APPENDIX 1

Description of major rock types

Hanging wall

i. Nortite

This is the dominant rock in the Main Zone. It consists of 35-65% cumulus
plagioclase and 35-65% orthopyroxene. Norites typically contain more
plagioclase than orthopyroxene. Clinopyroxene can make up to 10% of the rock.
Both plagioclase and pyroxene minerals occur as cumulus grains with a medium
grain size.

ii. Leuco-norite

A leuco-norite contains 65-90% plagioclase and is identified by the generally

lighter colour. Orthopyroxene content drops to 10-35%.

iii. Mela-norite

A mela-norite is darker coloured containing 65-90% orthopyroxene and 10-35%

plagioclase.

iv. Gabbronorite

Gabbronorites are identified by containing both a orthopyroxene and

clinopyroxene content of >10% and up to 65%. Plagioclase varies between 35-
65%. Both plagioclase and pyroxene minerals occur as cumulus grains with a
medium grain size.
 v. Leuco-gabbronorite

A leuco-gabbronorite contains 65-90% plagioclase and is identified by the

generally lighter colour. Orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene content drops to 10-
35%.

vi. Mela-gabbronorite

A mela-gabbronorite is darker coloured containing 65-90% pyroxene and 10-35%

plagioclase minerals.

vii. Hybrid Norite

Hybrid norite is a term used in the production geology department to describe

norite which exhibits a recrystalised texture in addition to chloritisation - resulting
in a green stain noticeable on the plagioclase. Plagioclase also looks more opaque
with slightly fine crystals. Hybrid norite is found commonly in the immediate
hangingwall, pervasive at South Pit. Hybrid norite can be mineralised.

The exploration department uses the term Hybrid Norite to describe

metamorphically altered norite or gabbronorite found throughout the stratigraphic
succession.

Reef

i. Pyroxenite

Pyroxenite contains >90% cumulus pyroxene minerals. Intercumulus plagioclase

content is <10%. The plagioclase may not be visible in core by is always present
in thin sections (Nex et al., 2006).

Grain size varies between fine to pegmatiodal. Fine grained pyroxenites are found
near the hangingwall contact in the C-Reef and in the footwall and are of Lower
Zone affinity (covered under Granofels) (Nex et al., 2006).

Figure 1: Coarse grained pyroxenite with evidence of alteration.

ii. Serpentinised Pyroxenite

Pyroxenites which have undergone hydrothermal alteration display a darker

black-green colour. The alteration occurs due to the hydration of ferromagnesian
minerals (olivines and pyroxenes). Serpentine minerals include antigorite,
chrysotile and lizardite (Nex et al., 2006). Minor amounts of chlorite and talc are
also present. The rock is termed a Serpentinite if alteration has completely
overprinted the original texture and minerals beyond visual recognition (see
Serpentinite).

iii. Feldspathic Pyroxenite

Feldspathic pyroxenite is not an IUGS term but a locally derived term to separate
the HW mela-norties from the reef mela-norites due to the textural difference. The
textural difference lies in the relationship between pyroxene and plagioclase. The
plagioclase in Feldspathic Pyroxenite (withing the reef) is 10-20% intercumulus.
No precise upper limit exists for the amount of plagioclase present (Nex et al.,
2006) which is most apparent in pegmatoidal variants.

The following variants exist in the exploration database:

iv. Serpentinised Feldspathic Pyroxenite

This term is used for visual hydrous alteration of Feldspathic Pyroxenite.

Intercumulus plagioclase is still visually identifiable.

v. Pegmatoidal Feldspathic Pyroxenite

The composition is more accurately termed noritic but the term feldspathic
Pyroxenite is used to distinguish between Platreef and MZ rocks (Nex et al.,
2006). Visually these rocks contain >20% plagioclase.

vi. Serpentinite

Serpentine minerals include antigorite, chrysotile and lizardite (Nex et al., 2006).
Minor amounts of chlorite and talc are also present

The original texture is overprinted and grain sizes are often reduced. The origin of
the rock is then difficult to identify without geochemical analyses (Nex et al.,
2006).

vii. Calc-silicate

A calc-silicate is a metamorphic derivation of dolomite containing calcium rich

silicates. The rock occurs within the reef package as xenoliths and can also be
found on the footwall contact. The mineral content is extremely varied and
therefore colour variation is wide. Minerals include (but not limited to) tremolite,
metamorphic forsterite, diopside, wollastonite and Ca-rich garnet (Nex et al.,
2006). Grain size varies between fine and medium depending on mineral
assemblage. The database describes the texture as recrystalised and cumulus. The
two textural descriptions may be diagnostic of differing mineral proportions.

Figure 2: Calc-silicate with medium grained diopside (yellow mineral).

viii. Parapyroxenite

The term Parapyroxenite is not internationally recognised but refers to rocks

containing metamorphically derived clinopyroxene (Nex et al., 2006). There is
significant variation in appearance which is dependent on degree of
metamorphism. Grains are usually fine and interlocking due to metamorphic
recrystallization. Rocks have a green hue due to the high content of diopside (Nex
et al., 2006). The term is used in exploration database to describe igneous reef
rocks in close proximity to calc-silicate which exhibit a metamorphosed texture.

The term Parapyroxenite should be applied carefully (Nex et al., 2006). Visual
identification of Parapyroxenite variants in core is therefore extremely difficult.
The following variants of parapyroxenite exist in the exploration database:

ix. Feldspathic Parapyroxenite

A Parapyroxenite is termed a Feldspathic Parapyroxenite when the intercumulus

plagioclase content is 10-20%.
 x. Serpentinised Parapyroxenite

A Parapyroxenite is termed a Serpentinised Parapyroxenite if it displays visible

hydrous alteration which darkens the colour. Pressumably this is in combiniation
to a finer grain size.

xi. Serpentinised Feldspathic Parapyroxenite

A Parapyroxenite is described as a Serpentinsed Feldspathic Parapyroxenite when

the intercumulus plagioclase content is 10-20% and the original green hue is
darkened by hydrous alteration.

Foot wall

i. Granofels

Granofels is a term used for footwall agmatites, breccia and agmatitic breccia
containing two igneous components developed at the footwall contact. Fine
grained Pyroxenite fragments occur within a granitic matrix (Nex et al., 2006).
Pyroxenite fragments are identified as irregular and angular blocks of varying size
between the cross cutting leucocratic veins. The leucocratic and granitic matrix
contains plagioclase and quartz from an unknown origin – presumably assimilated
Archean granite (Cawthorn et al., 1985).
APPENDIX 2
Abbr Description
A Anorthosite
C Calc Silicate
CRFPYX Chromite bearing Feldspathic pyroxenite
D Dyke
F Granofels
FPEG Feldspathic Pegmatoid pyroxenite
FPYX Feldspathic pyroxenite
G Granite
GF Granofels
GN Gabbronorites
GRAN Granite
H Hybrid Norite
I Intrusive Norite
K Chromitite
LGN Leuco-Gabbronorites
LGRAN Leuco-Granite
MGN Mela-Gabbronorites
N Norite
O Oxidised Ore
ON Oxidised norites
OP Oxidised pyroxenite
P Pyroxenite
PYXCR Pyroxenite bearing chromitite
Q QZFS
QZFS Quartz-feldspar
QZFSSZ Quartz-feldspathic Shear zone
QZV Quartz Vein
R ParaPyroxenite
S Serpentinite
SFHARZ Serpentinised Feldspathic Harzburgite
SFPYX Serpentinised Feldspathic Pyroxenite
SHARZ Serpentinised Harzburgite
SLg Sample Loss (Geological features i.e faults, joints and fracturing)
Slu Sample Loss (UG Workings)
SPARA Serpentinised Parapyroxenites
SPYX Serpentinised pyroxenite
STD Standard
V Vein
X Serpentinised Parapy
 TEXTURE Description
BND Banding
BREC Brecciated
CONT Continuous
COR Coronas
CUMU Cumulate
DISS Disseminated
EUHEDRAL Euhedral
FBND Flow banding
G
GNESSIC Gneissic
GRAN Granular
GRAPH Graphitic (Pegmatite Veins - Qz-Kfs exsolution)
GRAPHIC Graphic
HOM Homogeneous
LENSE Lense
MASSIVE Massive
MOT Mottled
OIKS Oikocrysts
P
PEG Pegmatoidal
POIK Poikiltic
POR Porphyroblastic
PORPH Porphyritic
POSTCUM Postcumulate
Recrt Recrt
RECRY Recrystallised
SBHEDRAL Subhedral
Spck Spck
SPOT Spotted
SPOT MOT Spotted Mottled
SPOTMOT Spotted and Mottled
STR Stringers
VARI Varitextured
VTAN VTAN
 GRAIN SIZE Description
VF Very fine
F Fine
F-M Fine to medium
F-C Fine to coarse
F-PEG Fine to pegmatoidal
M-F Medium to fine
M Medium
M-C Medium to coarse
M-VC Medium to very coarse
M-PEG Medium to pegmatoidal
C-M Coarse to medium
C Coarse
C-VC Coarse to very coarse
C-PEG Coarse to pegmatoidal
VC Very coarse
VC-PEG Very coarse to pegmatoidal
PEG Pegmatoidal
APPENDIX 3
Test Types

4 tests are discussed below. Data for all 4 tests are available in different quantities
in the exploration database:

UCS

A widely used method of testing the strength of a rock is using the Uniaxial
Compressive Strength (UCS) test. The UCS (σc) of the intact rock is used in rock
mass classification schemes (section 3.7), and as a basic parameter in the rock
mass strength criterion. These tests are usually done on cylindrical samples (Jager
and Ryder, 1999). It is used to determine the unconfined compressive strength
(σc), elastic constants, Young’s modulus, E, and Poisson’s ratio of the rock
material (refer to Jager and Ryder, 1999 for more information regarding rock
engineering variables).

Despite its apparent simplicity, great care must be exercised in interpreting results
obtained in the test. observed response will depend on the nature and composition
of the rock and on the condition of the test specimens. the uniaxial compressive
strengths of samples of rock having the same geological name, can vary widely
but do indicate a qualitative mechanical behaviour. Despite the fact that such
features are typical of some rock types, it is dangerous to attempt to assign
mechanical properties to rock from a particular location on the basis of its
geological description alone (Brady & Brown, 2006).

The strength of the rocks may vary due to mineralogical, physical and chemical
composition (Heinz, 2009). For similar mineralogy, decreases in unconfined
compressive strength (σc) occur with increases in (Jager & Ryder, 1999)
(Palmstrom, 1995):
  Porosity
 Weathering
 Microfissuring
 Water content

A positive correlation between UCS and Blast Efficiency (a measure of block size
distribution after a blast) exists showing that a decrease in UCS increases the
blasting efficiency (Saliu et al., 2013), increase in crushing efficiency (Adeyemo
& Olaleye, 2012) and increase in drilling efficiency (Bourgoyne et al., 1986).

PLI

The Point Load Index is a representative rock strength index calculated by

investigating the amount of stress applied to a rock at failure. The test is done
using a point load tester which consists of a loading frame with a mounted
hydraulic ram. The rock sample is set between two conical platens. Stress is
applied by pumping the ram until the rock fails. A pressure gauge records the
greatest stress applied. The diameter of the rock sample must also be recorded.
The test is simple and cost effective.

The PLI results can be converted to UCS (Hayes & Piper, 2003) (Ozturk et al.,
2014). UCS is calculated from the PLI using conversion factors, either site
specific or universal. Failure mode from point load test is primarily by tensile
fracturing and therefore a stronger correlation between PLI and tensile strength
exists (Dhungana, 2013). The estimation of compressive strength is conducted by
making a linear approximation (Zacoeb and Ishibashi, 2009). Broch and Franklin
(1972) reported that for 50 mm diameter cores the uniaxial compressive strength
is approximately equal to 24 times the point load index (Broch & Franklin, 1972).

Conversion factors have been found to be rock dependant (Akram & Bakar,
2007). Pells (1975) showed that the index-to-strength conversion factor of 24 can
lead to 20 % error in the prediction of compressive strength for rocks such as
dolerite, norite and pyroxenite. The onsite factors for UCS conversion for rock
types are:

Table 1: Site conversion factors for UCS calculation from PLI test (Source: Little, 2006)

Rock Type UCS Conversion Factor

Norite 23
Feldspathic Pyroxenite 22
Pyroxenite 16
Parapyroxenite 28
Serpentinite 28
Granofels 26
Calc-silicate 25

These are site specific conversion factors calculated from the lab UCS tests for the
major rock types (Hayes & Piper, 2003). These factors fall within the ISRM
(1985) recommendations (Little, 2006).

The index is calculated to a standard point load index Is(50). This is calculated with
the following variables (Dhungana, 2013):
 Load at failure
 Core size

The test gives a Load (kN) amount read off an dial. This result is used as the input
to convert the test to MPa taking into account the size of the core. The test method
follows international best practice (ISRM, 1985)

First the uncorrected point load strength (𝐼𝑠 ) in MPa is calculated:

𝑰𝒔 = 𝑷/𝑫𝒆 𝟐
Where:
P is the load in kN
𝑫𝒆 𝑖s the equivalent core diameter (D = 𝐷𝑒 for diametral testing on core)
Secondly, the uncorrected point load strength (𝐼𝑠 ) is changed to a standardised
reference diameter of 50mm (𝐼𝑠 (50)):

𝑰𝒔 (𝟓𝟎) = 𝑭 × 𝑰𝒔
Where:
𝐹 = (𝐷𝑒 /50)0.45

Lastly, the 𝐼𝑠 (50) is converted to UCS by using a conversion factor

A large database of results exists at Mogalakwena to the low costs and ease of
use. A large database is required to calculate UCS from PLI (Dhungana, 2013).

BWI

The Bond Work Index is calculated from conducting Bond Ball Mill Grindability
test to correlate the testwork directly to a full size mill. The test makes use of
smaller ball mills to proxy larger equipment. The test is a measure of the
resistance of the material to crushing and grinding defined as the energy per unit
mass to reduce a particle from infinite size to 80% passing 100 microns. It is used
to predict grinding efficiency in ball mills (Napier-Munn et al., 1999) and
throughput.

DWT

The Drop Weight Test simulates breakage characterisation of material during ore
handling (Napier-Munn et al., 1999). A measured weight is dropped from a
known height onto a sample and the size distribution of the broken chips is
measured. The relationship between surface area (A) and input energy (b) is
calculated. The results simulate breakage of ores in crushers, primarily, and mills.
UCS vs DWT

Figure 3: DWT vs UCS means for OY.

BWI vs DWT

Figure 4: DWT vs BWI mean for OY.

APPENDIX 4

Figure 5: Proposed logging sheet for RC drill chips

APPENDIX 5
Overview of different rig performance:
Drill Hole Penetration
rig count Meters Time Rate
PV141 214 3541.3 184.58 19.19
PV143 292 4768 226.05 21.09
PV144 387 5320.3 186.65 28.50
PV145 249 4033.5 203.17 19.85
PV146 148 1922.1 79.58 24.15
PV147 8 141.6 11.03 12.83
PV148 94 1451.7 93.47 15.53
PV149 1017 14136.6 458.22 30.85
Total 2409 35315.1 1443 24.48

Performance results in different patterns. Note that PV143 has a sweeper installed
which increases ROP.

329-043 Reef and HW

Rig Penetration Holes
PV145 21.08378 37
PV141 21.17654 25
PV144 14.23271 5
PV143 24.46378 85

326-050 Reef and FW

Rig Penetration Holes
PV143 27.94784917 55
PV144 18.96761005 19
PV145 22.06948642 49

326-085 FW
Rig Penetration Holes
PV149 14.06358689 16
PV141 13.46098593 27
PV143 22.63386666 4
PV144 20.59564064 20