2014 Anatomy & Physiology (C)

Karen Lancour National Bio Rules Committee Chairman Patty Palmietto National Event Supervisor A&P

Event Rules 2014

DISCLAIMER
This presentation was prepared using draft rules. There may be some changes in the final copy of the rules. The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official rules.

Event Rules 2014

BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2014 EVENT RULES FOR EVENT PARAMETERS AND TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Event Content: 2014

BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Nervous system Integumentary system (new) Immune system (new) Major disorders Treatment and prevention of disorders PROCESS SKILLS - observations, inferences, predictions, calculations, data analysis, and conclusions.

TRAINING MATERIALS

Training Power Point content overview Training Handout - content information Sample Tournament sample problems with key Event Supervisor Guide prep tips, event needs, and scoring tips Internet Resource & Training CDs on the Science Olympiad website at www.soinc.org under Event Information Biology-Earth Science CD, Anatomy/A&P CD (updated) as well as the Division B and Division C Test Packets are available from SO store at www.soinc.org

Divisions of the Nervous System

Brain & Spine

Rest of Body

Neuron

Dendrite receive stimulus and carries it impulses toward the cell body Cell Body with nucleus nucleus & most of cytoplasm Axon fiber which carries impulses away from cell body Schwann Cells- cells which produce myelin or fat layer Myelin sheath lipid layer around the axon Node of Ranvier gaps or nodes in the myelin sheath Impulses travel from dendrite to cell body to axon

Impulses

Impulse

Self propagating Mechanism Na+ K+ pump Junction between neurons Neurotransmitters

Synapse

Synapse

Junction between neurons The neurons do not actually touch at the synapse Neurotransmitters used to restart impulse in dendrite of 2nd neuron

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals in the junction which allow impulses to be started in the second neuron

Reflex Arch

Central Nervous System

Brain

Brain stem

medulla, pons, midbrain

Diencephalon
thalamus & hypothalamus

Cerebellem Cerebrum Spinal Cord

Spine

Cerebrum Regions

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Brocas area Wernickes area Limbic System

Special regions

Peripheral Nervous System

Cranial nerves

12 pair Attached to undersurface of brain 31 pair Attached to spinal cord

Spinal nerves

Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates bodies involuntary responses Two divisions

Sympathetic nervous system

Emergency response Fight or flight Normal everyday conditions

Parasympathetic nervous system

Autonomic Nervous System

Major Sense Organs

Vision Eye Hearing Ear Taste Taste receptors (new) Smell Olfactory system Skin Hot, cold, pressure, pain

Eye

Images

Cornea and the lens help to produce the image Images are upside down and backwards when they reach the retina

Visual Pathway

Ear

Taste Buds

Chemical Receptors Sweet Sour Bitter Salty MSG

Olfactory Receptors

Chemical Receptors Top of nasal cavity Extremely sensitive Easily fatigued Much of taste involves smell

Senses in Skin

Heat Cold Light pressure Heavy Pressure Pain

Disorders of the Nervous System

Epilepsy, Seizures, Alzheimers Disease Multiple Sclerosis Parkinsons Disease, Shingles (herpes zoster), Cerebral palsy, Glaucoma, Pink eye (conjunctivitis) Symptoms of disorders Treatments and prevention

Effects of Drugs
Effects of drugs on the nervous system Alcohol Caffeine Nicotine Marijuana

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Karen Lancour National Bio Rules Committee Chairman Patty Palmietto National Event Supervisor A&P

Integumentary System

The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, the subcutaneous tissue below the skin, and assorted glands.

Skin Functions
Protection from injury Protection against infection Regulates body temperature Regulates water loss Chemical synthesis Sensory perception

Types of Membranes

Serous Membranes Line body cavities that have no opening to the outside Secrete a watery fluid called serous fluid that lubricates surfaces. Mucous Membranes Line cavities and tubes that open to the outside Synovial Membranes Form the inner lining of joint cavities Secrete a thick fluid called synovial fluid Cutaneous Membrane also known as skin

Skin Layers and Attachment Layer

Epidermis Covers internal + external surfaces of body Dermis Inner layer Contains accessory skin structures Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer Attaches the skin to underlying organs & tissues

Thin skin vs. Thick skin

Thin - 1-2 mm on most of the body and 0.5 mm in eyelids Hairy; Covers all parts of the body except palms, soles; Thin epidermis and lacks stratum lucidum; Lacks dermal papillae; Has more sebaceous glands; Fewer sweat glands, sensory receptors than thick skin Thick - up to 6 mm thick on palms of hands and soles of feet; Hairless; Covers palms, and soles; Thick epidermis and a distinct stratum lucidum; Epiderma; ridges are present due to welldeveloped, numerous dermal papillae.; Lacks sebaceous glands, has more sweat glands; Sense receptors are also more densely packed

Epidermal Cell Types

Keratinocytes - 90 % of epidermal
cells are keratinized contains keratin (fibrous protein) protects and waterproofs the skin Melanocytes - 8% of the epidermal cells produces melanin contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light Langerhans cells - Arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis -Constitute small portion of epidermal cells Participate in immune responses Easily damaged by UV light Merkel cells - Least numerous of the epidermal cells Found in the deepest layer of the epidermisAlong with tactile discs, they function in sensation of touch

Epidermal Layers
Stratum corneum - nuclei and organelles are destroyed by lysosomes and the cells fill with keratin Stratum lucidum - only found in the palms and soles of feet 3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes -Dense packed intermediate filaments Thick plasma membranes Stratum granulosum - cells start to become keritanized -Marks the transition between deeper metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the superficial strata -Secretes lipid-rich secretion that acts as a water sealant Stratum spinosum - 8-10 layers of keratinocytes Cells have spine-like projections (bundles of filaments of the cytoskeleton) tightly joins cells to each other-Provides skin both strength and flexibility Stratum basale - Also referred to as stratum germinatum -where new cells are formed Deepest layer of the epidermis -Single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

Growth of Epidermis

Newly formed cells in the stratum basale undergo keratinazation as they are pushed to the surface and accumulate more keratin during the process Then they undergo apoptosis or death Eventually they slough off and are replaced The process takes about 4 weeks Rate of cell division in the stratum basale increases during injury

Dermis

Second deepest part of the skin Composed mainly of connective tissues (collagen and elastic fibers) Collagen fibers make up 70% of the dermis and give structural toughness and strength Elastin fibers are loosely arranged in all directions and give elasticity to the skin. Papillary Layer Surface area is increased due to projections called dermal papillae which contains capillaries or tactile receptors Epidermal ridges conforms to the dermal papillae Reticular Layer -Contains hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

Hypodermis

(subcutaneous) Attaches the skin to underlying organs and tissues Not part of the skin - lies below the dermis Contains connective tissue and adipose tissues (subcutaneous fat) for insulation Infants and elderly have less of this than adults and are therefore more sensitive to cold

Skin Color

Skin Color

Genetic Factors Skin pigmentation All humans have the same number of melanocytes How much melanin they produce is controlled by several genes Lack of pigment is called albinism Environmental Factors - Exposure to sunlight Volume of Blood Hemoglobin in blood

Skin Pigments Melanin

Located mostly in epidermis Number of melanocytes are about the same in all races Difference in skin color is due to the amount of pigment that melanocytes produce and disperse to keratinocytes. Freckles are caused by the accumulation of melanin in patches Liver spots are also caused by the accumulation of melanin Melanocytes synthesize melanin from an amino acid called tyrosine along with an enzyme called tyrosinase. All this occurs in the melanosome which is an organelle in the melanocyte. Two types of melanin: eumelanin which is brownish black and pheomelanin which is reddish yellow Fair-skinned people have more pheomelanin and dark skinned people have more eumelanin

Aging Skin

In our 20s, the effects of aging begin to be visible in the skin. Stem cell activity declines: skin thin, repair difficult Epidermal dendritic cells decrease: reduced immune response Vitamin D3 production declines: calcium absorption declines and brittle bones Glandular activity declines: skin dries, body can overheat Blood supply to dermis declines: tend to feel cold Hair follicles die or produce thinner hair Dermis thins and becomes less elastic wrinkles

Senses in Skin

Heat Cold Light pressure Heavy Pressure Pain

Skin Receptors

Heat Cold Light pressure Heavy Pressure Pain

Environmental Factors Affect Melanin Production

UV light increases enzyme activity in melansomes increased melanin production A tan = amount of melanin increases + darkness of melanin Eumelanin = protection from UV radiation but pheomelin breaks down with too much UV Too much UV radiation may cause skin cancer

Other Skin Pigments

Carotene = yellow -orange pigment precurser of Vitamin A important for vision Found in Stratum corneum and fatty areas of dermis and hypodermal layer Hemoglobin = oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells

Skin Markings

friction ridges: markings on fingertips characteristic of primates - allow us to manipulate objects more easily-fingerprints are friction ridge skin impressions flexion lines: on flexor surfaces of digits, palms, wrists, elbows etc.- skin is tightly bound to deep fascia at these points freckles: flat melanized patches vary with heredity or exposure to sun moles: elevated patch of melanized skin, of the with hair mostly harmless, beauty marks

Skin Derivatives

During embryonic development thousands of small groups of epidermal cells from stratum basale push down into dermis to form hair follicles and glands

Functions Hair & Nails

Functions of Hair Hair on the head protects scalp from injury and sunlight Eyelashes and eyebrows protect eyes Nostril and ear hairs protect from foreign particles Help in sensing light touch due to the touch receptors associated with the hair root plexuses. Functions of the Nails Grasping objects Manipulating objects Protects ends of digits from trauma Scratching

Hair Features & Texture

About 100,000 hairs are on the scalp Almost every part of body is covered with hair except palms of hands, soles of feet, sides of fingers and toes, lips and parts of genitals. Hair shafts differ in size, shape, and color. In the eyebrows they are short and stiff while on the scalp they are longer and more flexible. Over the rest of the body they are fine and nearly invisible Oval shaped hair shafts produce wavy hair, Flat or ribbon-like hair shafts produce curly or kinky hair Round hair shafts produce straight hair. Roughly 5 million hairs cover the body of an average individual

Hair Growth

Hair follicles grow in repeated cycles. One cycle can be broken down into three phases. Anagen - Growth Phase Catagen Transitional Phase Telogen - Resting Phase Each hair passes through the phases independent of the neighboring hairs

Skin Glands

Sudoriferous - sweat glands

Eccrine sweat glands -Secretes cooling sweat Appocrine sweat glands - during emotional stress/excitement Sebaceous - oil glands Acne - inflammation of sebaceous gland ducts Ceruminous - modified sweat glands of the external ear that produce ear wax

Nails

Made of tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells Consist of: Nail body: portion of the nail that is visible- Free edge: part that extends past the distal end of the digit Nail root: portion buried in a fold of skin Lunula: means little moon - Crescent shaped area of the nail Hyponychium: secures the nail to the fingertip Thickened stratum corneum Eponychium or cuticle: narrow band of epidermisGrowth of nails is in the nail matrix.

Skin Imbalances

Skin Leisons Skin Infections Viral as cold sores, herpes simplex, warts (HPV) Bacterial as bioles, carbuncles, inflammmation of hair follicles and subaceous glands. Impetigo Fungal as athletes food, Tinea Contact Dermatitis Irritant Dermatitis as soaps, detergents, shampoo Allergic Dermatitis as poison ivy, poison oak, rubber gloves, nickel and other metals, fragrances

Genetic Disorders
Psoriasis chronic, noninfectious skin disease skin becomes dry and scaly, often with pustules and many varieties cycle of skin cell production increases by 3-4xs normal stratum corneum gets thick as dead cells accumulate often triggered by trauma, infection , hormonal changes or stress Vitiligo a autoimmune pigmentation disorder where melanocytes in the epidermis are destroyed eg Michael Jackson

Burns

BURN CLASSIFICATION
First-degree only epidermis (sunburn) Second-degree burn destroys entire epidermis & part of dermis fluid-filled blisters separate epidermis & dermis epidermal derivatives are not damaged heals without grafting in 3 to 4 weeks & may scar Third-degree or full-thickness destroy epidermis, dermis & epidermal derivatives -Skin may appear black, white, or red. Large amounts of fluid is lost, infection is likely damaged area is numb due to loss of sensory nerves Fourth degree burns When body parts are partially or completely burned away

Skin cancer

Types of Skin Cancer

Basal Cell Carcinoma Spread uncommon, very curable if found early Squamous Cell Carcinoma Occurs parts exposed to the sun

Types of Skin Cancer (cont.)

Malignant Melanoma Most common in southern hemisphere where the ozone layer is thin. Deadly if not caught early!!

Skin Cancer

Very common ABCD Asymmetry Borders Color Diameter

Skin Cancer Prevention

Use SPF 15 minimum. Wear hats and shirts with sleeves. Wear sunglasses to protect eyes from UV. Avoid tanning beds

IMMUNE SYSTEM
Karen Lancour National Bio Rules Committee Chairman Patty Palmietto National Event Supervisor A&P

Immune System
The bodys defense against: disease causing organisms malfunctioning cells foreign particles

Basic Immunology

Depends on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules Self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system

Autoimmunity is an immune reaction against self

molecules (causes various diseases)

Non-self molecules are those recognized as

foreign molecules

One class of non-self molecules are called antigens (short for antibody generators) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response

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Immune System Components

specific cells - lymphocytes, macrophages, etc., originate from precursor cells in the bone marrow and patrol tissues by circulating in either the blood or lymphatics, migrating into connective tissue or collecting in immune organs lymphatic organs- thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes diffuse lymphatic tissue -collections of lymphocytes and other immune cells dispersed in the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts and in the skin

Types of Cells

Lymphmatic Organs

Lymph Nodes Spleen Thymus Red Bone Marrow Immune Tissue in Organs GALT, MALT, SALT

Plan of Protection

Immunity is the ability to defend

against infectious agents, foreign cells and abnormal cells eg. cancerous cells

1st Line of defense Block entry 2nd Line of Defense Fight Local Infections 3rd Line of Defense Combat Major Infections

Nonspecific Response

Responds quickly, fights all invaders and consists of: First line of defense intact skin and mucosae and secretions of skin and mucous membranes prevent entry of microorganisms Second line of defense phagocytic white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and other cells Inflammatory response process is key Inhibit invaders from spreading throughout the body

First line of Defense

Non specific barriers to block entry Skin physical & chemical barrier Mucous membranes Nasal hairs and microscopic cilia Gastric juice, vaginal secretions & urine Natural flora Tears, saliva and sweat glands Cerumen or Ear Wax

Second Line of Defense

Fight local infection with Inflammation Process Response is a non-specific, immediate, maximal response Consists of phagocytosis, complement protein response Involve the Inflammation Process

Phagocytes and Their Relatives

Inflammation Process

Specific Response

Third Line of Defense takes longer to react work on specific types of invadersidentifies and targets for destruction not restricted to initial site of invasion/infection whole body protection a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory

Antigens

Antigens are proteins or carbohydrate chain of a glycoprotein within a plasma membrane which the body recognizes as nonself antigen presentation - specific immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific non-self antigens

Specific Defense

Humorial Antibody (Extracellular Response)

B cells Plasma Cells -produce antibodies

Antibody-antigen Complex

Helper T Cells Memory Cells

Antigen-Antibody Complex Functions

Classes of Antibodies
IgA
Antibodies are dimmers contain two Y shaped structures. Found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract. Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk. They attack microbes and prevents colonization by pathogens before they reach the blood stream so it is most important antibody in local immunity Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. It has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors.

IgD

IgG

In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. It makes up about 75 % of all human antibodies and is the bodys major defense against bacteria. The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to fetus. It is the most versatile of antibodies because it carries out functions of the other antibodies as well. Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and is involved in allergy. Also protects against parasitic worms. Expressed on the surface of B cells and in a secreted form with very high avidity. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG.

IgE
IgM

Cell-mediated immune response

Within the cell involves the activation of phagocytes, antigenspecific cytotoxic Tlymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen

Memory B & T Cells

Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate

Primary & Secondary Immunity

Sources of Specific Immunity

Inborn & Acquired

Inborn Immunity Immunity for certain diseases is inherited Acquired Immunity immunity can be acquired through infection or artificially by medical intervention

Immunization

Antibiotics and Antivirals

Antibiotics or antibacterials group of medications used to kill bacteria by preventing them from dividing There is concern about the extensive use of antibiotics resulting in resistant forms of bacteria and superbugs Antivirals group of medications used to treat viral infections but they cannot destroy the virus. Rather they inhibit the virus from reproducing and developing.

Cultured Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies cloning of many copies of the same antibody which can be useful in fighting diseases because they can be designed specifically to only target a certain antigen, such as one that is found on cancer cells

Allergies

Hypersensitivity of the immune system to relatively harmless environmental antigens - the immune system reacts to an outside substance that it normally would ignore Allergy types (food, dust, mold, seasonal), symptoms and signs (skin rash, itching, red bumps, sneezing)

Asthma

an obstructive pulmonary disorder characterized by recurring spasms of muscles in bronchial walls accompanied by edema and mucus production which make breathing difficult it causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing

Autoimmune Disorders

Condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue Can't tell the difference between healthy body tissue and antigens- The result is an immune response that destroys normal body tissues More than 80 different types Multiple sclerosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus

AIDS -HIV

AIDS - (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is the final stage of HIV disease, which causes severe damage to the immune system-caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells, macrophages, and dendrite cells

ABO Antigens

The surface membranes of RBCs carry proteins that act as antigens in some recipients Type A blood has A antigens only. Type B blood has B antigens only. Type AB blood has both A and B antigens present Type O blood lacks both A and B antigens Blood plasma contains antibodies to the blood types not present. Exposure to foreign blood antigens results in agglutination or clumping of RBCs, prevents circulation of blood, and the RBCs burst

RH Factor

Another important antigen used in matching blood types Persons with Rh factor on RBC membrane are Rh positive; Rh negative lack the Rh factor protein. Rh negative individuals do not automatically have antibodies to Rh factor but develop immunity when exposed to it. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occur when mother is Rh negative and baby is Rh positive