Kinematics

IIT JEE
BEST STUDY
NOTES
JE
ES
an
ka
lp
SAVE YOUR TIME!
NO NEED OF
TAKING FULL NOTES
JE
NOW!
ES
an
ka
JUST PRINTOUT THESE

lp
AND USE THEM IN

YOUR LECTURES :-)
INDIA’S FIRST NOTES WITH MOST
IMPORTANT SUBTOPICS MARKED
ACCORDING TO JEE MAINS
JE
SAMPLE PROBLEMS FOR

ES
UNDERSTANDING WHICH ARE

HIGHLY EXPECTED IN JEE MAINS
an
EXAM
ka
lp
lp
ka
an
ES
JE
2
KINEMATICS
Introduction
Mechanics deals with motion of various types of bodies, relations of forces, mechanical properties of
bodies and matter etc. Kinematics deals with the motion of particles and rigid bodies without accounting
the forces responsible for their motion. If the body is, however, of a small size such that its motion can
be described by a point mass moving along a straight line, such a motion is called rectilinear motion or
motion in one dimension.
Motion
When a body changes its position w.r.t. observer, the body is said to be in motion. If the body doesn’t
JE
change position then it is said to be at rest w.r.t. observer. For example if two passengers are travelling
in moving train they are at rest w.r.t. each other while they are in motion w.r.t. an observer standing on
the ground.
ES
A particle
A particle is a physical analogue of a point. A body of finite size may be considered as a particle only if
an
all parts of the body undergo same displacement and have same velocity and acceleration. Thus, for a
particle like body, its motion can be described by studying the motion of any point on the body.
ka
2.1 Motion in 1 Dimension
Distance and Displacement

lp
As a particle moves in space with respect to time it follows a curve or a straight line, which is called its
path or trajectory. Distance is the actual length covered along the path, while displacement is the
difference between the final and initial positions of the particle. The position of a particle is given by a
position vector drawn from the origin to the particle while displacement vector is independent of the
position of origin.
The figure illustrates the difference between distance and displacement. The curve length AB is called
the distance; the vector rAB = rB – rA is called the displacement. y
(a) Distance is a scalar; displacement is vector. A
(b) The magnitude of displacement is always less than or rA B

equal to distance.
rB
(c) For a moving body, displacement can be zero but
O x
distance cannot be zero.
-2. 1 -
Kinematics
Displacement is a vector drawn from initial position to final position. If the path of the body is not along
a straight line, the total length of the actual path covered by the body is called the distance covered by
the body and is a scalar quantity. The displacement is independent of the actual path covered by the
body.
Average Speed and Average Velocity

The average speed in a time interval is defined as the total distance travelled by the particle divided by
the time interval.
Total distance travelled

Average speed = Total time taken
The average velocity is defined as the displacement of the particle divided by the time interval.
displaceme nt
vav = time elapsed
JE
rB  rA ΔrAB
or v = t  t  Δt
B A
ES
(a) Average speed is a scalar quantity; average velocity is a vector quantity. Both are expressed in
ms–1 or kmh–1.
(b) Average velocity can be zero but average speed cannot be zero.
an
(c) The magnitude of average velocity is always less than or equal to the average speed.
|vav|  v
ka
displacement distance
or 
time elapsed time elapsed
lp
thus |displacement|  distance
(d) Average speed does not mean the magnitude of the average velocity vector.
Consider a body moving on the straight line having the initial position A at time ti at a distance xi from
the origin. It travels a distance x1 to reach B and thereafter travels a distance x2 from B to C reaching
at time tf. C is the final position which is at a distance xf from the origin. The average speed will be
equal to the ratio of total distance covered to the total time.
x1  x2 x1
 Average speed = t  t
f i A B
O xi xf X
x f  xi C x
Average velocity = t  t 2
f i
-2. 2 -
Kinematics
Instantaneous Speed and Instantaneous Velocity

The instantaneous speed and velocity are the respective average speed and velocity for the infinitesimally
small time interval (i.e. t  0). Thus
lim r dr
Instantaneous speed v = 
t  0 t dt
y
lim r dr
instantaneous velocity v =  v
t  0 t dt A
(a) As the time interval tends to zero (t  0), the

rA
displacement vector r approaches a limiting direction B
which is tangential to the path of the particle at that rB

instant. Thus, the instantaneous velocity direction is
O x
always tangential to the path followed by the particle.
(b) The instantaneous speed is equal to the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity.
JE
(c) A particle may have constant speed but variable velocity.

(d) For a particle moving with constant velocity, its average velocity and instantaneous velocity are
ES
always equal.
Instantaneous velocity of a particle moving on a straight line say along x-axis is given as
v(t) = lim  x = lim vav.

an
t0 t 0
t
Instantaneous velocity v(t) is derivative of displacement with respect to time.

ka
d
v (t) = [r(t)]
dt
Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration

lp
The acceleration is defined as the time rate of change of velocity. The average acceleration is defined
as
v 2  v 1 Δv
aav = t  t  t
2 1
The instantaneous acceleration is defined as

lim v dv
a= 
 t  0 t dt
(a) Acceleration is a vector quantity with S.I. units ms–2.
(b) The direction of average acceleration vector is the direction of the change in velocity vector.
(c) There is no definite relation between the direction of velocity vector and the direction of acceleration
vector.
-2. 3 -
Kinematics
(d) If the magnitude of velocity is constant and only its direction changes with time, then acceleration
is perpendicular to the velocity vector.
(e) If a body is moving on a straight line with uniform acceleration, for such a body, average acceleration
and instantaneous acceleration will be the same.
Motion of Bodies in Three Dimensional Space

If a body has coordinates (x,y,z) in space, its position vector r at any time is given by
r = ix + jy + kz
The velocity vector v is given by
v = ivx + jvy + kvz
Where vx, vy and vz are magnitudes of components of the velocity along the respective x, y and z-axis
JE
at time t.
dx dy dz
vx = , vy = , vz = .
dt dt dt
ES
If ax, ay, az are the components of acceleration along the three axes at time t,
a = iax + jay + kaz

an
where ax, ay and az are components of acceleration along x, y and z directions.
General Equations of Motion

When body does not move with constant acceleration w.r.t. reference frame under consideration then
ka
we apply the following equations.
dv
=a ......(i)
lp
dt
v t2 t2
 dv  a dt   dv   a dt  v  u   a dt
u t1 t1
dx
=v ......(ii)
dt
x2 t2 t2
 dx  v dt   dx   v dt  x2  x1   v dt
x1 t1 t1
Here, a is instantaneous acceleration and is a function of time. v is instantaneous velocity at t = t2 and

u is instantaneous velocity at t = t1. x2 is position at t = t2 and x1 is position at t = t2.
Put the values of a and v in equations (i) and (ii) and solve to find desired results.
-2. 4 -
Kinematics
Three Equations of Motion (Uniformly Accelerated Motion)

If a body has an initial velocity u at time t = 0 so that it travels a displacement s in time interval t when
it moves with a uniform acceleration, a, its equations of motion are given as follows :
v = u + at
1 2
s = ut + at
2
v2= u2 + 2as
Note: All the three equations are applicable in all types of reference frames (inertial and non-inertial) provided
the acceleration of body is constant in the reference frame under consideration.
Displacement in nth second

If a particle moving with constant acceleration travels a displacement Sn in n seconds and a displacement
sn–1 in (n–1) seconds from the beginning.
1 2
Sn = un + an
JE
2
1
Sn–1 = u(n–1) + a(n–1)2
2
Displacement travelled in nth second = Sn – Sn–1
ES
1 1
= un + an2 – u(n–1) – a(n–1)2
2 2
a
xn= u+ (2n–1)
2
an
If a body is falling with an acceleration due to gravity g, the following are corresponding equations of
motion.
v = u+ gt
ka
1 2
s = ut + gt
2
v2 = u2 +2gs
lp
If upward direction is considered positive, the acceleration a is taken as –g.

u2
If a body is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity v, it reaches a maximum height h = in
2g
u u
time g where it stops and descends in same time g reaching the ground with the same speed v with
which it was projected. If a body is dropped from a point at a height h above the ground, it reaches the
2h'
ground with velocity 2gh' in a time g .
Relative Velocity
If a body A is travelling with velocity VAO with respect to origin O and another body B is travelling with
velocity VBO with respect to origin, then the relative velocity of B with respect to an observer A, vBA, is
given by
vBA = vBO – vAO
-2. 5 -
Kinematics
Thus the relative velocity of two moving bodies is equal to the vector difference
vBO
of their velocities with respect to the same origin. The examples are
vAO
that of two trains moving in different directions, a boat crossing a river etc.
vBA
Sample Problem 2.1:

A particle moves along the rectangular path ABCD of size 1 m as shown in the figure with constant
speed 1 m/sec. Determine the average speed and average acceleration from A  B, A  C and
AD
Sol.: A  B tAB = (1/1) = 1 sec.

B C
displacement = 1 m
vi = 1 m/sec. vf = 1 m/sec
1
 <vAB> = = 1 m/sec directed from A  B
1
11
JE
<aAB> = =0
1 A D
2
A  C tAC =  2 sec .
1
ES
displacement = 12  12
= 2 m
| vi | = 1 m/sec
an
| vf | = 1 m/sec
vf – vi = vf + (–vi)
 |vf – vi| = 12  12  2
ka
2 1
 <vAC> =  m/s directed from A  C
2 2
lp
2 1
<aAC> =  m/s² directed from B  D
2 2
3
A  D tAD =  3 sec .
1
displacement = 1 m
vi = 1 m/sec
vf = – 1 m/sec
1
<vAD> = m/sec from A  D
3
v f  vi 1  1
<aAD> = =
t 3
2
= m/s² directed from B  A
3
-2. 6 -
Kinematics
Sample Problem 2.2:

A particle is moving along a straight line with constant acceleration. At a point A on the line its
velocity is equal to 4 m/s and at a point B its velocity becomes 6 m/s. If distance between these two
points is 2 m find
(a) the acceleration of the particle
(b) the time taken by the particle to go to B from A.
(c) if at time t = 0, particle is at point A find the distance moved by the particle in the 5th second.
Sol.: (a) In the given situation initial velocity u = 4 m/s and final velocity v = 6 m/s displacement s = 2m
 v2 = u2 + 2as
v2  u2
 a
2s
36 m 2 /s 2  16 m 2 /s 2
 5m/s 2
2  2m
(b) u = 4 m/s, v = 6 m/s and a = 5 m/s2.
 v = u + at
v  u 6m/s  4m/s
JE
 t   0.4 s .
a 5m/s2
(c) Distance moved by the particle in 5 second is
1 165
S5  4m/s  5s   5m/s 2  25 s 2  m  82.5 m
ES
2 2
Distance moved by the particle in 4 s is
1
S 4  4m/s  4 s   5m/s 2  16s 2  56 m
2
an
Distance moved in the 5th second is S = S5 – S4

 S = 82.5 m – 56 m = 26.5 m
Sample Problem 2.3:
The position of a particle along the x-axis is given in centimeters by x = 9.75+1.50t3, where t is in
ka
seconds. Consider the time interval t = 2 s to t = 3s. Calculate

(a) the average velocity,
(b) the instantaneous velocity when t = 2.5 s,
lp
(c) the instantaneous velocity when t = 2 s.

Sol.: Using s = ut + (1/2) at2, we get,
x2= (displacement at time 2 sec.)
= 9.75 + 1.50 × 23 = 9.75 + 1.50 × 8 = 21.75cm
x3 = 9.75 + 1.50 × 33 = 9.75 + 1.50 × 27 = 50.25 cm. (displacement at time 3 sec.)
x3  x2 50.25  21.75
(a) average velocity =   28.5 cm/s
3 2 1
(b) instantaneous velocity at t = 2.5s.
 dx  2
   0  3  1.50  t 2  3  1.50   2.5  = 28.125 cm/s
dt
  t  2.5
 dx  2 2
(c)    0  3  1.50  t  3  1.50   2  = 18.0 cm/s
 dt  t  2
-2. 7 -
Kinematics
Sample Problem 2.4:

An engine driver running a train at full speed suddenly applies brakes and shuts off steam. The train
then travels 24 m in the first second and 22 m in the next second. Assuming that the brakes produce
a constant retardation, find
(a) original speed of the train,
(b) the time elapsed before it comes to rest
(c) the distance travelled during the interval.
(d) If the length of the train is 44 m, find the time that the train takes to pass an observer standing
at a distance 100 m ahead of the train at the time when the brake was applied.
Sol.: (a) The distance covered by the body in nth second,
a
Sn = u + (2n–1)
2
a a
S1 = 24 = u + (2–1) = u +
2 2
a 3a
S2 = 22 = u + (4–1) = u +
2 2
JE
3a a
Subtracting, –2 =  ; a = –2m/s2.
2 2
a
u = 24 + = 24 + 1 = 25 m/s.
2
ES
(b) Time t taken by the train before coming to rest,

v = u – at or 0 = 25 – 2t or t = 12.5 sec.
(c) If S is the displacement before the train comes to rest i.e. v = 0
an
0 = u2–2aS
u2
S =
2a
2
( 25)
ka
= = 156.25 m = distance as the particle is moving in a straight line.

2 2
(d) The time t taken by the train to cover a distance of 100 m is given by
1 2
S = ut – at ,
lp
2
1
100 = 25t – × 2 × t2
2
t2 – 25t + 100 = 0.
(t – 20) (t – 5) = 0.
t = 20, t = 5,
t = 20, is not possible as the train takes only 12.5 second to stop. Therefore t = 5 second
Time t taken by the train to cover a distance of 100m plus length of the train, ie., 44m, is given by
1
S = 100 + 44 = ut – at2.
2
1
25t – × 2 × t2 – 144 = 0.
2
t2 – 25t + 144 = 0.
t' 2 – 16t – 9t + 144 = 0.
(t–16) (t–9) = 0.
t = 16, t = 9 sec.
 Time taken by the train to pass the observer = 9 – 5 = 4 second.
-2. 8 -
Kinematics
Sample Problem 2.5:

A particle is projected vertically upwards from a point A on the ground. It takes a time t1 to reach a
point B at a height h above the ground. As it continues to move, it takes a further time t2 to reach the
ground. Find
(a) The height h

(b) The maximum height reached
(c) The velocity of the particle at half the maximum height.
Sol.: Let u be initial velocity.

Total time of flight from A to B and from B to C and C to A
2u
= t1 + t2 = g
g (t1  t 2 )
u=
2
1 g 1 gt t
h = ut1 – gt12 = (t1 + t2) t1 – gt
2
= 1 2
JE
2 2 2 1 2
u2 C
(b) Maximum height reached, AC = H =
2g
2 2
g (t1  t 2 )
= B
ES
4 2 g H
t2
g (t1  t 2 ) 2
= t1
8
H
(c) Let v be velocity at height ,
2
an
A
2 2 2 2 2
H g (t1  t 2 ) g (t1  t 2 ) g
v2 = u2 – 2g = u2 – g H =  = (t1 + t2)2
2 4 8 8
g
ka
v = 2 2 (t1 + t2)
Sample Problem 2.6:

lp
A point mass moves along a straight line with a deceleration which is equal to K v in magnitude
where K is a positive constant and v is the velocity of the particle. The velocity of the point mass
initially at t = 0 is equal to v0. Find the distance it will travel before it stops and the time it will take to
cover this distance.
dv
Sol.: Acceleration = = –K v
dt
dv
– = K dt.
v
Let t0 be the time which the particle takes to come to a stop.
t0 0 1 v0 1
 
Integrating  Kdt = v 2 dv = v 2 dv = 2v½0v 0
0 v0 0
1 2v ½
Kt0 == 2v 02 or t0 = 0
k
-2. 9 -
Kinematics
dv  dv   ds  dv
    v
dt  ds   dt  ds
dv
 v = –K v
ds
v dv = – Kds
Let s0 be the distance covered when the velocity decreases from v0 to zero.
0 s
0
 v dv =  Kds = –KS
Integrating,
v0
 0
0
 3/ 2 
 v 3/ 2    v0  2v 0 3 / 2
or  3/ 2  v 0 =  3  = – KS0,  S0 =
 2  3k
Sample Problem 2.7:

A cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96 km/h in 2 sec., where as a cat requires 6 sec. Compute the
average accelerations for the cheetah and cat.
1000 m
JE
  96 
| v  v | 96km / h  0 3600sec
Sol.: For cheetah | a av | = f i = = = 15 m/s2
t 2sec 2sec
10
96 
ES
For cat | a av| = 36

= 5 m/s2.
6
OBJECTIVE : 2 – I
an
1. A person travelling on a straight line moves with a uniform velocity v1 for some time and with
uniform velocity v2 for the next equal time. The average velocity v is given by
v1  v2 2 1 1 1 1 1
ka
(a) v = (b) v = v1v2 (c)   (d)  

2 v v1 v2 v v1 v2
Sol. [a]
t t
lp
s1  s2 v1 2  v2 2 v1  v2
v  
t t 2
2. A car starts from rest and travels with constant acceleration along a straight track. It travels 22m
distance in the sixth second. The constant acceleration of the car is
(a) 8.8 ms–2 (b) 4 ms–2
(c) 2 ms–2 (d) Cannot be calculated
Sol. [b]
a
22  0  (2  6  1)  a = 4 m/s2
2
3. A ball thrown vertically upward returns to its starting point in 4s. Its initial speed is-
(a) 23.6 m/s (b) 6 m/s (c) 19.6 m/s (d) Zero.
Sol. [c]
2u
4  u  2 g  19.6 m / s
g
-2. 1 0 -
Kinematics
4. A body starts from rest and moves with constant acceleration. The ratio of distance covered by the
body in nth second to that covered in n second is
2n  1 n2 2n  1
(a) 1 : n (b) 2 (c) (d)
n 2n  1 2n2
Sol. [b]
a
Snth (2n  1)
2n  1
2  2
Sn 1 2 n
an
2
5. A body starts from rest and has an acceleration 20 cm-s–2. What is the distance covered by the body
in first 8 s?
(a) 160 cm (b) 640 cm (c) 1280 cm (d) 1640 cm
Sol. [b]
Given : Initial velocity of body (u) = 0 (because it is at rest); Acceleration (a) = 20 cms -s–2 and time
taken (t) = 8 s.
1 2 1
× 20 × (8)2 = 640 cm.
JE
We know that distance covered by the body (s) = ut + at = (0 × 8) +
2 2
6. An electron starting from rest has a velocity that increases linearly with time, that is, v = Kt where
K = 2m/s2. The distance covered in the first 3 sec will be
(a) 9m (b) 16m (c) 27m (d) 36m
ES
Sol. [a]
dv
v = 2t,  2a
dt
Since acceleration is constant,
an
1
S   2(t ) 2  9m (as t = 3 sec.)
2
7. A ball is released from the top of height h metre. It takes T second to reach the ground. Where is the
ka
ball at the time T/2 sec

(a) At (h/4) m from the ground
(b) At (h/2) m from the ground
lp
(c) At (3h/4) m from the ground

(d) Depends upon the mass and volume of the ball
Sol. [c]
1 2
h gT
2
2
1 T  h 3h
y  g    (From top )  from ground
2 2 4 4
8. A point traversed half of the distance with a velocity v0. The remaining part of the distance was
covered with velocity v1 for half the time and with velocity v2 for the other half of the time. The mean
velocity of the point averaged over the whole time of motion is
v0  v1  v2 2v0  v1  v2 v0  2v1  v2 2v0 (v1  v2 )
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2v0  v1  v2
3 3 3
Sol. [d]
-2. 1 1 -
Kinematics
S S 2v0 (v1  v2 )
Vav   = v  v  2v
t1  t2 S S 1 2 0

2v0 v1  v2
S/2 t t S
t1  v 1 v 2 
v0 ; 1 2 2 2 2
9. A person climbs up a stalled escalator in 60 seconds. When the stands on it, then he is carried in the
moving escalator in 30 seconds. How much time will he take in climbing up in a moving escalator ?
(a) 10 s (b) 20 s (c) 30 s (d) 40 s
Sol. [b]
d
Vm  Vm = velocity of man
60
d
Ve  Ve = velocity of escalator
30
d d d d
Vm  Ve  ;    t = 20 sec.
JE
t 60 30 t
10. The velocity of a particle is given by v = 5 – t2 m/s . The average acceleration of the particle between
3 and 5 seconds will be
(a) 2 m/s2 (b) – 8 m/s2 (c) – 14 m/s2 (d) 9 m/s2
ES
Sol. [b]
At t = 3, V1 = 5 – (3)2 = –4
t = 5, V2 = 5 – (5)2 = –20
V2  V1 20  (4) 20  4
Av. acc. =    8m / s 2
an
t 2 2
11. The velocity acquired by a body moving with uniform acceleration is 30 ms–1 in 2 seconds and
60 ms–1 in four seconds .The initial velocity is
(a) 4 ms–1 (b) 0 ms–1 (c) 2 ms–1 (d) 10 ms–1
ka
Sol. [b]
30 = u + 2a
60 = u + 4a
Solving, u = 0 m/s
lp
12. A stone dropped from the top of the tower touches the ground in 4 sec. The height of the tower is about
(a) 78.4m (b) 52.2 m (c) 24.0 m (d) 12.8 m
Sol. [a]
1
h g (4) 2  8 g
2
13. A particle is projected up with an initial velocity of 80 ft/sec. The ball will be at a height of 96 ft from the
ground after (g = 32 ft/s2)
(a) 2.0 and 3.0 sec (b) only at 3.0 sec (c) only at 2.0 sec (d) after 1 and 2 sec.
Sol. [a]
1
96  80t   32t 2 (in FPS , g = 32 ft/s²)
2
t = 2, 3 sec.
14. Starting from rest a particle moves in a straight line with acceleration a = (25 – t2)1/2 m/s2 for 0  t 
3
5s and a = m/s2 for t > 5s. The velocity of particle at t = 7s is:
8
(a) 11 m/s (b) 22 m/s (c) 33 m/s (d) 44 m/s
-2. 1 2 -
Kinematics
Sol. [b]
3
V7  V5  2
8
To calculate V5 i.e. velocity at end of 5 sec.
a  (25  t 2 )1/2
dv
 (25  t 2 )1/2
dt
t  5sin 
 dt
2 1/ 2   5cos 
 dv  5 (25  25sin ) cos d   d 
 t  0,   0
 
t  5,  
 /2  2
2 25
=  5  5cos d  
4
0
25 3 28
V7     7  22m/s
JE
4 4 4
dv
15. The motion of a body falling from rest in a resisting medium is described by the equation = a – bv
dt
where a and b are constants. The velocity at any time t is
ES
a a –bt a a bt
(a) vt = (1 – e–bt) (b) vt = e (c) vt = (1 + ebt) (d) vt = e
b b b b
Sol. [a]
an
dv
Integrating  a  bv
dt
v t
dv
 a  bv   dt
ka
0 0
1 1 a  bv
 ln [a  bv ]v0  t ;  ln t
b b a
lp
a  bv b a
 e bt ; 1  v  e bt  v  (1  ebt )
a a b
2.2 Motion in 2 Dimension (Motion in a Plane)

The kinematics of one dimensional motion can be applied for motion in two as well as three dimensions.
If a particle is moving in a plane, its motion can be split into two rectilinear motions along two perpendicular
directions which are called the rectangular components for the displacement, velocity and acceleration
for the two dimensional motion. If a particle is moving along the path AB in XY plane, then at any time
t, it reaches point P(x,y) where its radius vector r makes an angle  with x-axis. Then its component
2 2 y
are x = r cos, y = r sin, r = x y and tan = . If the velocity vector v at P makes an angle 
x
2 2
with the x-direction, its rectangular component will be given by vx = v cos, vy = v sin, v = v x  v y and
vy
tan  = v . Similarly the acceleration a at any time can be split up into components ax and ay along
x
respective x and y directions.
-2. 1 3 -
Kinematics
vy
Thus the two dimensional motion along x and y directions Y
v
can be independently calculated for a particle moving with
B
constant acceleration in a plane using the following relations: P(x,y)
y
vx
vx = ux + ax t, vy = uy + ay t r
1 1
x = uxt + a t2, y = vy t + a t2 A
2 x 2 y
O x
vx2 = ux2 + 2ax Sx, vy2 = uy2 + 2ay Sy. X
In vectorial notation, the two dimensional motion can be described as per the following relations :
r = xi + yj
v = vxi + vy j
a = ax i + ay j
The two dimensional motion of a body in a plane in two important cases of projectile motion and
circular motion are described in the following sections.
JE
Projectile Motion :
When a body is projected at an angle in uniform force field, with the direction of force then the path
followed by the body is known as projectile path.
ES
(i) Horizontal Projection :

If a body is thrown horizontally from a height h with an initial speed u, its horizontal velocity
an
remains unchanged whereas its vertical component increases due to acceleration of gravity
in the downward direction. If a particle is projected from a height h with horizontal
velocity u, its velocity v at any point B after time t has component vx = v cos = u and vy = v
ka
sin– gt where is the angle made by instantaneous velocity w.r.t. horizontal direction given by
gt
tan = . Y
u
A
lp
u
v= u2 g2 t2
B vx
Horizontal distance travelled by the particle, x = ut
h
1 2 v
Vertical distance travelled by the particle, y = gt vy
2
O X
 g  2 C
Eliminating t, y =  2  x
 2u  R
The resultant path or trajectory of the particle is a parabola. If T is the time taken by the particle
1 2h
to reach the ground from height h, then h = gT2 or T = g .The horizontal distance OC,
2
covered to reach the ground, is called the horizontal range, R.
2h
R = uT = u g
-2. 1 4 -
Kinematics
(ii) Projection at Angle :

If a particle is projected at origin O with velocity u at angle to the horizontal, its horizontal
component u cos remains constant whereas its vertical component u sin changes continuously
because of acceleration due to gravity which acts in the downward direction. The vertical velocity
decreases due to retardation g and becomes zero at the highest point at height H. The vertical
speed then increases when the body moves downwards until it reaches the x-axis covering a
distance R in the horizontal direction which is called the horizontal range.
If vx and vy are the horizontal and the vertical
components of velocity u after time t, then
vx = u cos vy = u sin - gt. If is the angle
subtended by v with horizontal,
vy u sin   gt
tan  = v  u cos 
JE
x
Equation of Trajectory :
ES
If P(x,y) is the position of the particle after time t,
x
x = u cos t or t =
u cos 
an
1 2
y = u sin t – gt
2
ka
2
x  u sin  gx
 y = u cos   2 2
2u cos 
lp
2
gx
 y = x tan – 2 2
2u cos 
It is the equation of trajectory of the projectile which represents a parabola.
Maximum Height
If H is maximum height of the projectile, its velocity in the vertical direction is zero at this height.
v 2y  u 2y  2 gh
02 – u2 sin2 = –2g H
2 2
u sin 
H=
2g
-2. 1 5 -
Kinematics
Time of Flight :
If T is time of flight from O to B, for which vertical displacement y = 0, then
1
y = vy T – gT 2
2
1
0 = (u sin) T – gT 2
2
2 u sin 
T= g
T u sin 
Time to reach maximum height = 2  g
.
Horizontal Range :
It is the distance x = OB covered by the particle with horizontal velocity u cos  in time T.
2
2u sin  u  sin 2
 x = R = u cos× T = u cos × g =
g
2
JE
u sin 2 
R=
g
 
The range R of a particle is maximum when sin 2 = 1 or 2 = or = = 45º.
2 4
u2
Maximum value of horizontal range =
ES
g

There are two angles of projection i.e.,  or –for which the horizontal range of a particle is equal
2
provided the velocity v is same in each case.
an
(iii) Projection on an Inclined Plane

Consider a particle projected with the velocity u at an angle to the horizontal on a plane inclined
at angle to the horizontal. The particle strikes the plane at point P(x,y) having range R = OP on
ka
the plane. The initial velocity of projection will have two components
(a ) ucos ( – ) along the plane
lp
(b) u sin (–) perpendicular to the plane. Similarly,

the acceleration g sin is acceleration along the negative x axis and g cos as acceleration
perpendicular to the plane in negative y axis. Let t be the time taken by the particle to reach from
O to P so that the displacement perpendicular to OP is equal to zero.
Applying equation of motion along y axis.
1
 y = uyt + a t2
2 y A
x
y P(x,y)
at t = t0, y = 0 g
u
1
0 = u sin (–) t0 – g cos t02
2
O Q
2u sin( 
t0 = g cos 
Where t is the time of flight.
-2. 1 6 -
Kinematics
The distance OQ travelled along horizental direction with velocity u cos in time t is given by :
u cos   2u sin(   
OQ = x = g cos 
2
2 u sin(    cos 
 x=
g cos 
The distance OP travelled along the inclined plane gives the range R along the inclined plane.
OQ
In  OPQ, cos  = OP
OQ 2u 2 sin(    cos 
Range R = OP = cos  
g cos 2 
Circular Motion
Angular Velocity : Consider a particle A moving along a circular path of radius r and centre O with a
JE
constant linear speed v which is tangential to every point on the circular path, then the particle moves
with uniform circular motion. Let the particle travels a distance AB traversing an angle in time t.
Length of the arc = AB = r = vt. If  is angular displacement in very small time interval, t,
ES
r = vt
 v

t r
an
The angular velocity  of the particle is given by :
lim
 d
  = t  0 t  dt
ka
The angular velocity  of the particle is defined as the rate of change of angle with respect to time. Its
unit is radian/second.
lp
v = r
Linear velocity = radius × angular velocity
If T is the time taken to complete one revolution by traversing an angle of 2 radian.
v
2 2  r
T=  B
 v
u
If the particle completes n number of revolutions per second, 
A
1  O r
n= 
T 2
or  = 2n, where n is angular frequency of the particle.
Angular Acceleration : The rate of change of angular velocity is called angular acceleration, 
lim  d d  v  1  dv  a
 = t  0
     
t dt dt  r  r  dt  r
-2. 1 7 -
Kinematics
 Linear acceleration, a = radius × angular acceleration.

If a particle traverses a small distance ds along the length of the arc when it moves through an angle
d, ds ~ r d 
ds d
Differentiating w.r.t, time, r  v  r
dt dt
2
dv d  d  d 
Further,  (r ) = r   =r 2 .
dt dt  dt  dt
 Tangential acceleration at = r 
2
d 
where at is tangential linear accelerations,  = 2 . Its units are radian/sec2.
dt
For a body moving with initial angular velocity 0 and constant angular acceleration , its angular
velocity becomes  after time t and its angular displacement is , then Y
 = 0 +  t aT
2 2
 = 0 + 2 a
ar ds
JE
1 d
 = 0t + t2 X
2 O r
These relations are analogous to the relations for linear motion.

ES
When a particle moves in a circular path with constant speed v, its speed is constant but the direction
of its velocity vector is continuously changing. It implies that the motion is such that the particle is
getting accelerated. Such an acceleration is directed towards the centre of the circle and is called the
v2
centripetal acceleration. The magnitude of centripetal acceleration, ac = = v = r2 but its direction
an
r
at every point along the circular path is towards centre O. Net force due to centripetal motion, F, is
equal to the product of mass of the particle and centripetal acceleration.
ka
 v2  2 2
 2   4 mr
F = m  r  = m r 2 = mr  T   2 = 42 rn2m
    T
1
where frequency n =
T
lp
If a stone is tied with a string and rotated along a circular path with variable speed then the direction
of velocity of stone changes producing a centripetal acceleration, ac, directed towards the centre due
to centripetal force. If the string is released, the stone will fly off in a tangential direction with
tangential direction at. The acceleration of ac and at are mutually perpendicular to each other and the
resultant acceleration, a, of the particle is given by
a = ac2  at2
Sample Problem 2.8:
A stone is projected from the ground with a velocity of 25 m/s. Two seconds later, it just clears a wall
5 m high. Find
(a) The angle of projection of the stone
(b) The greatest height reached
(c) How far behind the wall the stone again hits the ground. Neglect air resistance ? Assume g = 10 m/s2.
-2. 1 8 -
Kinematics
Sol.: (a) Let the stone be projected at angle above the horizontal.
horizontal component of velocity = 25 cos
vertical component of velocity = 25 sin.
g = –10 m/sec2, t = 2, h = 5m Y
1 2 25 sin 
h=ut– gt
2 25 m/s
10 4 5m
5 = 25 sin × 2 – 
2 O X
25 cos  0.5 s
50 sin = 25
2.5 sec
25 1
sin =  ,  = 30º.
50 2
2 2
v sin  25251
(b) greatest height, h = 
2g 4210
JE
625
= = 7.81 m.
80
2v sin  2 251
ES
(c) Total time of flight = 

g 210 = 2.5 sec.
time to clear the wall = 2.0 second

time in air after clearing the wall = 2.5 – 2.0 = 0.5 sec.
an
horizontal distance travelled during 0.5 second

= v cos × 0.5, = 25 × cos 30º × 0.5
ka
3 1 251.732
= 25 ×  
2 2 4
= 10.82 m.
lp
Sample Problem 2.9:

A gun kept on a straight horizontal road is used to hit a car travelling along the same road with a
uniform speed of 72 km/h away from the shell of a gun. The car is at a distance of 500m from the
gun when the gun is fired at an angle of 45º to the horizontal. Find
(a) Speed of the projection of the shell from the gun ( g = 9.8 m/s2) and
(b) The distance of the car from the gun when the shell hits it.
Sol.: (a) Let the gun and car be at O and A respectively at t = 0, and let the shell and car reach point B
simultaneously at t = t0.
721000
The speed of car = 72 km/h = = 20 m/s.
3600
u
horizontal component of velocity of shell = u cos 45 =
2
u O A B
vertical component of velocity of shell = u sin 45 = 500
2
-2. 1 9 -
Kinematics
2u sin 45 2u
time of flight of shell = t0 = 
g g
2
u sin 2 u 2 sin 90 u 2
OB =  
g g g
20 2 u
Distance AB travelled by car = speed of car × t0 =
g
As OB = OA + AB
u2 20 2 u
= 500 +
g g
u2 – 20 2 u – 500 × 9.8 = 0  86.94 m/s.

(b) Distance of car when it is hit = OB = u2/g = 771.3 m.
Sample Problem 2.10:
From the top of a tower of height 40 m, a ball is projected upwards with a speed of 20 ms–1 at an
angle of 30º to the horizontal
(a) When and at what distance does the ball hit the ground ?
JE
(b) What is the velocity of the ball at this instant ? Assume g = 10 ms–2.
3 20 m/s
ES
Sol.: (a) vx = v cos 30º = 20  2 = 10 3 ms–1,

30°
1
vy = v sin = 20  = 10 ms–1
2
ax = 0; ay = – g
an
Let the ball hit the ground from 40 m

y = – 40 m in time t
1
y = uy + ay t 2
ka
2
1
 – 40 = 10 × t – × 10 × t2
2
lp
 t = 4 sec.
horizontal distance = 4 × ux = 40 3 m
(b) Let vertical velocity at M downwards be vy
vy = u + gt = 10 – 10 × 4 = – 30 m/s
Horizontal velocity = vx = 10 3
 Resultant velocity of ball while hitting the ground = (30)2  (10 3)2 = 1200 = 34.64 ms–1.
v y  30
If the resultant velocity subtends angle  with x-axis, tan  = v = = or = – 60º.
x 10 3  3
Two guns, situated on the top of a hill of height 10 m fire one shot each with the same speed
5 3 ms–1 at some interval of time. One gun fires horizontally and the other fires upwards at an angle
of 60º with the horizontal. The shots collide in air at a point P. Find
-2. 2 0 -
Kinematics
(a) The time interval between the firings and

(b) The coordinates of the point P.Take origin of the coordinate system at the foot of the hill right
below the muzzle and take trajectories in x-y plane.
Sol.: (a) v = 5 3 ms–1
g = 10 ms–2
 = 60º
Let the guns be fired at time t1 horizontally and at t2 at an angle of 60º to the horizontal.
Let P(x,y) be the point where both the shots collide when these are fired from point A (0, h)
x x
x = vt1 = v cos  t2,  t1 = ,t =
v 2 v cos 
x 1  x Y v
t2–t1 = v  cos  1  v ..... (i) t2
 
60º
1 (o, h)
y = h + (v sin )t2 – gt 2
2 2 A t1
P(x, y)
JE
2
1  x 
= h + x tan  – g  2 2  .....(ii) O X
2  v cos  
2
1  x 
ES
Also, y = h – g  .....(iii)
2  v 2 

Equating (ii) and (iii),

2 2
1  x 
 1  x 
h + x tan – g  2 2  = h – g  2 
an
2  v cos   2 v 
2 2
gx gx
or x tan  – =–
2v 2 cos 2 
2
2v
ka
2
gx  1  gx 2 2 2v 2
x tan  =   1 = tan  or x =
2 2 2 g tan 
2v  cos   2v
lp
2v 2 2253 3
 x = g tan  = 5 3 m
310
x 5 3
 t2 – t1 = = = 1 second
v 5 3
2
gx 10 253
(b) y=h– 2 = 10 – 5 m
2v 2 253
Co-ordinates of point P are ( 5 3 , 5) m.

A particle is projected with a certain velocity so as to pass through a point at a horizontal distance R
from the point of projection. If t1 and t2 are times it takes to reach this point in two possible ways in
which the particle can be projected with the given velocity, find a relation between t1, t2 and range.
-2. 2 1 -
Kinematics
v 2 sin 2
Sol.: R=
g
Let the particle be projected with velocity v at angle  and R be range in time t.
R
R = v cos t or cos =
vt
v sin 
Let t be time taken for projectile to reach highest point, t = g
2v sin  gt
Time taken to reach highest point and back to x-axis, t = 2t = g or sin  =
2v
sin2  + cos2  = 1
2 2 2
R g t
or 2 2
 2 =1
v t 4v
4R2 + g2t4 – 4v2t2 = 0

g2t4 – 4v2t2 + 4R2 = 0
Let t2 = x,
g2x2 – 4v2x + 4R2 = 0
JE
4v 2 x 4 R 2
Product of roots = x2 –  =0
g2 g2
Y
4R 2
x1x2 = 2
g v
ES
2
4R
 t 12 t 22 =
g2
2R v
t 1t 2 = ± g

an
2R 
As t1t2 is not negative, t1t2 = g
O X
Sample Problem 2.13: R
A body A at a height of 2m is thrown horizontally with a velocity of 8 m/s towards another body B at
ka
a height 6m which is thrown simultaneously towards A at an angle of 45º to the horizontal in the
downward direction with velocity v0 such that A and B collide in flight. The horizontal distance
between points A and B equals 8 m.
lp
Calculate the initial velocity v0 of the body thrown at an angle 45º, the co-ordinates (x, y) of the point
of collision, the time of flight t of the bodies before colliding and velocities vA, vB of the two bodies at
the instant of collision. The trajectories lie in a single plane.
Sol.: Let O be origin and A and B reach each other after time t at P(x,y).
x = 8 × t and x1 = (v0 / 2 ) × t
v0 t
x + x1 = 8t +
2
It is given that B
v0 / 2
x + x1 = 8 v0
v t 45º
y2
 8 = 8t + 0 .....(i)
2 A 8 m/s v0 / 2
Let y1 and y2 be respective heights of A and B from P. 6m
y1 P
1
y1 = gt2 2m x x1
2
(x, y)
1 2 (0, 0)
y = 2 – y1 = 2 – gt .....(ii)
2 O 8m
-2. 2 2 -
Kinematics
1
Further, y2 = (v0/ 2 )t + gt2
2
1
y = 6 – y2 = 6 – (v0 2 )t – 2 gt2 .....(iii)
From equations (ii) and (iii), we have
1 2 1
2– gt = 6 – (v0 / 2 )t – gt 2
2 2
v0 4
 .....(iv)
2 t
Substituting the value in equation (i), we get
8=8t+4
t = 0.5 s
From equation (4), v0 = 8 2 = 11.28 m/s
1 1
Now, x = 8t = 8 × 0.5 = 4 m, y = 2 –  2  9.8  4  = 2 – 1.225 = 0.775 m.
Therefore, (x, y) = (4, 0.775)

JE
At P, vA = v 2Ax  v 2Ay   (8) 2  (4.9) 2 = 9.4m
and vB = v Bx2  v By2   [(11.28 / 2 ) 2  (11.28 / 2  9.8 / 2) 2 ] = 15.2 m/s.

ES
A body falling freely from a given height H hits an inclined plane in its path at a height h. The
direction of velocity of the body due to this impact becomes horizontal. Find the value of h/H so that
the body will take maximum time to reach the ground.
an
Sol.: Let t1, be the time taken by the body to fall through a height AB i.e. H-h.
1 2
 H-h = gt1
2
ka
2( H  h)
t1 =
g
Let t2 be time taken by the body to fall from B to C through height h
lp
2h
 t2 =
g
2( H  h) 2h
Total time = t = t1 + t2 = 
g g
1 1
2  2 2

t=  (H  h) + h  A
g  
dt
For time t to be maximum, =0.
dh
H
1
2   1 (H  h) 2 1  12 
  h =0
g  2 2  B
1 1 h
 = 2
(H–h) 2 h
C
H–h = h

h 1

H 2
-2. 2 3 -
Kinematics

A shell is fired from a gun from the bottom of a hill along its slope. The slope of the hill  is 30º and
the angle of the barrel to the horizontal is 60º. The initial velocity of the shell is 21 m/s. Find
(i) The distance from the gun to the point at which the shell falls and
(ii) The time when the projectile hits the plane.
Sol. (i)  = 30º,  = 60º
x = l cos ,
y = l sin 
Let the shell fall after time t.
l cos  = v cos . t ...(i)
1
l sin  = v sin  . t – gt2 ...(ii)
2
l cos 
t = v cos 
l cos  gl 2 cos2 
JE
l sin  = v sin . 
v cos  2v 2 cos2  Y
sin  cos  gl cos 2  v
sin  =  2 P(x, y)
cos  2v cos 2 
ES
gl cos2  sin  cos  sin  cos   sin  cos 

 – sin  = l sin
2v 2 cos2  cos  cos 
l
2v 2 cos   sin  cos  cos  sin   X

  O
an
l= g 2
 cos  
2v 2 cos 
= [sin(–)]
g cos2 
ka
2  (21) 2  sin 30  cos 30

= = 30 metre
9.8  (cos30) 2
lp
l cos  2v 2 cos  sin(   ) cos 

(ii) t =  2

v cos  g cos  v cos 
2v sin(  ) 2  21  sin 30 2  21
t=    2.47seconds
g cos  9.8  cos30 9.8 3
A ball starts falling with zero initial velocity on a smooth inclined plane forming an angle  with the
horizontal. After falling through a distance h, the ball rebounds elastically off the inclined plane. At
what distance from the impact point will the ball rebound for the second time ?
Sol.: The ball strikes the inclined plane OX at point O(origin) with velocity v0 = 2 gh . As the ball elastically
rebounds, it achieves the same velocity v0 at the same angle  from the normal or y-axis. Let the ball
strike the inclined plane second time at P which is at a distance l from point O along the inclined plane.
-2. 2 4 -
Kinematics
1
y = v0y t + a t2
2 y
1
0 = v0 (cos )T – g (cos )T2
2
Where T is time of motion of ball in air while moving from O to P.
2v 0
T= g
1
x = v0 sin  T + a t2
2 x
1
l = v0 sin  T + g sin  T2
2
2 Y
 2v0  g sin   2v0 
 l = v0 sin   g   2   g   h  v0
    

2v 2 sin  2v02 sin  4v02 sin  o
l= 0   l
g g g
g P
 X
4(2 gh)sin 
 l= = 8 h sin .
JE
g
A particle is projected with velocity of 20 m/s at an angle 300 to inclined plane of inclination 300 to the
horizontal. The particle hits the inclined plane at an angle of 300.
ES
(i) Time of flight 20 m/s

0
(ii) The height of the point of the impact from horizontal 30
0
30
plane passing through point of projection
Sol.: (i) The particle hits the plane at 300 (the angle of inclination of the plane.) it means particle hits
an
the plane horizontally.

T u sin  20sin(30º 30º )
t    1.76 sec.
2 g 9.8
ka
22 0
u 2 sin 2   20   sin 60
(ii) H   15.3m
2g 2  9.8
lp

A particle is projected with velocity ‘u’ from a point on a plane inclined at angle ‘’ to the horizontal.
If R and R be the maximum ranges up and down the inclined plane. Find the value of 1  1 .
R R
u2
Sol.: R up the plane
g (1  sin )
u2
R  down the plane
g (1  sin )
1 1 g (1  sin ) g (1  sin )
   
R R u2 u2
1 1 2g
 
R R u 2
-2. 2 5 -
Kinematics

An insect trapped in a circular groove of radius 12 cm moves along the groove steadily and completes
7 revolutions in 100s. (a) What is the angular speed, and the linear speed of the motion? (b) Is the
acceleration vector a constant vector ? What is its magnitude?
Sol.: This is an example of uniform circular motion. Here R = 12 cm. The angular speed  is given by
 = 2/T = 2 × 7/100 = 0.44 rad/s
The linear speed v is
v =R = 0.44s–1 × 12 cm = 5.3 cm s-1.
The direction of velocity v is along the tangent to the circle at every point. The acceleration is
directed towards the centre of the circle. Since this direction changes continuously, acceleration here
is not a constant vector. However, the magnitude of a acceleration is constant
a = 2R = (0.44 s–1)2 (12 cm) = 2.3 cm s–2
A cyclist is riding with speed of 27 km/h. As he approaches a circular turn on the road of radius 80
m, he applies brakes and reduces his speed at the constant rate of 0.50 m/s every second. What is
the magnidue and direction of the net acceleration of the cyclist on the circular turn?
Sol.: Tangential acceleration = 0.50 m/s2
JE
27  5 15
speed of cyclist   m/s
18 2
2
v 2  15  1 225
ES
Centripetal acceleration =     m/s 2

R  2  80 4  80
Net acceleration = (0.703)2  (0.50) 2 = 0.492  0.25  0.72  0.86 m/s 2

an
0.703
tan   ,   54.5º , 125.5º with direction of velocity
0.50
ka
A point moves along a circle with velocity v= at, where a = 0.5 m/s2, Find the total acceleration of the
point at the moment when it covered (1/10)th of the circle after beginning of motion.
dv
Sol.: v = at (given)   a  constant
lp
dt
2r r
We know S = ut + ½at2. Here, S  
10 5
a = 0.5 m/s2 and u = 0
r 1 4r
  0   0.5t 2 , t 
5 2 5
4r r
 v  at  0.5  
5 5
v 2 r 1 
 an    
r 5 r 5
2
  2 1
 a  an2  at2     0.52    0.8 m/s 2
5
  25 4
-2. 2 6 -
Kinematics

A particle starts moving from rest at t = 0 on circular path of radius 1 m under tangential acceleration
of 2 t m/sec². What is the angle made by the net acceleration at t = 1 sec with the radial acceleration.
Sol.:  Tangential acceleration
aT
d |v|
aT = = 2t
dt
v t aR
 0
dv   0
2t dt
A
t=0
 v = t² ...(i)
Radial acceleration
 v2  t 4
aR =  R   R
 
 aT  2t  R 2R
tan  =    4 = 3
 aR  t t
JE
2 1
= 2
1
  = tan–12
ES
OBJECTIVE : 2 – II
1. A large number of bullets are fired in all directions with same speed v. What is the maximum area on
an
the ground on which these bullets will spread ?

v2 v4 v4 v2
(a)  (b)  (c) 2 (d) 2
g g2 g2 g2
ka
Sol. [b]
2
 v2  v 4
2 
Area max  Rmax =   
 g  g2
lp
2. The range of a projectile for a given initial velocity is maximum when the angle of projection is 45º. The
range will be minimum, if the angle of projection is
(a) 90º (b) 180º (c) 60º (d) 75º
Sol. [a]
u 2 sin 2
R ; R = 0 if  = 90º i.e. ball thrown vertically upward.
g
3. The angle of projection at which the horizontal range and maximum height of projectile are equal is
(a) 45º (b)  = tan–1 (0.25) (c)  = tan–1 4 (d) 60º
Sol. [c]
R = hmax
2u 2 sin  cos  u 2 sin 2 
 or tan  = 4
g 2g
4. A projectile can have the same range R for two angles of projection. If t1 and t2 be the times of flights
in the two cases, then the product of the two time of flights is proportional to
(a) R (b) R2 (c) 1/R (d) 1/R2
-2. 2 7 -
Kinematics
Sol. [a]
u 2 sin 2
R
g
For angle  and 90 – , the range is same and time of flights are given by
2u sin  2u sin(90  ) 2u cos 
T1  and T1  
g g g
Hence, R  T1T2
5. The height y and the distance x along the horizontal plane of a projectile on a certain planet (with no
surrounding atmosphere) are given by y = (8t – 5t2) meter and x = 6t meter, where t is in second. The
velocity with which the projectile is projected is
(a) 8 m/sec (b) 6 m/sec
(c) 10 m/sec (d) Not obtainable from the data
Sol. [c]
dx
x = 6t, Vx  6
dt
dy
y = 8t – 5t² , V y   8  10t
JE
dt
initial (t = 0) Vy = 8
V  Vx2  V y2  62  82  10 m/s
ES

6. An object is moving in the xy plane with the position as a function of time given by r  x(t )iˆ  y (t ) ˆj .

Point O is at r  0 . The distance of object from O is definitely decreasing when
(a) vx > 0, vy > 0 (b) vx < 0, vy < 0 (c) xvx + yvy < 0 (d) xvx + yvy > 0
Sol. [c]
an
If component of velocity along position vector is –ve then distance from origin will be decreasing thus

v .r  0  xvx  yv y  0 A(x,y)
r
Alternate : OA = distance = x2  y 2
ka
v
O
d (OA)
If distance is strictly decreasing 0
dt
lp
d (OA) d x2  y 2 1  dx dy  1
So, dt  dt

2 2
 2x  2 y  =
dt dt
(2 xvx  2 yv y )
2 x y   2 x  y2
2
d (OA)
Hence, if xvx + yvy < 0 then 0.
dt
That is OA is decreasing
7. Two particles A and B separated by a distance 2R are moving counter clockwise along the same
circular path of radius R each with uniform speed v. At time t = 0, A is given a tangential acceleration
72v 2
of magnitude a 
25 pR
6R
(a) the time lapse for the two bodies to collide is
5V
(b) the angle covered by A is 11/6
11V
(c) angular velocity of A is
5R
(d) radial acceleration of A is 289v2/5R
-2. 2 8 -
Kinematics
Sol. [b]
1  72v 2  2
As when they collide vt    t  R  vt
2  25R 
5R
 t
6v
vt
Now, angle covered by A   
R
11
Put t , angle covered by A 
6
8. A particle is projected at an angle of elevation and after t seconds it appears to have an angle of
elevation as seen from point of projection. The initial velocity will be
gt gt cos  sin(  ) 2sin(  )
(a) 2sin(  ) (b) 2sin (  ) (c) 2gt (d) gt cos 
Sol. [b]
JE
2u sin (  ) gt cos 
t ; u
g cos  2sin (  )
9. A particle moves in a circle of radius 25 cm at two revolutions per second. The acceleration of the
particle in m/s2 is
ES
(a)  2 (b) 82 (c) 42 (d) 22

Sol. [c]
a = R2,  = 2f
10. A passenger in an open car travelling at 30 m/s throws a ball out over the bonnet. Relative to the car the
initial velocity of the ball is 20 m/s at 600 to the horizontal. The angle of projection of the ball with
an
respect to the horizontal road will be

 2  3  4   3
(a) tan–1   (b) tan–1  4  (c) tan–1   (d) tan–1  
3   3 4
ka
Sol. [b]
  
(Vbc ) x  (Vb ) x  (Vc ) x

20cos60  (Vb ) x  30

lp
(Vb ) x  40
  
(Vbc ) y  (Vb ) y  (Vc ) y

20sin 60  (Vb ) y  0

(Vb ) y  10 3

(Vb ) y 10 3 3
tan     
(Vb ) x 40 4
2.3 Relative Velocity

When two points P and Q are both moving in the surface of the earth, then the relative velocity of Q
with respect to P is defined as the rate of change of the position of Q as seen from P.
It will be shown that the relative velocity of Q with respect to P is obtained by compounding the
velocity of Q with the velocity of P reversed. Similarly, the relative velocity of P with respect to Q is
obtained by compounding the velocity of P with the velocity of Q reversed.
Relative velocity is also called apparent velocity when the observer is one of the two moving bodies.
-2. 2 9 -
Kinematics
Determination of relative velocity from the true velocities :

   
Let two particles, P and Q be moving with velocities VP and VQ represented by AB and CD
respectively.
D
VQ
C
A B
VP
To find the magnitude and direction of the relative velocity of Q, moving with a velocity of magnitude
VQ with respect to another particle P moving with a velocity of magnitude VP such that the angle
between these two velocities is , we proceed as follows:
F D
JE
A B
ES
E' C E
    
Let AB  CE  VP , CD  VQ and  DCE  
We produce EC to E' such that EC = CE'. Hence, the magnitude of CE' is VP and  DCE   180   .
an
 
The resultant of the velocities  Vp along CE' and VQ along CD will be represented by the diagonal
CF of the parallelogram CE'FD. Hence the required relative velocity of Q with respect to P will be
represented by CF in magnitude and direction.
ka
 VQP  VP2  VQ2  2VP VQ cos (180   ) = VP2  VQ2  2VP VQ cos 
VQ sin (180   ) VQ sin 

tan   
lp
If FCE    , then VP  VQ cos (180   ) VP  VQ sin 

which gives the direction of the relative velocity of VQP.
Particular cases :
(i) Let the particles P and Q move parallel to each other in the same direction with velocities u and
v (u > v) respectively. In this case, = 0. Hence, VPQ = u – v in the direction of the velocity of
u
P
P.
Q
v
(ii) Let the particles P and Q move parallel to each other in opposite directions with velocities u and
v respectively. In this case,  =. Hence, VPQ = u + v in the direction of the velocity of P.
u
P
Q
v
Thus we see that if two trains move along two parallel lines in the opposite directions, then one of
the trains will appear to move faster than its actual velocity to a passenger in the other train.
-2. 3 0 -
Kinematics
Determination of true velocity from the relative velocity :

 
Let a point P be moving with velocity VP represented by AB and let the relative velocity of another
  
point Q with respect to P be VQP represented by ED . To find the actual velocity VQ of Q, we draw
    
EC equal and parallel to AB and complete the parallelogram ECFD. The EC  VP and CF  ED  VQP .
D F
E C A B
      
We have shown that VQP  VQ  VP or VQ  VQP  VP  EF [From 
EFC]

Thus the diagonal vector EF will represent the actual velocity of Q. Hence, when the relative velocity
JE
of a point Q with respect to P and the true velocity of P are given, then the true velocity of Q is
obtained by compounding these two velocities by parallelogram of velocities.
If  DEC   and  FEC   , then
ES
VQP sin 
VQ2  VP2  VQP
2
 2VP VQP  cos  and tan   V  V cos 
P QP
River swimmer Problems and Rain Velocity Problems

an
y
River Swimmer Problems
B
Suppose a swimmer jumps in the river of width d and flowing
ka
with velocity (w.r.t. water) at an angle  with the shortest

d
distance AB. v cos 
v 
Component v cos  is the velocity with which the swimmer
lp
x
crosses the river then time taken to cross the river v sin  A u
d
t ............(i)
v cos 
Resultant of u and v sin causes the drift of swimmer along the flow of water, so
drift or displacement along x axis is
d
x = (u – v sin ) × v cos  ............(ii)
CASES
(a) To cross the river in shortest time, putting in equation (1), cos  = 1
d 
  = 0, tmin =  
 v
i.e. swimmer has to jump along shortest path. Drift in this case
-2. 3 1 -
Kinematics
d
x = (u – v sin 0). cos 0
v
 ud 
x = 
 v 
(b) To cross river along shortest path i.e. for drift = 0
using equation (ii)
d
0 = (u – v sin ) v cos 
u
 sin  =  ...................(iii)
v
if u > v
 sin  > 1 (which is not possible)
Hence the swimmer can’t cross the river along shortest path in case velocity of river is greater than
the velocity of the swimmer.
Rain Velocity Problems :

JE
A stationary person observes that rain is falling vertially down

at v km/hr. He starts moving on the level road, at u km/h. We 
have to find out the direction in which he should hold his vmg
vmg 
umbrella to protect himself from rain?
Suppose the velocity of rain w.r.t. ground is vrg , velocity of
ES
vrm
man w.r.t. ground is vmg and velocity of rain w.r.t. man is vrm
then, vrm = vrg – vmg

| vrg | v
tan    
| vmg | u vrg
an

Two trains, one travelling at 54kph and the other at 72kph, are headed towards each other on a level
track. When they are two kilometers apart, both drivers simultaneously apply their brakes. If their
ka
brakes produces equal retardation in both the trains at a rate of 0.15 m/s2, determine whether there is
a collision or not.
Sol.: Speed of first train is = 54 kph = 15m/s.
Speed of second train is = 72kph = 20 m/s
lp
As both the trains are headed towards each other, relative velocity of one train with respect to other
is given as
vr=15 + 20 = 35 m/s
Both trains are retarded by acceleration of 0.15 m/s2, relative retardation is
ar = 0.15 + 0.15 = 0.3 m/s2
Now we assume one train is at rest and other is coming at 35m/s retarded by 0.3 m/s2 is at a distance
of two kilometer. The maximum distance travelled by the moving train while retarding is
v 2r (35) 2
smax = 2 a = = 2041.66m
r 2  0.3
It it more than 2km, which shows that it will hit the second train.
Two particles start simultaneously from the same point and move along two straight lines one with
uniform velocity v and the other with uniform acceleration f. Show that their relative velocity is least
v cos
after time and the least value is v sin  if  is the angle between the lines.
f
-2. 3 2 -
Kinematics
Sol.: Velocity VA = v
Velocity of B after time t, VB = ft
Reverse the velocity of A. Then, the angle between the velocity of B and reversed velocity of A is
(180 – ).
 Relative velocity V = v12  v 22  2v1v 2 cos  (where  = 180 –  )
= v 2  f 2 t 2  2vft cos (180   ) = v 2  f 2 t 2  2vft cos 

 V2 = v2 + f2 t2 – 2vft cos 
dV
This is least when =0
dt
2V dV
Differentiating w.r.t. t, = 0 + 2f2 t – 2vf cos  .
dt
dV v cos 
For maximum or minimum =0  2f2t = 2vf cos   t=
dt f
v cos 
Relative velocity is least after time , and the least value is
f
JE
v 2 cos 2  v cos 
= v2  f 2 2
 2vf cos  = v2  v 2 cos 2  = v sin  .
f f
ES
Two towns A and B are connected by a regular bus service with a bus leaving in either direction every
T minutes. A man cycling with a speed of 20 km/h in the direction A to B notices that a bus goes past
him every 18 min in the direction of his motion and every 6 min. in the opposite direction. What is the
time period T of the bus service and with what speed (assumed constant) do the buses ply on the road.
Sol.: If you do not do this question by the use of relative velocity technique, most probably you will not be
an
able to do this question. Try it

Let Bus A leaves town A and bus B leaves town B at regular intervals. Let C represents the cyclist
and VA, VB and VC are velocities of bus A, bus B and the cyclist respectively.
Let VAC = Relative velocity of A w.r.t. C = VA – VC (by defn.)
ka
VC
A VA VB B
Similarly, VBC = VB – VC
lp
Let T = Time interval at which buses are leaving from town A and B.
Now, the funda to remember in this :
"The distance between two buses plying in the same direction at the same constant speed will remain
the same whether measured by an observer moving at some constant speed or by a standing ob-
server".
The distance between two consecutive buses A for an observer standing on ground = VAT .....(1)
This distance as measured by the cyclist = VAC T'.
where T' = Time interval between two consecutive buses for the cyclist = 18 minutes
 Distance between two consecutive A-buses for the cyclist = 18 VAC = 18 (VA – VC) ....... (2)
 VAT = 18 (VA – VC) ....... (3)
Similarly,VBT = 6 (VB + VC) ....... (4)
[VBC = |VA| + |VC|, because B and C are moving in opposite directions]
Given, |VA| = |VB| = V, say
and |VC| 20 km/hr
-2. 3 3 -
Kinematics
 Equation (3) and (4) become

V.T = 18 ( V – 20) ......... (5)
V.T = 6 (V + 20) ......... (6)
 18 (V – 20) = 6 (V + 20)
18V – 360 = 6V + 120
12V= 480 V = 40 km/hr
Putting it in equation (5) we get, T = 9 mins.
A railway carriage a meter long and b meter wide, moving at a speed of v m/sec is hit by a shot at an
angle of  , with the direction of motion of train. If the shot, enters the train at one corner of the
compartment and leaves, diagonally opposite to it, find the speed of shot, and the time taken to cross
the compartment.
Sol.: Resolving the velocity of shot, along and perpendicular to the
direction of motion of train, we have, component of velocity w sin
along the motion of train = w cos  and component of velocity
perpendicular to the train = w sin  , where w is the velocity of
shot –v w cos
 Relative velocity of shot w.r.t. train can be obtained as w sin  along the normal to the train and
JE
(w cos   v ) along the length of the train.

Now, in the same time, say (t), taken to cross the compartment, the shot covers a distance of a meter
along the the length of train with a velocity w cos   v and distance of b meter perpendicular to it with
a velocity of w sin  .
ES
a b
   aw sin   bw cos   vb
w cos   v w sin 
bv
 w [b cos   a sin ]  vb  w
an
b cos   a sin 
which is same as obtained in the result (1)
a a b b
Again, t  w cos    v and t  w sin  
w cos   v t w sin  t
ka
b b cot   a
 tan    a  tv  b cot   t
a  vt v

lp
A person moving on horizontal road with velocity 8 m/sec observers rain to be falling vertically
downward. When he increases his speed to 12 m/sec. the rain seems to be falling at an angle 30°
with vertical. Determine the speed of rain with respect to ground.
Sol.: Let Vr = V1i + V2j
Case I Vrm = Vr – Vm = (V1i + V2j) – 8 i
V2
 tan 90 =  V1 = 8 m/s y
V1  8
Case II Vrm = (V1i + V2j) – 12 i
V2
tan ( + 60) =
V1  12
V2
3 =  V2 = – 4 3 m/s x
8  12
 Vr = 8 i – 4 3 j
(Vr) = 112 m/s
-2. 3 4 -
Kinematics

Two trains, each of length 100 m moving in opposite directions along parallel lines with with their
respective speeds 60 km/h and 30 km/h. If their respective accelerations are 30 cm/s2 and 20 cm/s2,
find the time they take to pass each other.
Sol.: In order that the trains pass each other, their relative displacement
S = 100 + 100 = 200 m.
The initial velocity u of one train relative to the other train
1000 5
= (60 + 30) km/h = 90 × m/s = 90 × = 25 m/s.
3600 18
Relative acceleration, a = (30 + 20) × 10–2 m/s2 = 0.5 m/s2
If t is the time taken to cross each other,
1
S = ut + at2
2
1
200 = 25 t + × 0.5 t2
2
0.5 t2 + 50 t – 400 = 0.
JE
50  2500  4  400  0.5

t= = – 50  3300
2  0. 5
As negative t is ignored,
ES
t = – 50 + 3300 = –50 + 57.44

t = 7.44 sec.
A motor-boat going downstream overcame a raft at a point P. The motor-boat turned back after 60
an
minutes and it passed the raft at a distance of 12 km from the point P. Find the velocity of the stream
assuming that the motor-boat has a uniform velocity in still water.
ka
Sol.: Let u km/h be the velocity of motor-boat in still water and v km/h be the velocity of stream.
The velocity of motor-boat going down stream = (u+v) km/h
The distance PR travelled by boat in 60 minutes = S = (u+v) km.
lp
The velocity of motor-boat up stream = (u–v) km.h.

Distance travelled by boat upstream = QR = S–12.
If t is the time taken for the complete journey each for motor-boat and raft,
12
For the raft, t =
v
S 12 u  v 12
For the motor boat t = 1 + u v = 1+
u v
12 u  v 12 u  v  u  v 12 P µ raft v

Q R
Equating, =1+ 
v u v u v
Stream
12 2 u 12 v
= 12km
v u v
12 u – 12 v = 2 uv – 12 v. S
12 u
v= = 6 km/h.
2u
-2. 3 5 -
Kinematics

A man can swim at a speed of 3 km in still water. He wants to cross a 500 m wide river flowing at
2 km/h. He always keeps himself at an angle of 120º with the river flow while swimming. Find
(a) the time he takes to cross the river
(b) the distance from the point opposite to the point of starting where he will arrive.
Sol.: (a) Let vrg, vmr and vmg be velocity of river with respect to ground, velocity of man with respect
to river and velocity of man with respect to ground respectively.
 vmg = vmr + vrg
Velocity along y-axis = vmg sin= vmr cos 30º + vrg cos 90º
3
vmg sin = 3 ×
2
1
AB 2
time to cross the river, t = v sin  = 3 3 Y
mg
2
JE
1
= 3 3 hour..
velocity along x-axis C
= vmg cos = – vmr sin 30 + vrg B A
ES
/h
v mr
m
1 1
2k
= –3 × + 2 = Km/h
2 2 =
3k
30°
=
m
g
vm
 Displacement BC along x-axis
/h 
= vmg cos × t X
vrg = 2km/h
an
1 1 1
= × 3 3 = 6 3 Km.
2
Two trains, one travelling at 54kph and the other at 72kph, are headed towards each other on a level
ka
track. When they are two kilometers apart, both drivers simultaneously apply their brakes. If their
brakes produces equal retardation in both the trains at a rate of 0.15 m/s2, determine whether there
is a collision or not.
Sol.: Speed of first train is = 54 kph = 15m/s.
lp
Speed of second train is = 72kph = 20 m/s

As both the trains are headed towards each other, relative velocity of one train with respect to other
is given as
vr = 15 + 20 = 35 m/s
Both trains are retarded by acceleration of 0.15 m/s2, relative retardation is
ar = 0.15 + 0.15 = 0.3 m/s2
Now we assume one train is at rest and other is coming at 35m/s retarded by 0.3 m/s2 is at a distance
of two kilometer. The maximum distance travelled by the moving train while retarding is
vr2 (35)2
smax =   2041.66 m = 2041.66m
2ar 2  0.3
It it more than 2 km, which shows that it will hit the second train.
Two particles move simultaneously from two points A and B, 300m apart. The particle at A, starts
towards, B with a velocity of 25 m/s and that at B, moves normal to the former with a velocity of 20
m/s. Find the relative velocity of the particle at A, w.r.t. to that at B. Determine when are they closest
to each other.
-2. 3 6 -
Kinematics
 
Sol.: Let v A and vB be the respective velocities of the particles at A and B. The relative velocity of
   
particle at A w.r.t. to that at B is given by v A  vB  v A  (vB ) (see figure).
A B
vA=25m/s
300m
   
From triangle law of velocities if OP and PQ represent v A and vB , then the required relative
  
velocity vR is given by OQ . | vR |  252  20 2  625  400  32.02 m/s
25  5
If PQO = , then tan      tan 1  
20  4
vA 25 P
vB=20m/s O
20
JE
Q
Thus, the particle at A, appears to approach B, in a direction making an angle of tan–1 (5/4) with its
ES
direction of motion.
Let us draw a line from A, as AC, such that BCA is equal to .
300m B
A
an
C
ka
Thus, to B, A appears to move along AC. From B, draw a perpendicular to AC as BM.

BM is the shortest distance between them.
4
 BM  AB cos   300   187.41 m Also, AM  AB sin   234.26 m
lp
41
 Time taken to cover a distance
234.26
AB = 234.26 m with a velocity of 32.02 m/s =  7.32 sec.
32.02
A man standing on a road has to hold his umbrella at 30º with the vertical to keep the rain away. He
throws the umbrella and starts running at 10km/hr. He finds that rain drop are hitting his head
vertically. Find the speed of raindrops with respect to (a) road (b) the moving man.
Sol. Given that the velocity of rain drops with respect to road is making an angle 30º with the vertical, and
the velocity of the man is 10kph, also the velocity of rain drops with respect to man is vertical. We
have
vRM = vR – vM VM
hence vR = vRM – vM
The situation is shown in velocity triangle in figure.
30° VRM
VR
It shows clearly that, vR = VM cosec  = 10 × 2 = 20kph
and VRM = VM cos  = 10 × 3 = 10 3 kph.
-2. 3 7 -
Kinematics

To a man walking at the rate of 3 km/hr the rain appears to fall vertically. When he increases his
speed to
6 km/hr it appears to meet him at an angle of 45º with vertical. Find the speed of rain.
Sol. Let iˆ and ĵ be the unit vectors in horizontal and vertical directions respectively..

Let velocity of rain be vr  aiˆ  bjˆ ...(i)
Then speed of rain will be | v | a 2  b 2 ...(ii)


In the first case vm = velocity of man = 3iˆ
  
 vrm  vr  vm  (a  3)iˆ  bjˆ
It seems to be in vertical direction. Hence, a – 3 = 0 or a = 3

In the second case vm  6iˆ

 vrm  (a  6)iˆ  bjˆ  3iˆ  bjˆ
This seems to be at 45º with vertical.
Hence, |b| = 3
JE
 2 2 km
Therefore, from eq. (i) speed of rain is | vr | (3)  (3)  3 2
hr
A plane is to fly due north. The speed of the plane relative to the air is 200 km/h, and the wind is
ES
blowing from west to east at 90 km/h. (a) In which direction should the plane head ? (b) How fast
does the plane travel relative to the ground ?
Sol. Since the wind is blowing toward the east, the plane must head west of north as shown in figure. The

velocity of the plane relative to the ground v pg will be the sum of the velocity of the plane relative to
an
 
the air v pa and the velocity of the air relative to the ground vag .
  
(a) 1. The velocity of the plane relative to the ground is given by equation : v pg  v pa  vag
2. The sine of the angle  between the velocity of the plane and north equals the ratio of vag
ka
and vpa.
vag 90 km/m
sin = v  200 km/m  0.45
lp
pa
(b) Since vag and vpg are perpendicular, we can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the mag-

nitude of v pg .
v2pg = v2ag + v2pg
v pg  v 2pa  vag
2
 (200 km/h)2  (90km/h) 2  179 km/h
Two swimmers leave point A on one bank of the river to reach point B lying right across on the other
bank. One of them crosses the river along the straight line AB while the other swims at right angles
to the stream and then walks the distance that he has been carried away by the stream to get to point
B. What was the velocity u of her walking if both swimmers reached the destination
simultaneously ? The stream velocity is 2km/hr and the velocity of each swimmer with respect to
water is 2.5 km/hr.
Sol. Let us take velocity of swimmer with respect to water is v and that of river current is vr. The
swimmer which crosses the river along the straight line AB, has to swim in upstream direction such
that its resultant velocity becomes toward AB as shown in figure. If the width of river is assumed to
be d, then
-2. 3 8 -
Kinematics
Resultant velocity of first swimmer is v1 = v 2  vr2
d d d
Time taken by her to cross the river is t    hr.
v 2  vr2 2.52  22 1.5
Second swimmer if swims along AB, she is drifted towards point C, due to river flow as shown in
figure and then she has to walk down to reach point B with velocity u.
Here crossing velocity of second swimmer is v, as its is swimming along normal direction.
d d
Time taken to cross the river by her is, t1   hr
v 1.5
d
Her drift due to river flow is, x  vr 
v
x vr d 2d d
Time taken to reach point B by walking is, t2     hr
u uv u  2.5 12.5 u
Given that both the swimmers reach the destination simultaneously, so we have
d d d
JE
t = t1 + t2 or   or u = 3.0 kph.
1.5 2.5 12.5 u
A man can swim at a velocity V1 relative to water in a river flowing with speed V2. Show that it will
ES
V1
take him times as long to swim a certain distance upstream and back as to swim the
V12  V22
same distance and back perpendicular to the direction of the stream (V1 > V2).
Sol. Suppose the man swims a distance x up and the same distance down the stream.
an
Velocity of man upstream relative to the ground = V1 – V2.

x
Time taken for this, t1 
V1  V2
ka
Velocity of man downstream relative to the ground = V1 + V2

x
Time taken for this, t2 
V1  V2
lp
x x 2V1 x
Total time taken t1  t2   
V1  V2 V1  V2 V12  V22
Next the man intends crossing the river perpendicular to the direction of the stream. If he wants to cross
the river straight across he must swim in a direction OM such that the vector sum of velocity of man +
velocity of river will give him a velocity relative to the ground in a direction perpendicular to the direction
of the stream. In the figure the velocity relative to the ground is OR and the magnitude of
OR  V12  V22 .
Now the man swims a distance x up and x down perpendicular to the river flow. Time taken for this,
2x
t
V12  V22
t1  t2 2V x 2x 2V x V 2  V22 V1
Then the ratio,  2 1 2  2 1 2 1 
t V1  V2 2 2
V1  V2 V1  V2 2 x V1  V22
2
-2. 3 9 -
Kinematics
OBJECTIVE : 2 – III
1. A 150 m long train is moving to north at a speed of 10 m/s. A parrot flying towards south with a speed
of 5 m/s crosses the train. The time taken by the parrot to cross the train would be
(a) 30 s (b) 15 s (c) 8 s (d) 10 s
Sol. [d]
  
VPT  VP  VT  5  (10)  15 m/s
150
t  10 sec
15
2. A man in a balloon, throws a stone downwards with a speed of 5 m/s with respect to balloon. The
balloon is moving upwards with a constant acceleration of 5 m/s2. Then velocity of the stone relative to
the man after 2 second is
(a) 10 m/s (b) 30 m/s (c) 15 m/s (d) 35 m/s
Sol. [d]
Relative velocity of stone = 5 m/s
relative acceleration of stone = 10 + 5 = 15 m/s²
JE
 v = u + at = 5 + 15 × 2 = 35 m/s
 Relative velocity after t = 2 second is 35 m/s
3. Two particles P and Q simultaneously start moving from point A with velocities 15 m/s and 20 m/s
respectively. The two particles move with acceleration equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
ES
When P overtakes Q at B then its velocity is 30 m/s The velocity of Q at point B will be
(a) 30 m/s (b) 5 m/s (c) 20 m/s (d) 15 m/s
Sol. [b]
As magnitude of acceleration is same
an
30  15 20  VQ

t t
15 = 20 – VQ  VQ = 5 m/s
4. A river is flowing from west to east at a speed of 5m per minute. A man on the south bank of the river,
ka
capable of swimming at 10m per minute in still water wants to swim across the river to a point directly
opposite. He should then swim in a direction
(a) 60º west of north (b) 30º east of north (c) 30º west of north (d) 60º east of north
lp
Sol. [c]
To cross river just normal to river flow
Vr 5 1
sin    
Vmr 10 2
 = 30º W of N
5. A boat, which has a speed of 5 km/hr. in still water, crosses a river of width 1 km. along the shortest
possible path in 15 minutes. The velocity of the river water in km/hr is
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 41
Sol. [a]
d
d = 1 km, VR = 5 km/hr, t 
Vb VR
15 1 d

60 Vb  Vb = 4 km/hr VbR =5 Vb
So, VR  52  42 = 3 km/hr
-2. 4 0 -
Kinematics
6. Rain is falling vertically with a speed of 20 ms–1. A person is running in the rain with a velocity of
5 ms–1 and a wind is also blowing with a speed of 15 ms–1 (from the west). The angle with the vertical
at which the person should hold his umbrella so that he may not get drenched is
(a) tan–1 (1/2) (b) tan–1 (1/3) (c) tan–1 (4/3) (d) tan–1 (5/7)
Sol. [a]
 
Vr  20 ˆj , Vm  5iˆ

In wind Vr  20 ˆj  15iˆ
In presence of wind velocity of rain wrt man = 20 ˆj  15iˆ  5iˆ  20 ˆj  10iˆ
20
tan    2 (from horizontal)
10
Hence person should hold his umbrella at  (with veritcals) = tan–1 (1/2)
7. A man crosses the river perpendicular to river flow in time t seconds and travels an equal distance
down the stream in T seconds. The ratio of man’s speed in still water to the speed of river water will be
t2  T 2 T 2  t2 t2  T 2 T 2  t2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
t2  T 2 T 2  t2 t2  T 2 T 2  t2
JE
Sol. [c]
Let velocity of man in still water be v and that of water with respect to ground be u.
Velocity of man perpendicular to river flow with respect to ground = v2  u2
ES
Velocity of man downstream = v + u
As given,  
v 2  u 2 t  (v  u )T
u
 (v² – u²) t² = (v + u)² T² v v²–u² u
an
 (v – u)t² = (v + u) T²
v t2  T 2
 
u t2  T 2
ka
8. A motor boat is to reach at a point 30º upstream on other side of a river flowing the velocity 5 m/s.
Velocity of motor boat with respect to water is 5 3 m/sec. The driver should steer the boat an angle
(a) 30º w.r.t. the line of destination from starting point
lp
(b) 60º w.r.t. normal to the bank
(c) 150º w.r.t. stream direction
(d) None of these j
Sol. [c] The velocity of motor boat is given
  
3 0º
As vm  vmw  vw
5i
  
  vm sin 30iˆ  vm cos30 ˆj   5 3 sin  i  5 3 cos  j  5i 
vm cos30  5 3 cos 
vm sin 30  5 3 cos   5

By solving  = 150º
9. A swimmer crosses the river along the line making angle of 45° with the direction of flow. Velocity of
the river is 5 m/s. Swimmer takes 6 seconds to cross the river of width 60m. The velocity of the
swimmer with respect to water will be
(a) 10 m/s (b) 12 m/s (c) 5 5 m/s (d) 10 2 m/s
-2. 4 1 -
Kinematics
Sol. [c]
  
Vm , g  Vm,r  Vr , g
 y
As resulting velocity Vm , g is at 45° with river flow Vm,r Vm,g
45°
i.e., Vr , g  Vm,r sin   Vm ,r cos  ...(1) x
60m Vr,g=5m/s
and V cos   6sec. ...(2)
m, r
Solving (1) and (2) Vm , r  5 5 m/s

10. Initially car A is 10.5 m ahead of car B. Both start moving at time t = 0 in the same direction along a
straight line. The velocity time graph of two cars is shown in figure. The time when the car B will catch
the car A, will be
V
car B
10m/s car A
JE
45°
t
(a) t = 21 sec (b) t  2 5 sec (c) 20 sec (d) none of these
ES
Sol. [a]
xA = xB
1 2
10.5 + 10t = at  a = tan 45° = 1
2
an
t² – 20t – 21 = 0
20  400  84
 t  t  21sec.
2
ka
2.4 Graphical Analysis

lp
(a) Displacement time graph: The slope of x – t curve gives the instantaneous velocity while area
under the curve represents no physical quantity. The slope of displacement-time graph gives the
instantaneous velocity.
dx
tan   v 
dt
-2. 4 2 -
Kinematics
(b) Velocity time graph:

(i) Area under v – t curve represents displacement. Area above the time axis is taken as positive
while area below t axis is taken as negative i.e., displacement in the negative direction. Total
distance travelled is given by sum of magnitude of areas calculated in different time intervals.
(ii) The slope of v-t graph gives the instantaneous acceleration.
dv
tan   a 
dt
JE
(c) Acceleration time graph : Slope at any point gives no physical quantity. Area under the curve is
ES
equal to the change in velocity in time interval under consideration.
a
an
t1 t t2
ka
The graph in the figure shows the velocity of a body plotted

C
as a function of time. 45
40
(a) Find the instantaneous acceleration at t = 3s, 7s, 10s, 35
lp v(m/s)
30
and 13s. 25 A B
20
(b) How far does the body go in first 5s, 9s and 14s? 15
D
10 J
5 E F
(c) Find the total distance covered by the body during the 0
G H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
motion. t(sec.)
(d) What is the average velocity for the motion ?
Sol.: (a) Acceleration at t = 3s. During AB i.e., for the first 5s, the body moves with constant velocity.
Hence, the acceleration is zero.
Acceleration at t = 7s. During BC i.e., for the interval 5 to 9s, the acceleration a is uniform
45  20 25
a = (9  5)  4 = 6.25 m/s2
Hence acceleration at t = 7s is 6.25 m/s2. The acceleration at t = 10s and 14s are respectively
–7.5 m/s2 and –3.75 m/s2.
-2. 4 3 -
Kinematics
(b) The distance covered in t is the area enclosed by the curve in time t on velocity versus time
graph.
The distance covered by the body in 5s = Area of rectangle ABEO = 20 × 5 = 100 m.
The distance covered in first 9s = The area of the figure ABCFO
= Area ABEO + Area EBCF
1
= 100 + (20 + 45) × 4
2
= 100 + 130 = 230 m.
The distance covered by the body in first 14s.
= Area [ (ABCFO) + (CDGF) + (DJHG)]
1 1
= 230 + (45+15) × 3 + (15+7.5)× 2
2 2
= 230 + 90 + 22.5 = 342.5m.
(c) The distance covered by the body during the entire motion
JE
1
= 342.5 + × 7.5 × 2 = 350 m/s.
2
350
(d) Average velocity for the motion = m/s = 21.9 m/s.
ES
16
Sample Problem 2.39: 2
a(m/s )
A particle starts from rest at time t = 0 and
+3
undergoes acceleration, a, as shown in the figure.
an
(a) Draw a neat sketch showing the velocity of the 1 2 3 4
particle as a function of time during the interval 0 to 4

t(sec.)
seconds, indicating each second on the abscissa.
ka
–3
(b) Draw a neat sketch showing the displacement of the particle as a function of time during 0 to 2
second. In both the cases, explain the various steps.
lp
Sol.: (a) The velocity is given by the area enclosed during the time interval ; and the velocity is proportional
to time, as the acceleration is constant from 0 to 2 sec.
At t = 1 sec., velocity = 3 m/s
At t = 2 sec. velocity = 6 m/s. 6
5
At this instant the acceleration becomes negative, so the v(m/s) 4
3
velocity starts decreasing uniformly. 2 2 3 4
1 1
0
At t = 3 sec. velocity = 6 - 3 = 3 m/s
t(sec.)
At t = 4 sec., velocity = 6 - 6 = 0 m/s.
The graph is as shown in the figure.
(b) The particle starts from rest, and the acceleration a is constant from 0 to 2 sec.
1 2
S= at
2
-2. 4 4 -
Kinematics
The graph between S and t will be parabola,

1 1 1 3
At t = sec, S1/2 = × 3 × = m
2 2 4 8
1 3
At t = 1 sec, S1/2 = ×3×1= m
2 2
3 1 9 27
At t = sec, S1/2 = × 3 × = m
2 2 4 8
1
At t = 2 sec, S2 = ×3×4=6m
2 6
Beyond t = 2s, the acceleration becomes negative, the curvature
of the graph becomes opposite at this instant. 27/8
In the interval between t = 2s and t = 3s, S(m) 1

1
distance travelled = 6 × 1 – × 3 × 1 = 4.5 m.
2 3/8
1/4 1 3/2 2 3 4
At t = 3, S3 = 6+4½ = 10.5 m
0
At t = 4, S4 = 6+[6 × 2-½ × 3 ×4] = 12 m.
t in sec
JE
Figure give the x-t plot of a particle in one-dimensional motion. Three different equal intervals of time
are shown. In which interval is the average speed greatest, and in which it is least? Give the sign of
average velocity for each interval.
ES
x 3
1 2 t
an
Sol.: The average velocity is greatest in the interval 3 as x is more for same interval of time and average
speed is least during the interval 1 as x is least during this interval.
The average velocity is positive during interval 1 and 2 i.e. v > 0, the average velocity is negative is
ka
interval 3 i.e. v < 0.

Two stones are thrown up simultaneously from the edge of a cliff 200 m high with initial speeds of
lp
15 m s–1 and 30 m s–1. Verify that the graph shown in figure correctly represents the time variation
of the relative position of the second stone with respect to the first. Neglect air resistance and
assume that the stones do not rebound after hitting ground. Take g = 10 m s–2. Give the equations for
the linear and curved parts of the plot.
Solution:
120
100
x2–x1(m)
80
60
40
30
t(s)
2 4 6 8 10
1
x  t   x  0   ut  at 2 ...(i)
2
-2. 4 5 -
Kinematics
Let us take t = 2 sec

(a) (i) for the first stone u = 15 m/s x(0) = 200 m
a = –10 m/s2.
1
x1(t) = 200 + 15 × 2  × 10 × 4 = 210 m
2
(ii) u = 30 m/s, x(0) = 200 m
a = –10 m/s2
1
x1(t) = 200 + 30 × 2  × 10 × 4 = 240 m
2
Relative position of second stone 240  210 = 30 m
Now for 8 sec.
(b) (i) For the first stone u = 15 m/s, x(0) = 200 m, a =  10m/s2
1
x1(t) = 200 + 15 × 8  × 10 × 64 = 0 m
2
(ii) For the second stone u = 30 m/s, x(0) = 200 m, a = –10 m/s2
1
x1(t) = 200 + 30 × 8 
× 10 × 64 = 120 m
2
JE
Relative position of second stone = 120  0 = 120m

We find that calculate values & graphical values are same. This verifies that graph correctly represents
the time variation of relative position of second stone with respect to first stone.
Equation of motion for straight line portion of graph = Distance covered by second stone - distance
ES
covered by first stone

= x1(t) – x2(t)
 1 2  1 2
=  200  30t   10t    200  15t   10t   30t  15t  15t
 2   2 
Equation for parabolic portion = Distance covered by second stone
an
1 2 2
= 200  30t   10t  200  30t  5t
2
ka
OBJECTIVE : 2 – IV
1. Displacement time graph of particle moving in one dimenion is shown. The distance time graph of given
particle will be : s
lp
600 30
0
t
2sec
s s
0
30
(a) (b)
0
60
t 60
0
t
2sec
s
s
(c) (d) 600 0

0 30
30
t
t 2sec
-2. 4 6 -
Kinematics
Sol. [b]
Since distance =  | displacement |
s
0
30
0
60
t
2. Two straight lines drawn on the same displacement -time graph make an angles 300 and 600 with time-
axis respectively for the two particles as shown in figure. What is the ratio of their velocities (VA/VB).
1 1 B
(a) (b)
DISPLACEMENT
4 5
600 A
1 1
(c) (d)
3 6
300
JE
Sol. [c] O TIME
Since the slope of the displacement-time graph of uniform motion in one dimension represents the
velocity of the object, hence the line showing greater slope in graph corresponds to greater velocity of
the object. Therefore, the line making angle 600 with time axis represents greater velocity.
ES
v A tan 300 1 / 3 1
Ratio of two velocity :    .
vB tan 600 3 3
3. A particle starts from origin accelerated for first t0 sec and them decelerated at the same rate till 2t0 sec
along the positive x-direction. The graph representing variation of displacement (x) with time (t) is
an
x x
ka
(a) (b)
t t
o t0 2t0 o t0 2t0
lp
x x
(½ ato2 ) (½ ato2 )
(c) (d)
t t
(0,0) t0 2t0 (0,0) t0 2t0
Sol. [c] x
1
x  at 2 (for 0 < t < t0)
2 at02
at t = t0, v = at0 and x = ½ at02 2
x = x0 + (at0) (t – t0) – ½a(t – t0)2
(for t0 < t < 2t0) t
(0,0) t0 2t0
-2. 4 7 -
Kinematics
4. The displacement–time graph of a moving particle with constant acceleration is shown in figure.
The velocity–time graph is given by
x(m)
t(s)
0 1 2
v v
t t
(a) 0 1 2 (b) 0 1 2
v v
t t
JE
(c) 0 1 2 (d) 0 1 2 .
Sol. [c]
ES
Slope of v-t curve gives acceleration

5. Two trains are moving along different tracks in opposite directions, are put on the same track due to
mistake. The drivers of train noticing the mistake, start slowing down the trains when the trains are 300
m apart. Graphs given below show their velocities as a function of time as the trains slow down. The
an
separation between the trains when both have stopped is

v (m/sec) v (m/sec)
ka
40
8
20
lp
t(s) -20
10
(a) 120 m (b) 280 m (c) 60 m (d) 20 m

Sol. [d]
300m
300 – 280 = 20 m
1
Graph of trains 1   40  10  200 m
2
Displacement of 1st trains is equal to area under graph
1
Displacement of trains 2   8  (20)  80
2
-2. 4 8 -
Kinematics
6. Velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line in shown in the figure.
10
(a) The average velocity of the particle for time interval t = 0 to t = 6sec is m/s
3
40
(b) The average velocity of the particle for time interval t = 0 to t = 14 sec is m/s
7
(c) The displacement of the particle in t = 0 to t = 12 s is 110 m.
(d) The distance covered by the particle is t = 0 to t = 12 s is 110 m
JE
Sol. [c]
1
 4  20  20  2
(a) Average velocity  2 40
 ms 1
ES
6 3
1 1
 10  2   20   4   10 
(b) Average velocity  2 2 50
 ms 1
14 7
an
1 1
(c) Displacement   10  2   20   2  10  110 m
2 2
1 1
(d) Distance   10  2   20   2  10  130 m
ka
2 2
7. A particle has rectilinear motion as shown in fig. gives its displacement as the function of time. Which
of the following statements are true with respect to the motion.
Displacement
lp
A
B E t
O Time
C D
(a) In the motion OA, the velocity is positive and acceleration is +ve
(b) Between A and B, the velocity and acceleration are positive
(c) Between B and C, the velocity is negative and acceleration is negative
(d) Between B and E the acceleration is positive
Sol. [d]
Slope of displacement time curve gives velocity
dx dv d 2 x
v & a  ,
dt dt dt 2
then a > 0 & v is decreasing then a < 0.
-2. 4 9 -
Kinematics
8. The velocity–time plot for a particle moving on a straight line is shown in figure.
v(m/s)
10
10 20 30
0 t(s) –10
–10
–20
(a) the particle has no acceleration
(b) the particle has never turned around
(c) the particle has zero displacement
(d) the average speed in the interval 0 to 10 s is the same as the average speed in the interval 10 s
to 20 s.
Sol. [d]
Since the graph is a straight line, its slope is constant, it means acceleration of the particle is
constant.
Velocity of the particle changes from positive to negative at t = 10 s, so particle changes direction at
this time.
The particle has zero displacement up to 20 s, but not for the entire motion.
The average speed in the interval 0 to 10 s is the same as the average speed in the interval 10 s to
JE
20 s because distance covered in both time intervals is same.

9. A particle moves along x-axis in such a way that its x-coordinate varies with time t according to the
equation : x = –8 + 4t – 6t2. The velocity of the particle will vary with time according to the graph
v
ES
v v
v
(a) t
(b) t
(c) t
(d) t
Sol. [c]
dx
an
v  4  12t . The velocity vs. time graph will be a straight line with positive intercept and
dt
negative slope.
10. The velocity of a particle moving in the +ve direction of the x-axis as v  k s where k is a + ve
ka
constant. The graph of velocity v versus time t will be (best)

lp
v v v v
(a) (b) (c) (d)
t t t t
Sol. [a]
ds
k s
dt
s 1
ds
 s   k dt
0 0
1
S  k 2t 2
4
ds 1 2 1
v  k 2t  k 2t
dt 4 2
i.e., v  t
-2. 5 0 -
ADD NOTES HERE :-)
JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)
JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)
JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)
JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)
JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)
JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)
JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)
JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)
JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)
JE
ES
an
ka
lp

Kinematics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kinematics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kinematics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IIT JEE

JUST PRINTOUT THESE

AND USE THEM IN

SAMPLE PROBLEMS FOR

UNDERSTANDING WHICH ARE

2.1 Motion in 1 Dimension

Distance and Displacement

(a) Distance is a scalar; displacement is vector. A

(b) The magnitude of displacement is always less than or rA B

Average Speed and Average Velocity

Total distance travelled

Instantaneous Speed and Instantaneous Velocity

(a) As the time interval tends to zero (t  0), the

which is tangential to the path of the particle at that rB

(c) A particle may have constant speed but variable velocity.

v(t) = lim  x = lim vav.

Instantaneous velocity v(t) is derivative of displacement with respect to time.

Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration

The instantaneous acceleration is defined as

Motion of Bodies in Three Dimensional Space

The velocity vector v is given by

v = ivx + jvy + kvz

a = iax + jay + kaz

where ax, ay and az are components of acceleration along x, y and z directions.

General Equations of Motion

we apply the following equations.

Here, a is instantaneous acceleration and is a function of time. v is instantaneous velocity at t = t2 and

Three Equations of Motion (Uniformly Accelerated Motion)

Displacement in nth second

If upward direction is considered positive, the acceleration a is taken as –g.

Sample Problem 2.1:

Sol.: A  B tAB = (1/1) = 1 sec.

Sample Problem 2.2:

Distance moved in the 5th second is S = S5 – S4

seconds. Consider the time interval t = 2 s to t = 3s. Calculate

(c) the instantaneous velocity when t = 2 s.

Sample Problem 2.4:

(b) Time t taken by the train before coming to rest,

= = 156.25 m = distance as the particle is moving in a straight line.

Sample Problem 2.5:

(a) The height h

Sol.: Let u be initial velocity.

Sample Problem 2.6:

Sample Problem 2.7:

For cat | a av| = 36

(a) v = (b) v = v1v2 (c)   (d)  

ball at the time T/2 sec

(c) At (3h/4) m from the ground

2.2 Motion in 2 Dimension (Motion in a Plane)

respective x and y directions.

(i) Horizontal Projection :

(ii) Projection at Angle :

It is the equation of trajectory of the projectile which represents a parabola.

(iii) Projection on an Inclined Plane

(b) u sin (–) perpendicular to the plane. Similarly,

The angular velocity  of the particle is given by :

 Linear acceleration, a = radius × angular acceleration.

These relations are analogous to the relations for linear motion.

(c) Total time of flight = 

time to clear the wall = 2.0 second