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HTML CSS JavaScript Basics

FUNDAMENTALS OF WEB SYSTEMS

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Joel Gracia
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157 views91 pages

HTML CSS JavaScript Basics

FUNDAMENTALS OF WEB SYSTEMS

Uploaded by

Joel Gracia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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HTML Basics

HTML, Text, Images, Tables

Nikolay Kostov
Telerik Corporation
www.telerik.com
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to HTML
 How the Web Works?
 What is a Web Page?
 My First HTML Page
 Basic Tags: Hyperlinks, Images, Formatting
 Headings and Paragraphs
2. HTML in Details
 The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
 The <head> Section: Title, Meta, Script, Style
2
Table of Contents (2)
2. HTML in Details
 The <body> Section
 Text Styling and Formatting Tags
 Hyperlinks: <a>, Hyperlinks and Sections
 Images: <img>
 Lists: <ol>, <ul> and <dl>
3. The <div> and <span> elements
4. HTML Tables
5. HTML Forms
3
How the Web Works?
 WWW use classical client / server architecture
 HTTP is text-based request-response protocol

HTTP
Page request

HTTP
Server response

Server running Web


Client running a
Server Software
Web Browser
(IIS, Apache, etc.)
4
What is a Web Page?
 Web pages are text files containing HTML
 HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language
 A notation for describing
 document structure (semantic markup)
 formatting (presentation markup)
 Looks (looked?) like:
 A Microsoft Word document
 The markup tags provide information about
the page content structure
5
Creating HTML Pages
 An HTML file must have an .htm or .html file
extension
 HTML files can be created with text editors:

 NotePad, NotePad ++, PSPad


 Or HTML editors (WYSIWYG Editors):

 Microsoft FrontPage
 Macromedia Dreamweaver
 Netscape Composer
 Microsoft Word
 Visual Studio 6
HTML Basics
Text, Images, Tables, Forms
HTML Structure

 HTML is comprised of “elements” and “tags”


 Begins with <html> and ends with </html>
 Elements (tags) are nested one inside another:
<html> <head></head> <body></body> </html>
 Tags have attributes:
<img src="logo.jpg" alt="logo" />
 HTML describes structure using two main sections:
<head> and <body>

8
HTML Code Formatting
 The HTML source code should be formatted to
increase readability and facilitate debugging.
 Every block element should start on a new line.
 Every nested (block) element should be indented.
 Browsers ignore multiple whitespaces in the page
source, so formatting is harmless.
 For performance reasons, formatting can be
sacrificed

9
First HTML Page
test.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>

10
First HTML Page: Tags

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
Opening tag
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body> Closing tag
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>

An HTML element consists of an opening tag, a closing tag


and the content inside.
11
First HTML Page: Header

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
HTML header
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>

12
First HTML Page: Body

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML body

13
Some Simple Tags
 Hyperlink Tags

<a href="http://www.telerik.com/"
title="Telerik">Link to Telerik Web site</a>

 Image Tags

<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />

 Text formatting tags

This text is <em>emphasized.</em>


<br />new line<br />
This one is <strong>more emphasized.</strong>
14
Some Simple Tags – Example
some-tags.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Simple Tags Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="http://www.telerik.com/" title=
"Telerik site">This is a link.</a>
<br />
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />
<br />
<strong>Bold</strong> and <em>italic</em> text.
</body>
</html>

15
Some Simple Tags – Example (2)
some-tags.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Simple Tags Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="http://www.telerik.com/" title=
"Telerik site">This is a link.</a>
<br />
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />
<br />
<strong>Bold</strong> and <em>italic</em> text.
</body>
</html>

16
Tags Attributes
 Tags can have attributes

 Attributes specify properties and behavior


 Example: Attribute alt with value "logo"
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />
 Few attributes can apply to every element:
 id, style, class, title
 The id is unique in the document
 Content of title attribute is displayed as hint
when the element is hovered with the mouse
 Some elements have obligatory attributes
17
Headings and Paragraphs
 Heading Tags (h1 – h6)

<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>

 Paragraph Tags
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
<p>This is my second paragraph</p>

 Sections: div and span


<div style="background: skyblue;">
This is a div</div>
18
Headings and Paragraphs –
Example
headings.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>

<p>This is my first paragraph</p>


<p>This is my second paragraph</p>

<div style="background:skyblue">
This is a div</div>
</body>
</html>

19
Headings and Paragraphs –
Example (2)
headings.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>

<p>This is my first paragraph</p>


<p>This is my second paragraph</p>

<div style="background:skyblue">
This is a div</div>
</body>
</html>

20
Introduction to HTML
HTML Document Structure in Depth
Preface
 It is important to have the correct vision and
attitude towards HTML
 HTML is only about structure, not appearance
 Browsers tolerate invalid HTML code and parse
errors – you should not.

22
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
 HTML documents must start with a document
type definition (DTD)
 It tells web browsers what type is the served code
 Possible versions: HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0
(Transitional or Strict), XHTML 1.1, HTML 5
 Example:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

 See http://w3.org/QA/2002/04/valid-dtd-list.html for a list


of possible doctypes

23
HTML vs. XHTML
 XHTML is more strict than HTML
 Tags and attribute names must be in lowercase
 All tags must be closed (<br/>, <img/>) while
HTML allows <br> and <img> and implies
missing closing tags (<p>par1 <p>par2)
 XHTML allows only one root <html> element
(HTML allows more than one)

24
XHTML vs. HTML (2)
 Many element attributes
are deprecated in
XHTML, most are moved to CSS
 Attribute minimization is forbidden, e.g.
<input type="checkbox" checked>

<input type="checkbox" checked="checked" />

 Note: Web browsers load XHTML faster than


HTML and valid code faster than invalid!

25
The <head> Section
 Contains information that doesn’t show
directly on the viewable page
 Starts after the <!doctype> declaration
 Begins with <head> and ends with </head>

 Contains mandatory single <title> tag


 Can contain some other tags, e.g.

 <meta>
 <script>
 <style>
 <!–- comments --> 26
<head> Section: <title> tag
 Title should be placed between <head> and
</head> tags
<title>Telerik Academy – Winter Season 2009/2010
</title>

 Used to specify a title in the window title bar


 Search engines and people rely on titles
27
<head> Section: <meta>
 Meta tags additionally
describe the content
contained within the page
<meta name="description" content="HTML
tutorial" />

<meta name="keywords" content="html, web


design, styles" />

<meta name="author" content="Chris Brewer" />

<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5;


url=http://www.telerik.com" />

28
<head> Section: <script>
 The <script> element is used to embed
scripts into an HTML document
 Script are executed in the client's Web browser
 Scripts can live in the <head> and in the <body>
sections
 Supported client-side scripting languages:
 JavaScript (it is not Java!)
 VBScript
 JScript
29
The <script> Tag – Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML> scripts-example.html
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Example</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function sayHello() {
document.write("<p>Hello World!<\/p>");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type=
"text/javascript">
sayHello();
</script>
</body>
</html>
30
<head> Section: <style>
 The <style> element embeds formatting
information (CSS styles) into an HTML page
<html> style-example.html
<head>
<style type="text/css">
p { font-size: 12pt; line-height: 12pt; }
p:first-letter { font-size: 200%; }
span { text-transform: uppercase; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Styles demo.<br />
<span>Test uppercase</span>.
</p>
</body>
</html>
31
Comments: <!-- --> Tag
 Comments can exist anywhere between the
<html></html> tags
 Comments start with <!-- and end with -->

<!–- Telerik Logo (a JPG file) -->


<img src="logo.jpg" alt=“Telerik Logo">
<!–- Hyperlink to the web site -->
<a href="http://telerik.com/">Telerik</a>
<!–- Show the news table -->
<table class="newstable">
...

32
<body> Section: Introduction
 The <body> section describes the viewable
portion of the page
 Starts after the <head> </head> section
 Begins with <body> and ends with </body>

<html>
<head><title>Test page</title></head>
<body>
<!-- This is the Web page body -->
</body>
</html>

33
Text Formatting
 Text formatting tags modify the text between
the opening tag and the closing tag
 Ex. <b>Hello</b> makes “Hello” bold
<b></b> bold
<i></i> italicized
<u></u> underlined
<sup></sup> Samplesuperscript
<sub></sub> Samplesubscript
<strong></strong> strong
<em></em> emphasized
<pre></pre> Preformatted text
<blockquote></blockquote> Quoted text block
<del></del> Deleted text – strike through
34
Text Formatting – Example
text-formatting.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Notice</h1>
<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>
<p><pre>Next paragraph:
preformatted.</pre></p>
<h2>More Info</h2>
<p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br />
Next line.</p>
</body>
</html>

35
Text Formatting – Example (2)
text-formatting.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Notice</h1>
<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>
<p><pre>Next paragraph:
preformatted.</pre></p>
<h2>More Info</h2>
<p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br />
Next line.</p>
</body>
</html>

36
Hyperlinks: <a> Tag
 Link to a document calledform.html on the
same server in the same directory:
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a>

 Link to a document calledparent.html on


the same server in the parent directory:
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a>

 Link to a document calledcat.html on the


same server in the subdirectory stuff:
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a>
37
Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (2)
 Link to an external Web site:

<a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a>

 Always use a full URL, including "http://", not


just "www.somesite.com"
 Using the target="_blank" attribute opens
the link in a new window
 Link to an e-mail address:

<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug+Report">
Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>

38
Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (3)
 Link to a document called apply-now.html
 On the same server, in same directory
 Using an image as a link button:
<a href="apply-now.html"><img
src="apply-now-button.jpg" /></a>

 Link to a document called index.html


 On the same server, in the subdirectory english of
the parent directory:
<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to
English version</a>
39
Hyperlinks and Sections
 Link to another location in the same document:
<a href="#section1">Go to Introduction</a>
...
<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>

 Link to a specific location in another document:


<a href="chapter3.html#section3.1.1">Go to Section
3.1.1</a>
<!–- In chapter3.html -->
...
<div id="section3.1.1">
<h3>3.1.1. Technical Background</h3>
</div>

40
Hyperlinks – Example
hyperlinks.html
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a> <br />
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br />
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a>
<br />
<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug
Report">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>
<br />
<a href="apply-now.html"><img src="apply-now-button.jpg”
/></a> <br />
<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English
version</a> <br />

41
Hyperlinks – Example (2)
hyperlinks.html
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a> <br />
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br />
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a>
<br />
<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug
Report">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>
<br />
<a href="apply-now.html"><img src="apply-now-button.jpg”
/></a> <br />
<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English
version</a> <br />

42
Links to the Same Document –
Example
links-to-same-document.html
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br />
<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br />
<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />
...the rest of the table of contents...
<!-- The document text follows here -->
<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>
... Section 1 follows here ...
<h2 id="section2">Some background</h2>
... Section 2 follows here ...
<h3 id="section2.1">Project History</h3>
... Section 2.1 follows here ...

43
Links to the Same Document –
Example (2)
links-to-same-document.html
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br />
<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br />
<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />
...the rest of the table of contents...
<!-- The document text follows here -->
<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>
... Section 1 follows here ...
<h2 id="section2">Some background</h2>
... Section 2 follows here ...
<h3 id="section2.1">Project History</h3>
... Section 2.1 follows here ...

44
Images: <img> tag
 Inserting an image with <img> tag:

<img src="/img/basd-logo.png">

 Image attributes:

src Location of image file (relative or absolute)


alt Substitute text for display (e.g. in text mode)
height Number of pixels of the height
width Number of pixels of the width
border Size of border, 0 for no border

 Example:

<img src="./php.png" alt="PHP Logo" />


45
Miscellaneous Tags
 <hr />: Draws a horizontal rule (line):
<hr size="5" width="70%" />

 <center></center>: Deprecated!

<center>Hello World!</center>

 <font></font>: Deprecated!

<font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font>


<font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font>

46
Miscellaneous Tags – Example

misc.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Miscellaneous Tags Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<hr size="5" width="70%" />
<center>Hello World!</center>
<font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font>
<font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font>
</body>
</html>

47
Ordered Lists: <ol> Tag
 Create an Ordered List using <ol></ol>:
<ol type="1">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>

 Attribute values for type are 1, A, a, I, or i


1. Apple i. Apple
2. Orange ii. Orange
3. Grapefruit iii. Grapefruit
a. Apple
A. Apple b. Orange I. Apple
B. Orange c. Grapefruit II. Orange
C. Grapefruit III. Grapefruit
48
Unordered Lists: <ul> Tag
 Create an Unordered List using <ul></ul>:
<ul type="disk">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>

 Attribute values for type are:


 disc, circle or square

• Apple o Apple  Apple


• Orange o Orange  Orange
• Pear o Pear  Pear
49
Definition lists: <dl> tag
 Create definition lists using <dl>
 Pairs of text and associated definition; text is in
<dt> tag, definition in <dd> tag
<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>A markup language …</dd>
<dt>CSS</dt>
<dd>Language used to …</dd>
</dl>

 Renders without bullets


 Definition is indented
50
Lists – Example
<ol type="1"> lists.html
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>

<ul type="disc">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>

<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>A markup lang…</dd>
</dl>

51
HTML Special Characters
Symbol Name HTML Entity Symbol
Copyright Sign &copy; ©
Registered Trademark Sign &reg; ®
Trademark Sign &trade; ™
Less Than &lt; <
Greater Than &gt; >
Ampersand &amp; &
Non-breaking Space &nbsp;
Em Dash &mdash; —
Quotation Mark &quot; "
Euro &#8364; €
British Pound &pound; £
Japanese Yen &yen; ¥
52
Special Characters – Example
<p>[&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;Welcome special-chars.html
&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;&lt;]</p>
<p>&#9658;I have following cards:
A&#9827;, K&#9830; and 9&#9829;.</p>
<p>&#9658;I prefer hard rock &#9835;
music &#9835;</p>
<p>&copy; 2006 by Svetlin Nakov &amp; his
team</p>
<p>Telerik Academy™</p>

53
Special Chars – Example (2)
<p>[&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;Welcome special-chars.html
&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;&lt;]</p>
<p>&#9658;I have following cards:
A&#9827;, K&#9830; and 9&#9829;.</p>
<p>&#9658;I prefer hard rock &#9835;
music &#9835;</p>
<p>&copy; 2006 by Svetlin Nakov &amp; his
team</p>
<p>Telerik Academy™</p>

54
Using <DIV> and <SPAN>
Block and Inline Elements
Block and Inline Elements
 Block elements add a line break before and
after them
 <div> is a block element
 Other block elements are <table>, <hr>,
headings, lists, <p> and etc.
 Inline elements don’t break the text before
and after them
 <span> is an inline element
 Most HTML elements are inline, e.g. <a>
56
The <div> Tag
 <div> creates logical divisions within a page
 Block style element

 Used with CSS

 Example:

div-and-span.html
<div style="font-size:24px; color:red">DIV
example</div>
<p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-
weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>
57
The <span> Tag
 Inline style element

 Useful for modifying a specific portion of text


 Don't create a separate area
(paragraph) in the document
 Very useful with CSS

span.html
<p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-
weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>
<p>This one is another <span style="font-size:32px;
font-weight:bold">TEST</span>.</p>
58
HTML Tables
HTML Tables
 Tables represent tabular data
 A table consists of one or several rows
 Each row has one or more columns
 Tables
comprised of several core tags:
<table></table>: begin / end the table
<tr></tr>: create a table row
<td></td>: create tabular data (cell)
 Tables should not be used for layout. Use CSS
floats and positioning styles instead
60
HTML Tables (2)
 Start and end of a table
<table> ... </table>

 Start and end of a row


<tr> ... </tr>

 Start and end of a cell in a row


<td> ... </td>

61
Simple HTML Tables – Example
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
<td><img src="ppt.gif"></td>
<td><a href="lecture1.ppt">Lecture 1</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="ppt.gif"></td>
<td><a href="lecture2.ppt">Lecture 2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="zip.gif"></td>
<td><a href="lecture2-demos.zip">
Lecture 2 - Demos</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
62
Simple HTML Tables – Example (2)
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
<td><img src="ppt.gif"></td>
<td><a href="lecture1.ppt">Lecture 1</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="ppt.gif"></td>
<td><a href="lecture2.ppt">Lecture 2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="zip.gif"></td>
<td><a href="lecture2-demos.zip">
Lecture 2 - Demos</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
63
Complete HTML Tables
 Table rows
split into three semantic sections:
header, body and footer
 <thead> denotes table header and contains
<th> elements, instead of <td> elements
 <tbody> denotes collection of table rows that
contain the very data
 <tfoot> denotes table footer but comes
BEFORE the <tbody> tag
 <colgroup> and <col> define columns (most
often used to set column widths)
64
Complete HTML Table: Example
<table>
<colgroup>
columns
<col style="width:100px" /><col />
</colgroup> th
<thead>
header
<tr><th>Column 1</th><th>Column 2</th></tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
footer
<tr><td>Footer 1</td><td>Footer 2</td></tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
Last comes the body (data)
<tr><td>Cell 1.1</td><td>Cell 1.2</td></tr>
<tr><td>Cell 2.1</td><td>Cell 2.2</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
65
Complete HTML Table:
By default, header text Example (2)
<table> is bold and centered. table-full.html
<colgroup>
<col style="width:200px" /><col />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th>Column 1</th><th>Column 2</th></tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr><td>Footer 1</td><td>Footer 2</td></tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr><td>CellAlthough the footer
1.1</td><td>Cell is
1.2</td></tr>
<tr><td>Cell before the data in 2.2</td></tr>
2.1</td><td>Cell the
</tbody> code, it is displayed last
</table>
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Nested Tables
 Table data “cells” (<td>) can contain nested
tables (tables within tables):
<table> nested-tables.html
<tr>
<td>Contact:</td>
<td>
<table>
<tr>
<td>First Name</td>
<td>Last Name</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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Cell Spacing and Padding
 Tables have two important attributes:

 cellspacing  cellpadding

cell cell cell cell

cell cell cell cell

 Defines the  Defines the empty


empty space space around the cell
between cells content
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Cell Spacing and Padding –
Example
table-cells.html
<html>
<head><title>Table Cells</title></head>
<body>
<table cellspacing="15" cellpadding="0">
<tr><td>First</td>
<td>Second</td></tr>
</table>
<br/>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10">
<tr><td>First</td><td>Second</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

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Cell Spacing and Padding –
Example (2)
table-cells.html
<html>
<head><title>Table Cells</title></head>
<body>
<table cellspacing="15" cellpadding="0">
<tr><td>First</td>
<td>Second</td></tr>
</table>
<br/>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10">
<tr><td>First</td><td>Second</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

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Column and Row Span
 Table cells have two important attributes:

 colspan  rowspan
colspan="1" colspan="1" rowspan="2" rowspan="1"

cell[1,1] cell[1,2] cell[1,2]


cell[1,1]
cell[2,1] cell[2,1]

colspan="2" rowspan="1"
 Defines how  Defines how
many columns many rows the
the cell occupies cell occupies
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Column and Row Span – Example
table-colspan-rowspan.html
<table cellspacing="0">
<tr class="1"><td>Cell[1,1]</td>
<td colspan="2">Cell[2,1]</td></tr>
<tr class=“2"><td>Cell[1,2]</td>
<td rowspan="2">Cell[2,2]</td>
<td>Cell[3,2]</td></tr>
<tr class=“3"><td>Cell[1,3]</td>
<td>Cell[2,3]</td></tr>
</table>

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Column and Row Span –
table-colspan-rowspan.html
Example (2)
<table cellspacing="0">
<tr class="1"><td>Cell[1,1]</td>
<td colspan="2">Cell[2,1]</td></tr>
<tr class=“2"><td>Cell[1,2]</td>
<td rowspan="2">Cell[2,2]</td>
<td>Cell[3,2]</td></tr>
<tr class=“3"><td>Cell[1,3]</td>
<td>Cell[2,3]</td></tr>
Cell[1,1] Cell[2,1]
</table>

Cell[1,2] Cell[3,2]
Cell[2,2]
Cell[1,3] Cell[2,3]

73
HTML Forms
Entering User Data from a Web Page
HTML Forms
 Forms are the primary method for gathering
data from site visitors
 Create a form block with

<form></form>
The “method" attribute tells how
the form data should be sent –
 Example: via GET or POST request

<form name="myForm" method="post"


action="path/to/some-script.php">
...
</form>
The "action" attribute tells where
the form data should be sent
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Form Fields
 Single-line text input fields:
<input type="text" name="FirstName" value="This
is a text field" />

 Multi-line textarea fields:


<textarea name="Comments">This is a multi-line
text field</textarea>

 Hidden fields contain data not shown to the user:


<input type="hidden" name="Account" value="This
is a hidden text field" />

 Often used by JavaScript code


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Fieldsets
 Fieldsets are used to enclose a group of related
form fields:
<form method="post" action="form.aspx">
<fieldset>
<legend>Client Details</legend>
<input type="text" id="Name" />
<input type="text" id="Phone" />
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<legend>Order Details</legend>
<input type="text" id="Quantity" />
<textarea cols="40" rows="10"
id="Remarks"></textarea>
</fieldset>
</form>
 The <legend> is the fieldset's title.
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Form Input Controls
 Checkboxes:
<input type="checkbox" name="fruit"
value="apple" />

 Radio buttons:
<input type="radio" name="title" value="Mr." />

 Radio buttons can be grouped, allowing only one


to be selected from a group:

<input type="radio" name="city" value="Lom" />


<input type="radio" name="city" value="Ruse" />

78
Other Form Controls
 Dropdown menus:

<select name="gender">
<option value="Value 1"
selected="selected">Male</option>
<option value="Value 2">Female</option>
<option value="Value 3">Other</option>
</select>

 Submit button:

<input type="submit" name="submitBtn"


value="Apply Now" />

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Other Form Controls (2)
 Reset button – brings the form to its initial state
<input type="reset" name="resetBtn"
value="Reset the form" />

 Image button – acts like submit but image is


displayed and click coordinates are sent
<input type="image" src="submit.gif"
name="submitBtn" alt="Submit" />

 Ordinary button – used for Javascript, no default


action
<input type="button" value="click me" />
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Other Form Controls (3)
 Password input – a text field which masks the
entered text with * signs
<input type="password" name="pass" />

 Multiple select field – displays the list of items in


multiple lines, instead of one
<select name="products" multiple="multiple">
<option value="Value 1"
selected="selected">keyboard</option>
<option value="Value 2">mouse</option>
<option value="Value 3">speakers</option>
</select>
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Other Form Controls (4)
 File input – a field used for uploading files
<input type="file" name="photo" />

 When used, it requires the form element to have a


specific attribute:
<form enctype="multipart/form-data">
...
<input type="file" name="photo" />
...
</form>

82
Labels
 Form labels are used to associate an explanatory
text to a form field using the field's ID.
<label for="fn">First Name</label>
<input type="text" id="fn" />

 Clicking on a label focuses its associated field


(checkboxes are toggled, radio buttons are
checked)
 Labels are both a usability and accessibility
feature and are required in order to pass
accessibility validation.
83
HTML Forms – Example
form.html
<form method="post" action="apply-now.php">
<input name="subject" type="hidden" value="Class" />
<fieldset><legend>Academic information</legend>
<label for="degree">Degree</label>
<select name="degree" id="degree">
<option value="BA">Bachelor of Art</option>
<option value="BS">Bachelor of Science</option>
<option value="MBA" selected="selected">Master of
Business Administration</option>
</select>
<br />
<label for="studentid">Student ID</label>
<input type="password" name="studentid" />
</fieldset>
<fieldset><legend>Personal Details</legend>
<label for="fname">First Name</label>
<input type="text" name="fname" id="fname" />
<br />
<label for="lname">Last Name</label>
<input type="text" name="lname" id="lname" /> 84
HTML Forms – Example (2)
form.html (continued)
<br />
Gender:
<input name="gender" type="radio" id="gm" value="m" />
<label for="gm">Male</label>
<input name="gender" type="radio" id="gf" value="f" />
<label for="gf">Female</label>
<br />
<label for="email">Email</label>
<input type="text" name="email" id="email" />
</fieldset>
<p>
<textarea name="terms" cols="30" rows="4"
readonly="readonly">TERMS AND CONDITIONS...</textarea>
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Send Form" />
<input type="reset" value="Clear Form" />
</p>
</form>

85
HTML Forms – Example (3)
form.html (continued)

86
TabIndex
 The tabindex HTML attribute controls the
order in which form fields and hyperlinks are
focused when repeatedly pressing the TAB key
 tabindex="0" (zero) - "natural" order
 If X > Y, then elements with tabindex="X" are
iterated before elements with tabindex="Y"
 Elements with negative tabindex are skipped,
however, this is not defined in the standard
<input type="text" tabindex="10" />

87
HTML Frames
<frameset>, <frame> and <iframe>
HTML Frames
 Frames provide a way to show multiple HTML
documents in a single Web page
 The page can be split into separate views
(frames) horizontally and vertically
 Frames were popular in the early ages of HTML
development, but now their usage is rejected
 Frames are not supported by all user agents
(browsers, search engines, etc.)
 A <noframes> element is used to provide
content for non-compatible agents.
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HTML Frames – Demo
frames.html
<html>
<head><title>Frames Example</title></head>
<frameset cols="180px,*,150px">
<frame src="left.html" />
<frame src="middle.html" />
<frame src="right.html" />
</frameset>
</html>

 Note the target attribute applied to the


<a> elements in the left frame.
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Inline Frames: <iframe>
 Inline frames provide
a way to show one
website inside another website:

iframe-demo.html
<iframe name="iframeGoogle" width="600" height="400"
src="http://www.google.com" frameborder="yes"
scrolling="yes"></iframe>

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