PRACTICE TEST

Finding Main Idea

Text 1

Vaccines are prepared from harmful viruses or bacteria and administered to patients to provide
immunity to specific diseases. The various types of vaccines are classified according to the
methods by which they are derived.
The most basic class of vaccines actually contains disease causing microorganisms that have
been killed with a solution containing formaldehyde. In this type of vaccine, the
microorganisms are dead and therefore cannot caused disease; however; the anti- gents found
in and on the microorganisms can still stimulate the formation of antibodies. Examples of this
type of vaccine are the ones that fight influenza, typhoid fever, and cholera.
A second type of vaccine contains the toxins produced by the microorganisms rather than the
microorganisms themselves. This type of vaccine is prepared when the microorganisms itself
does little damage but the toxin within the microorganisms is extremely harmful. For example,
the bacteria that cause diphtheria can thrive in the throat without much harm, but when toxins
are released from the bacteria, muscles can become paralyzed and death can ensue.
A final type of vaccine contains living microorganisms that have been rendered harmless. With
this type of vaccine, a large number of antigen molecules are produced and the immunity that
results is generally longer lasting than the immunity from other types of vaccines. The Sabin
oral antipolio vaccine and the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis are examples of this type of
vaccine.
1. Which of the following expresses the main idea of the passage?
A. Vaccines provide immunity to specific disease.
B. Vaccines contain disease-causing microorganisms.
C. Vaccines are derived in different ways.
D. New approaches in administering vaccines are being developed
E. Vaccines are released from the bacteria

Text 2

The most common causes of tsunamis are underwater earth- quakes. To understand underwater
earthquakes, you must first understand plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics suggests
that the lithosphere, or top layer of the Earth, is made up of a series of huge plates. These plates
make up the continents and seafloor. They rest on an underlying viscous called the
asthenosphere.
Think of a pie cut into eight slices. The pie crust would be the lithosphere and the hot, sticky
pie filling underneath would be the asthenosphere. On the Earth, these plates are constantly in
motion, moving along each other at a speed of 1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) per year. The movement
occurs most dramatically along fault lines (where the pie is cut). These motions are capable of
producing earthquakes and volcanism, which, when they occur at the bottom of the ocean, are
two possible sources of tsunamis.
When two plates come into contact at a region known as a plate boundary, a heavier plate can
slip under a lighter one. This is called subduction. Underwater subduction often leaves
enormous "handprints" in the form of deep ocean trenches along the seafloor. In some cases of
subduction, part of the seafloor connected to the lighter plate may "snap up" suddenly due to
pressure from the sinking plate. This result in an earthquake. The focus of the earth- quake is
the point within the Earth where the rupture first occurs, rocks break and the first seismic waves
are generated. The epicentre is the point on the seafloor directly above the focus.
When this piece of the plate snaps up and sends tons of rock shooting upward with tremendous
force, the energy of that force is transferred to the water. The energy pushes the water upward
above normal sea level. This is the birth of a tsunami. The earthquake that generated the

1
December 26, 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean was a 9.0 on the Richter scale - one of the
biggest in recorded history.

2. Which of the following best states the topic of this text?

A. The birth of a tsunami
B. The magnitude of tsunami
C. Tsunami in the Indian Ocean
D. Series of huge plates on earth
E. Lithosphere and asthenosphere

Text 3

An open office is an open-plan work environment where there are no enclosed office rooms or
walled cubicles for employees. Usually, employees work in the same room, often beside each
other, while seated along a huge desk or on workstations positioned close together. If a company
wants a collaborative, social, and energetic environment, an open office will help it achieve it.
Open offices are believed to encourage better communication and teamwork.
The disadvantage of this type of open office is the noise which can prevent employees from
working productively. If you have employees working on tasks that require concentration and
quiet space, noise from an open office can be a huge roadblock to their productivity. To make
matters worse, employees also tend to have different thresholds for noise and concentration.
Open office sometimes leads people to talk less because they feel that their secret would easily
exposed to other employees.
Unlike open offices, closed offices can help minimize distraction allowing employees to work
better and produce quality results. Having walls surrounding employees while they work
prevents distractions and provides an increased sense of security; the fear of being watched
while you work is no longer relevant. In contrast, a completely open office space without any
barriers can inhibit productivity. Studies have found that open work environments, with few
screens between employees, can lead to increase employee interruption, reduce levels of
concentration and lower levels of motivation. In closed office, however, it's hard to supervise
all employees in a closed office environment compared to the open-plan layout. Because your
employees are in their own private offices or cubicles, it can be difficult to understand what
everyone is doing.
A study found that employees working out of cubicles had -the highest rates of unhappiness
with their work set-up. Open office spaces, on the other hand, tend to be more disposed
to spontaneous brainstorming sessions and informal group conversation. Then, completely open
workspace environments can be noisy, yet foster collaboration. Closed-off workspaces fall
short on cost effectiveness but encourage performance.
https://www.theperspective.com/debates/businessandtechnology/open-vs-closed-space-work-
environments/

3. What is the topic of the passage?

A. Open offices arouse the workers to better communication and solitary teamwork.
B. Closed offices decrease employees' level of concentration due to its complete
security.
C. Both closed and open offices encourage workers' productivity through different
environment.
D. Closed and open offices require quiet room to boost con- centration to a better-
quality job.
E. It's hard to supervise all employees in a closed and open office environment due to
their different personality.

2
Text 4

European society in the 18th century was a broad pyramid, with the few of the nobility at the
top and the masses of the peasantry at the bottom. In Western Europe there was an increasing
split between the wealthy nobility, who spent much of their time practicing exquisite etiquette
at court, and those lower nobles who stayed in the countryside, hunting and running their estates
with little concern for either social niceties or abstract ideas. Only a few of the social peak lived
the life portrayed in20th century historical novels-amid bright chandeliers, powdered wigs, and
beautiful women but it was in the milieu that the century earned its reputation for licentiousness
and decadence. Every monarch had his mistresses, and the ways of Versailles were mimicked
across Europe, most absurdly in the courts of the tiny German principalities.

4. The topic of this paragraph is......

A. The wealthy and the poor
B. The European pyramid
C. The wealthy nobility in Europe
D. The European luxurious life in the 18th century
E. Social life in the 18th century European society

Text 5

A new study that evidences the health and wellbeing bene- fits of swimming has been released
today by Swim England. The report shows that the unique benefits of water make it the perfect
place for people of all ages to exercise, particularly those with long term health conditions. The
report also found evidence that swimmers live longer, and regular swimming helps older people
stay mentally and physically fit. Importantly, it also showed that participation in swimming
lessons can help children to develop physical, cognitive and social skills quicker than those who
do not have lessons.
Swim England commissioned the independent report and will use the findings to raise
awareness within the health profession that swimming is a safe, cost effective and viable option
to sign- post patients. The national governing body for swimming in Eng- land is also calling
on the wider health and sports sector to come together and invest in further research on the
impact of physical activity on mental health and long term conditions. Jane Nickerson, Swim
England CEO, said: -It is evident from the report that swimming has enormous potential to
support the health and wellbeing of the nation. The unique properties of water means that unlike
other activities, no one is restricted from taking part.
The report particularly highlights the benefits of swimming and aquatic activities for people
with mental health concerns or problems with their joints and muscles. This supports findings
from our Dementia Friendly Swimming project, but is an area where further research across the
health and sports sector is re- quired. We will use the report findings to continue to develop our
Health and Wellbeing Model and our Aquatic Activity for Health qualification. We will also
be working closely with the swimming workforce and health practitioners to increase awareness
of the benefits of swimming and make it a viable option for signposting patients.
The reports remit was developed by the Swimming and Health Commission under the
Chairmanship of Professor lan Cumming. The Health Education England Chief Executive, said:
The Swimming and Health Commission was established by Swim England to explore the
evidence base for the health benefits of swimming. The resulting academic report is a ground-
breaking collection of papers that identify striking and robust evidence for the significant
improvements in health and quality of life that swimming produces. Adapted from:
https://blogs.bmj.com/bism/2017/06/23/major-new-study-health-benefits-swimming released/

5. The most appropriate title for the passage is

A. The Scientific Study of Swimming.

3
 B. Swimming, The Only Sport Improving Our Health.
C. The Benefits of Swimming for Human Health.
D. A new Study of Swimming and Its Effect to Human Mind.
E. How Swimming Can Enhance Our Mood.

Text 6

Smartphones, tablets and e-readers should have an automatic "bedtime mode" that stops them
disrupting people's sleep, says a leading doctor.
Prof Paul Gringras argued the setting should filter out the blue light that delays the body clock
and keeps people awake later into the evening. The doctor, from Evelina Children's Hospital in
Lon- don, said every new model was "bluer and brighter". He said manufacturers needed to
show more "responsibility".
As it gets darker in the evening, the body starts to produce the sleep hormone melatonin - which
helps people nod off. Certain wavelengths of light, those at the blue-green end of the spectrum,
can disrupt the system.
Prof. Gringras was part of a study, published in Frontiers in public health, analyzing the light
emitted by devices. It concluded there was a clear trend for new devices to be bigger, brighter,
have higher levels of contrast and emit more blue light. The professor of children's sleep
medicine told the BBC News website: "That is great for use in the day, but awful for use at
night. "There is converging data to say if you are in front of one of these devices at night-time
it could prevent you falling asleep by an extra hour."
He said some sleep-aware apps had already been designed to reduce blue-green light emissions.
And that a bedtime mode could automatically filter out the blue as software such as flux al-
ready does. He said there needed to be "more responsibility from manufacturers" and the "key
is to automate it". Prof Gringras added: "It's not good enough to say do less and accept this is
the world we live in, they're fun devices but we do need some protection on what they do at
night-time."

6. The passage mainly discussed a topic on....

A. Sleep disorder and its cure
B. Problems with the newest electronic gadget
C. New technology that can help reduce sleep disruption
D. Electronic gadget that help people fall asleep
E. Blue green application found in electronic devices

Text 7

With so many people volunteering in so many different ways, the individual reasons for
volunteering are almost endless. Probably the best reason of all - and it's likely why most people
volunteer - is to help others by making a difference and giving back to their commu- nity. This
is truly a noble reason.
One of the best reasons to volunteer is that it is tied to some- thing you're passionate about.
Maybe you lost a loved one to a disease and want to keep others from suffering the same fate.
Maybe you've always loved animals, but your small apartment isn't an ideal home for a large
dog, much less two or three. May- be art has allowed you to express yourself, and you want to
share that with others. Volunteering through different programs lets you be devoted to a cause
that's close to your heart while spreading that passion to others.
that volunteerism can Another great reason to volunteer benefit a professional resume. Many
employers and schools look favourably upon volunteer experience. Also, while you're
volunteering, you can learn new skills and sharpen old ones, honing your communication,
leadership, teamwork and time management talents. You'll also have the chance to network

4
with others and possibly vet out a new career avenue. You might even earn credit toward your
schooling.
Meeting people and having fun are also good reasons to volunteer. Perhaps you're retired with
plenty of free time on your hands, maybe you have the summer off, or you just have some extra
time in the afternoons or no weekends. No matter what your circumstance, volunteering can
keep you busy. You'll be able to meet new people and have exciting experiences, instead of
sitting around being bored with little or nothing to do.

7. The most appropriate title for the passage is

A. Different Ways to Volunteer.
B. Inspiration behind Volunteering.
C. Benefits of Doing Volunteer.
D. Effects of Volunteerism in the Community.
E. Noble Reasons to Volunteer.

Text 8

Homeschooling or home education is the education of children at home, typically conducted by

parents but sometimes by teachers, rather than in other formal settings of publics or private
school. Approximately three percent of American children are estimated to be home-schooled
and that number is getting bigger.
Nine states- Alaska, Idaho, Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey, and
Connecticut - have no notice required for homeschooling so that it is, essentially, unregulated;
other states have mild regulation of home schooling; 19 states have moderate regulation; and
seven states North Dakota, New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island
and Pennsylvania have high regulation of homeschooling.
Homeschooling is much cheaper than public school education. Public schools could always be
the option for parents who cannot home school their children or send their children to private
schools, but the public policy of promoting private instruction of students could solve many
problems that government currently tries to solve through the expenditure of vast government
resources and the hyper-regulation of education in many states.
The advantages of homeschooling have been known and documented, but some Americans are
still hostile to homeschooling for some reasons. Public school teachers and administrators are
highly dependent upon the allocations of government funds tied to public school populations.
Even though homeschooling helps children, it hurts these folks. Public schools, also, have
become re-education camps in many cases. The function is not to teach so much as to instil
common values.

8. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
A. American Homeschooling
B. Informal Education in America
C. Public School Education
D. Tuition Fee Home Education
E. Free Education

Text 9

A huge study, published this summer in the British Medical Jo- urnal, seemed to indicate that
a diet filled with spices- including chilies- was beneficial for health. A team at the Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences tracked the health of nearly half a million parti- cipants in China
for several years. They found that participants who said they ate spicy food once or twice a

5
week had a mortality rate 10% lower than those who ate spicy food less than once a week. Risk
of death reduced still further for hot-heads who ate spicy food six or seven days a week.
Chili peppers were the most commonly used spice among the sample, and those who ate fresh
chili had a lower risk of death from cancer, coronary heart disease and diabetes. One of the
authors of the study, Lu Qi-who confesses that he is very keen on spicy food- says there are
likely to be many reasons for this effect. "The data encourages people to eat more spicy food to
improve health and reduce mortality risk at an early age," says Qi, a nutritionist at the Harvard
TH Chan School of Public Health.
While the health-promoting properties of chilies may not be fully understood, at least we have
a good idea where to look to find the source of them. Cut a chili open and you will see yellow
placenta-like fronds that attach the seeds to the inside of the fruit. In most types of chili, this is
the location of the spice's secret weapon-capsaicin. It is capsaicin that makes chilies hot. The
heat is measured in Scoville heat units, which is the number of times a sample of dissolves dried
chili must be diluted by its own weight in sugar water before it loses its heat. For a green bell
pepper this is zero. However, the Aztec codices also tell us that they put chili on their teeth to
kill toothache pain, and the use of capsaicin as an analgesic also continues to this day.
Several studies have also indicated that capsaicin has powerful anti-cancer properties. It has
been found to be helpful in fighting human prostate and lung cancer cells in mice, there are also
indications that it could be used as a treatment for colon cancer. It may also improve drug
resistance for bite-duct cancer sufferers. Capsaicin creams and patches are available in chemists
to ease pain. But it's only in the past 20 years that we have come to understand the contradiction
of how something that causes pain can ease it too. Capsaicin binds to the pain receptor TRPV1,
which our brains also use to detect changes in temperature-that's why we think chilies are hot.

9. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Why chilies are popular in some parts of the world.
B. The studies about benefit of chilies
C. The studies about how chilies can make people addicted
D. The overview of what effects chilies can give
E. The theories about misconception of the usage chilies as an analgesic

Text 10

While reading to your baby, it may be the back-and-forth talking, not just the sound of words
being read from a page, that is the key to language development, according to new research at
the University of lowa (UI).
For the study, research observed how mothers responded to their 12-month-old babies during
book reading, puppet play, and toy play. They found that the babies made more speech-like
sounds during reading than when playing with puppets or toys. They also discovered that
mothers were more responsive to these types of sounds while reading to their child than during
the other activities.
These finding might help explain why reading has been so strongly associated with language
development in your children. "A lot of research shows that book reading even to infants as
young as six month of age is important to language outcomes, but I am trying to explain why
by looking at the specifics, which could be responding to speech-like sounds," said Dr. Julie
Gros-Louis, assist- ant professor of psychology at the UI and corresponding author.
The researchers also found that no matter the context, mother's responses to speech-like sound
were often imitations or an expansion of the sound. For instance, if the baby said, "Ba," the
mother might respond with "Ba-ba" or "Ball," even if it had nothing to do with the story. Mother
also frequently pointed at object in the pictures and identified them, such as "horse."
Gros-Louis says she used mothers and their babies for this study because their interactions have
been studied more than those between fathers and their children that would make it easier to
compare the current results to past findings.

6
Adapted from: http://psychcentral.com/news/2016/01/09/parent-baby- interaction-during-
reading-may-be-key-to-language-develpomen-t/97423html

10. What does the passage discuss?

A. Reading to infants is essentially important.
B. First language is acquired through reading to babies
C. Mother and her baby develop crucial innate relationship.
D. Infants start learning language at the age of 6 months.
E. Infants learn more from their mother than father.

Text 11

Honeybees live in colonies with one queen running the whole hive. Worker honeybees are all
females and are the only bees most people ever see flying around outside of the hive. They
forage for food, build the honeycombs, and protect the hive. Many species still occur in the
wild, but honeybees are disappearing from hives due to colony collapse disorder. Scientists are
not sure what is causing this collapse.
Honeybees are important pollinators for flowers, fruits, and vegetables. They live on stored
honey and pollen all winter and cluster in to a ball to conserve warmth. All honeybees are social
and cooperative insects. Members of the hive are divided into three types. Workers forage for
food (pollen and nectar from flowers), build and protect the hive, clean, and circulate air by
beating their wings. The queen's job is simple - she lays the eggs that will spawn the hive's next
generation of bees. There is usually only a single queen in a hive. If the queen dies, workers
will create a new queen by feeding one of the worker females a special food called "royal jelly".
This elixir enables the worker to develop into a fertile queen. Queens regulate the hive's
activities by producing chemicals that guide the behaviour of the other bees. Male bees are
called drones -- the third class of honeybee. Several hundred drones live in each hive during the
spring and summer, but they are expelled for the winter months when the hive goes into a lean
survival mode.

11. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The division in honeybees' colony
B. The disappearance of honeybees from hives due to colony collapse disorder.
C. The existence of hive in the colony mode
D. The role of honeybees' queens in regulating the hive's activities by producing
chemicals.
E. The search of colony done by honeybees.

Text 12

Some 40 years ago, Washington State University anthropologist Barry Hewlett noticed that
when the Aka pygmies stopped rest between hunts, parents would give their infants small axes,
digging sticks, and knives.
To present living in the developed world, this could be seen as irresponsible. But in all the
intervening years, Hewlett has never seen an infant cut him - or herself. He has, however, seen
the exercise as part of the Aka way of teaching, an activity that most researchers - from
anthropologists or biologists- consider rare or non-existent in such small scale cultures.
He has completed a small but novel study of the Aka, conclu- ding that "teaching is part of the
human genome."
"It is part of our human nature," said Hewlett, a professor of anthropology at WSU Vancouver.
"Obviously, teaching as it exists in formal education is in a way different from the way it exists
in small-scale groups that I work with. The thing is, these does seem to be something going on
there."

7
The Aka are among the last of the world's hunter-gatherers, but their way of life accounts for
99 percent of human history. What they teach, and how they teach offers new insight into who
we are as humans and how we might best learnt.
Clearly, the Aka are not helicopter parents who would shudder at the thought of giving sharp
objects to any children, let alone 1-year-olds. Rather, the Aka place a high value on individual
autonomy, in addition to sharing and social equality, so they are unlikely to intervene with one
another's behaviour.
"One does not coerce or tell others what to do, including children," Hewlett and co-author Casey
Roulette write in Royal Society Open Science, an open-access journal by the world's oldest
scientific publisher, The Royal Society of London.
Adapted from: https://news.wsu.edu/2016/02/08/study-innate-teaching-skills-part-of-human-
nature/)

12. The passage mainly discusses a topic on...

A. Patterns of education in a tribe
B. Parental roles in educating children
C. The Aka way of educating children
D. Educational values in the Aka culture
E. Education as universal culture

Text 13

Tea tree oil can kill bacteria and fungi. It comes from the ever- green leaves of the Australian
Melaleuca alternifolia tree. Tea tree oil has been used as complementary therapy in surgery,
burn care, and dental care. Numerous tea tree oil body care products are available, including
soap, shampoo, toothpaste, lip balm, topical (used on the skin) cream, and essential oil.
What is tea tree oil used for? People usually use tea tree oil to treat minor cuts, burns, acne,
athlete's foot, mild fungal nail infec- tions, vaginal yeast infections, and lung problems (when
they add the oil to a bath or vaporizer). Although there is little research on tea tree oil, some
studies suggest that it is safe and often effective for the prevention and treatment of infections.
Experts consider tea tree oil to be safe as a topical treatment, and you can apply it directly to
the skin on a daily basis. When applied to the skin in its pure (100% oil) form, tea tree oil
seldom causes irritation. But some people develop an allergic rash (con- tact dermatitis). If you
are concerned that you might develop a rash, try the oil first on a small area of skin. You can
also dilute tea tree oil with vegetable, olive, or almond oil.
Tea tree oil is not safe to take by mouth. It is not recommen- ded for use in the ears, because it
may cause damage to the inner ear.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regu- late tea tree oil in the same way
it regulates medicine. It can be sold with limited or no research on how well it works.
It is deemed essential to tell your doctor if you are using an al- ternative product or if you are
thinking about combining your conventional medical treatment. It may not be safe to forget
your conventional medical treatment and rely only on an alterna- tive product.
Diadaptasi dari http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/ tea-tree-oil-
melaleuca-alternifolia-topic-overview)

13. The topic of the passage is about...

A. The abundant boons of tree tea oil to cure minor injuries.
B. The process of using tea tree oil to heal injuries.
C. The benefit of consuming tea tree oil product.
D. treatment and prevention of infections using products derived from tea tree oil.
E. recommended ways of applying tea tree oil to minor wounds.

Text 14

8
UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It seeks to
build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences and Culture.
UNESCO's pro- grams contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals
defined in Agenda 2030, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015.
Political and economic arrangements of governments are not enough to secure the lasting and
sincere support of the peoples. Peace must be founded upon dialogue and mutual understanding.
Peace must be built upon the intellectual and moral solidarity of humanity.
In this spirit, UNESCO develops educational tools to help people live as global citizens free of
hate and intolerance. UNESCO works so that each child and citizen has access to quality
education. By promoting cultural heritage and the equal dignity of all cultures, UNESCO
strengthens bonds among nations. UNESCO fosters scientific programs and policies as
platforms for development and cooperation. UNESCO stands up for freedom of expression, as
a fundamental right and a key condition for democracy and development. Serving as a
laboratory of ideas, UNESCO helps countries adopt international standards and manages
programs that foster the free flow of ideas and knowledge sharing.
UNESCO's founding vision was born in response to a world war that was marked by racist and
anti-Semitic violence. Seventy years on and many liberation struggles later, UNESCO's
mandate is as relevant as ever. Cultural diversity is under attack and new forms of intolerance,
rejection of scientific facts and threats to freedom of expression challenge peace and human
rights. In response, UNESCO's duty remains to reaffirm the humanist missions of education,
science and culture.

14. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The definition of UNESCO in general.
B. The explanation of UNESCO's duty.
C. The mission and mandate of UNESCO.
D. The humanist mission of UNESCO.
E. The humanity programs of UNESCO.

Text 15

It has been said that people can be judged by the company they keep. New research from
Michigan State University (MSU) shows that what is true for the living is also true for the dead.
The study, published in the current issue of Nature Scientific Reports, shows that postmortem
microbiome - population of microorganisms that move in after death - can provide crucial
insights into the public health. Regardless of many factors - sex, ethnicity, or even type of death
- the microbiome is consistent and distinct, depending on the number of days after death.
Based on the growing number of partnerships between MSU forensic entomologists and
medical examiners, the police and medical communities are beginning to see the value the
research can provide. A case in point is the interdisciplinary research happening between MSU
and the Wayne Medical Examiner's Office. The partnership initially began to better understand
the bugs and the microbes present and what they can tell investigators about the recently
deceased. Just as the TV show says, the first 48 hours of an investigation are critical. The
organisms found on a body can help estimate the time of death.
According to Eric Benbow, MSU forensic entomologist and stu- dy co-author, the microbial
stopwatch, as it has recently been called, is a telling timepiece that can assist us in determining
when someone died. It is comparable to a town with a changing population: a company starts
up, and an entire new population moves in. In death, that microbial population is different after
two days, and it completely turns over again a few days later.

9
MSU's kits and the collection protocol are now being regularly used in death investigations.
One noteworthy case involves a mother who stored her two dead children in a freezer. The
microbial data were the first used to understand how the postmortem microbiome changes in
unusual circumstances of death and concealment, in this case when bodies were frozen. The
evergrowing dataset is painting a picture of the public health - of the living - including many
populations that are underserved and under studied by the medical community.
For the first time, Michigan State University is demonstrating that sampling the post-mortem
microbiome may have public health sur- veillance importance like monitoring the diversity and
frequency of antibiotic resistant genes from general population. Additionally, the victim may
have died of a drug overdose, but the research also re- vealed that the microbes can show that
the person suffered from a heart disease.
According to a study's lead author Jennifer Pechal, during the first 48 hours the samples that
had been gathered from a predominantly industrial urban population confirmed that microbial
biodiversity is a predictor of the host's health conditions, such as heart disease, when they were
living. The researchers have demonstrated that this microbiome could be an effective tool for
assessing the health of living populations

15. What is the text mainly about?

A. Investigating death.
B. Organism living in dead bodies.
C. Solving crimes using bugs and microbes.
D. Estimating the time of death of the deceased.
E. Invaluable insight gathered from micro organisms of the death

10