IT Chap 8
IT Chap 8
IT Chap 8
Definition: HTML is the standard language used to create and design documents on the web.
It structures content and enables the creation of hyperlinks between web pages.
Features of HTML
An HTML document is structured with various elements enclosed in tags. The basic structure
includes the <!DOCTYPE>, <html>, <head>, and <body> tags.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Sample HTML Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to HTML</h1>
<p>This is a sample HTML document.</p>
</body>
</html>
Paragraphs
Example:
Headings
Definition: HTML provides six levels of headings, from <h1> (highest level) to <h6> (lowest
level).
Example:
<h1>Main Heading</h1>
<h2>Subheading</h2>
<h3>Section Heading</h3>
Image Tag
Example:
Lists
Example:
<ol>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
<li>Third item</li>
</ol>
Example:
<ul>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
<li>Third item</li>
</ul>
Forms
Definition: The <form> tag is used to create an interactive form for user input. It can include
various input types like text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, and submit buttons.
Example:
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email"><br><br>
<h2>About Me</h2>
<p>This paragraph contains information about me.</p>
<h2>My Projects</h2>
<ol>
<li>Project One</li>
<li>Project Two</li>
<li>Project Three</li>
</ol>
<h2>Contact Me</h2>
<form action="/submit-form" method="post">
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name"><br><br>
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email"><br><br>
<h2>Gallery</h2>
<img src="image1.jpg" alt="An example image" width="500" height="300">
</body>
</html>
HTML tags are the building blocks of web pages. Each tag serves a specific purpose and
defines different parts of the HTML document.
1. <!DOCTYPE html>
Purpose: Declares the document type and version of HTML being used.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<!-- Other content -->
</html>
2. <html>
Purpose: The root element that encompasses the entire HTML document.
html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<!-- Other content -->
</html>
3. <head>
Purpose: Contains meta-information about the HTML document, such as the title, character
set, styles, and links to external resources.
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
</html>
4. <title>
Purpose: Sets the title of the HTML document, which appears in the browser's title bar or
tab.
<head>
<title>My Web Page</title>
</head>
5. <body>
Purpose: Contains the content of the HTML document, such as text, images, links, forms,
and other elements.
<html>
<body>
<!-- Page content -->
</body>
</html>
6. <h1> to <h6>
Purpose: Define headings, with <h1> being the highest (most important) level and <h6> the
lowest (least important).
<h1>Main Heading</h1>
<h2>Subheading</h2>
<h3>Section Heading</h3>
7. <p>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
8. <br>
<p>First section</p>
<hr>
<p>Second section</p>
10. <a>
<ul>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
</ol>
13. <li>
<ul>
<li>Item one</li>
<li>Item two</li>
</ul>
14. <div>
<div>
<h2>Section Title</h2>
<p>Section content goes here.</p>
</div>
15. <span>
Purpose: Defines an inline section of content, often used for styling purposes.
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email"><br><br>
<form>
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name">
</form>
18. <label>
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name">
19. <button>
Purpose: Define a table and its elements: table rows (<tr>), table data cells (<td>), and table
headers (<th>).
<table>
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Data 1</td>
<td>Data 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2>Favorite Foods</h2>
<ul>
<li>Pizza</li>
<li>Sushi</li>
<li>Chocolate</li>
</ul>
<h2>Contact Me</h2>
<form action="/submit-form" method="post">
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name"><br><br>
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email"><br><br>
<h2>Table Example</h2>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Data 1</td>
<td>Data 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<p>Footer Information</p>
</body>
</html>
Understanding the syntax rules of HTML is crucial for creating well-structured and valid web
documents. Here are the key syntax rules:
• Tags: HTML tags are enclosed in angle brackets (< and >). Most tags come in pairs,
an opening tag and a closing tag.
o Example: <p> and </p>
• Elements: An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag.
o Example: <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
2. Nesting
• HTML elements can be nested within other elements. Properly nested tags should have the
inner tags closed before the outer tags.
o Correct: <div><p>This is a paragraph.</p></div>
o Incorrect: <div><p>This is a paragraph.</div></p>
3. Attributes
• Attributes provide additional information about an element and are always included in the
opening tag. They are written as name-value pairs.
o Example: <img src="image.jpg" alt="Description" width="300"
height="200">
• Attribute values should be enclosed in quotes, either single (') or double ("), although
double quotes are more common.
4. Case Sensitivity
• HTML tags and attributes are not case-sensitive, but it is a common practice to write them in
lowercase.
o Example: <p> is equivalent to <P>, but <p> is preferred.
5. Self-Closing Tags
• Some HTML elements are self-closing, meaning they do not have a closing tag. These
elements usually represent void content (e.g., line breaks, images).
o Example: <img src="image.jpg" alt="Description" />
6. Doctype Declaration
• The <!DOCTYPE> declaration must be the very first line in an HTML document. It defines the
document type and version of HTML.
o Example: <!DOCTYPE html>
7. Comments
• HTML comments are used to add notes or explanations within the code that will not be
displayed on the webpage. Comments are enclosed in <!-- and -->.
o Example: <!-- This is a comment -->
8. Character References
• Special characters that cannot be typed directly or could be misinterpreted as HTML code
are represented using character references.
o Example: < for <, > for >, & for &
<h2>Favorite Foods</h2>
<ul>
<li>Pizza</li>
<li>Sushi</li>
<li>Chocolate</li>
</ul>
<h2>Contact Me</h2>
<form action="/submit-form" method="post">
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name"><br><br>
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email"><br><br>
<h2>Table Example</h2>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Data 1</td>
<td>Data 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<p>Footer Information</p>
</body>
</html>
Syntax
<tagname attribute="value">Content</tagname>
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Using the 'src' attribute in the 'img' tag to specify the image
file -->
<img src="image.jpg" alt="A description of the image" width="500"
height="600">
<!-- Using the 'href' attribute in the 'a' tag to specify the URL of
the link -->
<a href="https://www.example.com" target="_blank">Visit Example.com</a>
<!-- Using the 'type' and 'value' attributes in the 'input' tag to
create a button -->
<input type="button" value="Click Me">
</body>
</html>
In this example:
1. The img tag uses the src attribute to specify the image file, the alt attribute to
provide alternative text, and the width and height attributes to set the image size.
2. The a tag uses the href attribute to specify the URL of the link and the target
attribute to open the link in a new tab.
3. The input tag uses the type attribute to define the input type as a button and the
value attribute to specify the button's label.
Frames
In HTML, a frame is a section of a webpage that can display a separate HTML document.
Frames were used to create complex layouts by dividing the browser window into multiple
sections, each capable of displaying a different document. However, the use of frames is
largely outdated and discouraged in modern web development due to usability, accessibility,
and SEO concerns. Instead, developers use CSS and JavaScript to create dynamic layouts.
Syntax of Frames
HTML frames are defined using the <frameset> element, which replaces the <body>
element when frames are used. The <frameset> element specifies the number of columns or
rows and their dimensions. Each frame within the frameset is defined using the <frame>
element.
Basic Syntax:
<frameset rows="row_height1, row_height2, ...">
<frame src="URL_of_document1">
<frame src="URL_of_document2">
...
</frameset>
This example divides the browser window into two rows. The first row is 30% of the window
height and the second row takes the remaining 70%. The first row loads header.html and
the second row loads content.html.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Frames Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<frameset rows="30%,70%">
<frame src="header.html">
<frame src="content.html">
</frameset>
</body>
</html>
Nested Framesets
Framesets can be nested to create more complex layouts. For example, you can divide the
window into two columns, where the second column is further divided into two rows.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nested Frames Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<frameset cols="30%,70%">
<frame src="menu.html">
<frameset rows="50%,50%">
<frame src="top.html">
<frame src="bottom.html">
</frameset>
</frameset>
</body>
</html>
Attributes of <frame>
What is Cascading Style Sheets? explain CSS with syntax with examples.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a
document written in HTML or XML. CSS defines how elements should be rendered on
screen, on paper, in speech, or on other media. It allows developers to separate content
(HTML) from presentation (CSS), making it easier to maintain and update websites.
CSS Syntax
A CSS rule consists of a selector and a declaration block. The selector targets the HTML
elements to be styled, while the declaration block contains one or more declarations, each
consisting of a property and a value.
Basic Syntax:
selector {
property: value;
property: value;
...
}
Example
HTML:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
<title>CSS Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, World!</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<div class="container">
<p class="text">Styled text inside a div.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
CSS (styles.css):
Types of CSS
1. Inline CSS: Inline CSS is used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element. It
is added using the style attribute within the HTML element.
html
2. Internal CSS: Internal CSS is used to define styles for a single HTML document. It
is placed inside a <style> element within the <head> section of the HTML
document.
html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color: blue;
text-align: center;
}
</style>
<title>Internal CSS Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, World!</h1>
</body>
</html>
3. External CSS: External CSS is used to apply styles to multiple HTML documents. It
is defined in an external file with a .css extension and linked to HTML documents
using the <link> element.
html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
<title>External CSS Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, World!</h1>
</body>
</html>
CSS Selectors
CSS selectors are used to select the HTML elements you want to style. Here are some
common selectors:
css
p {
color: green;
}
• Class Selector: Targets elements with a specific class. Classes are defined with a dot
(.) before the class name.
css
.container {
border: 1px solid black;
}
• ID Selector: Targets an element with a specific ID. IDs are defined with a hash (#)
before the ID name.
css
#uniqueElement {
background-color: yellow;
}
css
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
css
div p {
color: blue;
}
css
a:hover {
color: red;
}
By using CSS, developers can create visually appealing and well-structured web pages that
are easier to maintain and update.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) provides a wide range of properties to style HTML elements.
Below is a comprehensive list of common CSS properties along with their syntax and
examples:
1. color
o Syntax: color: value;
o Example:
css
p {
color: red;
}
2. font-family
o Syntax: font-family: value;
o Example:
css
h1 {
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
}
3. font-size
o Syntax: font-size: value;
o Example:
h2 {
font-size: 20px;
}
4. font-style
o Syntax: font-style: value;
o Example:
em {
font-style: italic;
}
5. font-weight
o Syntax: font-weight: value;
o Example:
strong {
font-weight: bold;
}
6. text-align
o Syntax: text-align: value;
o Example:
h1 {
text-align: center;
}
7. text-decoration
o Syntax: text-decoration: value;
o Example:
a {
text-decoration: none;
}
8. line-height
o Syntax: line-height: value;
o Example:
p {
line-height: 1.5;
}
Background Properties
1. background-color
o Syntax: background-color: value;
o Example:
body {
background-color: #f0f0f0;
}
2. background-image
o Syntax: background-image: url('path/to/image');
o Example:
div {
background-image: url('background.jpg');
}
3. background-repeat
o Syntax: background-repeat: value;
o Example:
div {
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
4. background-position
o Syntax: background-position: value;
o Example:
div {
background-position: center;
}
5. background-size
o Syntax: background-size: value;
o Example:
div {
background-size: cover;
}
1. width
o Syntax: width: value;
o Example:
div {
width: 50%;
}
2. height
o Syntax: height: value;
o Example:
div {
height: 100px;
}
3. margin
o Syntax: margin: value;
o Example:
p {
margin: 20px;
}
4. padding
o Syntax: padding: value;
o Example:
div {
padding: 10px;
}
5. border
o Syntax: border: width style color;
o Example:
div {
border: 1px solid black;
}
6. border-radius
o Syntax: border-radius: value;
o Example:
button {
border-radius: 5px;
}
Positioning Properties
1. position
o Syntax: position: value;
o Example:
div {
position: relative;
}
3. z-index
o Syntax: z-index: value;
o Example:
div {
position: absolute;
z-index: 10;
}
4. float
o Syntax: float: value;
o Example:
img {
float: left;
}
5. clear
o Syntax: clear: value;
o Example:
div {
clear: both;
}
Display Properties
1. display
o Syntax: display: value;
o Example:
span {
display: block;
}
2. visibility
o Syntax: visibility: value;
o Example:
p {
visibility: hidden;
}
3. overflow
o Syntax: overflow: value;
o Example:
div {
overflow: scroll;
}
Flexbox Properties
1. display: flex
o Syntax: display: flex;
o Example:
.container {
display: flex;
}
2. flex-direction
o Syntax: flex-direction: value;
o Example:
.container {
flex-direction: row;
}
3. justify-content
o Syntax: justify-content: value;
o Example:
.container {
justify-content: center;
}
4. align-items
o Syntax: align-items: value;
o Example:
.container {
align-items: center;
}
Grid Properties
1. display: grid
o Syntax: display: grid;
o Example:
.grid-container {
display: grid;
}
2. grid-template-columns
o Syntax: grid-template-columns: value;
o Example:
.grid-container {
grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
}
3. grid-template-rows
o Syntax: grid-template-rows: value;
o Example:
.grid-container {
grid-template-rows: 100px 200px;
}
4. gap
o Syntax: gap: value;
o Example:
.grid-container {
gap: 10px;
}
1. opacity
o Syntax: opacity: value;
o Example:
div {
opacity: 0.5;
}
2. cursor
o Syntax: cursor: value;
o Example:
a {
cursor: pointer;
}
3. box-shadow
o Syntax: box-shadow: value;
o Example:
div {
box-shadow: 2px 2px 5px grey;
}
4. transition
o Syntax: transition: property duration timing-function delay;
o Example:
div {
transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;
}
5. transform
o Syntax: transform: value;
o Example:
div {
transform: rotate(45deg);
}
1.
o Syntax: selector:hover { ... }
o Example:
a:hover {
color: red;
}
2.
o Syntax: selector:first-child { ... }
o Example:
p:first-child {
font-weight: bold;
}
3. ::before
o Syntax: selector::before { ... }
o Example:
p::before {
content: "Note: ";
color: red;
}
4. ::after
o Syntax: selector::after { ... }
o Example:
p::after {
content: " End.";
color: blue;
}
What is java Script? Explain java script working with syntax and examples.
1. Inline JavaScript: JavaScript code can be placed directly within an HTML element
using the onclick attribute or other event attributes.
html
2. Internal JavaScript: JavaScript code can be included within a <script> tag inside
the HTML document.
html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Internal JavaScript Example</title>
<script>
function showMessage() {
alert('Hello, World!');
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<button onclick="showMessage()">Click me</button>
</body>
</html>
3. External JavaScript: JavaScript code can be placed in an external file and linked to
the HTML document.
html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>External JavaScript Example</title>
<script src="script.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<button onclick="showMessage()">Click me</button>
</body>
</html>
javascript
// script.js
function showMessage() {
alert('Hello, World!');
}
Basic Syntax
Variables
Variables are used to store data. In JavaScript, you can declare a variable using var, let, or
const.
javascript
Functions
javascript
function greet(name) {
return "Hello, " + name + "!";
}
Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions.
javascript
javascript
// For loop
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
console.log(i);
}
// While loop
let i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
console.log(i);
i++;
}
Arrays
javascript
javascript
let person = {
name: "John",
age: 30,
greet: function() {
return "Hello, " + this.name + "!";
}
};
JavaScript can respond to user interactions like clicks, mouse movements, and keyboard
inputs.
html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Event Handling Example</title>
<script>
function changeText() {
document.getElementById("myText").innerHTML = "Text changed!";
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p id="myText">Click the button to change this text.</p>
<button onclick="changeText()">Click me</button>
</body>
</html>
DOM Manipulation
JavaScript can manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM) to dynamically update the
content and structure of web pages.
html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>DOM Manipulation Example</title>
<script>
function addParagraph() {
let newParagraph = document.createElement("p");
newParagraph.textContent = "This is a new paragraph.";
document.body.appendChild(newParagraph);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<button onclick="addParagraph()">Add Paragraph</button>
</body>
</html>
AJAX is a web development technique used for creating interactive web applications. It
allows web pages to be updated asynchronously by exchanging small amounts of data with
the server behind the scenes. This means that it is possible to update parts of a web page
without reloading the entire page.
Example of AJAX
Here's a simple example of how AJAX can be used to fetch data from a server and update the
web page without reloading it.
HTML
html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>AJAX Example</title>
<script>
function loadData() {
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.onreadystatechange = function() {
if (xhr.readyState === 4 && xhr.status === 200) {
document.getElementById("content").innerHTML = xhr.responseText;
}
};
xhr.open("GET", "data.txt", true);
xhr.send();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>AJAX Example</h1>
<button onclick="loadData()">Load Data</button>
<div id="content">Content will be loaded here.</div>
</body>
</html>
Explanation
1. HTML Structure:
o A button is provided to trigger the AJAX request.
o A div with the id content where the fetched data will be displayed.
2. JavaScript Function (loadData):
o Creates an instance of XMLHttpRequest.
o Defines the onreadystatechange event handler to specify what should happen
when the server response is ready.
o Opens a GET request to fetch data.txt.
o Sends the request.
Features of AJAX
Advantages of AJAX
1. Improved User Experience: AJAX allows for smoother and faster interactions by
updating only parts of the page, reducing the wait time for the user.
2. Reduced Server Load: By only sending and receiving the necessary data, AJAX can
reduce the amount of data transfer between the client and the server, leading to lower
server load and bandwidth usage.
3. Increased Speed: Partial updates and asynchronous processing lead to faster
interactions and improved performance of web applications.
Disadvantages of AJAX
1. Browser Compatibility Issues: While AJAX works with most modern browsers,
there can be inconsistencies or issues with older browsers.
2. Security Risks: AJAX can introduce security vulnerabilities, such as cross-site
scripting (XSS) and cross-site request forgery (CSRF), if not implemented carefully.
3. Complexity: Adding AJAX to a web application can increase the complexity of both
client-side and server-side code, making it harder to debug and maintain.
Bootstrap Framework
Bootstrap is a free, open-source front-end framework for developing responsive and mobile-
first websites. It includes HTML, CSS, and JavaScript components for creating a wide range
of web designs and interfaces.
Features of Bootstrap
1. Responsive Design:
o Built to create responsive, mobile-first projects on the web.
2. Pre-styled Components:
o Offers a plethora of pre-styled components like buttons, forms, navigation bars, and
modals.
3. Grid System:
o Utilizes a flexible grid system for creating complex layouts.
4. Customizable:
o Highly customizable with LESS or SASS variables.
5. Cross-Browser Compatibility:
o Ensures consistent design across different browsers and devices.
Example of Bootstrap
HTML
Here's a simple example of a Bootstrap webpage with a navbar, grid layout, and a button.
html
Copy code
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Bootstrap Example</title>
<!-- Bootstrap CSS -->
<link
href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css
" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Explanation
1. Bootstrap CSS:
o The Bootstrap CSS file is included in the <head> section using a CDN.
2. Navbar:
o A responsive navigation bar is created using Bootstrap classes such as navbar,
navbar-expand-lg, and navbar-light.
3. Grid Layout:
o A grid layout with three columns is created using the container, row, and col-
md-4 classes.
4. Button:
o A styled button is created using the btn and btn-primary classes.
5. Bootstrap JS and Dependencies:
o Bootstrap JavaScript and its dependencies (jQuery and Popper.js) are included at the
end of the document.
Advantages of Bootstrap
1. Ease of Use:
o Bootstrap is easy to use and includes extensive documentation and examples.
2. Responsive Design:
o Built with mobile-first approach, ensuring responsiveness across all devices.
3. Consistency:
o Provides a consistent design and appearance across different browsers and devices.
4. Customizable:
o Highly customizable using LESS or SASS variables and mixins.
5. Pre-styled Components:
o Offers a wide range of pre-styled components, saving development time.
6. Community Support:
o Has a large community of developers, providing extensive support and resources.
Disadvantages of Bootstrap
1. Heavy:
o Including the entire Bootstrap library can be heavy, which might affect page load
time.
2. Learning Curve:
o Despite its ease of use, learning all the components and classes can be
overwhelming for beginners.
3. Generic Look:
o Websites using Bootstrap can look similar if not customized, leading to a lack of
uniqueness.
4. Overuse of Classes:
o Using too many Bootstrap classes can clutter HTML code, making it less readable.
5. Dependency on JavaScript:
o Some Bootstrap components rely on JavaScript libraries (like jQuery), which can
increase complexity and load time.
AngularJS Framework
AngularJS is a structural framework for dynamic web applications. It lets you use HTML as
your template language and extend HTML's syntax to express your application's components
clearly and succinctly. AngularJS's data binding and dependency injection eliminate much of
the code you would otherwise have to write.
1. Two-Way Data Binding: Synchronizes data between the model and the view.
2. MVC Architecture: Separates application logic, data, and view.
3. Directives: Extend HTML with custom attributes and elements.
4. Dependency Injection: Handles service creation and dependency resolution.
5. Filters: Format data displayed to the user.
6. Modules: Encapsulate various components of an application.
Example of AngularJS
HTML
Here is a simple example of an AngularJS application that displays a list of items and allows
the user to add a new item to the list.
html
Copy code
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html ng-app="myApp">
<head>
<title>AngularJS Example</title>
<script
src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.8.2/angular.min.js">
</script>
<script>
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
app.controller('myCtrl', function($scope) {
$scope.items = ['Item 1', 'Item 2', 'Item 3'];
$scope.addItem = function() {
$scope.items.push($scope.newItem);
$scope.newItem = '';
};
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div ng-controller="myCtrl">
<h1>My Items</h1>
<ul>
<li ng-repeat="item in items">{{ item }}</li>
</ul>
<input type="text" ng-model="newItem" placeholder="Add a new item">
<button ng-click="addItem()">Add</button>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Explanation
1. AngularJS Script:
o AngularJS library is included via a CDN.
2. ng-app Directive:
o Defines the root element of the AngularJS application.
3. ng-controller Directive:
o Attaches the controller myCtrl to the div element.
4. Controller:
o Contains the application logic. In this case, it manages the list of items and provides
a function to add a new item.
5. ng-repeat Directive:
o Repeats an HTML element for each item in a collection.
6. ng-model Directive:
o Binds the value of HTML controls (input, select, textarea) to application data.
7. ng-click Directive:
o Specifies a behavior when an element is clicked.
Advantages of AngularJS
Disadvantages of AngularJS
1. Complexity:
o Steeper learning curve for beginners, especially those new to JavaScript frameworks.
2. Performance Issues:
o Can be slower with large datasets or complex DOM manipulations due to its two-
way data binding mechanism.
3. Verbose:
o Can require a lot of boilerplate code, making it verbose compared to some newer
frameworks.
4. Backward Compatibility:
o AngularJS (1.x) is not backward compatible with Angular (2+), requiring significant
changes for migration.
5. Scopes:
o Scope hierarchy and digest cycle can be confusing and lead to unexpected behaviors
if not managed properly.