Data Budidaya Tambak Jember Indah
Data Budidaya Tambak Jember Indah
Data Budidaya Tambak Jember Indah
Growing cells utilized citrate faster when co-metabolizing galactose than when co-metabolizing
glucose or lactose but grew more slowly on galactose
Greater metabolism of citrate occurred if the cells were grown on galactose than on glucose or
lactose. This may be due to repression of citrate metabolism by glucose. This effect is on enzyme
synthesis rather than on enzyme activity. Is the one normally found in other LAB viz. citrate :
oxalacetate : pyruvate : acetolactate : acetoin/diacetyl (Hugenholtz 1993).
Palles, P., Beresford, B., Condon, C., & Cogan, C. (1998). Citrate metabolism in Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus
plantarum. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 85(1), 147-154.
There are several immune responses induced in shrimp like physical barriers, encapsulation, bacteria
clearance, antimicrobial activity, pro-phenol-oxidase system, clotting reactions, and reactive oxygen
intermediates. The innate immune response was induced under a diversity of PRR (pattern
recognition receptors) on the hemocyte membranes to discover the PAMP (pathogen-associated
molecule pattern) and reduce signals during the attack of pathogens. Then, hemocytes are activated,
and the defense molecules are degranulated against the defined pathogens (Song and Li 2014).
This may be attributed to the role of L. plantarum in activation of the pro-phenol-oxidase (Pro. PO),
phenol-oxidase (PO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, respiratory bursts (RB), and
peroxinectin mRNA transcription and increased the rate of survival after V. alginolyticus challenge
(Chiu et al. 2007). Also, Lactobacillus bulgaricus improved both the humoral and cellular immune
defense activities in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in terms of increasing hemocyte
counts, PO, and RB activity and reduced shrimp mortality after challenged with V. parahaemolyticus
(Roomiani et al. 2018). Huynh et al. (2018) suggested that Lactobacillus plantarum could modulate
the immune system of Litopenaeus vannamei by increasing the levels of several metabolites such as
inosine monophosphate (IMP), valine, and betaine.
the antiviral affects may be attributed to the interaction between bacterial cell and virus, to the
ability of bacterial cell to produce the antiviral bacterial derivatives, or to the immunomodulatory
role of probiotic towards activation of the immune system The interaction between bacterial cell
and virus could be possible through absorbed and/or trapped mechanisms which inhibited virus’s
proliferation.
Nguyen et al. (2018) presented the evidence on the positive effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus
plantarum on growth and resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibrio parahaemolyticus
which causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND).
With regard to the harmful effects of ammonia, Liu and Chen (2004) stated that ambient ammonia
reduced the resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei to Vibrio infection by decreasing the phagocytic
and SOD activities and increasing the superoxide anions which may be toxic to the host (Ma et al.
2009).
The higher concentration of heterotrophic bacteria led to rapidly convert dissolved free nitrogen
into natural microbial biomass. Actually, heterotrophic bacteria can be developed fastly up to 10
times more than nitrification bacterium and thus markedly minimized the time required to remove
the toxic from of ammonia-N (reduced nitrite-N levels) (Hargreaves 2006).
Naiel, M. A., Farag, M. R., Gewida, A. G., Elnakeeb, M. A., Amer, M. S., & Alagawany, M. (2021). Using lactic
acid bacteria as an immunostimulants in cultured shrimp with special reference to Lactobacillus spp. Aquaculture
International, 29, 219-231.