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Lec 3 - Cell

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6 views

Lec 3 - Cell

Uploaded by

dasshrayan343434
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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a n

u m
H ell
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Dr A H M Mazharul Islam
Associate Professor
Department of Anatomy
Mugda Medical College
Learning objectives

After this session students will be able to

• define cell

• identify the different parts of the cell

• draw and label a human cell

• describe cell membrane and

• differentiate between organelles and inclusions of cell


Cell
Cell is the
structural and functional unit of an living organism

RBC Neuron

Smooth muscle cell


Cell differentiation
process by which cells change their functional or phenotypical
type in order to perform different functions.
A human cell
Structure / parts of a cell

▪ Cell membrane

▪ Protoplasm
• Cytoplasm
✓ Organelles

✓ Cytoskeleton

✓ Inclusions

• Nucleus
❖ Exception: RBC & Platelet (nucleus absent)
Draw and label a human cell
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from
the outside environment

• Thickness
7.5 to 10 nm

• Visible only in
the electron
microscope
Functions of cell membrane

( Ref: Junqueira’s Basic Histology TEXT AND ATLAS, 14th edition, Page : 21
Structure of cell membrane

Cell membrane consists of

• Lipid
o Phospholipids
o Cholesterol

• Proteins

• Carbohydrate Fluid mosaic model


o Oligosaccharide chain Singer and Nicholson, in
the early 1970s
Lipids of cell membrane

• Phospholipids - produces bilayer structure.


• Cholesterol - interspersed throughout the lipid bilayer.
Phospholipids of cell membrane
Phospholipid molecules are
amphipathic
• a polar, hydrophilic head
• a non-polar, hydrophobic tail.

The fluidity and flexibility of the membrane


is increased by the presence of unsaturated
fatty acids which prevent close packing of
the hydrophobic tails.
Cholesterol of cell membrane

• Present in the bilayer in an almost 1:1 ratio with phospholipids

• Prevents overly dense


packing of the phospholipid
fatty acid tails, thus stabilize
and regulate the fluidity of
the phospholipid bilayer.
Proteins of cell membrane
• Almost half of the total mass of the membrane.
❑ Intrinsic or integral
proteins
o Transmembrane
proteins
• Singlepass proteins
• Multipass proteins
o Anchoring protein

❑ Extrinsic or peripheral
proteins
Functions of cell membrane proteins
Carbohydrate of cell membrane

• On the external surface


• Oligosaccharide chain
• Glycoproteins and glycolipids
• Glycocalyx

Appears to be involved in
• cell recognition phenomena
• formation of intercellular adhesions
• adsorption of molecules to the cell surface
• mechanical and chemical protection for the plasma membrane.
Draw and label cell membrane
Electron micrograph of the plasma membrane

Trilaminar appearance
• two outer electrondense layers
• middle electron-lucent layer.

The outer dense layers are thought


to correspond to the hydrophilic
'heads' of phospholipid molecules,
while the electron-lucent layer is
thought to represent the The electron micrograph of the
plasma membrane (PM)of the
intermediate hydrophobic layer microvilli (MV) of a lining cell from
mainly consisting of fatty acids and the small intestine.

cholesterol.
Organelles
An organelle is a specialized metabolically active structures
within a cell, that has a specific function.

Membranous organelles
 Mitochondria
 Endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi Apparatus
 Lysosomes
 Peroxisomes
 Centrosome

Nonmembranous organelles
 Ribosome
 Proteasome
Mitochondria
Double membrane-bound organelles containing a circular
strand of DNA

Function
• ATP synthesis

Power house of
the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in
shape

Rough endoplasmic reticulum -


ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface.
Function :
i. Modifies, transports and stores
proteins produced by attached
ribosomes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum-


lacking ribosomes
Function :
i. Synthesizes, transports, and stores
lipids
ii. Detoxifies drugs, alcohol and poisons
Golgi apparatus

Series of several elongated, flattened saclike membranous


structures

Function
i. Modifies, packages and
sorts materials that
arrive from the ER in
transport vesicles
ii. Forms secretory
vesicles and lysosomes
Lysosomes

Spherical-shaped membrane bound organelles contain


digestive enzymes

Function
i. Intracellular
digestion
• Microorganisms
• worn-out cellular
components
• entire cell
Centrosome

Region adjacent to nucleus contains a pair of centrioles

Function

i. Organizes
microtubules

ii. Participates in
mitotic spindle
formation during
cell division
Ribosomes

Organelles composed of both protein and ribosomal RNA that


are organized into both a large and small subunit

• May be bound to a
membrane or free
in cytosol

Function
i. Protein synthesis
Protein localization and cell morphology
Cytoskeleton
Organized network of protein filaments
and hollow tubules,
Type
• Microfilaments
• Intermediate filaments
• Microtubules

Function
i. Maintains intracellular
structural support
ii. Facilitates movement
iii. Participates in cell division
Inclusions

Aggregates of specific types of metabolically inactive substances


that are not bound by membranes

Example
• Stored nutrients ( glycogen, lipid)
• Secretory products
• Pigment granules (melanin)
Organelles vs Inclusion

Organelles Inclusion

Living Nonliving

Permanent Temporary

Essential Nonessential

Metabolically active Metabolically inactive

Present in all cells Not present in all cells

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