Cornejo, Angelyn - Counter Reformation and Realism

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.Differentiate Counter- reformation and Realism.

2.Analyze the key features of the Counter-reformation and
characteristics of realist art and literature
3.Evaluate the Impact of the Counter-reformation and Realism.
MOVEMENTS THAT SHAPED THE MODERN
EDUCATIONAL THOUGHTS AND IDEAS
This presentation discusses several movements that helped shape modern

educational thought and ideals, including counter-reformation, and realism
movements.
Counter – Reformation
(1517-1648).
• Counter-Reformation, Or Catholic
Reformation, Catholic Revival was the
Catholic Church’s response to the
Protestant Reformation.
• I aimed toaddress criticisms of corruption within
the Church and strengthen Catholicism.
• This led to a wider emphasis on literacy and
religious education.
Proponent of Counter - Reformation
• Paul III
• Pope Paul III (reigned 1534–49) is considered to be the
first pope of the counter-reformation. It was he who in
1545 convened the council of Trent, which is hailed as the
most important single event in the counter-reformation.
Main Goals of Counter - Reformation
1.Reaffirm Catholic doctrines

2.Combat Protestantism
3.Reform the Church
St. Teresa of Ávila
St. Teresa's beliefs centered

on prayerful meditation and
poverty for her sisters.
Jesuit St. Robert Bellarmine
• Outside of the council, various theologians, He attacked the doctrinal

positions of the protestant reformers, but there was no one to rival the
theological and moral engagement evident in the writings of Martin Luther
or the eloquence and passion characteristic of the works of John Calvin.
St. John Of The Cross and St. Teresa Of Ávila
• Later in the century, they were promoted the reform of

the Carmelite order and influenced the development of
the mystical tradition.
• St. Francis De Sales had a similar influence on the
devotional life of the laity.
• During this period of reform and reaction, roman catholic theologians and leaders tended
to emphasize the beliefs and devotional subjects that were under direct attack by the
protestants.
• Example: The real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the Virgin Mary, and St. Peter.
KEY EVENTS OF COUNTER - REFORMATION
 Council of Trent (1545-1563): A major turning point where Church
doctrines were clarified, abuses addressed, and reforms implemented.
 Establishment of the Roman Inquisition: To identify and punish heresy
(beliefs opposing Church teachings).
 Rise of new religious orders: Especially the Jesuits, known for their
education and missionary work.
COUNCIL OF TRENT Opening session of the Council of Trent in 1545, depicted
by Nicolò Dorigati, 1711; in the Museo Diocesano
Tridentino, Trento, Italy
Early calls for reform grew out of criticism of the worldly

attitudes and policies of the Renaissance popes and many
of the clergy, but there was little significant papal reaction
to the Protestants or to demands for reform from within the
Roman Catholic Church before mid-century.
COUNCIL OF TRENT
• Generally dated from 1545 (Council of Trent) to the late 17th

century, though some argue it continued into the 18th or even
beyond.
ROMAN INQUISITION
• An agency established in 1542, was designed
chiefly to combat Protestantism, which was
conceived and defined as heresy in catholic
territories.
• It was more successful in controlling doctrine and
practice than similar inquisitions in those countries
where protestant princes had more power than
the Roman Catholic Church.
The Index Librorum Prohibitorum
(“Index of Forbidden Books”)
• It was established by the Roman Catholic Church in 1559 in an attempt to

combat the spread of some of the writings of the protestant Reformation.
• The first printed index included a prohibition against the “bible in castilian
romance or any other vulgar tongue,” a ban that remained in force until
the 18th century.
OUTCOME OF COUNTER-REFORMATION
Jesuit Order
Founded by Ignatius Loyola, the Jesuits
became a powerful force in education and
missionary work, spreading Catholicism globally.
Some of the outcome are the enforcement of the

Council Of Trent was in the hands of newly
established religious orders, Society of Jesus.
St. Ignatius of Loyola

THE JESUITS
• By 1615, they had 372 colleges, and by 1755—just 18 years before the
suppression of the order—the number had risen to 728 hence the society
was not reestablished until 1814.
• They were also involved in the education of the nobility, and through their
pupils they sometimes wielded as great an influence in affairs of state as
they did in affairs of the church.
“Shock Troops Of The Counter-Reformation.”
• Unlike the Benedictine monks or

the Franciscan and Dominican Friars, The Jesuits swore
special obedience to the Pope and were specifically dedicated
to the task of reconstructing Church life and teaching in the
aftermath of the Protestant Reformation.
ART AND CULTURE
The baroque artistic style emerged, showcasing religious themes in a
dramatic and emotional way.
La Città Del Sole (“The City Of The Sun”) By Tommaso Campanella And La
Repubblica Immaginaria (“The Imaginary Republic”) By Lodovico Agostini
• These are examples of writings that has a flowering of utopian idea.
• A new vision of the church and of the duties of Christians.
Saint Francis Xavier Baptizing Infidels
Saint Francis Xavier Baptizing Infidels by
an unknown painter in 18th century; in the
collection of the Museo Nacional de Arte,
Mexico City.
The Mode of Instruction
1.Focus on Religious Education

2.Memorization and Repetition.
3.Discipline and Order
4.Control of Information
Impact of Counter - Reformation
1. Helped the Catholic Church maintain its influence in Europe despite the
rise of Protestantism.
2. Standardized Catholic practices and beliefs.
3. Renewed emphasis on education and missionary work.
4. Baroque art, music, and architecture emerged from the counter-
reformation's artistic fervor.
REALISM
• Realism is recognized as the first modern movement in art.
• Realism was an artistic and literary movement that rejected
idealized portrayals and focused on realistic depictions of
everyday life and social issues.
• Realism begun in France in the 1840.
FOCUS OF REALISM
1.Accurate depiction of everyday life

2.Social Commentary
3.Observation Over Imagination
The Mode of Instruction
• Realism, as applied to education, emphasizes learning that reflects the objective,
external world.
• Experience and observation

• Hands-on activities
• Inductive learning
• Scientific method
• Subject focus on "the real world“
• Teacher as guide
Rejection of:
1. Romanticism
2. Idealization
IMPACT OF REALISM
1. Paved the way for modern art

2. New perspective on art.
HIGHLIGHTS OF REALISM
1. Focus On Observation
2. Social Commentary
3. Psychological Depth
4. Emphasis On Detail
5. Famous Figures
FAMOUS FIGURES
 Realist Artists:
• Gustave Courbet;
• Jean-François Millet;
 Writers:
• Charles Dickens;
• Émile Zola
REFERENCES
• https://www.britannica.com/summary/counter-reformation
• encyclopedia Britannica
EVALUATION
1. What was the Counter-reformation of the Roman Catholic Church?
2. How were the Jesuits important in the Counter-Reformation?
3. Was the Counter-Reformation successful?How?

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1.Differentiate Counter- reformation and Realism.

This presentation discusses several movements that helped shape modern

1.Reaffirm Catholic doctrines

St. Teresa's beliefs centered

• Outside of the council, various theologians, He attacked the doctrinal

• Later in the century, they were promoted the reform of

Early calls for reform grew out of criticism of the worldly

• Generally dated from 1545 (Council of Trent) to the late 17th

• It was established by the Roman Catholic Church in 1559 in an attempt to

Some of the outcome are the enforcement of the

St. Ignatius of Loyola

• Unlike the Benedictine monks or

1.Focus on Religious Education

1.Accurate depiction of everyday life

• Experience and observation

1. Paved the way for modern art

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