v br (vr) is too high.

A 
vr
(iii) Shortest path
Path length travelled by the boatman when he
w reaches the opposite shore is
Also, tmin = v as cos  = 1
br s= w 2  x2
Here, w = width of river is constant. So for s to be
(ii) Condition when the boatman wants minimum modulus of x (drift) should be minimum.
to reach point B, i.e., at a point just Now two cases are possible.
opposite from where he started When vr < vbr : In this case x = 0,
In this case, the drift (x) should be zero.
 x=0 –1  v r 
when  = sin  v  or
 br 
w
or (vr – vbr sin) v cos   0
br
–1  v r 
smin = w at  = sin  v 
 br 

When vr > vbr : In this case x is minimum, where

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 Kinematics 3.37

(c) For shortest time  = 0°

dx
0
d w 4
and tmin = v cos0  4 = 1h
br

d  w 
or  (v r – v br sin )   0 Hence, he should head his boat perpendicular to
d  v br cos   the river current for crossing the river in shortest
time and this shortest time is 1 h.
or –vbr cos2 – (vr – vbr sin) (– sin) = 0
or – vbr + vr sin = 0
vbr–vr vbr+vr
 v br  D C D C
or  = sin–1  v 
 r 
(d) t = tCD + tDC
Now, at this angle we can find xmin and then smin
which comes out to be CD DC
or t 
v db – v r v br  v r
 vr  –1  v br 
smin = w  v  at  = sin  v  2 2 1 4
 br   r  =   1  h Ans.
4–2 42 3 3
EXAMPLE 51
EXAMPLE 52
A man can row a boat with 4 km/h in still water. If
he is crossing a river where the current is 2 km/h. A man can swim at a speed of 3 km/h in still water.
He wants to cross a 500 m wide river flowing at
(a) In what direction will his boat be headed, if he wants
2 km/h. He keeps himself always at an angle of
to reach a point on the other bank, directly opposite
120° with the river flow while swimming.
to starting point?
(a) Find the time he takes to cross the river.
(b) If width of the river is 4 km, how long will the man (b) At what point on the opposite bank will he arrive ?
take to cross the river, with the condition in part (a)? Sol. The situation is shown in figure
(c) In what direction should he head the boat if he 
Here v r,g = velocity of the river with respect to
wants to cross the river in shortest time and what is
the ground
this minimum time? 
v m,r = velocity of the man with respect to the river
(d) How long will it take him to row 2 km up the stream
and then back to his starting point ? 
v m,g = velocity of the man with respect to the
Sol. (a) Given, that vbr = 4 km/h and vr = 2 km/h ground.
(a) We have
 vr  2 1   
  = sin–1  v  = sin–1   = sin–1   = 30° v m,g  v m,r  v r,g ...(i)
 br  4
  2

Hence, to reach the point directly opposite to starting

Y
point he should head the boat at an angle of 30° B C
with AB or 90° + 30° = 120° with the river flow.
,g

(b) Time taken by the boatman to cross the river

vm
°

w = width of river = 4 km
30

vm,r = 3km/h
vbr = 4 km/h and  = 30° 

4 2 A vr,g = 2km/h
 t=  h Ans.
4cos30 3

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3.38 Theory and Exercise Book

Hence, the velocity with respect to the ground is

along AC.
Taking y-components in equation (i), ucos
 ub  u
v m,g sin  = 3 km/h cos 30° + 2 km/h cos 90° I = width of river

3 3
= km/h usin ur=2v
2
Time taken to cross the river

displacement along the Y-axis dx

= 0 = 1 (2 sec  tan  – sec2) or sin  = 1/2
= d
velocity along the Y-axis
or  = 30° and  = 90 + 30 = 120°
1/2 km 1
=  h
3 3 / 2 km / h 3 3

(b) Taking x-components in equation (i),

 1
v m,g cos = –3km/h sin 30° + 2 km/h  km / h
2 Section H - Rain Problems, Aircraft wind
pro blems, R elative Moti on
Displacement along the X-axis as the man crosses between two projectiles
the river
= (velocity along the X-axis) (time) (C) Aircraft Wind Problems
This is similar to river boat problem. The only
 1km   1  1
=  h  km
 
 2h   3 3  6 3 difference is that v br is replaced by v aw (velocity

of aircraft with respect to wind or velocity of aircraft

 
EXAMPLE 53 in still air), v r is replaced by v w (velocity of wind)

A boat moves relative to water with a velocity v  

and v b is replaced by v a (absolute velocity of
and river is flowing with 2v. At what angle the boat
shall move with the stream to have minimum drift?   
aircraft). Further, v a = v aw  v w . The following
(A) 30° (B) 60°
example will illustrate the theory.
(C) 90° (D) 120°
Sol. (D) Let boat move at angle  to the normal as
NOTE : SHORT - TRICK
1  
shown in figure then time to cross the river = If their are two vectors A and B and their resultent
v cos 
 
make an anlge  with A and  with B .
1
drift x = (2v – v sin ) for x to be minimum
v cos 

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 Kinematics 3.39

 
should be such as the resultant of v w and v aw is

A   
C  AB along AB or in north - east direction.


Let v aw makes an angle  with AB as shown in
A sin   figure.
B
B sin Applying sine law in triangle ABC, we get

AC BC

sin 45 sin 
then A sin  =  sin 
 N
Means component of A perpendicular to resultant
B

is equal in magnitude to the compopent of B also 
va 45° 
v w  200 2km / h
perpendicular to resultant.
45°  C
A v aw  400 km / h
E
EXAMPLE 54
 
If two vectors A and B make angle 30° and 60°
  BC   200 2  1 1
with their resultent and B has magnitude equal to or sin  =   sin 45° =  400  2  2
  AC   
10, then find magnitude of A .
So B sin 60° = A sin 30°   = 30°
 Therefore, the pilot should steer in a direction at an
B
angle of (45° + ) or 75° from north towards east.
60°
30° 
 | va| 400
Bsin60° A Further, = sin 45
sin (180 – 45 – 30)
A sin 30
 sin105 km
 10 sin 60° = A sin 30° or | v a |   400 
sin 45 h
 A = 10 3
 cos15   km  0.9659  km
=  400  =    400 
 sin 45   h  0.707  h
EXAMPLE 55
An aircraft flies at 400 km/h in still air. A wind of = 546.47 km/h
 The time of journey from A to B is
200 2 km/h is blowing from the south. The pilot
wishes to travel from A to a point B north east of A. AB 1000
Find the direction he must steer and time of his t=   h  t = 1.83 h
546.47
journey if AB = 1000 km. | va|

Sol. Given that vw = 200 2 km/h


vaw = 400 km/h and v a should be along AB or in


north-east direction. Thus, the direction of v aw

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3.40 Theory and Exercise Book

(D) Rain Problems

In these type of problems we again come across vm,g
  
three terms v , v and v , Here,
r m rm 30°


v r = velocity of rain

 v r,m vr,g
v m = velocity of man (it may be velocity of cyclist (b)

or velocity of motorist also) 

Here v r,g = velocity of the rain with respect to the
 ground
and v rm = velocity of rain with respect to man. 
v m,g = velocity of the man with respect to the
 
Here, ground and v r,m = velocity of the rain with respect
v rm is the velocity of rain which appears to the
to the man.
man. Now, let us take one example of this.   
We have, v r,g  v r,m  v m,g ...(i)
Taking horizontal components, equation (i) gives
vr,g sin30° = um,g = 10 km/h or, v,g
EXAMPLE 56
10 km / h
A man standing on a road has to hold his umbrella =  20km / h
sin 30
at 30° with the vertical to keep the rain away. He Taking vertical components, equation (i) gives
throws the umbrella and starts running at 10 km/h.
3
He finds that raindrops are hitting his head vertically. vr,g cos30° = vr,m or, vr,m = (20 km/h)
2
Find the speed of raindrops with respect to (a) the = 10  3 km/h.
road, (b) the moving man.
Sol. When the man is at rest with respect to the ground, EXAMPLE 57
the rain comes to him at an angle 30° with the To a man walking at the rate of 3 km/h the rain
vertical. This is the direction of the velocity of appears to fall vertically. When the increases his
raindrops with respect to the ground. The situation speed to 6 km/h it appears to meet him at an angle
when the man runs is shown in the figure of 45° with vertical. Find the speed of rain.
Sol. Let î and ˆj be the unit vectors in horizontal and
30° vertical directions respectively.
Let velocity of rain

v r  aiˆ  bjˆ ...(i)

Then speed of rain will be

Vertical ( j )
(a)

Horizontal (i )


| v r | a 2  b 2

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 Kinematics 3.41


In the first case v m = velocity of man = 3iˆ y

  
 v rm  v r – v m  (a – 3)iˆ  bjˆ
u12y
It seems to be in vertical direction. Hence,
u12
a – 3 = 0 or a = 3 a12=0

 x
In the second case v m = 6 î u12x


  v rm  (a – 6)iˆ  bjˆ  3iˆ  bjˆ Now, if u12x = 0 or u1 cos 1 = u2 cos 2, the relative
This seems to be at 45° with vertical. motion is along y-axis or in vertical direction
Hence, |b| = 3 (as  = 90º). Similarly, if u12y = 0 or u1 sin 1 = u2
sin 2, the relative motion is along x-axis or in
Therefore, from Eq. (ii) speed of rain is
horizontal direction (as  = 0º).

| v r | (3) 2  (3) 2 = 3 2 km / h Ans. Note : Relative acceleration between two projectiles is
zero. Relative motion between them is uniform.
Therefore, condition of collision of two particles
Relative Motion between Two Projectiles in air is that relative velocity of one with respect to
Let us now discuss the relative motion between the other should be along line joining them, i.e., if

two projectiles or the path observed by one projectile two projecticles A and B collide in mid air, then VAB

of the other. Suppose that two particles are projected should be along AB or VBA along BA.
from the ground with speeds u1 and u2 at angles 1
and 2 as shown in Fig.A and B. Acceleration of Condition for collision of two projectiles :
both the particles is g downwards. So, relative Consider the situation shown in the figure. For
acceleration between them is zero because projectiles to collide, direction of velocity of A with
a12 = a1 – a2 = g – g = 0 respect to B has to be along line AB.

Y Y u2
u1 u2 B
Y
u1
1 2 h2
X X X
A
(A) (B) h1

i.e., the relative motion between the two particles x

is uniform. Now
u1x = u1 cos 1, u2x = u2 cos 2 Here, vABx = u1 cos 1 + u2 cos 2
u1y = u1 sin 1 and u2y = u2 sin 2 vABy = u1 sin 1 – u2 sin 2
Therefore, u12x = u1x – u2x = u1 cos 1– u2cos 2 Let, direction of velocity vector of A(wrt B) is making
and u12y = u1y – u2y = u1 sin 1– u2 sin 2 an angle  with +ve X-axis, which is given by
u12x and u12y are the x and y components of relative
v ABy u1 sin 1  u 2 sin 2
velocity of 1 with respect to 2. tan   
v ABx u1 cos 1  u 2 cos 2
Hence, relative motion of 1 with respect to 2 is a
 u12 y 
straight line at an angle   tan1  with
 u12 x  For collision to take place,

positive x-axis. h 2  h1
tan  = tan  
x
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3.42 Theory and Exercise Book

EXAMPLE 58 2
2  1 2
A particle A is projected with an initial velocity of s= (u Ax t)   u Ay t – gt 
 2 
60 m/s. at an angle 30º to the horizontal. At the
same time a second particle B is projected in 2
opposite direction with initial speed of 50 m/s from 2  1 
= (30 3 1.09)   30 1.09 – 10 1.09 1.09
a point at a distance of 100 m from A. If the particles  2 
collide in air, find (a) the angle of projection  of or s = 62.64 m Ans.
particle B, (b) time when the collision takes place
and (c) the distance of P from A, where collision EXAMPLE 59
occurs. (g = 10 m/s2) Two projectile are projected simultaneously from a
60m/s 50m/s point on the ground "O" and an elevated position
"A" respectively as shown in the figure. If collision
30º occurs at the point of return of two projectiles on
A B the horizontal surface, then find the height of "A"
100m above the ground and the angle at which the
Sol. (a) Taking x and y directions as shown in figure. projectile "O" at the ground should be projected.
y
Y
A 5m/s

H
X 10m/s

uAB
 
Here, a A  g ˆj , a B  g ˆj  x
O C
uAx = 60 cos 30º = 30 3 m / s Sol. There is no initial separation between two projectile
uAy = 60 sin 30º = 30 m/s is x-direction. For collision to occur, the relative
uBx = – 50 cos  motion in x-direction should be zero. In other words,
and uBy = 50 sin  the component velocities in x-direction should be
Relative acceleration between the two is zero as
  equal to that two projetiles cover equal horizontal
a A  a B . Hence, the relative motion between the two distance at any given time. Hence,
is uniform. It can be assumed that B is at rest and A is
 uOx = uAx
moving with u AB . Hence, the two particles will collide,
  u0cos = uA
if u AB is along AB. This is possible only when
uAy = uBy uA 5 1
i.e., component of relative velocity along y-axis  cos    = cos60°
u O 10 2
should be zero.
or 30 = 50 sin    = 60°
  = sin–1 (3/5) Ans.
 We should ensure that collision does occur at the
(b) Now, | u AB | u Ax – u Bx = (30 3 + 50 cos)
point of return. It means that by the time projectiles
 4 travel horizontal distances required, they should also
m/s =  30 3  50   m / s = (30 3 + 40) m/s
 5 cover vertical distances so that both projectile are
Therefore, time of collision is at "C" at the same time. In the nutshell, their times
AB 100 of flight should be equal.
t = | u |  or t = 1.09 s Ans. For projectile from "O".
AB 30 3  40
(c) Distance of point P from A where collision takes
place is 2u O sin 
T=
g
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 Kinematics 3.43

For projectile from "A", 10 m/s B

 2H 
T   10 2 m / s
 g 
30m
For projectile from "A", A 45°

2uo sin   2H  10m

T=   
g  g 
Squaring both sides and putting values, Sol. We see here that projectiles are approaching both
4u O2
sin  2 horizontally and vertically. Their movement in two
 H= component directions should be synchronized so that
2g
they are at the same position at a particular given
4  10 2 sin 2 60 time. For collision, the necessary requirement is that
 H relative velocity and displacement should be in the
2  10
same direction.
2
 3 It is given that collision does occur. It means that
H  20    15m two projectiles should cover the displacement with
 2  relative velocity in each of the component directions.
We have deliberately worked out this problem In x-direction,
taking advantage of the fact that projectiles are vABx = uAx – uBx = 10 2 cos45 – (–10)
colliding at the end of their flights and hence their
1
times of flight should be equal. We can, however, = 10 2  10 = 20 m/s
proceed to analyze in typical manner, using concept 2
of relative velocity. The initial separation between Y 10 m/s B
two projectiles in the vertical direction is "H". This
separation is covered with the component of relative 10 2 m / s
in vertical direction.
45° 30m
A
3
 vOAy = uOy – uAy = u0 sin60° – 0 = 10 
2 10m

= 5 3 m /s O S x
Now, time of flight of projectile from ground is : If "t" is time after which collision occurs, then
 s = vAy – uBy
2u O sin  2  10  sin 60
T =   3 1
g 10  vABy = ucos45° – 0 = 10 2   10m / s
2
Hence, the vertical displacement of projectile from The initial vertical distance between points of
"A" before collision is : projection is 30 – 10 = 20 m. This vertical distance
 H = vOAy X T = 5 3x 3 = 15 m/s is covered with component of relative velocity in
vertical direction. Hence, time taken to collide, "t", is :
20
EXAMPLE 60  t= 2
10
Two projectiles are projected simultaneously from Putting this value in the earlier equation for "s", we
two towers as shwon in figure. If the projectiles have :
collide in the air, then find the distance "s" between  s = 20t = 20x2 = 40 m
the towers.

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3.44 Theory and Exercise Book

Exercise - 1 Objective Problems | JEE Main

Section A - Distance, Displacement, Velocity 7. A particle, after starting from rest , experiences,
and Acceleration, Equation of constant acceleration for 20 seconds. If it covers a
Motion distance of S1, in first 10 seconds and distance S2 in
next 10 sec, then
1. A particle covers half of the circle of radius r. Then (A) S2 = S1/2 (B) S2 = S1
the displacement and distance of the particle are (C) S2 = 2S1 (D) S2 = 3S1
respectively -
(A) 2r, 0 (B) 2r, r
8. A body sliding on a smooth inclined plane requires
r 4sec to reach the bottom after starting from rest at
(C) , 2r (D) r, r
2 the top. How much time does it take to cover one
fourth the distance starting from the top
2. A hall has the dimensions 10m × 10m × 10 m. A fly (A) 1sec (B) 2 sec
starting at one corner ends up at a diagonally opposite (C) 0.4sec (D) 1.6 sec
corner. The magnitude of its displacement is nearly
(A) 5 3 m (B) 10 3 m 9. The initial velocity of a particle is 10 m/sec and its
retardation is 2 m/sec2. The distance covered in the
(C) 20 3 m (D) 30 3 m fifth second of the motion will be
(A) 1m (B) 19m
3. A car travels from A to B at a speed of 20 km h–1 (C) 50m (D) 75m
and returns at a speed of 30 km h–1. The average
speed of the car for the whole journey is 10. A body starts from rest, the ratio of distances
(A) 5 km h–1 (B) 24 km h–1 travelled by the body during 3rd and 4th seconds is :
–1
(C) 25 km h (D) 50 km h–1
(A) 7/5 (B) 5/7
(C) 7/3 (D) 3/7
4. A car travels a distance of 2000 m. If the first half
distance is covered at 40 km/hour and the second
half at velocity v and if the average velocity is 48
km/hour, then the value of v is - Section B - Motion under Gravity
(A) 56 km/hour (B) 60 km/hour
11. A body is dropped from a height h under acceleration
(C) 50 km/hour (D) 48 km/hour
due to gravity g. If t1 and t2 are time intervals for its
fall for first half and the second half distance, the
5. A car runs at constant speed on a circular track of radius
relation between them is
100 m taking 62.8 s on each lap. What is the average
speed and average velocity on each complete lap ? (A) t1 = t2 (B) t1 = 2t2
(A) velocity 10 m/s speed 10 m/s (C) t1 = 2.414 t2 (D) t1 = 4t2
(B) velocity zero, speed 10 m/s
(C) velocity zero, speed zero 12. Two bodies of different masses ma and mb are
(D) velocity 10 m/s, speed zero dropped from two different heights, viz a and b.
The ratio of times taken by the two to drop through
6. A body starts from rest and is uniformly accelerated these distances is
for 30 s. The distance travelled in the first 10s is x1,
ma b
next 10 s is x2 and the last 10 s is x3. Then x1 : x2 : (A) a : b (B) m : a
x3 is the same as b

(A) 1 : 2 : 4 (B) 1 : 2 : 5 (C) (D) a2 : b2

a: b
(C) 1 : 3 : 5 (D) 1 : 3 : 9

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 Kinematics 3.45

13. A body is thrown upward and reaches its maximum 19. A ball of mass m is thrown upward with a velocity
height. At that position- v. If air exerts an average resisting force F, the
(A) its velocity is zero and its acceleration is also zero velocity with which the ball returns back to the
(B) its velocity is zero but its acceleration is thrower is :
maximum
mg F
(C) its acceleration is minimum (A) v (B) v
mg  F mg  F
(D) its velocity is zero and its acceleration is the
acceleration due to gravity
mg  F
(C) v (D) None of these
mg  F
14. A ball is thrown upwards from the foot of a tower.
The ball crosses the top of the tower twice after an
interval of 4 second and the ball reaches ground 20. A bullet is fired vertically upwards with an initial
after 8seconds then the height of tower in meters is. velocity of 50 ms–1. If g = 10 ms–2, what is the ratio
(A) 20 m (B) 30 m of the distances travelled by the bullet during the
(C) 60 m (D) 50 m first and the last second of its upward motion ?
(A) 9 : 1 (B) 9 : 2
15. A ball is thrown upward from the edge of a cliff (C) 3 : 1 (D) 9 : 4
with an initial velocity of 6 m/s How fast is it moving
1/2 s later? (g = 10 m/s2)
(A) 2 (B) 3 Section C - Graphs
(C) 4 (D) 1
21. The displacement-time graph of a moving particle is
16. A particle is thrown upward from ground. It shown below. The instantaneous velocity of the
experiences a constant resistive force which can produce particle is negative at the point
x
retardation of 6 m/sec2. What will be the ratio of time (A) C
D
of descent to time of ascent (g = 10 m/sec2) (B) D
E F
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) E
C
(C) 4 (D) 1 (D) F t

17. A particle is thrown upwards from ground. It 22. The variation of velocity of a particle moving along
experiences a consistant air resistance force which straight line is shown in the figure. The distance
can produce retardation 2 m/s2. The ratio of time of travelled by the particle in 4 s is
ascent to the time of descent is : [g = 10 m/s2] (A) 25m v(m/s)

2 (B) 30m
(A) 1 : 1 (B) (C) 55m
20
3
10
(D) 60m
t(s)
2 3 1 2 3 4
(C) (D)
3 2 23. The displacement time graphs of two particles A
and B are straight lines making angles of respectively
18. A ball is thrown vertically upward from a height of 30º and 60º with the time axis. If the velocity of A is
40 m and hits the ground with a speed that is three vA
times its initial speed. What is the time taken (in vA and that of B is vB then the value of v is
B
sec) for the fall?
(A) 2 sec (B) 3 sec (A) 1/2 (B) 1/ 3
(C) 4 sec (D) 8 sec (C) (D) 1/3
3

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3.46 Theory and Exercise Book

24. The v-t graph of a linear motion is shown in adjoining 27. If position time graph of a particle is sine curve as
figure. The distance from origin after 8 seconds is - shown, what will be its velocity-time graph

v v

(A) (B)
(A) 18 meters (B) 16 meters t t
(C) 8 meters (D) 6 meters

v
25. The adjoining curve represents the velocity-time v
graph of a particle, its acceleration values along OA, (C) (D)
AB and BC in metre/sec2 are respectively- t
t

1
28. The diagram shows variation of with respect to
v
time (where v is in m/s).
1 s 
 
vm

45º
t(s)
3
what is the instantaneous acceleration of body at
(A) 1, 0, -0.5 (B) 1, 0, 0.5  m
t = 3 sec.  in 2  .
(C) 1, 1, 0.5 (D) 1, 0.5, 0  s 

1
26. In the following velocity-time graph of a body, the (A) 2 (B)
3
distance and displacement travelled by the body in
(C) 1 (D) None of these
5 second in meters will be -
29. The particle moves with rectilinear motion given
the acceleration-displacement (a-S) curve is shown
in figure, determine the velocity after the particle
has traveled 30 m.
If the initial 2
a(m/s )
velocity is
10 m/s. 10
(A) 10m/s
(A) 75,115 (B) 105, 75
(B) 40m/s.
(C) 45, 75 (D) 95, 55
(C) 20m/s. 15 30
S(m)
(D) 60m/s.

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 Kinematics 3.47

30. Figure shows the graph of the x-co-ordinate of a 33. Velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight
particle going along the x-axis as function of time. line is shown in figure. In the time interval from
Find the instantaneous speed of particle at t = 12.5 s t = 0 to t = 14 s, find:
(in m/s)
v(m/s)
x
20

10
A 10 12 14
8m 0 t(s)
2 4 6
4m –10

O 4s 8s 12s 16 s B (a) average velocity and

 50   25 
(A)   m/s (B)   m/s
(A) 2m/s (B) 8m/s.  7  7
(C) 4m/s. (D) 6m/s.
 20   15 
(C)   m/s (D)   m/s
 7  7
31. Figure shows the graph of velocity versus time for a
particle going along x axis. Initially at t = 0, particle is (b) average speed of the particle
at x = 3m. Find (A) 20 m/s (B) 40 m/s
position of v(m/s) (C) 10 m/s (D) 30 m/s
particle at 10
t = 2s. (in m) 34. A body initially at rest moving along x-axis in such
(A) 9m 2 a way so that its acceleraation Vs displacement
(B) 3m plot is as shown in figure. What will be the maximum
(C) 12m
O 8 t velocity of particle in m/sec.
(A) 1 a
(D) 6m
(B) 2 1m/s2

32. Displacement-time graph of a particle moving in a (C) 3

straight line is as shown in figure. (D) 5
S
0.5 1m
s c
a b d Section D - Variable Acceleration
o t
35. At an instant t , the co-ordinates of a particle are
x = at2, y = bt2 and z = 0 , then its velocity at the
instant t will be
(a) Find the sign of velocity in regions oa, ab, bc and cd
(A) negative , positive, positive, negative (A) t a 2  b2 (B) 2t a 2  b 2
(B) positive , positive, positive, negative (C) (D) 2t2
a 2  b2 a 2  b2
(C) positive , negative, positive, positive
(D) positive , positive, negative, negative
36. The displacement of a body is given by 2s = gt2
(b) Find the sign of acceleration in the above region
where g is a constant. The velocity of the body at
(A) zero, postive, negative, negative any time t is
(B) positive , zero, negative, positive (A) gt (B) gt/2
(C) positive , zero, positive, negative 2
(C) gt /2 (D) gt3/3
(D) positive , zero, negative, negative

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3.48 Theory and Exercise Book

37. A particle is moving so that its displacement s is 43. A particle moving in a straight line has velocity
given as s = t3- 6t2 + 3t + 4 meter. Its velocity at the displacement equation as v  5 1  x . Here v is in
instant when its acceleration is zero will be - m/sec and x in metre. Select the correct alternative:-
(A) 3 m/s (B) -12 m/s (A) Particle is initially at rest.
(C) 42 m/s (D) -9 m/s (B) Initial velocity of the particle is 5 m/sec and the
particle has a constant acceleration of 12.5 m/sec2.
38. A particle starting from rest undergoes acceleration (C) Particle moves with uniform velocity.
given by a = | t – 2| m/s2 where t is time in sec. (D) None of these.
Velocity of particle after 4 sec is -
44. The velocity of a body depends on time according
(A) 1 m/s (B) 2 m/s
to the equation v = 20 + 0.1 t 2. The body is
(C) 8 m/s (D) 4 m/s
undergoing :
(A) uniform acceleration
39. The acceleration a in ms–2 of a particle is given by a (B) uniform retardation
= 3t2 + 2t + 2, where t is the time. If the particle (C) non–uniform acceleration
starts out with a velocity u = 2 ms–1 at t = 0, then (D) zero acceleration
find the velocity at the end of 2s.
(A) 16 m/s (B) 36 m/s 45. Starting from rest a particle moves in a straight line
(C) 18 m/s (D) 9 m/s with acceleration
1/ 2

a  25  t 2  m/s2 for 0  t  5s
40. The acceleration of a particle is given by
a = t3 – 3t2 + 5, where a is in ms–2 and t in sec. At t 3
a m / s2 for t > 5s
= 1s, the displacement and velocity are 8.30 m and 8
6.25 ms–1, respectively. Calculate the displacement The velocity of particle at t = 7s is :
and velocity at t = 2 sec. (A) 11 m/s (B) 22 m/s
(A) 15.6 m, 4 m/s (B) 5.3 m, 4 m/s (C) 33 m/s (D) 44 m/s
(C) 15.6 m, 8 m/s (D) 15.3 m, 8 m/s
46. A particle moves along positive branch of the curve
Y = X2/2 with X governed by X = t2/2, where X
41. A particle starts moving along x-axis from t = 0, its
and Y are measured in metres and time t is seconds.
position varying with time as x = 2t3 – 3t2 + 1.
At t = 2s, the velocity of the particle is :
(a) At which time instants is its velocity zero ?
(A) 2iˆ  4 ˆj (B) 4iˆ  2 ˆj
(A) t = 0, 2s (B) t = 0, 3s
(C) t = 0, 4s (D) t = 0, 1s (C) 4iˆ  2ˆj (D) 2iˆ  4ˆj
(b) What is the velocity when it pass through origin ?
(A) v = 0 (B) v = 1 47. The motion of a body falling from rest in a viscous
(C) v = 5 (D) v = 3 dv
medium is described by  A  Bv , where A and
dt
42. A particle moves in the x-y plane with the velocity B are constants.
 The velocity at time t is given by :
v  aiˆ  bt ˆj . At the instant t  a 3 / b the
A
magnitude of total acceleration is : (A)
B

1  e  Bt  
(B) A 1  e
B t 2


(A) b (B) a
(C) ABe–t (D) AB2 (1 – t)
(C) b/a (D) 2
a b 2

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 Kinematics 3.49

48. A street car moves rectilinearly from station A to 52. A body is thrown with a velocity of 9.8 m/s making
the next stop B with an acceleration varying an angle of 30º with the horizontal. It will hit the
according to the law f = a – bx, where a and b are ground after a time-
positie constants and x is its distance from station (A) 3 s (B) 2 s
A. The distance AB is then equal to : (C) 1.5 s (D) 1 s
2a a
(A) (B) 53. A projectile thrown with a speed v at an angle 
b b
has a range R on the surface of the earth. For same
a v and , its range on the surface of moon will be-
(C) (D) 2a – b
2b (A) R/6 (B) 6R
(C) R/36 (D) 36 R
49. The speed of a body moving on a straight track
varies according to v = 2t + 13 for 0  t  5s, 54. In a projectile motion the velocity -
v = 3t + 8 for 5 < t  7 s and v = 4t + 1 for (A) is always perpendicular to the acceleration
t < 7 s. The distances are measured in metre. The (B) is never perpendicular to the acceleration
distance in metres moved by the particle at the end (C) is perpendicular to the acceleration for one instant only
of 10 second is : (D) is perpendicular to the acceleration for two
(A) 127 (B) 247 instant
(C) 186 (D) 313
55. Two projectile A and B are projected with angle of
50. A particle moving along x–axis has acceleration 'f' at projection 15º for the projectile A and 45º for the
time t, given by projectile B. If RA and RB be the horizontal range
for the two projectiles, then -
 t
f  f0 1   (A) RA < RB (B) RA = RB
 T (C) RA > RB
where f0 and T are constants. The particle at t = 0 (D) The information is insufficient to decide the
has zero velocity. In the time interval between t = 0 relation of RA with RB
and the instant when f = 0, the particle's velocity
(vx) is : 56. A ball is thrown upwards. It returns to ground
describing a parabolic path. Which of the following
1
(A) f 0T 2 (B) f0T2 remains constant ?
2
(A) speed of the ball
1 (B) kinetic energy of the ball
(C) f 0T (D) f0T
2 (C) vertical component of velocity
(D) horizontal component of velocity.

Section E - Ground-to Ground projectile 57. The angle of projection of a body is 15º . The other
Motion, Equation of Trajectory, angle for which the range is the same as the first
Projectile from tower, Projectile one is equal to-
Motion in Inclined plane (A) 30º (B) 45º
51. The horizontal and vertical distances travelled by a (C) 60º (D) 75º
particle in time t are given by x = 6t and
y = 8t – 5t2. If g = 10 m/sec2, then the initial velocity 58. A ball is thrown at an angle of 45º with the horizontal
of the particle is- with kinetic energy E. The kinetic energy at the
highest point during the flight is-
(A) 8 m/sec (B) 10 m/sec
(A) Zero (B) E/2
(C) 5 m/sec (D) zero
(C) E (D) (2)1/2E

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3.50 Theory and Exercise Book

59. The maximum range of a projectile is 22 m. When 65. A ball is hit by a batsman at an angle of 37º as
it is thrown at an angle of 15º with the horizontal, its shown in figure. The man standing at P should run
range will be- at what minimum velocity so that he catches the
(A) 22 m (B) 6 m ball before it strikes the ground. Assume that height
(C) 15 m (D) 11 m of man is negligible in comparison to maximum height
of projectile.
(A) 3 ms–1
5x 2 (B) 5 ms–1
60. The equation of projectile is y = 16x – . The
4 (C) 9 ms–1
horizontal range is- (D) 12 ms–1
(A) 16 m (B) 8 m
(C) 3.2 m (D) 12.8 m 66. Trajectories of two projectiles are shown in the
figure. Let T1 and T2 be the time periods and u1 and
61. If four balls A, B, C, D are projected with same u2 be their speeds of projection.
speed at angles of 15º, 30º, 45º and 60º with the Then -
(A) T2 > T1 Y
horizontal respectively, the two balls which will fall
at the same place will be- (B) T1 > T2
(A) A and B (B) A and D (C) u1 > u2
1 2
(C) B and D (D) A and C (D) u1 < u2
X

67. A hollow vertical cylinder of radius r and height h

62. The velocity at the maximum height of a projectile
is half of its initial velocity u. Its range on the has a smooth internal surface. A small particle is
horizontal plane is placed in contact with the inner side of the upper
rim, at point A, and given a horizontal speed u,
2u 2 3 u2 tangential to the rim. It leaves the lower rim at
(A) (B) point B, vertically below A. If n is an integer then-
3g 2g
u
u2 u2 (A) 2h / g = n A u
(C) (D) 2 r
3g 2g
h
(B) =n
2 r h
63. A marble A is dropped vertically, another identical
B
marble B is projected horizontally from the same 2 r
(C) =n
point at the same instant h r
(A) A will reach the ground earlier than B
u
(B) B will reach the ground earlier than A (D) 2gh = n
(C) both A and B will reach the ground at the same instant
(D) none of the above
68. Time taken by the projectile to reach A to B is t.
64. An aeroplane is flying at a height of 1960 m in Then the distance AB is equal to –
horizontal direction with a velocity of 360 km/hr. ut
When it is vertically above the point. A on the ground, (A)
3
it drops a bomb. The bomb strikes a point B on the u
ground, then the time taken by the bomb to reach
3ut B
the ground is- (B)
2
60°
(A) 20 2 sec (B) 20 sec 30°
(C) 3 ut A
(C) 10 2 sec (D) 10 sec (D) 2 ut

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 Kinematics 3.51

69. Rank the launch angles for the five paths in the 73. An object A is moving with 10 m/s and B is moving with
figure below with respect to time of flight, from the 5 m/s in the same direction of positive x-axis. A is 100 m
shortest time of flight to the longest– behind B as shown. Find time taken by A to Meet B
(A) 18 sec.
10m/s 5m/s
(B) 16 sec.
y(m) A B
(C) 20 sec.
150 vi = 50 m/s
(D) 17 sec. 100m

100 75° 74. A police jeep is chasing a culprit going on a motor

60°
45°
bike. The motor bike crosses a turning at a speed of
50
30° 72 km/h. The jeep follows it a speed of 90 km/h
15°
x(m)
crossing the turning ten seconds later than the bike.
50 100 150 200 250
Assuming that they travel at constant speeds, how
far from the turning will the jeep catch up with the
(A) 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° bike ? (in km)
(A) 3 km (B) 5 km
(B) 75°, 60°, 45°, 30°, 15°
(C) 1 km (D) 7 km
(C) 15°, 75°, 30°, 60°, 45°
(D) 30°, 60°, 15°, 45°, 75° 75. A wooden block of mass 20g is dropped from the
top of the cliff 50 m high. Simultaneously a bullet of
70. A particle is projected with a velocity of 20 m/s at mass 20 g is fired from the foot of the cliff upwards
an angle of 30º to an inclined plane of inclination with a velocity 25 ms-1. The bullet and the wooden
30º to the horizontal. The particle hits the inclined block will meet each other after time :
plane at an angle 30º, during its journey. The time (A) 2 s (B) 1 s
(C) 0.5 s (D) 4 s
of flight is -

4 2 76. A cart is moving horizontally along a straight line

(A) (B)
3 3 with constant speed 30m/sec. A particle is to be fired
vertically upwards from the moving cart in such a
3 way that it returns to the cart at the same point from
(C) 3 (D)
2 where it was projected after the cart has moved 80
m. At what speed (relative to cart) must the projectile
be fired? (g = 10m/sec2)

Section F - Relative Motion

(A) 10 m/sec (B) 10 8 m / sec

40
71. Two trains each of length 50 m are approaching (C) m / sec (D) None of these
3
each other on parallel rails. Their velocities are 10
m/sec and 15 m/sec. They will cross each other in -
77. A passenger in a train drops a ball from the window
(A) 2 sec (B) 4 sec of the train running at an acceleration a. A pedestrian,
(C) 10 sec (D) 6 sec on the ground, by the side of the rails, observes the
ball falling along
72. A car A is going north-east at 80 km/hr and another (A) a vertical with an acceleration g2  a 2
car B is going south-east at 60 km/hr. Then the
direction of the velocity of A relative to B makes (B) a vertical acceleration g2  a 2
with the north an angle such that tan  is -
(A) 1/7 (B) 3/4 (C) a parabola with an acceleration g2  a 2
(C) 4/3 (D) 3/5 (D) a parabola with an acceleration g

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3.52 Theory and Exercise Book

78. A monkey is climbing up a tree at a speed of 3 m/s. A 83. A boat moves relative to water a velocity which is
dog runs towards the tree with a speed of 4 m/s. What n times the river flow velocity. At what angle to the
is the relative speed of the dog as seen by the monkey? stream direction must be boat move to minimize
(A) > 7 m/s drifting ?
(B) Between 5 m/s and 7 m/s (A) /2 (B) sin–1 (1/n)
(C) 5 m/s (D) < 5 m/s  
(C) + sin–1 (1/n) (D) – sin–1 (1/n)
2 2
79. A car is going eastwards with a velocity of 8 m s–1.
To the passengers in the car, a train appears to be
84. A swimmer’s speed in the direction of flow of river
moving north wards with a velocity 15 m s–1. What
is 16 km h–1. Against the direction of flow of river,
is the actual velocity of the train?
the swimmer’s speed is 8 km h–1. Calculate the
(A) 7 ms–1 (B) 17 ms–1
–1
swimmer’s speed in still water and the velocity of
(C) 23 ms (D) None of the above
flow of the river.
(A) 12 km/h, 4 km/h (B) 10 km/h, 3 km/h
80. A particle is moving in x-y plane. At certain instant,
(C) 10 km/h, 4 km/h (D) 12 km/h, 2 km/h
the components of its velocity and acceleration are
as follows Vx = 3 m/s, Vy = 4 m/s, ax = 2 m/s2 and
85. A man wishes to cross a rive in a boat. If he crosses
ay = 1 m/s2. The rate of change of speed at this
the river in minimum time, then he takes 10 min
moment is
with a drift of 120 m. If he crosses the river taking
(A) 4 m/s2 (B) 2 m/s2
shortest route, he takes 12.5 min, find the velocity
2 2
(C) 3 m/s (D) 5 m/s of the boat with respect to water.
1 1
(A) (B)
3 5
Section G - River Boat Problems
1 1
(C) (D)
81. A river has width 0.5 km and flows from West to 6 2
East with a speed 30 km/hr. If a boatman starts
sailing his boat at a speed 40 km/hr normal to 86. A man crosses the river perpendicular to river flow
bank, the boat shall cross the river in time – in time t seconds and travels an equal distance down
(A) 0.6 minute (B) 0.75 minute the stream in T seconds. The ratio of man’s speed
(C) 0.45 minute (D) 3 minute in still water to the speed of river water will be:

t 2  T2 T2  t 2
82. A boat man could row his boat with a speed (A) (B)
t 2  T2 T2  t2
10 m/sec. He wants to take his boat from P to a
point Q just opposite on the other bank of the river
flowing at a speed 4 m/sec. He should row his boat– t 2  T2 T2  t2
(C) (D)
t 2  T2 T2  t 2
Q

vs = 4 m/s 87. A swimmer crosses the river along the line making
an angle of 45° with the direction of flow. Velocity
P of the river is 5 m/s. Swimmer takes 6 seconds to
cross the river of width 60 m. The velocity of the
(A) at right angle to the stream swimmer with respect to water will be :
(B) at an angle of sin–1 (2/5) with PQ up the stream (A) 10 m/s (B) 12 m/s
(C) at an angle of sin–1 (2/5) with PQ down the stream
(C) 5 5 m/s (D) 10 2 m/s
(D) at an angle cos–1 (2/5) with PQ down the stream

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 Kinematics 3.53

88. A swimmer crosses a river with minimum possible 92. An aeroplane flying at a constant velocity releases
time 10 second. And when he reaches the other a bomb. As the bomb drops down from the
end starts swimming in the direction towards the aeroplane.
point from where he started swimming. Keeping
the direction fixed the swimmer crosses the river in (A) it will always be vertically below the aeroplane
15 sec. The ratio of speed of swimmer with respect (B) it will always be vertically below the aeroplane
to water and the speed of river flow is (Assume only if the aeroplane is flying horizontally
constant speed of river & swimmer) :
(C) it will always be vertically below the aeroplane
3 9 only if the aeroplane is flying at an angle of 45° to
(A) (B)
2 4 the horizontal.
2 5 (D) it will gradually fall behind the aeroplane if the
(C) (D)
5 2 aeroplane is flying horizontally

89. STATEMENT 1 : The magnitude of velocity of

93. A helicopter is flying south with a speed of 50 kmh–1.
two boats relative to river is same. Both boats start
simultaneously from same point on one bank may A train is moving with the same speed towards east.
reach opposite bank simultaneously moving along The relative velocity of the helicopter as seen by
different paths. the passengers in the train will be towards.
STATEMENT 2 : For boats to cross the river in (A) north east (B) south east
same time. The component of their velocity relative
(C) north west (D) south west
to river in direction normal to flow should be same.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for 94. Two particles are moving with velocities v1 and v2.
Statement-1. Their relative velocity is the maximum, when the
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement- angle between their velocities is
2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1. (A) zero (B) /4
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True. (C) /2 (D) 

90. A swimmer jumps from a bridge over a canal and 95. A man in a balloon, throws a stone downwards with
swims 1 km upstream. After that first km, he passes a speed of 5 m/s with respect to balloon. The balloon
a floating cork. He continues swimming for half an is moving upwards with a constant acceleration of
hour and then turns around and swims back to the 5 m/s2. Then velocity of the stone relative to the
bridge. The swimmer and the cork reach the bridge man after 2 second is :
at the same time. The swimmer has been swimming
(A) 10 m/s
at a constant speed. How fast does the water in
the canal flow ? (B) 30 m/s
(A) 2 km/h (B) 3 km/h (C) 15 m/s
(C) 1 km/h (D) 4 km/h (D) 35 m/s
Section H - Rain Problems, Aircraft wind
pro blems, R elative Moti on 96. Three stones A, B and C are simultaneously
between two projectiles projected from same point with same speed. A is
91. A man is walking on a road with a velocity thrown upwards, B is thrown horizontally and C is
3 km/hr. Suddenly rain starts falling. The velocity thrown downwards from a building. When the
of rain is 10 km/hr in vertically downward direction. distance between stone A and C becomes 10 m,
The relative velocity of the rain is - then distance between A and B will be :
(A) 13 km/hr (B) 7 km/hr (A) 10 m (B) 5 m
(C) 109 km/hr (D) 13 km/hr (C) 5 2 m/s (D) 10 2 m/s

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99, 8003899588
3.54 Theory and Exercise Book

97. Two aeroplanes fly from their respective position 99. STATEMENT 1 : Three projectiles are moving in
‘A’ and ‘B’ starting at the same time and reach of differnt paths in the air. Vertical component of
point ‘C’ (along straight line) simultaneously when relative velocity between any of the pair does not
wind was not blowing. On a windy day they head change with time as long as they are in air. Neglect
towards ‘C’ but both reach the point ‘D’ the effect of air friction.
simultaneously in the same time which they took to STATEMENT 2 : Relative acceleration between any
reach ‘C’. Then the wind is blowing in : of the pair of projectiles is zero.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(A) North-East direction
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
(B) North-West direction
(C) Direction making an angle 0 <  < 90 with North
100. STATEMENT 1 : Two stones are projected with
towards West.
different velocities from ground from same point
(D) North direction
and at same instant of time. Then these stones cannot
collide in mid air. (Neglect air friction)
98. A particle is thrown up inside a stationary lift of STATEMENT 2 : If relative acceleration of two
sufficient height. The time of flight is T. Now it is particles initially at same position is always zero,
thrown again with same initial speed v0 with respect then the distance between the particle either remains
to lift. At the time of second throw, lift is moving up constant or increases continuously wiht time.
with speed v0 and uniform acceleration g upward
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
(the acceleration due to gravity). The new time of
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
flight is:
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
T T Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
(A) (B)
4 2 Statement-1.

(C) T (D) 2T (C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.

(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.

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 Kinematics 3.55

Exercise - 2 (Leve-I) Objective Problems | JEE Main

Section A - Distance, Displacement, Velocity 4. An insect moving along a straight line, (without
and Acceleration, Equation of returning) travels in every second distance equal to
Motion teh magnitude of time elapsed. Assuming acceleration
to be constant, and the insect starts at t = 0. Find
1. A particle has a velocity u towards east at t = 0. Its the magnitude of initial velocity of insect.
acceleration is towards west and is constant, Let xA
(A) 1/2 unit (B) 1/4 unit
and xB be the magnitude of displacements in the
first 10 seconds and the next 10 seconds. (C) 3/2 unit (D) 1 unit

(A) xA < xB (B) xA = xB

(C) xA > xB 5. The position vector of a particle is given as

(D) The information is insufficient to decide the r  (t 2  4t  6)iˆ  (t 2 ) ˆj . The time after which the
relation of xA with xB. velocity vector and acceleration vector becomes
parpendicular to each other is equal to
2. A ball is dropped from the top of a building. The (A) 1 sec (B) 2 sec
ball takes 0.5s to fall past the 3m length of a window (C) 1.5 sec (D) not possible
some distance from the top of the building. If the
velocities of the ball at the top and at the bottom
6. Each of the four particles move along an x axis.
of the window are vT and vB respectively, then
Their coordinates (in metres) as function of time (in
(take g = 10 m/s2) :
seconds) are given by
(A) vT + vB = 12 ms-1 (B) vT – vB = 12 ms-1
Particle 1 : x(t) = 3.5 - 2.7t3
vB Particle 2 : x(t) = 3.5 + 2.7t3
(C) vBvT = 1 ms-1 (D) v = 1 ms-1
T
Particle 3 : x(t) = 3.5 + 2.7t2
Particle 4 : x(t) = 2.5 - 3.4t - 2.7 t2
3. A semicircle of radius R = 5m with diameter AD is which of these particles is speeding up for t > 0?
shown in figure. Two particles 1 and 2 at points A (A) All four (B) only 1
and B on shown diameter at t = 0 and move along
(C) only 1, 2 and 3. (D) only 2, 3 and 4
segments AC and BC with constant speeds u1, and

u1
u2 respectively. Then the value of u for both
2 Section B - Motion under Gravity
particles to reach point C simultaneously will be :
7. A stone is dropped into a well in which the level of
5 2 water is h below the top of the well. If v is velocity
(A)
4 of sound, the time T after which the splash is heard
is given by
2 2
(B) 2h h
5
(A) T = 2h/v (B) T  
g v
5
(C) 2 2 (D) 2h h h 2h
4
(C) T   (D) T  
g 2v 2g v

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99, 8003899588
3.56 Theory and Exercise Book

8. A ball is thrown vertically down with velocity of 12. A stone is projected vertically upwards at t = 0
5m/s. With what velocity should another ball be second. The net displacement of stone is zero in
thrown down after 2 seconds so that it can hit the time interval between t = 0 secont to t = T seconds.
st
1 ball in 2 seconds Pick up the INCORRECT statement :
(A) 40 m/s (B) 55 m/s
T 3T
(C) 15 m/s (D) 25 m/s (A) From time t  second to t  second, the
4 4
average velocity is zero.
9. A particle is projected vertically upwards from a point
A on the ground. It takes t1 time to reach a point B T
(B) The change in velocity from time t = 0 to t 
but it still continues to move up. If it takes further t2 4
time to reach the ground from point B then height
of point B from the ground is T
second is same as change in veolocity from t 
8
1
(A) g(t1  t 2 ) 2 (B) g t1 t2
2 3T
second to t  second.
8
1 1
(C) g(t1  t 2 ) 2 (D) g t1 t 2
8 2 T
(C) The distance travelled from t = 0 to t 
4

10. Balls are thrown vertically upward in such a way T

that the next ball is thrown when the previous one is second is larger than distance travelled from t 
4
at the maximum height. If the maximum height is
5m, the number of balls thrown per minute will be 3T
second to t  second
(A) 40 (B) 50 4

(C) 60 (D) 120

T
(D) The distance travelled from t  second to
2
11. A disc arranged in a vertical plane has two groves of
same length directed along the vertical chord AB 3T
t second is half the distance travelled from
and CD as shown in the fig. The same particles 4
slide down along AB and CD. The ratio of the time
T
tAB/tCD is t second to t = T second.
2

C
A
60º
13. A stone is dropped from the top of building and at
D
the same time a second stone is thrown vertically
B upward from the bottom of the building with a speed
of 20 ms-1. They pass each other 3 seconds later.
Find the height of the building.
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 1: 2
(A) 40 m (B) 60 m
(C) 2 : 1 (D) 2 : 1 (C) 65 m (D) 80 m

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 Kinematics 3.57

Section C - Graphs 17. The a-t graph of the particle is correctly shown by

14. A man moves in x - y plane along the path shown. a a

At what point is his average velocity vector in the 2T
same direction as his instantaneous velocity vector. (A) 0 T t (B) 0 t
The man starts from point P.
(A) A y
C
(B) B PB D a v

(C) C A
x (C) 0 t (D) 0 t
(D) D

15. The acceleration of a particle which moves along

the positive x-axis varies with its position as shown. 18. The speed-time graph of the particle is correctly
If the velocity of the particle is 0.8 m/s at x = 0, the shown by
velocity of the particle at x = 1.4 is (in m/s)
2
(A) 1.6 a (in m/s )
speed speed
(B) 1.2 0.4 0 0
(A) T 2T t (B) T 2T t
(C) 1.4 0.2
(D) none
O 0.4 0.8 1.4 x (in m)
speed speed

(C) 0 0
Question No. 16 to 18 (3 questions) T 2T t (D) T 2T t

The x-t graph of a particle moving along a straight

line is shown in figure

Question No. 19 to 24 (6 questions)

x parabola
The figure shows a velocity-time graph of a particle
moving along a straight line

0 T 2T
v(ms–1)
10
16. The v-t graph of the particle is correctly shown by
0
2 4 6 8 t(s)
v
v
T 2T –20
(A) 0 T 2T t (B) 0
t

19. Choose the incorrect statement. The particle comes

v v
to rest at
(A) t = 0 s (B) t = 5 s
(C) 0 T 2T t (D) 0 T 2T t
(C) t = 8 s (D) none of these

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3.58 Theory and Exercise Book

20. Identify the region in which the rate of change of 26. Shown in the figure are the velocity time graphs of
 the two particles P1 and P2. Which of the following
v
velocity of the particle is maximum statements about their relative motion is true ?
t
Theire relative velocity v
(A) 0 to 2s (B) 2 to 4s P1
(A) is zero
(C) 4 to 6s (D) 6 to 8 s P2
(B) is non-zero but constant

21. If the particle starts from the position x0 = –15 m, (C) continuously decreases
O t T
then its position at t = 2s will be (D) continuously increases
(A) – 5m (B) 5m
(C) 10 m (D) 15 m
Section D - Variable Acceleration
22. The maximum of displacement of the particle is
(A) 33.3 m (B) 23.3 m 27. The co-ordinates of a moving particle at a time t,
(C) 18.3 (D) zero are given by, x = 5 sin 10 t, y = 5 cos 10 t. The
speed of the particle is -
23. The total distance travelled by the particle is (A) 25 (B) 50
(A) 66.6 m (B) 51.6 m (C) 10 (D) None
(C) zero (D) 36.6 m
28. A body moves with velocity v = lnx m/s where x is
24. The correct displacement-time graph of the particle its position. The net force acting on body is zero at .
is shown as
(A) 0 m (B) x = e2m
x x
(C) x = em (D) x = 1 m
(m) (m)

(A) (B)
0 2 4 0 2
29. A body of mass 1 kg is acted upon by a force
6 8 t(s) 4 6 8 t(s)

F  2sin 3tiˆ + 3cos3t ˆj find its position at t = 1
x x
(m) (m) sec if at t = 0 it is at rest at origin.

(C) (D)  3 3   2 2 
0 2 4 6 8 t(s) 0 2 4 6 8 t(s) (A)  2 , 2  (B)  2 , 2 
 3 9    3 3 

25. Velocity-time graph for a car is semicircle as shown  2 2 

(C)  , 2  (D) none of these
here. Which of the following is correct :  3 3 

v
30. A force F = Be–Ct acts on a particle whose mass is m
1m/s
and whose velocity is 0 at t = 0. It’s terminal velocity
(velocity after a long time) is:
2 sec
C B
(A) Car must move in circular path (A) (B)
mB mC
(B) Acceleration of car is never zero
(C) Mean speed of the particle is /4 m/s. BC B
(D) The car makes a turn once during its motion (C) (D) – m C
m

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 Kinematics 3.59

31. A particle starts moving rectilinearly at time t = 0 35. Statement 1 : For a particle moving in a stright line,
such that its velocity ‘v’ changes with time ‘t’ velocity (v in m/s) of the particle in terms of time
according to the equation v = t2 – t where t is in (t in sec) is given by v = t2 - 6t + 8. Then the speed
seconds and v is in m/s. The time interval for which of the particle is minimum at t = 2 sec.
the particle retards is
Statement 2 : For a particle moving in a straight
(A) t < 1/2 (B) 1/2 < t < 1
line the velocity v at any time t may be minimum or
(C) t > 1 (D) t < 1/2 and t > 1
dv
may be maximum when  0.
32. A point moves in a straight line under the retardation dt
av2. If the initial velocity is u, the distance covered (A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
in ‘t’ seconds is :
S tatement-2 is a cor rect exp lanation for
1 Statement-1.
(A) a u t (B) l n(a u t)
a (B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
1
(C) l n(1  a u t) (D) a l n (a u t) Statement-1.
a
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.

33. Initially car A is 10.5 m ahead of car B. Both start (D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
moving at time t = 0 in the same direction along a
straight line. The velocity time graph of two cars is
Comprehension -1
shown in figure. The time when the car B will catch
the car A, will be : A particle moves along x-axis and its acceleration at
(A) t = 21 sec any time t is a = 2 sin (t), where t is in seconds and
a is in m/s2. The initial velocity of particle (at time
(B) t = 2 5 sec
t = 0) is u = 0.
(C) 20 sec
36. Then the distance travelled (in meters) by the
(D) None of these
particle from time t = 0 to t = 1 s will be :

34. Statement 1 : A particle moves in a straight line 2 1

(A) (B)
with constant accleration. The average velocity of  
this particle cannot be zero in any time interval.
Statement 2 : For a particle moving in straight line 4
(C) (D) None of these
with constant acceleration, the average velocity in a 

uv
time interval is , where u and v are initial and
2
37. Then the distance travelled (in meters) by the
final velocity of the particle of the given time interval. particle from time t = 0 to t = t will be :
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1. 2 2t 2 2t
(A) sin t  (B)  sin t 
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; 2  2 
Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1. 2t
(C) (D) None of these
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False. 
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.

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3.60 Theory and Exercise Book

38. Then the magnitude of displacement (in meters) by 42. Determine the instants at which the projectile is at
the particle from time t = 0 to t = t will be : the same height
(A) t = 1s and t = 7s (B) t = 3s and t = 5s
2 2t 2 2t
(A) 2
sin t  (B)  2
sin t 
    (C) t = 2s and t = 6s (D) all the above

2t
(C) (D) None of these 43. The equation of the trajectory is given by

(A) 180y = 240 x – x2 (B) 180 y = x2 – 240x
(C) 180y = 135x – x2 (D) 180y = x2 – 135x
39. The velocity of a particle moving in the direction of
x-axis varies as v = , x, where  is a constant. At
the moment t = 0, the particle was located at x = 0, 44. A particle is projected from a horizontal plane (x-z
then plane) such that its velocity vector at time t is given

If the average velocity and average acceleration over by V  a iˆ  (b – ct) ˆj . Its range on the horizontal
the time that the particle takes to cover first s meter plane is given by
of the path are equal then find out value of .
ba 2 ba
(A) 1 (B) 2 (A) (B)
c c
(C) 3 (D) 4
3ba
(C) (D) None
c
Section E - Ground-to Ground projectile
Motion, Equation of Trajectory,
Projectile from tower, Projectile
45. A ball is thrown from a point on ground at some
Motion in Inclined plane
angle of projection. At the same time a bird starts
40. A point mass is projected, making an acute angle from a point directly above this point of projection
with the horizontal. If angle between velocity v and at a height h horizontally with speed u. Given that in
 its flight ball just touches the bird at one point. Find
acceleration g is , then  is given by
the distance on ground where ball strikes
(A) 0º <  < 90º (B)  = 90º
h 2h
(C)  = 90º (D) 0º <  < 180º (A) 2u (B) u
g g

Question No. 41 to 43
2h h
A projectile is thrown with a velocity of 50 ms–1 at (C) 2u (D) u
g g
an angle of 53º with the horizontal
41. Choose the incorrect statement
46. A projectile is fired with a speed u at an angle  with
(A) It travels vertically with a velocity of 40 ms–1
the horizontal. Its speed when its direction of motion
(B) It travels horizontally with a velocity of 30 ms–1
makes an angle ‘’ with the horizontal is -
(C) The minimum velocity of the projectile is
(A) u sec cos (B) u sec sin
30 ms –1
(C) u cos sec (D) u sin sec
(D) None of these

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 Kinematics 3.61

Question No. 47 & 48 (2 questions) 51. If time taken by the projectile to reach Q is T, than
At t = 0 a projectile is fired from a point O (taken PQ = v
as origin) on the ground with a speed of 50 m/s at (A) Tvsin 90° P
an angle of 53° with the horizontal. It just passes
(B) Tvcos
two points A & B each at height 75 m above
(C) Tv sec 
horizontal as shown.
(D) Tv tan Q

52. A particle is projected from the ground with velocity

50m/s

A B u at angle  with horizontal. The horizontal range,

maximum height and time of flight are R, H and T
75m respectively. They are given by,
53°
O u 2 sin 2 u 2 sin 2  2u sin 
R= ,H= and T =
g 2g g
47. The horizontal separation between the points A and
Now keeping u as fixed,  is varied from 30° to 60°.
B is -
Then,
(A) 30 m (B) 60 m
(A) R will first increase then decrease, H will increase
(C) 90 m (D) None and T will decrease
(B) R will first increase then decrease while H and
48. The distance (in metres) of the particle from origin T both will increase
at t = 2 sec.
(C) R will decrease while H and T will increase
(A) 60 2 (B) 100 (D) R will increase while H and T will increase
(C) 60 (D) 120
Section F - Relative Motion
49. On an inclined plane of inclination 30°, a ball is
thrown at an angle of 60° with the horizontal from 53. It takes one minute for a passenger standing on an
escalator to reach the top. If the escalator does not
the foot of the incline with velocity of 10 3 ms–1.
move it takes him 3 minute to walk up. How long
If g = 10 ms–2, then the time in which ball with hit
will it take for the passenger to arrive at the top if he
the inclined plane is -
walks up the moving escalator?
(A) 1.15 sec. (B) 6 sec
(A) 30 sec (B) 45 sec
(C) 2 sec (D) 0.92 sec
(C) 40 sec (D) 35 sec

50. A projectile is fired with a velocity at right angle to

the slope which is inclined at an angle  with the 54. A body is thrown up in a lift with a velocity u relative
horizontal. The expression for the range R along the to the lift and the time of flight is found to be t. The
incline is - acceleration with which the lift is moving up is

2v 2 2v 2 u – gt 2u – gt
sec  tan  (A) (B)
(A) (B) t t
g g

u  gt 2u  gt
2v 2 v2 (C) (D)
(C) tan  sec  (D) tan 2  t t
g g

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3.62 Theory and Exercise Book

55. A train is standing on a platform, a man inside a 58. An aeroplane is flying in geographic meridian vertical
compartment of a train drops a stone. At the same plane at an angle of 30° with the horizontal (north)
instant train starts to move with constant and wind is blowing from west. A package is dropped
acceleration. The path of the particle as seen by the
from an aeroplane. The velocity of the wind if
person who drops the stone is:
package hits a kite flying in the space with a position
(A) parabola
vector R  (400 3iˆ  80ˆj  200k)
ˆ m with respect
(B) straight line for sometime & parabola for the
remaining time
to the point of dropping. (Here î and ˆj are the unit
(C) straight line
vectors along north and vertically up respectively
(D) variable path that cannot be defined.
and k̂ be the unit vector due east. Assume that the

56. When two bodies move uniformly towards each bag is light enough to get carried awya by the wind):
other, the distance between them diminishes by 16 (A) 50 m/sec (B) 25 m/sec
m every 10s. If velocity of each body as before but
(C) 20 m/sec (D) 10 m/sec
now the distance between then will decreases 3 m
every 5 s. Calculate the speed of each body.
59. Four particles situated at the corners of a square of
13 1
(A) m / s ; m/s side ‘a’ move at a constant speed v. Each particle
10 2
maintains a direction towards the next particle in
11 1 succession. Calculate the time particles will take to
(B) m / s ; m/s
10 4 meet each other.

11 1 a a
(C) m / s ; m/s
10 2 (A) (B)
v 2v
13 1
(D) m / s ; m/s a 2a
10 8 (C) (D)
3v 3v

57. Two men P & Q are standing at corners A & B or

square ABCD of side 8 m. They start moving along Section G - River Boat Problems
the track with constant speed 2 m/s and 10 m/s
respectively. The time when they will meet for the
60. A swimmer swims in still water at a speed = 5 km/
first time, is equal to:
hr. He enters a 200 m wide river, having river flow
speed = 4 km/hr at point A and proceeds to swim at
10 m/s an angle of 127° (sin37° = 0.6) with the river flow
B Q C
direction. Another point B is located directly across
6 m/s

A on the other side. The swimmer lands on the other

bank at a point C, from which he walks the distance
P CB with a speed = 3 km/hr. The total time in which
A D
he reachrs from A to B is

(A) 2 sec (B) 3 sec (A) 5 minutes (B) 4 minutes

(C) 1 sec (D) 6 sec (C) 3 minutes (D) None

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 Kinematics 3.63

61. A man is crossing a river flowing with velocity of 5 65. A motor boat covers the distance between two spots
m/s. He reaches a point directly across at a distance on the river in 8 hr and 12 hr downstream and
of 60 m in 5 sec. His velocity in still water should be upstream respectively. What is the time required for
(A) 12 m/s (B) 13 m/s it to cover this distance in still water.
(C) 5 m/s (D) 10 m/s (A) 9.6 hrs. (B) 16 hrs.
(C) 22.4 hrs. (D) 11.2 hrs.
62. A boat having a speed of 5 km/hr. in still water,
crosses a river of width 1 km along the shortest 66. Some persons hire a boat for 4 hours. The river
possible path in 15 minutes. The speed of the river flows at a speed of 5 km/hr and the boat moves
in Km/hr. with speed of 15 km/hr relative to the water. How
far along the flow direction, they can go if they have
(A) 1 (B) 3
to return in 4 hrs.
(C) 4 (D) 41 (A) 5 km (B) 7.5 km

80
63. A man is boat intends to cross river from A. If he (C) km (D) 15 km
3
rows perpendicular to the banks then he takes t1 =
10 minutes to reach the other bank and he reaches
67. A boy swims in a straight line to reach the other
point C at a distance  = 120 m down the stream
side of a river. His velocity is 5 ms–1 with respect to
from the point B which is exactly opposite to A on
water and the angle of swim with shore is 37°. Flow
the other bank. If he heads at a certain angle  to
of river opposes his movement at 2 ms–1. If width
the straight path AB against the current he will reach
of river is 300 m, where does he reach the other
point B in t2 = 12.5 minutes.
bank.

B C (A) 200 m from O upstream


(B) 186 m from O upstream
(C) 200 m from O downstream

(D) 186 m from O downstream
A

Section H - Rain Problems, Aircraft wind

The width of river is -
pro blems, R elative Moti on
(A) 180 m (B) 200 m between two projectiles
(C) 220 m (D) None of these
Question No. 68 to 71 (4 questions)
Two projectiles are thrown simultaneously in the
64. If a boat moves a distance x down stream in time
same plane from the same point. If their velocities
‘t’, then turns back and moves a distance y in same
are v1 and v2 at angles 1 and 2 respectively from
x the horizontal, then answer the following questions.
time ‘t’. If = m and velocity of boat is n times
y 68. The trajectory of particle 1 with respect to particle
greater than velocity of river, where n is greater than 2 will be
unity then - (A) a parabola
(A) m  1 (B) m > 1 (B) a straight line

n 1 n 1 (C) a vertical straight line

(C) m = (D) m = (D) a horizontal straight line
n m 1

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3.64 Theory and Exercise Book

69. If v1 cos1 = v2 cos2, then choose the incorrect 73. A pipe which can rotate in a vertical plane is mounted
statement on a cart. The cart moves uniformly along a
(A) one particle will remain exactly below or above horizontal path with a speed v1 = 2 m/s. At what
the other particle angle  to the horizontal should the pipe be placed
so that drops of rain falling with a velocity v2 6 m/s
(B) the trajectory of one with respect to other will
move parallel to the walls of the pipe without
be a vertical straight line
touching them ? consider the velocity of the drops
(C) both will have the same range
as constant due to the resistance of the air.
(D) none of these

70. If v1sin 1 = v 2sin2, then choose the incorrect

statement
v1
(A) The time of flight of both the particles will be
same
(B) The maximum height attained by the particles
will be same –1  1 
(A) tan –1 (3) (B) tan  
(C) The trajectory of one with respect to another  3
will be a horizontal straight line
–1  1 
(D) None of these (C) tan   (D) None of these
2

71. If v1 = v2 and 1 > 2, then choose the incorrect

statement 74. Wind is blowing in the north direction at speed of 2
(A) Particle 2 moves under the particle 1 m/s which causes the rain to fall at some angle with
the vertical. With what velocity should a cyclist drive
(B) The slope of the trajectory of particle 2 with
so that the rain appears vertical to him
respect to 1 is always positive
(A) 2 m/s south (B) 2 m/s north
(C) Both the particle will have the same range if
1 > 45° and 2 < 45° and 1 + 2 = 90° (C) 4 m/s west (D) 4 m/s south

(D) None of these

75. A cannon ball has the same range R on a horizontal
plane for two angles of projection. If h1 and h2 are
72. A ship is travelling due east at 10 km/h. A ship heading
the greatest heights in the two paths of which this is
30º east of north is always due north from the first
possible, then
ship. The speed of the second ship in km/h is

(A) 20 2 (B) 20 3/ 2 (A) R = h1h2 (B) R  4 h1h 2

(C) 20 (D) 20 / 2 1
(C) R  3 h1h 2 (D) R   h1h 2  4

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 Kinematics 3.65

Exercise - 2 (Level-II) Multiple Correct | JEE Advanced

Section A - Distance, Displacement, Velocity Section B - Motion under Gravity

and Acceleration, Equation of
Motion 5. A bead is free to slide down a smooth wire tightly
stretched between points A and B on a vertical circle.
If the bead starts from rest at A, the highest point on
1. A body covers first 1/3 part of its journey with a
the circle
velocity of 2 m/s, next 1/3 part with a velocity of 3 A
m/s and rest of the journey with a velocity 6m/s. (A) its velocity v on arriving
The average velocity of the body will be at is proportional to cos 
B R
11 (B) its velocity v on arriving B
(A) 3 m/s (B) m/s is proportional to tan
3
(C) time to arrive at B is proportional to cos
8 4 (D) time to arrive at B is independent of 
(C) m / s (D) m / s
3 3
6. Let v and a denote the velocity and acceleration
2. The displacement x of a particle depend on time t as respectively of a body
x = t2 – t3 (A) a can be non zero when v = 0
(A) particle will return to its starting point after time /. (B) a must be zero when v = 0
2 (C) a may be zero when v  0
(B) the particle will come to rest after time 3 (D) The direction of a must have some correlation
with the direction of v
(C) the initial velocity of the particle was zero but
its initial acceleration was not zero.
7. Which of the following statement are true for a
 moving body ?
(D) no net force act on the particle at time 3
(A) if its speed changes, its velocity must change
and it must have some acceleration.
3. A particle has intial velocity 10 m/s. It moves due to (B) if its velocity changes, its speed must change
constant retarding force along the line of velocity and it must have some acceleration.
which produces a retardation of 5 m/s2. Then - (C) if its velocity changes, its speed may or may not
(A) the maximum displacement in the direction of change, and it must have some acceleration.
initial velocity is 10 m (D) if its speed changes but direction of motion does
(B) the distance travelled in first 3 seconds is 7.5 m not change, its velocity may remain constant.
(C) the distance travelled in first 3 seconds is 12.5 m
(D) the distance travelled in first 3 seconds is 17.5 m Section C - Graphs
8. The figure shows the velocity (v) of a particle plotted
4. Mark the correct statements for a particle going on against time (t)
a straight line +v0
(A) The particle changes v
(A) if the velocity is zero at any instant, the its direction of motion at T
acceleration should also be zero at that instant O
some point t 2T
(B) if the velocity is zero for a time interval, the –v0
(B) The acceleration of the
acceleration is zero at any instant within the time interval
particle remains constant
(C) if the velocity and acceleration have opposite
(C) The displacement of the particle is zero
sign, the object is slowing down
(D) The initial and final speeds of the particle are
(D) if the position and velocity have opposite sign,
the same
the particle is moving towards the origin.

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3.66 Theory and Exercise Book

Section D - Variable Acceleration Section E - Ground-to Ground projectile

Motion, Equation of Trajectory,
Projectile from tower, Projectile
9. Pick the correct statements : Motion in Inclined plane
(A) Average speed of a particle in a given time is
never less than the magnitude of the average velocity. 12. A projectile of mass 1 kg is projected with a velocity
of 20 m/s such that it strikes on the same level as
dv
(B) It is possible to have a situation in which 0 the point of projection at a distance of 3 m. Which
dt
of the following options are incorrect.
d (A) the maximum height reached by the projectile
but v 0
dt can be 0.25 m
(B) the minimum velocity during its motion can be
(C) The average velocity of a particle is zero in a
time interval. It is possible that the instantaneous 15 m/s
velocity is never zero in the interval. (C) the time taken for the flight can be

(D) The average velocity of a particle moving on a 3

sec.
straight line is zero in a time interval. It is possible 5
that the instantaneous velocity is never zero in the (D) maximum potential energy during its motion can
interval. (Infinite acceleration is not allowed) be 6J.

13. Choose the correct alternative (s)

10. If velocity of the particle is given by v = x ,
(A) If the greatest height to which a man can throw
where x denotes the position of the particle and a stone is h, then the greatest horizontal distance
initially particle was at x = 4, then which of the upto which he can throw the stone is 2h.
following are correct? (B) The angle of projection for a projectile motion
(A) at t = 2 sec, the position of the particle is at x = 9. whose range R is n times the maximum height is
tan–1(4/n)
(B) Particle acceleration at t = 2 sec. is 1 m/s2.
(C) The time of flight T and the horizontal range R
1 of a projectile are connected by the equation g
(C) Particleaccelerationis m/s2 throughout the motion. T2 = 2Rtan where  is the angle of projection.
2
(D) A ball is thrown vertically up. Another ball is
(D) Particle will never go in negative direction from thrown at an angle  with the vertical. Both of them
it’s starting position. remain in air for the same period of time. Then the
ratio of heights attained by the two ball 1 : 1.

11. A particle moves with an initial velocity v0 and

14. If T is the total time of flight, h is the maximum
retardation  v, wher ev is its velocity at any time t
height & R is the range for horizontal motion, the x
( is a positive constant).
& y co-ordinates of projectile motion and time t are
(A) the particle will cover a total distance of v0/. related as :
(B) the particle will continue to move for a very
 t  t  X  X 
long time. (A) y  4h   1   (B) y  4h  1  
 T  T   R  R 
(C) the particle will stop shortly.
 T  T   R  R 
(D) the velocity of particle will become v0/2 after (C) y  4h   1   (D) y  4h  1  
 t  t  X  X 
time 1/.

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 Kinematics 3.67

15. A particle moves in the xy plane with a constant Section F - Relative Motion
acceleration ‘g’ in the negative y-direction. Its
equation of motion is y = ax – bx2, where a and b
19. A block is thrown with a velocity of 2 ms–1 (relative
constants. Which of the following are correct?
to ground) on a belt, which is moving with velocity
(A) The x-component of its velocity is constant.
4 ms–1 in opposite direction of the initial velocity of
block. If the block stops slipping on the belt after 4
g
(B) At the origin, the y-component of its velocityis a sec of the throwing then choose the correct
2b
statements(s)
(C) At the origin, its velocity makes an angle tan–
(A) Displacement with respect to ground is zero after
1
(a) with the x-axis
2.66 sec and magnitude of displacement with respect
(D) The particle moves exactly like a projectile. to ground is 12 m after 4 sec.
(B) Magnitude of displacement with respect to
16. A ball is rolled off along the edge of a horizontal ground in 4 sec is 4 m.
table with velocity 4 m/s. It hits the ground after
(C) Magnitude of displacement with respect to belt
time 0.4s. Which of the following are correct?
in 4 sec is 12 m.
(A) The height of the table is 0.8 m
(D) Displacement with respect to ground is zero in
(B) It hits the ground at an angle of 60° with the vertical 8/3 sec.
(C) It covers a horizontal distance 1.6 m from the table
(D) It hits the ground with vertical velocity 4 m/s
20. A particle moves with constant speed v along a regular
hexagon ABCDEF in the same order. Then the
17. A particle is projected at an angle  from ground magnitude of the average velocity for its motion
with speed u (g = 10 m/s2) from A to -
(A) if u = 10 m/s and  = 30°, then time of flight will be 1 sec. (A) F is v/5
(B) if u = 10 3 m/s and  = 60°, then ime of flight (B) D is v/3
will be 3 sec. (C) C is v 3/2

(C) if u = 10 3 m/s and  = 60°, then after 2 sec (D) B is v

velocity becomes perpendicular to initial velocity.

(D) if u = 10 m/s and  = 30°, then velocity never 21. A man on a rectilinearly moving cart, facing the
becomes perpendicular to initial velocity during its flight. direction of motion, throws a ball straight up with
respect to himself

18. A particle is projected vertically upwards with a (A) The ball will always return to him
velocity u from a point O. When it returns to the (B) The ball will never return to him
point of projection :
(C) The ball will return to him if the cart moves
(A) its average velovity is zero with constant velocity
(B) its displacement is zero
(D) The ball will fall behind him if the cart moves
(C) its average speed is u/2 with some acceleration
(D) its average speed is u.

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3.68 Theory and Exercise Book

Section G - River Boat Problems 25. Path of three projectiles are shown. If T1, T2 and
22. Two swimmers A and B start swimming from T3 are time of flights and ignoring air resistances –
different position on the same bank as shown in
figure. The swimmer A swims at angle 90º with y
respect to the river to reach point P. He takes 120
second to cross the river of width 10m. The swimmer
B also takes the same time to reach the point P 1
2
3
30m P y
x
x
R
10m 1.5R
2R

A B
5m
(A) T1 > T3 (B) T1 < T3
(A) velocity of A with respect to river is 1/6 m/s. T1  T3
(C) T2 = (D) T1 = T2 = T3
(B) river flow velocity is 1/4 m/s. 2
(C) velocity of B along y-axis with respect to earth
is 1/3 m/s. 26. From an inclined plane two particles are projected
(D) velocity of B along x-axis with respect to earth with same speed at same angle , one up and other
is 5/24 m/s. down the plane as shown in figure. Which of the
following statement (s) is/are correct ?
23. A man who can swim at a speed v relative to the water
wants to cross a river of width d flowing with a speed 
u. The point opposite him across the river is A.

(A) He can reach the point A in time d/v 

d (A) The particles will collide the plane with same

(B) He can reach the point A is time 2 2 speed
v u
(B) The times of flight of each particle are same
d (C) Both particles strikes the plane perpendicularly
(C) The minimum time in which he can cross river is
v (D) The particles will collide in mid air if projected
(D) He can not reach A if u > v simultaneously and time of flight of each particle is
less than the time of collision

Section H - Rain Problems, Aircraft wind

pro blems, R elative Moti on
between two projectiles

24. A projectile is projected with a speed of 40m/s at an

3
angle  with horizontal such that tan = . After 2
4
sec, the projectile is moving with speed v at an angle
 with horizontal then, (g = 10 m/s2)
1 1
(A) tan  = (B) cot  =
8 8
(C) v = 32.25 m/s (D) 32 m/s

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 Kinematics 3.69

Exercise - 3 | Level-I Subjective | JEE Advanced

Section A - Distance, Displacement, Velocity Section C - Graphs

and Acceleration, Equation of
Motion 7. The velocity time graph of a body moving in a straight
line is shown. Find its
1. The position vector of a particle moving in x-y plane
 y
is given by r  (t 2  4)iˆ  (t  4) ˆj . Find

velocity in m/sec
(a) Equation of trajectory of the particle
(b) Time when it crosses x-axis and y-axis 60°

2. A particle moves along the space curve 30°

x
 2.5 sec
r  (t 2  t) ˆi  (3t  2) ˆj  (2t 3  4t 2 ) kˆ . (t in sec, r time in sec 2
in m) Find at time t = 2 the (a) velocity, (b)
acceleration, (c) speed or magnitude of velocity and (a) instantaneous velocity at t = 1.5 sec
(d) magnitude of acceleration.
(b) average acceleration from t = 1.5 sec. to
t = 2.5 sec
3. At time t the position vector of a particle of mass (c) draw its acceleration time graph from t = 0 to

m = 3kg is given by r  6t ˆi  t 3 ˆj  cos t kˆ . Find the t = 2.5 sec

resultant force F(t) , magnitude of its acceleration
8. The velocity-time graph of the particle moving along

when t  , & speed when t = . a straight line is shown. The rate of acceleration and
2
deceleration is constant and it is equal to 5 ms–2. If
the average velocity during the motion is 20ms–1,
4. Velocity of car v is given by v = at – bt2, where a then find the value of t.
and b are positive constants & t is time elapsed.
Find value of time for which velocity is maximum
& also corresponding value of velocity.

o t 25 sec
Section B - Motion under Gravity
5. A stone is dropped from a height h. Simultaneously
another stone is thrown up from the ground with Section D - Variable Acceleration
such a velocity that it can reach a height of 4 h. Find
the time when two stones cross each other.
9. The force acting on a body moving in a straight line
is given by F = (3t2 – 4t + 1) Newton where t is in
6. A balloon is ascending vertically with an acceleration sec. If mass of the body is 1kg and initially it was at
2
of 0.2 m/s Two stones are dropped from it at an rest at origin. Find displacement between time t = 0
interval of 2 sec. Find the distance between them and t = 2 sec
1.5 sec after the second stone is released (use g =
9.8 m/s2).

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3.70 Theory and Exercise Book

10. The curvilinear motion of a particle is defined by 16. A butterfly is flying with velocity 10iˆ  12ˆj m / s and
vx = 50 – 16t and y = 100 – 4t2 , where vx is in wind is blowing along x axis with velocity u. If
metres per second, y is in metres and t is in seconds. butterfly starts motion from A and after some time
It is also known that x = 0 at t = 0. Determine the reaches point B, find the value of u.
velocity (v) and acceleration (a) when the position y
y = 0 is reached. B

Section E - Ground-to Ground projectile A 37°

x
Motion, Equation of Trajectory,
Projectile from tower, Projectile
Motion in Inclined plane Section G - River Boat Problems
17. A man with some passengers in his boat, starts
11. A particle is projected in the X-Y plane. 2 sec after perpendicular to flow of river 200m wide and flowing
projection the velocity of the particle makes an angle with 2m/s. Boat speed in still water is 4m/s. When
he reaches half the width of river the passengers
45º with the X-axis. 4 sec after projection, it moves
asked him they want to reach the just opposite end
horizontally. Find the velocity of projection (use
from where they have started.
g = 10 ms–2). (a) Find the direction of velocity of boat with respect
to ground from vertical so that he can reach the
12. A particle is projected upwards with a velocity of opposite end.
100 m/sec at an angle of 60º with the vertical. Find (b) How many times more total time, it would take
the time when the particle will move perpendicular to that if he would have denied the passengers.
to its initial direction, taking g = 10 m/sec2.
18. A man crosses a river in a boat. If he crosses the
river in minimum time he takes 10 minutes with a
gx 2 drift 120 m. If he crosses the river taking shortest
13. The equation of a projectile is y  3 x  . The path, he takes 12.5 minute, find -
2
(i) width of the river
angle of projectile is ________ and initial velocity is (ii) velocity of the boat with respect to water
_______. (iii) speed of the current.
Assume vb/r > vr
14. A rocket is launched at an angle 53º to the horizontal
with an initial speed of 100 ms–1. It moves along its
initial line of motion with an acceleration of 30 ms–2
Section H - Rain Problems, Aircraft wind
pro blems, R elative Moti on
for 3 seconds. At this time its engine falls & the between two projectiles
rocket proceeds like a free body. Find :
(i) the maximum altitude reached by the rocket 19. Rain is falling vertically with a speed of
(ii) total time of flight 20 ms–1 relative to air. A person is running in the rain
with a velocity of 5 ms–1 and a wind is also blowing
(iii) the horizontal range. [sin 53º = 4/5]
with a speed of 15 ms–1 (both towards east). Find the
angle with the vertical at which the person should
hold his umbrella so that he may not get drenched.
Section F - Relative Motion
15. Two particles are moving along two long straight 20. A glass wind screen whose inclination with the
lines, in the same plane, with the same speed = 20 vertical can be changed is mounted on a car. The
cm/s. The angle between the two lines is 60°, and car moves horizontally with a speed of 2 m/s. At
what angle  with the vertical should the wind screen
their intersection point is O. At a certain moment,
be placed so that the rain drops falling vertically
the two particles are located at distance 3m and 4m
downwards with velocity 6 m/s strike the wind
from O, and are moving towards O. Find the shortest screen perpendicularly?
distance between them subsequently?
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 Kinematics 3.71

Exercise - 3 | Level-II Subjective | JEE Advanced

Section A - Distance, Displacement, Velocity (a) velocity with which particle strikes the plane OB,
and Acceleration, Equation of (b) time of flight,
Motion
(c) vertical height h of P from O,
1. A speeder in an automobile passes a stationary (d) maximum height from O attained by the particle and
policeman who is hiding behind a bill board with a (e) distance PQ
motorcycle. After a 2.0 sec delay (reaction time) the
policeman acceleraties to his maximum speed of 150
Section C - Graphs
km/hr in 12 sec and catches the speeder 1.5 km beyond
5. From the velocity-time plot shown in figure, find
the billboard. Find the speed of speeder in km/hr.
the distance travelled by the particle during the first
40 seconds. Also find the average velocity during
2. At a distance L = 400 m from the traffic light brakes this period.
are applied to a locomotive moving at a velocity v=
54 km/hr. Determine the position of the locomotive V
relative to the traffic light 1 min after the application 5m/s
of the breaks if its acceleration is –0.3 m/sec2. t(s)
0 20 40
–5m/s
Section B - Motion under Gravity

3. A balloon is moving vertically upward with constant

acceleration (g/2) in upward direction Particle 'A' 6. The fig. shows the v-t graph of a particle moving in
was dropped from the balloon and 2 sec later another straight line. Find the time when particle returns to
particle 'B' was dropped from the same balloon. the starting point.
Assume that motion of the balloon remains
unaffected. Find the separation distance between 'A' v
and 'B', 6 sec after dropping the particle 'B'. None 20
of the particles reaches the ground during the time
interval under consideration (g=10 m/sec2) 10

4. Two inclined planes OA and OB having inclination 10 20 25 t

(with horizontal) 30° and 60° respectively, intersect
each other at O as shown in figure. A particle is projected
from point P with velocity u  10 3 ms –1 along a
direction perpendicular to plane OA. If the particle Section D - Variable Acceleration
strikes plane OB perpendicularly at Q, calculate 7. A body moves so that it follows the following

A
dv
u B
relation = –v2 + 2v – 1 where v is speed in m/s
dt
Q and t is time in second. If at t = 0, v = 0 then Find
P
h the speed (in m/s) when acceleration is one fourth
30° 60°
O of its initial value.

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3.72 Theory and Exercise Book

8. A particle moves with a costant speed u along the Section F - Relative Motion
curve y = sin x. The magnitude of its acceleration at
the point corresponding to x = /2 is
13. A particle is thrown horizontally with relative velocity
10 m/s from an inclined plane, which is also moving
with acceleration 10 m/s2 vertically upward. Find the
Section E - Ground-to Ground projectile time after which it lands on the plane (g = 10 m/s2)
Motion, Equation of Trajectory,
Projectile from tower, Projectile
2
Motion in Inclined plane 10 m/s

30°
9. A large number of bullets are fired in all direction
with the same speed v. What is the maximum area
on ground on which these bullets can spread?
Section G - River Boat Problems

10. The speed of a particle when it is at its greatest

14. A river has a width d. A fisherman in a boat crosses
height is 2 / 5 times of its speed when it is at its the river twice. During the first crossing, his goal is
half the maximum height. The angle of projection is to minimize the crossing time. During the second
_________ and the velocity vector angle at half the crossing, his goal is to minimize the distance that
maximum height is _________. the boat is carried downstream. In the first case, the
crossing time is T0. In the second case, the crossing
11. A projectile is to be thrown horizontally from the time is 3T0. What is the speed of the river flow?
top of a wall of height 1.7m. Calculate the initial find all possible answer:
velocity of projection if it hits perpendicularly an
incline of angle 37° which starts from the ground at
the bottom of the wall. The line of greatest slope of Section H - Rain Problems, Aircraft wind
incline lies in the plane of motion of projectile. pro blems, R elative Moti on
between two projectiles

12. A particle is projected from point P with velocity

15. A glass wind screen whose inclination with the vertical
5 2 m/s perpendicular to the surface of a hollow can be changed, is mounted on a cart as shown in
right angle cone whose axis is vertical. It collides at figure. The cart moves uniformly along the horizontal
Q normally. Find the time of the flight of the particle. path with a speed of 6 m/s. At what maximum angle
 to the vertical can the wind screen be placed so
y that the rain drops falling vertically downwards with
velocity 2 m/s, do not enter the cart?

P Q v=6m/s
45° x

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 Kinematics 3.73

Exercise - 4 | Level-I Previous Year | JEE Main

1. A parachutist after bailing out falls 50 m without 5. A projectile can have the same range R for two
friction. When parachute opens, it decelerates at 2 angles of projection. If t1 and t2 be the times fo
ms–2. He reaches the ground with a speed of 3 ms–1. flights in the two cases, then the product of the two
At what height, did he bail out ? [AIEEE 2005] times of flights is proportional to [AIEEE 2005]
(A) 91 m (B) 182 m
(C) 293 m (D) 111 m 1
(A) R2 (B)
R2

2. A particle is moving eastwards with a velocity of 5

ms –1. In 10 s the velocity changes to 5 ms –1
1
(C) (D) R
northwards. The average acceleration in this time is R

[AIEEE 2005]

1 6. A particle located at x = 0 at time t = 0, starts moving

(A) ms2 towards north-east
2 along the positive x-direction with a velocity v that

varies as v   x . The displacement of the

1 2
(B) ms towards north particle varies with time as [AIEEE 2006]
2

(C) zero (A) t2 (B) t

(C) t1/2 (D) t3

1
(D) ms2 towards north-west
2
7. A particle is projected at 60° to the horizontal with a
kinectic energy K. The kinetic energy at the highest
3. A car, starting from rest, accelerates at the rate f
point is [AIEEE 2007]
through a distance s, then continues at constant speed
for time t and then decelerates at the rate f/2 to (A) K (B) zero
come to rest. If the total distance travelled is 15 s,
then [AIEEE 2005] K K
(C) (D)
4 2
1 2 1 2
(A) s  ft (B) s  ft
72 36
8. The velocity of a particle is v  v0  gt  ft 2 . If its

1 2 1 2 position is x = 0 at t = 0, then its displacement after

(C) s  ft (D) s  ft
2 4 unit time (t = 1) is [AIEEE 2007]

g f
4. The relation between time t and distance x is (A) v0  2 g  3 f (B) v0  
2 3
t = ax2 + bx, where a and b are constants. The
acceleration is [AIEEE 2005]
g
(A) –2abv2 (B) 2bv3 (C) v0  g  f (D) v0  f
2
(C) –2av3 (D) 2av2

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3.74 Theory and Exercise Book

9. A body is at rest at x = 0. At t = 0, it starts moving

V V
in the positive x-direction with a constant
accleration. At the same instant another body V1 V1

passes through x = 0 moving in the positive

O t O t
x- direction with a constant speed. The position of (C) t1 2t1 3t1 4t1 (D) t1 2t1 3t1 4t1
the first body is given by x1 (t) after time t and that
–V1 –V1
of the second body by x2(t) after the same time
interval.Which of the following graphs correctly
describes (x1 – x2) as a function of time?
[AIEEE 2008] 
11. A particle has an initial velocity 3iˆ  4 j and an

(x1 –x2) (x1 –x2) acceleration of 0.4iˆ  0.3 j . Its speed after 10 s is-
[AIEEE 2009]

(A) 10 unit (B) 7 2 unit

(A) (B) (C) 7 unit (D) 8.5 unit

t t
O O

12. A particle is moving with velocity v  k(yiˆ  xj),
ˆ
where k is a constant. The general equation for its
path is [AIEEE 2010]
(x1 –x2)
(x1 –x2)
(A) y = x2 + constant (B) y2 = x + constant
(C) xy = constant (D) y2 = x2 + constant

(C) (D) 13. A water fountain on the ground sprinkles water all
around it. If the speed of water coming out of the
t
O t fountain is v, the total area around the fountain that
O
gets wet is [AIEEE 2011]

v4  v4
(A)  (B)
10. Consider a rubber ball freely falling from a height g2 2 g2
h = 4.9 m onto a horizontal elastic plate. Assume
that the duration of collision is negligible and the
v2 v2
collision with the plate is totally elastic. Then the (C)  (D) 
g2 g
velocity as a function of time the height as function
of time will be [AIEEE 2009]
14. An object, moving with a speed of 6.25 m/s, is
V
dv
V V1 decelerated at a rate given by  2.5 v where
V1 dt
O t v is the instantaneous speed. The time taken by the
(A) (B)
O t object, to come to rest, would be [AIEEE 2011]
–V1 (A) 2 s (B) 4 s
(C) 8 s (D) 1 s

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 Kinematics 3.75

15. A particle of mass m is projected with a velocity v 19. From a tower of height H, a particle is thrown
making an angle of 30° with the horizontal. The vertically upwards with a speed u. The time taken
magnitude of angular momentum of the projectile by the particle, to hit the ground, is n times that
about the point of projection when the particle is at taken by it to reach the highest point of its path.
its maximum height h is [AIEEE 2011] The relation between H, u and n is :
[JEE-Main 2014]
3 mv 2 (A) 2 g H = nu2(n – 2) (B) g H = (n – 2)u2
(A) (B) zero
2 g
(C) 2 gH = n2u2 (D) g H = (n – 2)2u2

mv 3 3 mv 3
(C) (D) 20. Two stones are thrown up simultaneously from the
2g 16 g
edge of a cliff 240 m high with initial speed of 10 m/
16. A boy can throw a stone up to a maximum height s and 40 m/s respectively. Which of the following
of 10 m. The maximum horizontal distance that the graph best represents the time variation of relative
boy can throw the same stone up to will be position of the second stone with respect to the first?
(Assume stones do not rebound after hitting the
[JEE-Main 2012]
ground and neglect air resistance, take g = 10 m/s2)
(A) 20 2 m (B) 10 m [JEE-Main 2015]

(C) 10 2 m (D) 20 m (y2–y1)m (y2–y1)m

240 240

(A) (B)
17. A particle of mass m is at rest at the origin at time
t(s) t(s)
t = 0. It is subjected to a force F(t) = F0e-bt in the x t 8 12 8 12

direction. It speed v(t) is depicted by which of the

following curves? [JEE-Main 2012] (y2–y1)m (y2–y1)m
240 240
Fo
Fo
mb (C) (D)
mb
t(s) t(s)
12 8 12
(A) (B)
V(t)

V(t)
t t 21. A body is thrown vertically upwards. Which
one of the following graphs correctly
represent the velocity vs time ?
Fo
mb Fo [JEE-Main 2017]
( )
mb

(C) V(t)
(D)
V(t)
t (A) t (B)
t

  t
18. 
A projectile is given an initial velocity of i  2 j 
 
m/s, where i is along the ground and j is along
the vertical. If g = 10 m/s 2, the equation of its
trajectory is: [JEE-Main 2013] (C) t (D) t
(A) 4y = 2x – 5x2 (B) 4y = 2x – 25x2
(C) y = x – 5x2 (D) y = 2x – 5x2

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3.76 Theory and Exercise Book

22. All the graphs below are intended to reprsent

the same motion. One of them does it
incorrectly. Pick it up. [JEE-Main 2018]

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

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 Kinematics 3.77

Exercise - 4 | Level-II Previous Year | JEE Advanced

1. The velocity displacement graph of a particle moving 3. A train is moving along a straight line with a constant
along a straight line is shown. The most suitable
acceleration-displacement graph will be - acceleration 'a'. A boy standing in the train throws

[JEE’ 2005 (Scr)] a ball forward with a speed of 10 m/s, at an angle

v of 60° to the horizontal. The boy has to move

v0
forward by 1.15 m inside the train to catch the ball

back at the initial height. The acceleration of the

x0 x
train in m/s2 is [JEE’ 2011]
a a
x

(A) (B) 4. Airplanes A and B are flying constant velocity in

x
the same vertical plane at angles 30° and 60° with

respect to the horizontal repectively as shown in

a a
x x

(C) (D) the figure. The speed of A is 100 3 ms 1 . At time

t = 0 s, an observer in A finds B at a distance of 500

m. This observer sees B moving with a constant

2. STATEMENT-1
velocity perpendicular to the line of motion of A. If
For an observer looking out through the window of
a fast moving train, the nearby objects appear to at t = t0, A just escapes being hit by B, t0 in seconds
move in the opposite direction to the train, while the is [JEE ADVANCED 2014]
distant objects appear to be stationary.
STATEMENT-2
If the observer and the object are moving at velocities
 
V1 and V2 respectively with reference to a
laboratory frame, the velocity of the object with
 
respect to the observer is V2 – V1

(A) STATEMENT-1 is True, STATEMENT-2 is

True; STATEMENT-2 is a correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is True, STATEMENT-2 is
True’ STATEMENT-2 is NOT a correct explanation
for STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is True, STATEMENT-2 is False
(D) STATEMENT-1 is False, STATEMENT-2 is True
[JEE’ 2008]

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3.78 Theory and Exercise Book

5. A rocket is moving in a gravity free space with a 6. A ball is thrown from ground at an angle  with
constant acceleration of 2ms–2 along +x direction. horizontal and with an initial speed u0. For the
The length of a chamber inside the rocket is 4 m. A
resulting projectile motion, the magnitude of average
ball is thrown from the left end of the chamber in
velocity of the ball up to the point when it hits the
+x direction with a speed of 0.3 ms–1 relative to the
ground for the first time is V 1. After hitting the
rocket. At the same time, another ball is thrown in
–x direction with a speed of 0.2 ms–1 from its right ground, the ball rebounds at the same angle  but
end relative to the rocket. The time in seconds when with a reduced speed of u0/  . Its motion continues
the two balls hit each other is for a long time as shown in figure. If the magnitude
[JEE Advanced 2014] of average velocity of the ball for entire duration of
motion is 0.8 V1,. the value of  is ________.
a=2 m/s
2 [JEE Advanced 2019]
–1
x
–1
0.3 ms 0.2 ms

4m

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 Kinematics 3.79

Exercise - 1 Objective Problems | JEE Main

1. B 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. B
6. C 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. B
11. C 12. C 13. D 14. C 15. D
16. A 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. A
21. C 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. A
26. B 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. A
31. A 32. (a) B (b) D 33. (a) A (b) C 34. A 35. B
36. A 37. D 38. D 39. C 40. C
41. (a) D (b) A 42. A 43. B 44. C 45. B
46. D 47. A 48. A 49. B 50. C
51. B 52. D 53. B 54. C 55. D
56. D 57. D 58. B 59. D 60. D
61. C 62. B 63. C 64. B 65. B
66. D 67. A 68. A 69. A 70. A
71. B 72. A 73. C 74. C 75. A
76. C 77. D 78. C 79. B 80. B
81. B 82. B 83. C 84. A 85. A
86. C 87. C 88. C 89. A 90. C
91. C 92. A 93. D 94. D 95. D
96. C 97. B 98. B 99. A 100. A

Exercise - 2 (Leve-I) Objective Problems | JEE Main

1. D 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. A
6. A 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. C
11. B 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. B
16. B 17. D 18. C 19. B 20. C
21. A 22. A 23. A 24. C 25. C
26. D 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. B
31. B 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. B
36. A 37. B 38. B 39. A 40. D
41. A 42. D 43. A 44. B 45. C
46. C 47. B 48. A 49. C 50. C
51. D 52. B 53. B 54. B 55. C
56. C 57. B 58. B 59. A 60. B
61. B 62. B 63. B 64. B 65. A
66. C 67. A 68. B 69. C 70. D
71. B 72. C 73. A 74. B 75. B

Exercise - 2 (Level-II) Multiple Correct | JEE Advanced

1. B 2. A,B,C,D 3. A,C 4. B,C,D 5. A,D
6. A,C 7. A,C 8. A,B,C,D 9. A,B,C 10. A,C,D
11. A,B 12. D,C 13. A,B,C,D 14. A,B 15. A,B,C,D
16. A,C,D 17. A,B,C,D 18. A,B,C 19. B,C,D 20. A,C,D
21. C,D 22. B,D 23. B,C,D 24. A,C 25. C,D
26. B,D

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Exercise - 3 | Level-I Subjective | JEE Advanced

1. (a) y2 + 8y + 12 = x ; (b) crosses x axis when t = 4 sec, crosses y axis when t = ± 2 sec.
2. (a) 5i + 3j + 8k, (b) 2i + 16k, (c) 7 2 , (d) 2 65 3. –18 tj – 3 cos tk ; 3 ; 3 4   4

 h
4. a/2b, a2/4b 5.   6. 50 m
 8g

1 3 2
7. (a) m/s (b) m / s2 (c) 8. 5s 9. m
3 2 3

 
10. v  –30 i – 40j, a  –16 i – 8 j 11. 20 5 12. 20 sec
13. 60, 2 m/sec. 14. (i) 1503.2 m (ii) 35.54 sec (iii) 3970.56 m

 1 4
15. 50 3 cm 16. 6 m/s 17.   tan –1   ,
 2 3
18. 200 m, 20 m/min, 12 m/min 19. tan–1 (1/2) 20. tan–1(3)

Exercise - 3 | Level-II Subjective | JEE Advanced

1. 122.7 km/hr 2. 25 m 3. 210 m

4. (a) 10 ms–1,(b) 2 sec, (c)5 m, (d) 16.25 m, (e) 20 m 5. 100 m, zero

v 4
6. 36.2 sec. 7. 1.5 m/s 8. u2 9.
g2

1
10. 60°, tan
–1
 3/2  11. u = 3m/s 12. 1 sec 13.
3
sec

8 d
14. 15. 2 tan–1 (1/3)
9 T0

Exercise - 4 | Level-I Previous Year | JEE Main

1. C 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. D
6. A 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. C
11. B 12. D 13. A 14. A 15. D
16. D 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. C
21. D 22. C

Exercise - 4 | Level-II Previous Year | JEE Advanced

1. B 2. B 3. 5 m/s2 4. 0005 5. 2 or 8
6. 4