Question 1-4

While fats have lately acquired a bad image, one should not forget how essential they are. Fats

provide the body's best means of storing energy, far more efficient energy sources than either

carbohydrates or proteins. They act as insulation against cold, as cushioning for the internal organs,

and as lubricants. Without fats, there would be no way to utilize fat-soluble vitamins. Furthermore,

some fats contain fatty acids that contain necessary growth factors and help with the digestion of

other foods.

An important consideration of fat intake is the ratio of saturated fats to unsaturated fats. Saturated

fats, which are derived from dairy products, animal fats, and tropical oils, increase the amount of

cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol may lead to coronary heart disease by building up in the

arteries of the heart. However, unsaturated fats, derived from vegetable oils, tend to lower serum

cholesterol if taken in a proportion twice that of saturated fats.

The consumption of a variety of fats is necessary, but the intake of too much fat may lead to a

variety of health problems. Excessive intake of fats, like all nutritional excesses, is to be avoided.

1. The main idea of the first paragraph is that

(A) fats have a bad image

(B) fats serve important functions in the body

(C) fats store food more efficiently than proteins or carbohydrates

2. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?

(A) Unsaturated fats may reduce cholesterol levels.

(B) The consumption of any type of fat leads to heart disease.

(C) Fats taken in the proper proportion may reduce serum cholesterol.

3. The main idea of the third paragraph is that

(A) people are eating less and less fat today

(B) fats should be gradually eliminated from the diet

(C) excessive consumption of fats may be dangerous to one's health

4. With which of the following is the whole passage primarily concerned?

(A) The role of fats in human health

(B) The dangers of cholesterol

(C) The benefits of fats in the diet

(D) The importance of good nutrition

Questions 5-9

Dulcimers are musical instruments that basically consist of wooden boxes with strings stretched

over them. In one form or another, they have been around since ancient times, probably originating

with the Persian santir. Today there are two varieties: the hammered dulcimer and the Appalachian,

or mountain dulcimer. The former is shaped like a trapezoid, has two or more strings, and is played

with wooden mallets. It is the same instrument played in a number of Old World countries. The

Appalachian dulcimer is classified by musicologists as a box zither. It is a descendant of the

Pennsylvania Dutch scheitholt and the French epinette. Appalachian dulcimers are painstakingly

fashioned by artisans in the mountains of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. These

instruments have three or four strings and are plucked with quills or the fingers. They are shaped like

teardrops or hourglasses. Heart-shaped holes in the sounding board are traditional. Most performers

play the instruments while seated with the instruments in their laps, but others wear them around

their necks like guitars or place them on tables in front of them. Originally used to play dance music,

Appalachian dulcimers were popularized by performers such as John Jacob Niles and Jean Ritchie

during the folk music revival of the 1960's.

5. According to the passage, a hammered dulcimer is made in the shape of

(A) an hourglass

(B) a heart

(C) a trapezoid

(D) a teardrop

6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT an ancestor of the

Appalachian dulcimer?

(A) The box zither

(B) The santir

(C) The scheitholt

(D) The epinette

7. According to the passage, how many strings does the Appalachian dulcimer have?

(A) One or two

(B) Three or four

(C) Four or five

(D) Six or more

8. According to the author, most performers play the Appalachian dulcimer

(A) while sitting down

(B) with the instrument strapped around their neck

(C) while standing at a table

(D) with wooden hammers

9. According to the author, what are John Jacob Niles and Jean Ritchie known for?

(A) Played dance music on Appalachian dulcimers

(B) Are artisans who design Appalachian dulcimers

(C) Helped bring Appalachian dulcimers to the public's attention

(D) Began the folk music revival of the 1960's

Questions 10-14

Some people associate migration mainly with birds. Birds do

travel vast distances, but mammals also migrate. An example

is the caribou, reindeer that graze on the grassy slopes of northern

Canada. When the weather turns cold, they travel south until

spring. Their tracks are so well-worn that they are clearly

visible from the air. Another migrating mammal is the Alaska fur

seal. These seals breed only in the Pribilof Islands in the

Bering Sea. The young are born in June and by September are

strong enough to go with their mothers on a journey of over 3,000

miles. Together they swim down the Pacific Coast of North

America. The females and young travel as far as southern

California. The males do not journey so far. They swim only to the

Gulf of Alaska. In the spring, males and females all return

to the islands, and there the cycle begins again. Whales are

among the greatest migrators of all. The humpback, fin, and blue

whales migrate thousands of miles each year from the polar seas

to the tropics. Whales eat huge quantities of tiny plants and animals

(called plankton). These are most abundant in cold polar waters. In

winter, the whales move to warm waters to breed and give birth to their young.
10. The phrase "An example" in line 2 refers to an example of a

(A) migratory mammal

(B) place where animals migrate

(C) bird

(D) person who associates migration with birds

11. In line 5, the word "Their" is a reference to the

(A) caribou's

(B) grassy slopes'

(C) birds'

(D) seals'

12. To what does the word "They" in line 12 refer?

(A) female seals

(B) young seals

(C) the islands

(D) male seals

13. In line 14, the word "there" refers to

(A) the Gulf of Alaska

(B) the Pribilof Islands

(C) southern California

(D) the Pacific Coast of North America

Questions 14-17

All birds have feathers, and all animals with feathers are birds.

No other major group of animals is so easy to categorize. All birds

have wings, too, but wings are not peculiar to birds.

Many adaptations are found in both feathers and wings. Feathers

form the soft down of geese and ducks, the long decorative plumes

of ostriches, and the strong flight feathers of eagles and hawks.

Wings vary from the short, broad ones of chickens, which seldom

fly, to the long, slim ones of albatrosses, which spend almost all

their lives soaring on air currents. In penguins, wings have been

modified into flippers and feathers into a waterproof covering. In

kiwis, the wings are almost impossible to detect.

Yet diversity among birds is not so striking as it is among

mammals. The difference between a hummingbird and a

penguin

is immense, but hardly as startling as that between a bat and a whale.

It is variations in details rather than in fundamental patterns

that have been important in the adaptation of birds to many kinds of

ecosystems.

14. The word "categorize" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) appreciate

(B) comprehend

(C) classify

(D) visualize

15. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "peculiar to" in line 3?

(A) Unusual for

(B) Common to

(C) Necessary for

(D) Unique to

16. The word "slim" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) slender

(B) powerful

(C) graceful

(D) soft

17. The word "detect" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) utilize

(B) extend

(C) observe

(D) describe
Questions 18-20
The spectacular eruptions of Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park do not occur like
clockwork. Before the earthquake of 1959, eruptions came every 60 to 65 minutes; today they are as
little as 30 minutes or as much as 90 minutes apart. The
geyser usually gives a warning: a short burst of steam. Then a graceful column rises up

to 150 feet in the air. The water unfurls in the sunlight with the colors of the rainbow

playing across it.

This eruption is only the visible part of the spectacle. The geyser is linked by an

intricate plumbing network to some extremely hot rocks. As water seeps into the

underground system, it is heated at the bottom like water in a tea kettle. But while

water in a kettle rises because of convection, the narrow tubes of the geyser system

prevent free circulation of the water. Thus,the water in the upper tubes is far cooler than the water
at the bottom. The weight of

the water puts pressure on the column, and this raises the boiling point of the water

near the bottom. Finally. the water in the upper part of the column warms and expands.

some of it welling out of the mouth of the geyser. This decreases the pressure on the

superheated water, which abruptly turns to steam. This in turn forces all the water and vapor out of
the geyser.

18. It can be inferred from the passage that the earthquake of 1959 made Old Faithful

geyser erupt

(A) more frequently

(B) less regularly

(C) more suddenly

(D) less spectacularly

19. Why does the author mention a rainbow in line 7?

(A) The column of water forms an arc in the shape of a rainbow.

(B) In the sunlight, the column of water may produce the colors of the rainbow.

(C) Rainbows can be seen quite frequently in Yellowstone National Park.

(D) The rainbow. like the geyser. is an example of the beauty of nature.

20. The passages implies that Old Faithful would probably not erupt at all if

(A) the tubes of the geyser system were very wide

(B) the climate suddenly changed

(C) there had not been an earthquake in 1959

(D) the underground tubes were longer

Question 21-26
(21)____ refers to all the ways in which rock can be (22)____ down. It takes place
because minerals formed in a particular way (say at high temperatures, in the case of igneous rocks)
are often unstable (23)____ exposed to various conditions. Weathering (21)____ the interaction of
the lithosphere (the earth's crust) with the atmosphere and hydrosphere (air and water). It occurs at
different rates and in different ways, (25)____ the climactic and environmental conditions. But
all kinds of weathering ultimately produce broken minerals and rock fragments and other products
of the decomposition of stone.
Soil is the most obvious and, from the human point of view, the most important result of the
weathering process. Soil is the weathered part of the Earth's crust that is capable of sustaining plant
life. The character of soil depends on the nature of rock from (26)____ it is formed. It also depends
on the climate and on the relative "age" of the soil. Immature soils are little more than broken rock
fragments. Over time, immature soil develops into mature soil, which contains quantities of humus,
formed from decayed plant matter. Mature soil is darker, richer in microscopic life, and more
conducive to plant growth.

21. …

(A) The term of weathering

(B) Term’s weathering

(C) The term weathering

(D) The weathering term

22. …

(A) broken

(B) breaking

(C) breaks

(D) broke

23. …

(A) where

(B) when

(C) what

(D) which

24. …

(A) involves

(B) envolves

(C) resolves
(D) dissolves

25. …

(A) depending on

(B) slandering on
 (C) depends on

(D) slanders on

26. …

(A) which

(B) whom

(C) that

(D) where

Questions 27-32
Humanitarian Dorothea Dix (27)____ born in Hampden, Maine, in 1802. At the age of 19, she
established a school for girls, the Dix Mansion School, in Boston,but (28)____ to close it in 1835 due
to her poor health. She wrote and published the first of many books for children in 1824. In 1841, Dix
accepted an (29)____ to teach classes at a prison in East Cambridge, Massachusetts. She was deeply
disturbed by the sight of mentally ill persons thrown in the jail and treated like criminals. For the
next 18 months, she toured Massachusetts institutions where other mental patients were confined,
and reported the shocking conditions she found to the state legislature. When improvements
followed in Massachusetts, she turned her attention to the neighboring states and then to the West
and South.
Dix's work was (30)____ by the Civil War; she served as superintendent of women hospital
nurses for the federal government.
Dix saw special hospitals for the mentally ill built in some 15 states. Although her plan to obtain
public land for her cause failed, she aroused concern for (31)____ all over the
United States as well as in Canada and Europe.
Dix's success was due to her independent and thorough research, her gentle but persistent
manner, and her ability to secure the help of powerful and (32)____ supporters.

27. …

(A) was

(B) were

(C) is

(D) are

28. …

(A) had to

(B) would

(C) should

(D) might

29. …

(A) invitation
 (B) invite

(C) inviting

(D) infinitive

30. …

(A) interrupted

(B) supported

(C) cleared
(D) finished

31. …

(A) the problem of mental illness

(B) the particular obstacle

(C) the declaration of Civil War

(D) the obtaining of public land

32. …

(A) wealthy

(B) weaky

(C) worsty

(D) worthy

Questions 33-38
In addition to these (33)____, several
types of surface mining may be used when minerals lie relatively
close to the surface of the Earth. One type is open-pit mining.
The first step is (34)____ the overburden, the layers of rock
and earth lying above the ore, with giant scrapers. The ore is
broken up in a series of blasting operations. Power shovels (35)____ the pieces and load them into
trucks or, in some cases, ore
trains. These carry it up ramps to ground level. Soft ores are
removed by drilling screws, called augers.
Another type is called "placer" mining. Sometimes heavy metals
(36)____ gold are found in soil deposited by streams and rivers.
The soil is picked up by a power shovel and transferred to a long
trough. Water is (37)____ the soil in the trough. This carries
soil particles away with it. The metal particles are heavier than
the soil and sink to the bottom, where they can be recovered.
The finishing-off process of mining is called mineral
concentration. In this process, the desired substances are
removed from the waste in various ways. One technique is to
bubble air through a liquid in which ore particles are suspended.
Chemicals are added that make the minerals cling to the air
bubbles. The bubbles rise to the surface with the mineral particles
attached, and they can be (38)____and saved.

33. …

(A) various types’s deep mining

(B) types of deep mining various

(C) types of various deep mining

(D) various types of deep mining

34. …

(A) removing

(B) to remove

(C) removed

(D) being removed

35. …

(A) pick up

(B) build up

(C) take up

(D) wake up

36. …

(A) such as

(B) instead

(C) as many as
(D) serves as

37. …

(A) running through

(B) runned through

(C) run through

(D) run through

38. …

(A) skimmed off

(B) taken off

(C) naked off

(D) played off

Questions 39-44

(39)____ in the tranquil New England town of Concord, New

Hampshire, the famous Concord Coach came to symbolize the Wild

West. Its rugged body and a (40)____ system of leather straps

could handle the hard jolts from rough roads. A journalist in

1868, (41)____ a railroad shipment of 30 coaches bound for Wells,

Fargo and Company, (42)____, "They are splendidly decorated ... the

bodies red and the running parts yellow. Each door has a handsome

picture, mostly landscapes, and no two coaches are exactly alike."

Wells, Fargo and Company was founded in 1852 to provide mail and

banking services for the gold camps of California and later won a

monopoly on express services west of the Mississippi. A Wells,

Fargo Concord Coach carried nine to fourteen passengers plus

baggage and mail. The (43)____ were by no means plush.

However, the stagecoach was the swiftest (44)____ through

much of the Far West.

39. …

(A) Manufacture

(B) Manufacturing

(C) Manufactured

(D) Manyfactures

40. …

(A) suspended

(B) suspension

(C) suspensive

(D) suspending

41. …

(A) describing

(B) explaining

(C) comparing

(D) denying
42. …

(A) write

(B) wrote

(C) writing
(D) writes

43. …

(A) accommodative

(B) accommodate

(C) accommodating
(D) accommodation

44. …

(A) method of travel

(B) travel of method

(C) method’s travel

(D) travelling the method

Questions 45-50
In 1881, a new type of weed began spreading across the northern
Great Plains. (45)____ other weeds, the tumbleweed did not spend
its life rooted to the soil; instead it tumbled and rolled across
fields in the wind. The weed had sharp, spiny leaves that could
lacerate the fresh of ranchers and horses alike. It (46)____ the
vast area of the plains, thriving in regions too barren to
support other plants. With its ability to generate and
disseminate numerous seeds quickly, it soon became the scourge of
the prairies.
To present-day Americans, the tumbleweed symbolizes the Old
West. They read the Zane Grey novels in (47)____ tumbleweeds drift
across stark western landscapes and see classic western movies in
which tumbleweeds share scenes with cowboys and covered wagons.
Yet just over a century ago, the tumbleweed was a newcomer. The
first sign of the invasion occurred in North and South Dakota (48)____.
Farmers had noticed the sudden appearance of the new unusual
weed. One group of immigrants, however, did not find the weed at
all unfamiliar. The tumbleweed. it turns out, was a native of
southern Russia. where it was known as Tartar thistle. It was
imported to the United States by unknown means.
Frontier settlers gave the plants various names: saltwort,
Russian cactus, and wind witch. (49)____ botanists at the Department
of Agriculture preferred the designation Russian thistle as the
plant's common name. However, these botanists had a much harder
time agreeing on the plant's scientific name. Generally,
botanists compare a plant to published accounts of similar
plants, or to samples kept as specimens. (50)____, no book
described the weed, and no samples existed in herbaria in the
United States.

45. …

(A) Unlike

(B) Similar

(C) Moreover
(D) Yet

46. …

(A) exploiting

(B) exploit

(C) exploitation
(D) exploited

47. …

(A) which

(B) what

(C) who
(D) where

48. …

(A) in 1870’s the late

(B) in the 1870’s late

(C) in the late 1870’s

(D) in late 1870’s

49. …

(A) Although

(B) Because

(C) But
(D) And

50. …

(A) Fortunately

(B) Actually

(C) On the other side

(D) Unfortunately
Question 51-53
In most of Europe, farmers' homes and outbuildings are generally located within a village, and
tools and animals are housed there. Every morning, the farmers and farm laborers leave their village
to work their land or tend their animals in distant fields, and return to the village at the end of the
day. Social life is thus centripetal; that is, it is focused around the community center, the village. Only
in certain parts of Quebec has this pattern been preserved in North America.
Throughout most of North America, a different pattern was established. It was borrowed from
northern Europe, but was pushed even further in the New World where land was cheap or even free.
It is a centrifugal system of social life, with large isolated farms whose residents go to the village
only to buy goods and procedure services. The independence associated with American farmers
stems from this pattern of farm settlement. The American farmer is as free of the intimacy of the
village as the urbanite.
51. The main topic of the first paragraph is
_____ (A) European farm product
_____ (B) Social life in Quebec
_____ (C) The European pattern of rural settlement
52. The main topic of the second paragraph is
_____ (A) the relative isolation of North American farm families
_____ (B) the relationship between farmers and urbanites in North America
_____ (C) the low cost of farmland in North America.
53. The main topic of the entire passage is
_____ (A) a comparison of farming in northern and southern Europe
_____ (B) the difference between farming in Quebec and the rest of North America
_____ (C) European influence on American Agriculture
_____ (D) a contrast between a centripetal system of rural life and a centrifugal system

Questions 54-58
A quilt is a bed cover made of squares of material pieced together. Each square consists of two
layers filled with a layer of wool or cotton cloth, feathers, or down. Often, the squares are decorated
with fancy stitches and designs. According to legend, the earliest pieced quilt was stitched in 1704 by
Sarah Sedgewick Everett, wife of the governor of the Massachusetts colony. By 1774 George
Washington was buying quilts in Belvoir, Virginia, to take back to Martha in Mount Vernon. As the
frontier moved westward, quilting went along. In addition to sleeping under them, homesteaders
kept out drafts by hanging quilts over doors and windows. And if the money ran out, quilts were
used to pay debts.
For isolated pioneer women, quilts were a source of comfort. Mary Wilman, whose family moved
to Texas from Missouri in 1890, recalled the first time she and her mother had to spend a week alone
and a dust storm came up. "The wind blew for three days and the dust was so thick that you couldn't
see the barn. My mother quilted all day,and she taught me how to quilt.If it hadn't been for quilting,
I think we would have gone crazy."
Quilting provided an important social function for the women of the frontier as well. At quilting
bees, women met to work on quilts and to share the latest news.
Today, however, the homely quilt has become a costly cultural phenomenon. The International
Quilt Festival in Houston, Texas, the "world's fair of quilting;' attracted only 2,500 people and
displayed only 200 quilts when it began a dozen years ago. This year there were over 20,000 visitors
and 5,000 quilts, some of which sold for as much as $50,000.
54. According to legend, who made the first American quilt?
___ (A) Sarah Sedgewick Everett
___ (B) the governor of the colony of Massachusetts
___ (C) Martha Washington
___ (D) Mary Wilman
55. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as one of the benefits of quilts for
pioneers?
___ (A) They could be used to pay debts.
___ (B) They could be used to help insulate houses.
___ (C) They could provide psychological comfort.
___ (D) They could be worn as warm clothing.
56. According to the passage, what is a "quilting bee?"
___ (A) A type of insect
___ (B) A gathering where women socialized and made quilts
___ (C) A type of quilt
___ (D) A place where people buy and sell quilts
57. In what state is the International Quilt Festival held?
___ (A) Massachusetts
___ (B) Texas
___ (C) Virginia
___ (D) Missouri
58. How many quilts were displayed at the first International Quilt Festival?
___ (A) 200
___ (B) 2,500
___ (C) 5,000
___ (D) 20,000

Questions 59-62
Design is the arrangement of materials to produce certain
effects. Design plays a role in visual arts and in the creation of
commercial products as well. Designers are concerned with the
direction of lines, the size of shapes, and the shading of
colors. They arrange these patterns in ways that are satisfying
to viewers. There are various elements involved in creating a
pleasing design.
Harmony, or balance, can be obtained in a number of ways. It
may be either symmetrical (in balance) or asymmetrical (out of
balance, but still pleasing to the eye). Or a small area may
balance a large area if it has an importance to the eye (because
of color or treatment) which equals that of the larger area.
Contrast is the opposite of harmony.The colors red and orange
harmonize, since orange contains red. A circle and oval
harmonize, as they are both made up of curved lines. But a short
line does not harmonize with a long line. It is in contrast.
Unity occurs when all the elements in a design combine to form
a consistent whole.Unity resembles balance.A design has balance
if its masses are balanced, or if its tones and colors
harmonize. But unity differs from balance because it implies that
balanced elements work together to form harmony in the design
as a whole.
59. The word "They" in line 5 refers to
___ (A) designers
___ (B) lines, shapes, and colors
___ (C) directions, size, and shape
___ (D) visual arts
60. The word "that" in line 12 is used as a reference to
___ (A) a color
___ (B) an area
___ (C) importance
___ (D) balance
61. The word "It" in line 16 is used as a reference to
___ (A) a circle
___ (B) the color red
___ (C) a long line
___ (D) a short line
62. In line 20, the word "it" refers to
___ (A) unity
___ (B) balance
___ (C) a design
___ (D) a consistent whole

Questions 63-67
The Hopi people of Arizona stress the institutions of family and
religion in a harmonious existence which makes the self-sacrificing
individual the ideal. The Hopi individual is trained to feel his or
her responsibility to and for the Peaceful People-the Hopi's
own term for themselves. Fighting, bullying, or attempting to
surpass others bring automatic rebuke from the community.
Implicit in the Hopi view is an original and integrated theory of
the universe. With this they organize their society in such a way
to obtain a measure of security from a harsh and hazardous
environment made up of human foes, famine, and plagues. They
conceive of the universe-humans, animals, plants, and supernatural
spirits-as an ordered system functioning under a set of rules
known to them alone. These rules govern their behavior, emotions,
and thoughts in a prescribed way.
63. The word "stress" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
___ (A) emphasize
___ (B) define
___ (C) describe
___ (D) persuade
64. Which of the following could best substitute for the word "harmonious" in line 2?
___ (A) Cooperative
___ (B) Dangerous
___ (C) Philosophical
___ (D) Exclusive
65. The word "term" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
___ (A) era
___ (B) name
___ (C) area
___ (D) law
66. The word "bullying" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
___ (A) lying
___ (B) organizing
___ (C) entertaining
___ (D) tormenting
67. Which of the following can replace the word "rebuke" in line 6 with the least change in
meaning?
___ (A) Prestige
___ (B) Criticism
___ (C) Reaction
___ (D) Acknowledgment

Questions 68-70
For most modern airports, the major design problem is scale-how to allow
adequate space on the ground for maneuvering wide-body jets while permitting
convenient and rapid movement of passengers departing, arriving, or transferring from
one flight to another.
Most designs for airport terminals take one of four approaches. In the linear
plan, the building may be straight or curved. The passengers board aircraft parked next
to the terminal. This plan works well for small airports that need to provide boarding
areas for only a few aircraft at a time.
In the pier plan, narrow corridors or piers extend from a central building. This
plan allows many aircraft to park next to the building. However, it creates long walking
distances for passengers.
In the satellite plan, passengers board aircraft from small terminals that are
separated from the main terminals. Passengers reach the satellites by way of shuttle
trains or underground passageways that have shuttle trains or moving sidewalks.
The transporter plan employs some system of transport to move passengers
from the terminal building to the aircraft. If buses are used, the passengers must climb a
flight of stairs to board the aircraft. If mobile lounges are used, they can link up directly
with the aircraft and protect passengers from the weather.
68. It can be inferred that scale would not pose a major design problem at airports if
___ (A) airports were larger
___ (B) aircraft did not need so much space to maneuver on the ground
___ (C) other forms of transportation were more efficient
___ (D) airplanes could fly faster
69. The linear plan would probably be best at
___ (A) a busy airport
___ (B) an airport used by many small aircraft
___ (C) an airport with only a few arrivals or departures
___ (D) an airport that serves a large city
70. The passage implies that the term "satellite plan" is used because
___ (A) satellites are launched and tracked from these sites
___ (B) small terminals encircle the main terminal like satellites around a planet
___ (C) the plan makes use of the most modern, high-technology equipment
___ (D) airports that make use of this plan utilize data from weather satellites