MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI.

A PROJECT REPORT
ON
“Sound detector circuit using op-amp IC 741”
DIPLOMA
IN
SECOND YEAR ELECTRONICS & COMPUTER ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
Mr. PARTH MAHADEV BAMANE
Mr. ARFAT JAVED CHAND
Mr. SURAJ SUBHASH MORE
Mr. VEDRAJ NAMDEV MISAL

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. H. R. PANARI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLYTECHNIC MAHAGAON
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024
 ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024

“SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLYTECHNIC”
AP/-MAHAGAON, SITE-CHINCHEWADI, TAL-GADHONGLAJ, DIST-KOLHAPUR.

CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE FOLLOWING STUDENTS OF SECOND YEAR IN
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS & COMPUTER ENGINEERING OF INSTITUTE SANT
GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLYTECHNIC, MAHAGAON-(CODE) 416502 HAS
COMPLETED MICRO PROJECT- “SOUND DETECTOR USING OP-AMP IC 741” IN
SUBJECT ANALOG ELECTRONICS SUBJECT CODE (22391)
FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24.

AS PRESCRIBED IN THE CURRICULUM

Roll No. Name of Student Enrollment No. Seat No.
32. BAMANE PARTH MAHADEV 2209650103
36. CHAND ARFAT JAVED 2209650108
45. MORE SURAJ SUBHASH 2209650123
49. MISAL VEDRAJ NAMDEV 2209650127

Mr. H. R. PANARI Mr. M. P. PATIL Mrs. ROHINI. S. PATIL

( Project Guide ) ( Head of department ) ( Principal )
 INDEX

Sr No Topic Page No

1. Introduction 4

2. Block diagram 5

3. Circuit diagram 6

4. PCB Design for Sound Detector Circuit 8

5. Description of circuit 11

6. Working circuit of op-Amp IC741 18

7. Applications and Advantage 18

8. Conclusion and photography 19

9. Reference 20
 INTRODUCTION

Sometimes due to lack of concentration and our ignorance, we are unable to hear
anything around us. And, that could lead to unfortunate misfortunes which could
have been avoided with appropriate precautions. This circuit called ‘Sound
Detector’ is what detects vibrations of the sound waves and amplifies them to be
heard distinctly by human ears. As per the design of the sound detector circuit
using 741 IC, it works efficiently within the 6 meters limit around the vicinity
where it is fixed. This setup can be done in any desirable places like car porches
and at the corners of the house. As soon as a microphone incorporated in the
project detects sound wave vibration, the sound detector circuit using op-amp 741
produces beep sounds to alert people around that area.
Security is the most important area of any civilization. When technology mixed up
with our daily life and makes our life easier, a need arises to involve the
technology for security purpose. In this digital era, everything tends to electronics
security system is more reliable than electro-mechanical system.
In this project our mission is to design such a system which enables a LED or an
alarm when any sound (especially human voice) is detected by sound detection
technique. We use a voice condenser as a receiver of voice signal (human voice)
and an Op-Amp for amplification purpose.
The Op-Amp is the brain of the system because the comparator configuration of
the Op-Amp is mainly responsible for activation of LED or alarm.
The system requires microphone stage, a filter, amplification stage, and a predefine
resistance' capacitance arrangement. The reference voltage of the comparator is the
most important parameter of the System.
PROJECT DETAILS: -

Block Diagram: -
The entire circuit is complex. The block diagram makes the circuit easy to
understand. The function of each block discussed below: -
1. Microphone take the voice signal as input.
2. HPF is used for noise reduction purpose.
3. Amplifier amplifies the signal 100 times.
4. Peak detector holds the signal for a few milli second.
5. Comparator compares the signal voltage with a fixed reference voltage.
6. Comparator output activates the Led/Alarm.

Figure: - Block Diagram for sound detector using 741 op-Amp

CIRCUIT DAIGRAM: -

The circuit diagram of the sound detector circuit using op-amp 741 is shown in
figure 1. The heart of the circuit is op-amp 741 which is used in order to sense the
vibrations of sound waves condenser microphones. The sensitivity of the
condenser microphone is adjusted by the value of resistor R1 used in the circuit.
Once the microphone detects sound vibrations, it picks them up and converts them
into electrical signals. The output of the microphone is fed as input to pin 2 of IC1
via coupling capacitor C1. Then the signal undergoes amplification and it is
forwarded to IC2(IC 741C) which in this project serves as a comparator device.
The non-inverting pin 3 of IC2 receives input from the amplified output signal of
IC1 through another capacitor C2. In the same way, an inverting pin 2 of IC2
fetches input signal from a reference voltage passed via voltage controller VR2.
At the final stage, IC2 output is fed as triggering input pulse to Darlington pair
transistors T1 and T2. A piezo buzzer which is connected at the end of transistor
T2 i.e. at the emitter terminal is that component responsible to produce beeping
sound at the end of operations followed throughout the entire circuit.

The fascinating fact about the project sound detector circuit using op-amp 741 is
that it can be designed within a small area on a PCB or Veroboard as well. To
attain maximum possible gain of IC1 and sensitivity of IC2, adjust the respective
values of potentiometer VR1 and VR2 as stated in the earlier paragraphs.
During practical implementations of the project, if the beeping sound from the
piezo-buzzer goes on and on and doesn’t stop, set the wiper of VR2 towards the
ground line. For faultless circuit, follow the instructions given below:

Fix the piezo buzzer at a place where people can hear and sensor at an appropriate
place where you need continuous monitoring. So as to extend the sensitivity of the
microphone, connect it using a two-core shielded wire and enclose it in a small
case.To avoid noises from AC mains, battery supplies are highly recommended for
this particular project.

COMPONENTS USED IN THE CIRCUIT: -

Name of the component Specification Quantity

Op-Amp (IC1, IC1) LM741IC 2

Transistor (T1, T2) BC547 2

Resistor (R1), (R2), 2.8Kohm,

4.7Kohm,10Kohm,
(R3, R4, R6), (R5) 1Kohm

Capacitor (C1), (C2) 1 µF, 10 µF 2

Potentiometer (VR1), (VR2) 1MegaOhm 1

100KilOhw 1

LED (Light Emitting Diode) 1

BUZZER 1

MICI1 1

BREDBOARD 1

SWITCH (NO/OFF) 1

BATTERY 9VOLT 1
PCB Design for Sound Detector Circuit:
PCB diagram is designed using Proteus 8.1. The solder side PCB and Component side
PCB is shown in figure 2 and 3 where the PCB prototype is shown in figure 4.

Figure 2: Solder side PCB

Figure 3: Component Side PCB

 Figure 4: PCB Prototype for Sound Detector

PARTS LIST OF SOUND DETECTOR CIRCUIT USING OP-AMP 741

Resistors (all ¼-watt, ± 5% Carbon)

R1 = 2.8 KΩ

R2 = 4.7 KΩ

R3, R4, R6 = 10 KΩ

R5 = 1 KΩ

VR1 = 1 MΩ

VR2 = 100 KΩ

Capacitors

C1 = 0.47 µF (Ceramic Disc)

C2 = 10 µF/16V (Electrolytic capacitor)

Semiconductors

IC1, IC2 = LM741C (Operational Amplifier)

T1, T2 = BC548 (General Purpose NPN Silicon Transistor)

Miscellaneous

MIC1 = Condenser Microphone

PZ1 = Piezo Buzzer

SW1 = On/Off Switch

9V battery

DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT: -
LM741IC:

The lC or integrated circuit is a little black chip, it is a root of modern electronics,

and also an essential component circuits. The application of integrated circuits
involve in each and every electronics circuit board, embedded system and various
electronic projects. An integrated circuit is asset of various electrical and electronic
components like resistors, capacitors, transistors. All these components are
integrated onto a single chip.
The pin configuration of the 741Ic is show in figure:

INTERNAL STRUCTURE of 74l IC

lC 74L Op-Amp Characteristics:

1. Short circuit and overload protection provided.
2. Low power consumption.
3. No latch-up problem.
4. Large common mode rejection ratio (CMMR) and differential voltage ranges.
5. The Input impedance of the lC 741 op amp is l00kilo-ohms.
6. The O/P of the 741 lC op amp is below 100 ohms.
7. The frequency range of amplifier signals for IC 741 op amp is from |HZ-\MHZ.
8. Offset current and offset voltage of the lC 741 op amp is low.
9. The voltage gain of the lC74l op amp is about 20.
BC 547:
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signal
and power. The basic construction of bipolar transistor consists of two PN
junction. lt is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals
for connection to an external circuit. These three terminals are known and labelled
as the Emitter(E), the Base(B), the Collector(C) respectively.
Bipolar transistor are current regulating devices that control the amount of
current flowing through them in proportion to the amount of biasing voltage
applied to their base terminal acting like a current- controlled switch. The principle
of operation of the two-transistor type PNP and NPN, is exactly the same only
difference being in their biasing and the polarity of the power supply for each type.
Then Bipolar Transistors have the ability to operate within three different region:
Active Region- The transistor operates as an amplifier and lc = B.lb Saturation-
The transistor is "Fully ON" operating as a switch and lc = l(saturation) Cut-Off-
The transistor is "Fully OFF" operating as a switch and lc=O.

Fig: BC 548
The BC548 is available in three different transistor
gain groups: -
"A" indicates low gain (l 10 to220, typically 180) at 2mA collector current.
"B" indicates medium gain (200 to 450).
"c" indicates high gain (420 to 800).
Resistor: -
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical
current in electronic circuit. Resistor can also be used to provide a specific voltage
for an active device such as a transistor. All other factors being equal, in a direct-
current (DC) circuit, the current through a resistor is inversely proportional to its
resistance and directly proportional to the voltage across it. This is the well-known
Ohm's Law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long as
the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance. Resistors can be fabricated
in a variety of ways. The most common type in electronic device and system is the
carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay
and hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay, the
higher this ratio, the lower the resistance.

Capacitor: -
Just like a Resistor, the Capacitor sometime referred to as a condenser, is a simple
passive device that is used to "store electricity". The Capacitor is a component
which has the ability or "capacity" to store energy in the form of an electrical
charge producing a potential difference (static voltage) across its plates, much like
a small rechargeable battery. In its basic form, a Capacitor consist of two or more
parallel conductive (metal) plates which are not connected or touching each other,
but it is electrically separated either by air or by some form of a good insulating
material such as waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel
as used in electrolytic capacitors. The insulating layer between capacitor plates is
commonly called Dielectric.
Due to this insulating layer, DC current cannot flow throw the capacitor as it
blocks allowing instead a voltage to be present across the plate in the form of an
electrical charge. The conductive metal plates of a capacitor can be square, circular
or rectangular, or they can be a cylindrical or spherical shape with the general
shape, size and construction of a parallel plate capacitor depending on its
application and voltage rating. When used in a direct current or a DC circuit, a
Capacitor charges up to its supply voltage but block the flow of current through it
because the dielectric of a capacitor is non-conductive and basically an insulator.
However, when a Capacitor is connected to an alternating current or AC circuit,
the flow of the current appears to pass straight through the capacitor with little or
no resistance.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED): -

A LED is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current
passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs, it is
monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength. The output from LED can range
from red (at a wavelength of approximately 700 nanometres) to blue violet (about
400 nanometres). Some LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830 nanometres or
longer); such a device is known as an Infrared Emitting Device (IRED).
An LED or IRED consist of two elements of processed material called P-type
semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. These two elements are placed in
direct contact, forming a region called the P-N junction. In this respect, the LED or
IRED resembles most other most other diode types, but there an important
difference. The LED or IRED has a transparent package, allowing visible or IR
energy to pass through. Also, the LED or IRED has a large P-N junction area
whose shape is tailored to the application.
 Figure: LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

BUZZER: -
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beeper include
alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke. Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an
electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to
interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units
were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzzer”
comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.

Figure: Simple Buzzer

POTENTIOMETER: -
Potentiometer also known as pot is generally used in circuits to provide variable
resistance or variable voltage. The heart of the potentiometer is a resistive strip
inside it through which one can adjust the amount of resistance/voltage to pass in a
circuit through it. Potentiometers are commonly used in circuits for various
purposes like to control the volume in audio circuits, to regulate the speed of the
motor in a fan, as light dimmer, etc.

Fig: Potentiometer
CONNECTING WIRES: -
A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are
used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications. Wire is
commonly formed by drawing the metal though a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire
gauges comes in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number.
The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands, as in
'multistranded wire', which is more correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics, or a
cable in electricity.
BATTERY: -
An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells
contains a positive terminal, or cathode and a negative terminal, or anode.
Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which
allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power
hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide
standby power for telephone exchange and computer data centres.

Fig: 9V battery

Working of Condenser Microphone: -

A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser mic, one
of these plates is made of very light material and act as the diaphragm. The
diaphragm vibrates when struck by soundwaves, changing the distance between the
two plates and therefore changing the capacitance. Specifically, when the plates are
closer together, capacitance increases, and a charge current occurs. When the
plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge current occurs.
A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied
either by a battery in the MIC or by external phantom power.
WORKING OF THEFIG:
CIRCUIT:
Cross section- type of condenser microphone

The circuit diagram of sound detector circuit using op-amp 74tis shown in above
figure 1. The heart of the circuit is Op-Amp 741which is used to order to sense the
variation of sound waves condenser microphones. The sensitivity of the condenser
microphone is adjusted by the value of resistor R1 used in the circuit. Once the
microphone detects the sound vibration, it peaks them up and converts into
electrical signal. The output of the microphone is fed as input to the pin2 for lC1
via coupling capacitor C1. Then the signal undergoes amplification, and it is
forwarded to lcz (lC741C) which in this project serves as a comparator device. The
non-inverting pin3 of lC2 receives input from amplified output signal of lCL
through another capacitor C2. ln the same way, an inverting pin lC2 fetches input
signal from a reference voltage VR2.
At the final stage, lC2 output is fed as triggering input pulse to Darlington pair
transistors TL and T2. A piezo-buzzer and led which is connected at end of
transistor T2 i.e., at the emitter terminal of the component responsible to produce
beeping sound at the end of the operation followed throughout the entire circuit.

APPLICATIONS: -
l. This can be used as security system for home/office.
2. The system can be used as a spy circuit i.e., voice recorder.
3. The system can be used as a clapping switch.
ADVANTAGE: -
1. Security system for our house officer or store.
2. Statistics on barking dogs.
3. Automate notification upon detection of sound.
 4. Used as a door bell.
5. As a spy purpose.
6. As a source to overcome the checking in exams.

CONCLUSION: -
In this project we got lots of concept regarding the sound detector which provides
sound detecting process, this can be used as our modern electronic security system,
doorbells, at our homes or offices. This circuit are also similar as cell phone
detector, metal detector etc. we got lots of concept over op-amps and when treating
op-amp as a comparator. We got how gain is produce amplification and how the
reference voltage changes the intensity of output is affected.

PHOTOGRAPHY: -
REFERENCE: -

https://bestengineeringprojects.com/sound-detector-circuit-using-op-amp-741/
http://electronic-projects.50webs.com/op-amp-based-sound-detector-
circuit.html/