Familiesand Households Workbook
Familiesand Households Workbook
Familiesand Households Workbook
A LEVEL SOCIOLOGY
BOOK ONE
Student Workbook for
Chapter 4
FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
Topic 1 Couples 1
Topic 2 Childhood 12
Topic 4 Demography 30
Topic 1
After studying this Topic, you should:
Know about gender roles in the domestic division of labour.
Know about power relationships between couples, including decision-
making, control of resources and domestic violence.
Couples
Be able to analyse how far these roles and relationships have changed
over time.
Be able to evaluate different sociological views on couples’ roles and
relationships.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
a.
b.
c.
1.
2.
1
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The domestic division of labour (pages 167-168)
Topic 1
1. Define the following terms:
a. Instrumental role
Couples
b. Expressive role
2. According to Parsons, what is the difference between these roles based on?
2. According to Young and Wilmott, which social class is more likely to have segregated
conjugal roles?
b.
c.
2
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3. According to Young and Willmott, which couples are most likely to be symmetrical?
Topic 1
4. Identify four social changes that have encouraged the rise of the symmetrical family.
a.
Couples
b.
c.
d.
3. Briefly outline Oakley’s findings on men’s involvement in (a) housework and (b) childcare.
3
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Are couples becoming more equal? (pages 168-172)
Topic 1
Using Table 4A, answer the following:
1. In which type of couple is the domestic work most equally shared?
Couples
2. In which type of couple is the domestic work most unequally shared?
2. In your view, has there been a significant change since 1994 in who carries out the tasks?
3. How does the data support the feminist view of women having a dual burden in the family?
4. What does the quantitative data fail to show in relation to women’s domestic tasks?
According to Boulton, women take responsibility for children’s security and well-being. How is
this view supported by the following studies:
4
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Emotion work and the triple shift (page 170)
Topic 1
1. Define ‘emotion work’.
Couples
a.
b.
c.
1. According to Southerton, why do mothers today face greater difficulties in trying to organise
quality time?
5
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2. Summarise the evidence from the studies for each explanation in the table below.
Topic 1
Cultural explanation Material explanation
Couples
Man Yee Kan Sara Arber and Jay Ginn
b.
2. How does Dunne explain the difference between lesbian and heterosexual couples?
6
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Topic 1
6.
Couples
7.
8.
9.
What three points do Barrett and McIntosh make about family resources?
1.
2.
3.
Define Pahl and Vogler’s two types of control over family income:
2. Pooling
7
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Decision-making (pages 172-173)
Topic 1
Define Edgell’s three types of decision and who tends to make these.
Couples
2. Important decisions
2. Suggest why having separate money may not necessarily mean inequality in a couple.
Why may same-sex couples have different arrangements from heterosexual couples in relation
to money?
8
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Activity: Discussion Resources and sharing of decisions? (page 173)
Topic 1
Write your summary here.
Couples
Domestic violence (pages 174-176)
2. Why do sociologists reject the view that domestic violence has psychological rather than
social causes?
3. According to Dobash and Dobash, how does marriage legitimate domestic violence?
c. Aliyah Dar
9
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Official statistics (page 174)
Topic 1
Give the two main reasons why official statistics understate the true extent of domestic violence.
1.
Couples
2.
10
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Activity: Media Why don’t domestic violence victims leave? (page 176)
Topic 1
Write your summary here.
Couples
QuickCheck Questions (page 177)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Topic 2
After studying this Topic, you should:
Understand why sociologists see childhood as a social construction.
Know the reasons for the emergence of the modern notion of childhood.
Be able to analyse and evaluate different views of the position of children
Childhood
today.
Be able to analyse and evaluate different views of the future of
childhood.
1.
2.
3a.
3b.
3c.
3d.
3e.
3f.
3g.
3h.
4.
5.
2.
3.
12
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Application (page 179)
Topic 2
Write your answers here.
1.
Childhood
2.
Give three examples of how children are treated differently in different societies.
1.
2.
3.
Activity: Webquest Child labour laws around the world (page 180)
Write your summary of the discussion from section B of the activity here.
a.
b.
13
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Historical differences in childhood (page 180)
Topic 2
1. Give two ways in which children were seen to be the same as adults in the Middle Ages.
a.
Childhood
b.
2. How does the painting illustrate Ariès’ view of childhood in the Middle Ages?
1. Give three reasons for the emergence of the modern notion of childhood.
a.
b.
c.
14
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The future of childhood (pages 181-183)
Topic 2
1. State three ways in which Postman argues that childhood is disappearing:
a.
Childhood
b.
c.
1. Outline how in Postman’s view the information hierarchy has been destroyed.
1. According to Jenks, what is the difference between childhood in modernity and postmodernity?
15
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2. How does Jenks see parents’ relationships with their children in postmodern society?
Topic 2
Childhood
3. Give two criticisms of Jenks’ work.
a.
b.
Give three ways in which children’s lives have improved according to the march of progress view.
1.
2.
3.
16
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Activity: Webquest The cost of child-centredness (page 183)
Topic 2
Write your summary here.
Childhood
Toxic childhood (page 183)
a.
b.
c.
Give the two criticisms that the conflict view makes of the march of progress view.
1.
2.
1. gender
17
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2. ethnicity
Topic 2
3. social class
Childhood
Inequalities between children and adults (page 184)
Give an example of each of the following ways in which adults control children:
a.
b.
18
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Activity: Discussion Has the position of children improved? (page 186)
Topic 2
Write your summary here.
Childhood
The ‘new sociology of childhood’ (page 186)
1. What is meant by the idea that children are mere ‘socialisation projects’?
3. What methods are most appropriate for studying a child’s point of view? Give reasons for
your answer.
19
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QuickCheck Questions (page 187)
Topic 2
Write your answers below.
1.
Childhood
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Topic 3
After studying this Topic, you should:
Understand the functionalist, Marxist, feminist and personal life
perspectives on the family.
Be able to analyse the similarities and differences between these
1.
2.
2. According to Murdock, what are the four essential functions performed by the family?
a.
b.
c.
d.
21
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Criticisms of Murdock (pages 189)
Topic 3
Give two criticisms of Murdock’s functionalist view of the family.
1.
b.
3. Explain how the nuclear family meets each of these two needs.
22
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Box 30 The evidence against Parsons (page 190)
Topic 3
Outline the three criticisms of Parsons.
1.
3.
What two essential or ‘irreducible’ functions does Parsons suggest that the nuclear family now
performs?
1.
2.
23
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3. According to Engels, what did the rise of the monogamous nuclear family mean for women?
Topic 3
Theories of the family
4. According to Marxists, why will the overthrow of capitalism mean the end of the patriarchal
nuclear family?
a.
b.
Identify three ways in which the family is an important market for consumer goods.
1.
2.
3.
24
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Criticisms of the Marxist perspective (page 192)
Topic 3
State three criticisms of the Marxist perspective.
1.
3.
Write your answers here by inserting the correct numbers after each of the following:
Functionalist
Marxist
Both
2. In what way do liberal feminists agree with ‘march of progress’ theorists? What evidence do
they give for this?
2. Identify three ways in which Marxist feminists see women as being oppressed.
a.
25
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b.
Topic 3
c.
1. According to radical feminists, what are the two features of the division between men and
women in patriarchal society?
a.
b.
2. Give two solutions that radical feminists propose to overcome women’s oppression.
a.
b.
26
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The personal life perspective on families (pages 194-196)
Topic 3
Identify two features that functionalist, Marxist and feminist perspectives on the family can be
said to share.
1.
2. Give five examples of relationships that may give individuals a sense of belonging.
3. In what ways does the personal life perspective challenge the conventional ‘blood and
marriage’ view of family relationships?
What problems might be faced by donor-conceived children, their parents and others?
27
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Activity: Media Donor-conceived children (page 196)
Topic 3
Write your summary here.
3. Identify two ways in which the personal life perspective differs from functionalism.
a.
b.
28
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QuickCheck Questions (page 197)
Topic 3
Write your answers below.
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
29
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TOPIC 4 Demography
Learning Objectives
Topic 4
After studying this Topic, you should:
Know the main population trends in the UK since 1900.
Understand and be able to evaluate the reasons for population changes.
Be able to analyse the similarities and differences between these
Demography
perspectives.
Be able to evaluate the usefulness of these perspectives on the family.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1. Identify the four factors that affect the size of a country’s population.
a.
b.
c.
d.
b. Net migration
30
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Births (pages 199-201)
Topic 4
1. Define the following terms:
a. Birth rate
Demography
2. Identify two reasons for changes in the fertility and birth rates.
a.
b.
Summarise each of the following reasons for the decline in the birth rate:
4. Child centredness
31
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Future trends in birth rates (page 201 and Figure 4.2)
Topic 4
1. What is the reason for the slight increase in births since 2001?
Demography
2. What does the overall projection show about the number of births up to 2041?
1. The family?
32
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Reasons for the decline in the death rate (pages 202-203)
Topic 4
1. According to Tranter, what was the main reason for the decline in the death rate from 1850 to
1970.
2. By the 1950s, what kinds of diseases had become the main cause of death?
Demography
3. Summarise each of the following social factors that had an impact on death rates:
a. Improved nutrition
b. Medical improvements
2. What is the difference in life expectancy for a baby boy born in 1900 as compared with a
baby boy born in 2013?
3. Give one reason why average life expectancy was low in 1900.
33
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Question (page 203)
Topic 4
Write your answer here.
Reason 1
Demography
Reason 2
Reason 3
1. Identify three factors that have caused the ageing of the population.
a.
b.
c.
34
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Ageism, modernity and postmodernity (pages 204-205)
Topic 4
1. Define ageism.
Demography
2. In what ways might ageism be seen?
1. How does the life course in postmodern society differ from that in modern society?
3. What does this mean for old people’s identities and ageist stereotypes?
35
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Topic 4
Demography
Inequality among the old (page 205)
How might a person’s previous occupational position affect them when they are older?
1.
3.
1. Immigration
2. Emigration
3. Net migration
1. Draw a timeline to show the groups who migrated to the UK from 1900 to the 1970s.
You may want to do this on a sheet of graph paper, or a poster to display in your classroom.
36
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2. By the 1980s' what part of the world did most immigrants to the UK come from?
Topic 4
Demography
Emigration (page 206)
2. What other reasons might migrants have for leaving their country?
The impact of migration on the UK population structure (page 206 and Table 4D)
1. Using Table 4D, explain how immigration is causing natural population increase.
b. Indirectly?
37
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Topic 4
2. The effect of changes to life expectancy
Demography
3. The effect of differing rates of migration
1. Define globalisation.
3. How does today’s pattern of super-diversity differ from pre-1990s migration patterns?
4. In your view, which type of migrant - citizen, denizen or helot - are asylum seekers most likely
to be? Give your reasons.
5. In what ways does the feminisation of migration reflect the gender division of labour in
western societies?
38
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3. What is meant by ‘hierarchical identities? Use an example to illustrate this.
Topic 4
4. What does Eriksen mean by ‘transnational identities’?
Demography
The politicisation of migration (page 208)
4. Why has there been a move back towards assimilation policies in recent years?
39
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QuickCheck Questions (page 209)
Topic 4
Write your answers below.
1.
Demography
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Topic 5
After studying this Topic, you should:
Know the main changes in partnerships, including marriage, divorce,
cohabitation and civil partnerships, as well as one-person and extended
family households.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
41
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Box 31 - A brief history of divorce law (page 212)
Topic 5
Draw a timeline to show the changes to divorce law outlined in the Box.
You may want to do this on a large sheet of paper, or a poster to display in your classroom.
a. On your timeline of divorce law, mark those changes in the law that:
b. Give three other possible solutions to the breakdown of a marriage, apart from divorce.
a. What is stigma?
3. Secularisation
a. Define secularisation.
42
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b. Why are functionalists optimistic about marriage despite higher divorce rates?
Topic 5
c. What aspect of rising divorce rates do functionalists fail to explain?
b.
c.
d.
6. Feminist explanations
a. What role does the dual burden play in causing an increased divorced rate?
b. According to radical feminists, why are women more likely to file for divorce?
43
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The meaning of a high divorce rate (pages 214-215)
Topic 5
Summarise the different sociological views on divorce in the table below:
Postmodernists and
individualisation thesis
Functionalists
Interactionists
44
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Partnerships (pages 215-216)
Topic 5
Identify four changes in the pattern of marriage in recent years.
1.
3.
4.
b. Secularisation
e. Fear of divorce
4. Give two reasons why couples today may be less likely to get married in church.
45
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Cohabitation (pages 216-217)
Topic 5
1. Define cohabitation.
c.
d.
1.
2.
3.
4.
(b)
2.
46
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Activity: Discussion Cohabitation is becoming ‘marriage by another name’ (page 217)
Topic 5
Write your summary here.
1. Identify three rights that are the same for same-sex couples and heterosexual couples.
a.
b.
c.
3. According to Weston, how have same-sex relationships changed since the 1970s?
5. According to Anna Einasdottir, why might some gays and lesbians see legal recognition
of same-sex relationships as limiting?
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One-person households (pages 217-218)
Topic 5
1. Note the three patterns of one-person households today.
a.
c.
b.
1.
2.
b.
c.
b.
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Application (page 219)
Topic 5
Write your answers here.
1.
1. Give two reasons for the rise in the number of lone-parent families.
a.
b.
b.
c.
b.
1. What reason does Murray give for the increase in lone-parent families?
49
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Topic 5
5. Give four reasons why lone-parent families are likely to be in poverty.
a.
c.
d.
1. Why are the children in stepfamilies more likely to be from the woman’s previous relationship
rather than the man’s?
Family type Ethnic group with highest Ethnic group with lowest
percentage (%) percentage (%)
Married couples ( %) ( %)
Cohabiting couples ( %) ( %)
Lone parents ( %) ( %)
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1. Suggest two reasons why Black families are more likely to be lone-parent families than
Topic 5
families in other ethnic groups.
a.
2. Suggest one reason why the statistics on lone-parent Black families may not reflect the
true situation?
3. Identify two reasons why Asian households tend to be larger than those of other ethnic
groups.
Summarise the evidence from the following studies for the continued existence of the extended
family today:
a. Charles
b. Willmott
c. Chamberlain
d. Bell
b.
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2. Which two demographic changes have encouraged the ‘beanpole’ family?
Topic 5
a.
1. List the order of obligation to help with household tasks that Cheal identifies.
52
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QuickCheck Questions (page 223)
Topic 5
Write your answers below.
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Topic 6
After studying this Topic, you should:
Be able to describe a range of different sociological views of family
diversity.
Understand the difference between modernist and postmodernist
Family diversity
approaches to family diversity.
Be able to analyse and evaluate sociological explanations of family
diversity.
1.
2.
3.
a.
b.
54
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Analysis and evaluation (page 225)
Topic 6
Write your answer here.
Family diversity
The New Right (pages 225-226)
1. Describe the family type that the New Right regard as normal.
2. What reasons do the New Right give for supporting this type of family?
3. Give three reasons why the New Right see lone-parent families as harmful to children.
a.
b.
c.
4. Summarise Benson’s findings on cohabitation versus marriage. How does this support the
New Right view?
a.
b.
55
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Criticisms of the New Right (page 226)
Topic 6
Briefly summarise the five criticisms of the New Right view of the family.
1.
Family diversity
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. What five patterns does Chester identify to show that there has been little change to the
modern family.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Identify and briefly describe the Rapoports’ five types of family diversity.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Application (page 228)
Topic 5
Write your answer here.
b.
1. According to Stacey, how have women benefited from the greater freedom of postmodern
society?
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2. What method did Stacey use in her research?
Topic 6
3. What does Stacey mean by the ‘divorce-extended family’? How do divorce-extended families
reflect the postmodernist view of family life?
Family diversity
The individualisation thesis (page 229)
2. What are the two major strengths of using this method to investigate families?
a.
b.
1. Give the two reasons for greater choice and equality in families and marriage.
a.
b.
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2. What is the key feature of the ‘pure relationship’?
Topic 6
3. Why does Giddens see the pure relationship as a ‘rolling contract’?
Family diversity
Same-sex couples as pioneers (page 230)
Why does Giddens see same-sex couples as pioneers of new family types?
2. Identify two social trends that have undermined the patriarchal family.
a.
b.
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The personal life perspective (page 231)
Topic 6
State three criticisms that the personal life perspective makes of the individualisation thesis.
1.
Family diversity
2.
3.
1. How does Finch and Mason’s study of extended families support the connectedness thesis?
2. Why does the connectedness thesis see Giddens’ view of the pure relationship as incorrect?
3. Give three examples of gender differences in how far individuals have choices about their
relationships.
a.
b.
c.
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The power of structures (page 232)
Topic 6
Give an example of how structures continue to limit choice in relationships and families.
Family diversity
Activity: Discussion is the nuclear family best? (page 232)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Topic 7
After studying this Topic, you should:
Know some of the ways in which social policies may affect families.
Understand the different sociological perspectives on families and
1.
2.
Complete the following to summarise the cross-cultural examples of how the state can affect
family life.
Communist Romania
Democratic societies
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Activity: Media China’s one-child policy (page 235)
Topic 7
Write a summary paragraph to answer the question, ‘Should governments be able to control
aspects of family life?’
1.
2.
What are the two main criticisms of the functionalist view of social policy in relation to the family?
1.
2.
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Donzelot: policing the family (page 236)
Topic 7
1. What is meant by the following terms?
a. Surveillance (Foucault)
2. In what way does Donzelot’s view of the effect of policy on family life differ from the
functionalists’ view?
1. Describe the roles of the adults in the New Right view of the ‘traditional’ nuclear family.
How does their view compare to the functionalists’?
2. Give three examples of policies that the New Right see as threatening the conventional family
and producing social problems.
3. Explain what is meant by the idea that welfare benefits are ‘perverse incentives’.
4. Give two examples of ways in which benefits may act as ‘perverse incentives’.
5. Explain one way in which taxes might be used to encourage the traditional nuclear family.
6. How do the New Right and functionalism differ in their views of the impact of welfare
policies on family life?
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Analysis and evaluation (page 237)
Topic 7
Write your answer here. (You might find it useful to look back at Topic 2 Childhood for an
explanation of social construction.)
New Labour
1997-2010
Conservative-led
2010-2015
Complete the table to show how feminists see policies maintaining the patriarchal family.
Childcare
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Evaluation of the feminist view (page 239)
Topic 7
How has the feminist view of social policy been criticised? Give examples of some policies that
illustrate the criticism.
Make your notes here for your policy area. Use these to help you prepare your handout.
a. Individualistic
b. Familistic
2. Give one example of a country with an individualistic gender regime and one example of a
country with a familistic gender regime.
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Activity: Discussion The impact of policy on family life (page 240)
Topic 7
Complete your preparation for your presentation below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.