English Notes For FSC

English Noter for FSC-II Sindh Board
READING – TEXT ONE
TWENTY MINUTES WITH MRS. OAKENTUBB

Vocabulary
Melodrama(n) Any kind of writing which relies on sensation and happenings,
violent action and improbable event.
Notable(adj) important; famous.
Skilful(adj) good at sth, made or done very well.
Manipulate (v) To control cleverly.
Suspense (n) Feeling of worry or excitement.
Empty (of) with no people or things inside.
Almost not quite, nearly.
Audible (adj) that can be heard clearly.
Tie-on (v) To fasten sth to or around sth.
Heavily (adv) fully.
Wrap up (v) To cover sth/sb in material.
Scarf (n) a piece of fabric worn for warmth or decoration.
Glove(n) a covering for the hand.
Fur coat(n) a coat made up of a soft thick hair.
Slightly (adv) a little.
Porter (n) a person whose job is to carry peoples’ luggage.
Stormy (adj) with strong winds and heavy snow.
Glisten (v) (of sth wet) to shine.
Hesitant (adj) slow to speak or act because of uncertainty.
Meekly(adv) quietly, gently.
Chuckle(v) to laugh quietly.
Love(v) a word used as a friendly way of addressing sb.
Tootsies hands and feet.
Kneel down (ph: v) go down on the knees.
Glow shine brightly and warmly.
Criticism a statement showing disapproval.
Self pity a feeling of pity for yourself.
Take off to remove sth esp a piece of clothing.
Briskly quickly
Trench-coat a long loose coat, worn esp to keep off rain.
Trilby hat a man’s soft hat with a narrow brim and the top part pushed in.
Shake to move sth with short quick movements.
Soak to make sb/sth completely wet.
Trot to walk fast, taking short quick steps.
Shaggy long and untidy hair.
Meanwhile in the period of time b/w two times or events.
Mouse brown like the colour of mouse.
Streak a long thin mark or line.
Grey colour b/w black and white.
Prosperous rich and successful.
Glance a quick look.
Fall on to take hold of sb/sth.
Apparently according to the way sth appears / obviously.
Artisan a person who does skilled work; craftsman.
At first in the start.
Exhibit to display publicly.
Flamboyant showy, excessive outward display.
Departure act of leave, exit.
Stranger foreigner, intruder.
Display to present, to view, make evident.
Constraint compulsion, restraint.
Casually incidentally, occasionally.
Aside to or toward the side.
Object to oppose sth, disapprove.
Conversation an exchange of speech.
Grumbling fuss, crab.
Placid peaceful, undisturbed.
Nervously uneasily, unsteadily.
Pause a temporary stop, intermission.
Withdraw to take back/ away, remove.
Turn away to take a side.
Indifference lack of emotion, uncaring.
Grimly fiercely.
Startle to surprise, suddenly.
Fairly handsomely.
Remarkable noteworthy, worthy of being noticed.
Stone hard. 1
Distinguishing which make distinctions, markable, noticeable.
Appreciate to value justly, value, respect.
Pretty beautiful, fair, good looking.
Curious alertly interested in finding out things, inquiring.
Recognize identify, diagnose.
Probably doubtless, likely.
Opinion point of view, conviction.
Intend to propose, have half a mind to.
Puzzle to make confused.
Queue convoy fleet.
Swing apart become separated, departs.
Intensely extremely.
Alter to make different, change.
Shiver tremble
Round the corner in surroundings.
Profound very great
Interrupt stop.
Forcibly with force.
Utter to say sth.
Sympathetic kind.
Talk down (ph: v) to speak sb as if they are less important then you.
Wound injury
Strap to fasten sb with strap.
Stretcher a bed for carrying patients or injured persons.
Dump to put sth down
Peg out to die.
Guess suppose.
Fainted to become unconscious.
Bend over to lean over sth/sb.
Plait braid.
Hang fall loosely.
Chase away to force sb to run away.
Jolt to move suddenly or roughly.
Overcome strongly affected, to control, defeat .
Brokenly weakly.
Pull yourself together to take control of your feelings.
Violently very strongly or severely.
Revenge avenge, harm inflicted in response to harm received.
Persuade convince, bring round.
Dedicate devote.
Wickedness evil quality.
Hate detest, abominate, abhor.
Vengeance revenge.
Evil doer a person who does evil, who does wrong.
Saith say.
Lord God.
Stuff subject matter.
Stare at to look with wide open eyes with fixed gazes peer.
Fiercely intensely, angrily.
Cruelly harshly.
Malevolent hostile, malicious.
Urge push, press.
Desperation loss of hope, state of hopelessness.
Passion emotion, anger.
Impersonal unconcerned, aloof.
Fascinate Attract greatly.
Tear away leave sth.
Gaze long and steady look.
Moisten make sth slightly wet.
Repelled resist, reject, repulse, disgust.
Will wish, desire.
Escape get free, avoid.
Evilly in an evil manner.
Stroll walk quite leisurely.
Follow to go or come after, persue.
Front to face sth.
Shrink to become smaller, to move back.
Defiant disobeying.
Tuck to secure in place by pushing the edges under, hide.
Flap something broad and thin that hangs.
Visible manifest, apparent, capable of being seen.
Casualness state of careless or purposeless.
2
Draw up to pull oneself erect.
Belie misrepresent, give a false impression.
Rash very hasty.
Minor small.
Salesman wholesale dealer’s traveling agent.
Meditatively with a deep thinking.
Category class, kind, group.
Faintly weakly, feebly.
Brutally Cruelly.
Convict to decide sb as guilty.
Charge with to accuse sb formally.
Scornfully contemptibly.
Manslaughter the crime killing sb illegally but not deliberately.
Plain open, obivious, evident.
Deliberate intentional.
Heartless cruel.
Precious of great value, beloved, loved.
Relentless unyielding.
Built up covered in buildings and roads.
Pull out to move away from the side of the road.
Blind bend sightless turn.
Slap straight and with great force.
Swerve to change direction suddenly.
Pavement route for pedestrians.
Pedestrian walker, going on foot.
Hesitate be flick, feel uncertainty.
Mount get on, ascend.
Drunk having drunk too much.
Bear down press on sb.
Cocktail party a social occasion where people drink alcohol drinks.
Bet money risked in a stake.
Rotten very bad, dishonest.
Wager to bet.
Split a second a very short moment of time.
In a flash very quickly and suddenly.
Counsel a lawyer.
Gaol jail.
Folly foolishness.
Painful causing pain, grievous.
Commit to do sth wrong or illegal.
Execute to carry out, put into effect.
Grimly fiercely, cruelly.
Scream to cry out loudly.
Composure calmness.
Gallantly bravely.
Indignation a feeling of anger and surprise.
Spine backbone.
Give sb away betray.
Recoil to shrink from danger, to draw back.
Rattling cluttering; sequence of noises.
Frown to make a serious or angry expression on face.
Comfy comfortable.
Oblivious unaware.
Feigned not real or genuine, imaginary.
Wreck to ruin or damage.
Spare to exempt from sth.
Vividly clearly.
Haunt continue to cause problems.
Shriek scream.
Hysterical very excited.
Blot out to try to forget.
Endure tolerate, bear.
Sob to cry loudly taking sudden sharp breaths.
Spring move suddenly.
Implore beseech, entreat.
***********************

3
Summary
“Twenty Minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb” is an effective little piece of
Melodrama. It is story of persons whose lives have been affected by the casual
meetings. Mrs. Oakentubb who caused an accident and created unexpected
problems for herself and a gentleman, he, who lost her wife and daughter in that
accident.
Mrs. Judy Oakentubb wife of a prosperous businessman was brought by a
porter to the waiting room of railway station. She had a suitcase with her. It was a
black night with heavy downpour. Just then a gentleman came into the waiting
room. His eyes fell on the tie on the label attached to the suitcase which had name
and address of the lady. They both were going to Stainthorpe The lady was the
native of that city. While the gentleman was on the way to Stainthorpe with a
purpose of taking revenge from Judy Oakentubb. She had killed his wife and
daughter in an accident.
The porter left both of them to warm themselves on the gas fire. They broke
their silence by discussing about the subject of chance and casual meetings. He
narrated an event of meeting with a little girl in Korea who had changed the course
of his life and gave him the courage to live a life at the time when he had become
fed up of it. He also told the intention of going to Stainthorpe to seek revenge on
the lady Judy Oakentubb. He told to lady that she willfully killed his wife and
daughter, though it was considered as an accident. Though she was sentenced
eighteen months in prison yet he considered that punishment too light for her
crime. The woman present in the waiting room was Mrs. Oakentubb herself. Her
expressions and gesture after listening his motive and the tag of the suitcase helped
him to recognize her. He decided to kill her. Though she pleaded being not guilty
and played a cunning trick yet he shot her dead with a pistol and he went away
from there.
*************************

By: Frank Arthur.
Question & Answers.
4
Q-1: Explain the importance of the label on Mr. Oakentubb’s suitcase. Why does she hide it?
Ans: The label which is present on Mrs. Oakentubb’s suitcase has great importance. It is
because of the label that the man identified her. If there had been no label the plot
of the drama could not have developed. She hides the label to conceal her identity.
She had guessed who the man was, she felt that her identification by the man
would create problems for her.
Q-2: At what point in the play do we become certain that the man know that the woman in the
waiting room is Mrs. Oakentubb? When, in fact, do you think he discovered her identity?
Ans: Though the man does not disclose whether he had recognized the woman or not,
his attitude makes it quite clear from the beginning that he has recognize the
woman as Mrs. Oakentubb because when he entered the room he saw the label,
containing her name, on the woman’s suitcase.
Q-3: When is the audience likely to begin to suspect that she might be Mrs. Oakentubb?
Ans: Though writer tries his best to continue suspense in the recognition of Mrs.
Oakentubb yet the audience become aware of the originality of her. The audience
suspect that the woman is Mrs. Oakentubb. She hides the label on her suitcase.
Q-4: What motive has the man for murdering her?
Ans: The man has the motive of revenge for murdering her. Actually sometime ago
man’s daughter and wife were killed in an accident. The woman in waiting room
had caused the accident. So, he has the chance to kill the woman to accomplish his
motive.
Q-5: In this little melodrama, the author keeps on building up the tension then relaxing it, until the
final moment of tension when the murder is done. Briefly describe the chief moments of
tension and what follows after each one.
Ans: This is a melodrama and we are aware of the fact that melodrama is full of
sensational events, emotional feelings and tensive thoughts. In “Twenty Minutes
With Mrs. Oakentubb” there are many events where the sensation and tension
prevail and soon after that sensational situation is relaxed. We have a tensive
situation when he describes the death of his wife and daughter in an accident
caused by Oakentubb and he tells the woman the motive of killing her. This
situation is followed by a relaxed one when he tells her that this story is just only
for killing the time. Then again we have a situation full of tension when he points
the pistol at woman to kill her and then we are relaxed by the arrival of the porter
after his departure again the tense situation starts till the end.
Q-6: Why, in your opinion, does the author make the porter a humorous character?
Ans: Keeping in view the seriousness and the excess of serious elements in the drama
the author introduces humorous character of porter. Because the continuous flow
of serious and sensational elements may cause boring attitude among the reader. In
order to avoid the boredom author makes the porter a humorous character.
Q-7: Write a brief character sketch of Mrs. Oakentubb.
Ans: Mrs. Oakentubb is the central character of melodrama “Twenty Minute With Mrs.
Oakentubb”. Her name is used in the title of drama. Her character is not the
positive because of her ill-natured conduct and irresponsible behaviour. She is the
wife of a prosperous businessman. Her character is not worthy of praise because
she is a drinker and gambler. She caused an accident in which the wife and
daughter of character he were killed. In the end of the drama she meets her actual
fate and is killed by the character he.
Q-8: Write a brief character sketch of the porter.
Ans: Porter in this drama is a minor character. Though he appears twice in the whole
drama yet his character has an importance. The porter’s character is humorous one.
Through his character author gives the normal touches of comedy. He gives his
appearance twice, first in the start then at the climax of the story. His behaviour
shows that he is the great lover of women and possesses good moral.
Q-9: Briefly discuss whether the play would have had a more satisfying ending if the man had not
come back through the door, seen Mrs. Oakentubb’s vulgar and impatient gesture and shot her
that is to say if it had ended in Mrs. Oakentubb’s collapsing with genuine remorse and the
man’s decision that he would be adequately revenged if she went on living.
Ans: It is a fact that evil-doer must be punished. This is the law of nature. This drama
has ended in a poetic justice. Because if the man had not killed the woman and if
she had been spared to live then the law of nature would not have been completed;
that is to say the wrong doer (she) would not have gotten the punishment for her
misdeed of causing an accident. So, it is the best end of melodrama that she meets
her true and actual fate and is shot dead by he.
********
READING – TEXT TWO
REFLECTIONS ON THE RE-AWAKENING EAST

New Words
5
Reflection (n) careful thought.
Re-awaken (v) Rekindle.
Outstanding (n) Extremely good; excellent.
Inherit (v) To receive sth from sb when they die.
Earldom (n) Rank of nobleman.
Eminent (adj) distinguished
Notable (adj) famous.
Attitude (n) way of thinking, feeling or behaving.
Preoccupy (v) think or worry often or all the time.
Enormous (adj) huge; extremely large.
Perspective (adj) view.
Alternate (v) in turn.
Predominate (v) to have the most influence or importance.
Occur (v) to happen.
Acquire (v) gain; obtain.
Fall (n) the loss or defeat of a country or city.
Dominant (adj) established in power; more powerful.
Enfeeble (v) weaken.
Glorious (adj) Magnificient; enjoyable.
Extensive (adj) far-reaching, covering a large area.
Flourish (v) prosper.
Sunk (p.p) sink (v) to go down below the surface or below the bottom.
Barbarism (n) cruel or violent behaviour.
Unpardonable (adj) that cannot be pardoned; unforgivable; in excusable.
Insularity (n) Narrow mindedness; being of an Island.
Brilliant (adj) very bright; splendid; clever.
Gradually (adv) step by step; not abruptly.
Abyss (n) depth; hell.
Pioneer (n) beginner.
Imperialism (n) A system in which one country controls other countries, often
after defeating them; the improving influence of one country
over other countries by culture etc.
Out distance (v) to leave sb/sth behind by going faster; outstrip.
Expectation (n) probability; expecting.
Occident (n) west; western part of the world.
Occidental (adj) western.
Alliance (n) agreement; a group of people, nations work together.
Adequate (adj) sufficient; enough.
Insolence (n) impudence; rudeness.
Rouse (v) wake up; stir up.
Subjection (n) being governed; slave.
Fury (n) extreme anger; wild rage; fierceness.
Resistance (n) dislike of or opposition to; the use of force to oppose sth.
Remnant (n) remainder.
Sweep away (ph.v) to get rid of sth completely.
Reluctant (adj) hesitating.
Cling (v) to stick to sth; to hold on tightly.
Salvage (v) to save; to rescue.
Doom (v) certain to fail; die or suffer.
Retain (v) to keep continue; to continue; to hold or contain.
Shred (n) a very small amount of sth.
Probable (adj) likely to happen or to be true, likely.
Menace (n) threat; nuisance.
Wipe out (ph.v) to destroy or remove sb/sth completely.
Degrade (v) to make sth worse; to change.
Communism (n) a political movement that believes in an economic system in
which the state controls the means of producing everything
on behalf of the people.
Virulent (adj) extremely dangerous; strong; bitter.
Regime (n) a method of system of government.
Enlightened (adj) having an understanding of people’s needs.
Impartial (adj) unprejudiced.
Spectator (n) on looker.

Regrettable (adj) sorrowful; undesirable.
Industrialization (n) the development of industries.
Virtual (adj) in fact; made to appear on computer software.
Monopoly (n) sole right; complete possession.
Supremacy (n) highest power; authority.
6
Useless (adj) worthless.
Mechanization (n) act of using machines.
Lag behind (ph.v) to move or develop slowly.
Preserve (v) keep safe; prevent.
Indignant (adj) inflamed with anger or scorn; feeling anger.
Ruthlessness (n) cruelty.
In spite of (idm) despite; not with standing; not prevented by.
Immense (adj) extremely large or great; enormous.
Compatriot (n) countryman; the citizen of same country.
Restore (v) to bring back.
Prevail (v) be current or widespread.
Sufficient (adj) enough.
Sinister (n) of evil omen; wicked.
Hostility (n) enemity.
Break out (ph.v) start suddenly.
Horror (n) a great fear or hatred; terror.
Swamp (v) to fill or cover; inundate.
Trifle (adj) slightly.
Absurd (adj) not logical and sensible; completely ridiculous.
Faint (adj) that cannot be seen clearly; very small.
In unison (idm) work together; to do sth at the same time.
Endeavour (v) try hard.
Uniformity (n) the state of being same.
Cosmopolitan (adj) containing people from all over the world, liberal minded.
Superimpose (v) to make a system or pattern combine with an existing system.
Solvent (adj) able to dissolve another substance.
Adulation (n) admiration and praise especially when this is greater
then is necessary.
Tolerable (adj) fairly good; that you can accept or bear; bearable.
Fore front (n) in or into an important or leading position.
Rivalry (n) a state in which two people are competing for same
thing; vying with.
Compel (v) force someone.
Hostile (adj) of enemy.
Refrain from (ph.v) hold oneself back; to stop from doing.
Explore (v) examine thoroughly; to travel around an area in order
to learn about it.
Abundance (n) plenty; more than enough.
Vitiate (v) to reduce or spoil the effect.
Fatal (adj) causing death; very harmful; inevitable.
Ingenuity (n) cleverness.
Exploitation (n) full use; unfair profit.
Mutual (adj) reciprocal between two.
Hitherto (adv) till now.
Exist (v) be; have life; be present.
Suffering (n) trouble.
Despot (n) a ruler using his unlimited powers cruelly.
Imitate (v) to copy sb/sth; mimic.
Mastodon (n) extinct animal allied to elephant.
Prophecy (n) prediction.
Plumb (v) to try to understand something mysterious.
Folly (n) foolishness.
Apprehension (n) fear; understanding; arrest.
Rational (adj) based on reason; able to reason.
*******************

By: Bertrand Russell
(Summary)
7
Bertrand Russell an eminent thinker, philosopher and renowned mathematician, in
this thought provoking article, discusses a brief history of world politics and alternation
of power between the East and the West. He points out towards the nationalist feelings in
Asian countries. He is of the firm opinion that East is the re-awaking and it is quite
possible that the East will take lead in world politics. He traces the history of alternation
of power between East and West spread over last two thousand years. In the earliest
history the East predominated. It was both more powerful and more civilized than the
West. However, the West took away this lead from the East and dominated in power with
the conquest of Alexander and lead in culture with the rise of Greece. After the collapse
of Roman Empire Asia again appeared as a strong continent. The Muslim countries
during the caliphate days and China under the T’ang dynasty emerged as powerful and
civilized countries. It is interesting to note that at that time Europe was groping in
darkness. But the West came out of backwardness by using scientific techniques. From
the middle of the 17th century the West is dominant and East is lagging behind. The
West became so powerful that it enslaved almost whole of Asia and Africa.
The Second World War ended European Colonialism. America and other
European countries cannot enslave the Asian countries now. But the only danger to their
independence is from communist Russia. However, the friends of modern civilization all
over the world would not welcome the communist domination in Asia.
Bertrand Russell further says that modern world has split into two blocks_the
Russian and American. He advises the Asian countries not to join either of these blocks
in order to preserve their independence. He further says that no nation can dominate the
world on the basis of culture because the cultural uniformity is quiet impossible to
achieve.
The modern universalism is based on science and machinery. He advises the Asian
not to oppose industrialization if they want to prosper in modern world. Bertrand Russell
is of the opinion that Asians contain half of the population of the world with three distinct
civilizations i.e. of Muslims, Hindus & Chinese. The Asian countries cannot unite
politically, so in order to avoid confrontation in the region they must learn to respect the
sovereignty of neighbouring countries.
In the end Russell says that the western rulers had the lust to rule and exploited
other nations but the Asian should not follow this law. They should refrain from
exploiting others. They should create mutual respect, which will make them happy and
prosperous.
*************************

Answer the questions
8
Q-1: Why is it insular for European historians to term the countries after the
fall of the Roman Empire “The Dark Ages”?
Ans: The period after the fall of Roman Empire is called the Dark Ages, by the European
writers because they only view Europe not the whole world. While this period was ‘dark
age’ for Europeans the eastern countries like China and other Muslim countries of Asia
had the torch of civilization and culture.
Q-2: On what grounds does the author argue that communism is the most
modern and virulent form of Western Imperialism?
Ans: The author argues that the communism is the most modern and virulent form of western
imperialism because the communist Russia plans to bring the smaller nations of the
world under its own domination. And in a communist country people are devoid of their
personal belongings.
Q-3: To what cause does the author attribute the power of England in the
early Nineteenth Century and the power of the United States and
Russia today?
Ans: Bertrand Russell attributes the power of England in the early 19th century and the power
of United States in the recent times to scientific knowledge, industrialization and
mechanical production.
Q-4: Why does the author consider it useless to resist industrialization?
Ans: The modern age is the age of science. Industrialization is the product of science and to
resist it is considered as denying the fact and reality. Moreover, it is because of
industrialization that a country can prosper rapidly.
Q-5: Does the author welcome cultural uniformity or not? How does he
justify his attitude?
Ans: The author does not welcome the cultural uniformity. Culture is the recognition of any
nation and if it is uniform than the independence of the nation becomes doubtful.
Q-6: How is traditional culture threatened in an age dominated by science
and machinery?
Ans: Science and machinery are two different and artificial sources to develop; they are totally
against the culture. A country dominated by these sources becomes vulnerable (weak) to
preserve traditional culture and through science and machinery a powerful country can
dominate a weak nation and its culture.
Q-7: What reasons does the author give for his opinion that the nations of
Asia will not find it hard to keep their independence?
Ans: According to author this world has divided itself in to two blocks, USA & Russia. The
newly established countries have an opportunity to preserve their independence by
remaining neutral and not joining any block.
Q-8: What, in author’s view, has been most serious flaw in the character of
the West over the last few centuries?
Ans: According to the author, most serious flaw in the character of the West over the last few
centuries has been despotism and the spirit of exploiting other nations.
Q-9: What in the author’s opinion, should Asian countries accept from the
West and what should they reject?
Ans: The Asian countries should learn from the west the spirit of scientific research and should
reject the desire for domination and exploitation. They must not indulge in the
competition and rivalry because they have given race for power.
**************************
READING – TEXT THREE
THE DAY THE DAM BROKE

New Words By: James Thurber.
Word Meaning Sindhi Meaning
Break (v) Broke (p.t) smash ‫ ٌقٌقث‬,‫ٌقوىث‬ 9
Foremost (adj, adv) first; most important ‫ اهم ِقرصن‬,‫ْقهرصون‬
Humorist (n) a writer who writes amusing scripts ‫مزاج لحندى‬
Association (n) contact; connection; organized body of people ‫ انّجمن‬,‫ راّقطو‬,‫ِقعلغ‬
Witty (adj) able to say or write clever things ‫ْقر لطف‬
Amusing (adj) entertaining ‫دلْج سْق‬
Autobiographical (n) the story of person’s life written by that person ‫سوانج عمرص‬
Sardonic (adj) mocking; cynical ‫ ّقناوٌقص حل‬,‫ِقلَّج‬
Affectionate (adj) loving ‫ دلص‬,‫ْقصارو‬
Gladly (adv) happily ‫َّجوشص سان‬
Hardship (n) difficulty; severe suffering ‫ سَّج ِقص‬,‫مشكل‬
Endure (v) tolerate ‫ّقرداشِق كرث‬
Turmoil (n) a state of great confusion or anxiety ‫ هنبامو‬,‫ هلْج ل‬,‫افراِقفرص‬
Confusion (n) disorder ‫بىُقى‬
Native (adj) pertain to one’s birth place ‫اّقاثو‬
Frightful (adj) horrible, unbearable ‫ ناغاّقل ّقرداشِق‬,‫َّجوفناك‬
Perilous (adj) very dangerous; risky ‫ ّجوحاِّقِقو‬,‫سَّج ِق َّجطرناك‬
Ennoble (v) make noble; to give sb better moral character ‫ ممِقاز كرث‬,‫نواّق ّقثاِّقث‬
Demoralized (v) dishearten; hurt or weaken the morals ‫ ْقسِق كرث‬,‫اَّجالغ ّقباىث‬
Splendour (n) magnificence; brightness ‫ ْج مك‬,‫شان و شوكِق‬
Misconception (n) misunderstanding ‫َّع لط فهمص‬
Cavalry (n) soldiers who fight on horse back ‫بهوىص سوار فوّج‬
Menace (n) threat ‫َّجطرو‬
Flee (v) run away; disappear ‫َقُّج ث‬
Sternly (adv) harshly; severely ‫سَّج ِقص سان‬
Forbid (v) to prevent sb to do sth ‫منع كرث‬
Brandish (v) to hold or wave sth (specially a weapon) ‫ ةصحارث‬,‫لوةث‬
Sabre (n) sword ‫ِقلوار‬
Roar (v) to make a very loud deep noise ‫بوى كرث‬
Stream (v) to move in large amount ‫ جركِق‬,‫هك ّجتهه حان ُقص ّج تهه ةانهن وُّج ث‬
‫كرث‬
Stun (v) to make sb unconscious ‫ّقصهوش كرث‬
Impede (v) obstruct ‫ركاوٌق وّجهث‬
Inert (adj) without power to move or act ‫ ّقص جركِق‬,‫ساكن‬
Unquestionably (adv) without any doubt ‫ ْقك سان‬,‫ّقَّعصر كنهن شك ّجص‬
Engulf (v) to surround; to cover completely ‫وكوىث‬
Sheepish (adj) stupidly shy; embarrassed ‫ّقصوغوف‬
Scare (v) frighten ‫إصُجارث‬
Cook-stove (n) a large piece of equipment for cooking food ‫ْج لهو‬
Assuage (v) to make less severe ‫بهٌقاِّقث‬
Grotesque (adj) strange causing fear or laughter ‫ حل ّجهىو‬, ‫عّجصّق‬
Desperation (n) hopelessness ‫ماصوسص ناامصدص‬
Seize (v) take hold of forcibly or suddenly ‫ غّقضو كرث‬,‫ْقكىص وًّقث‬
Dignified (adj) respected ‫ عزِق وارو‬,‫معزز‬
Staid (adj) not amusing or interesting; boring and old fashion ‫سنّجصده‬
Cynical (adj) too blunt; shameless in conduct ‫ ّقص جصا‬,‫منهن ئاى‬
Stenographer (n) typist able to take dictation in short hand. ‫مَّج ِقير نوصس‬
Alarms (n) warning signals ‫َّجطرص ّجو اطالع‬
Terrifying (adj) frightening ‫إصُجارصندى‬
Clarion call (n) a clear message or request for people to do sth ‫ للكار‬,)‫ واضع آواز (سة‬,‫ّقلند‬
********************

Panic deprives a man of senses. In this text the famous American writer James
Thurber recalls how panic-stricken people behaved when the rumour about the breaking
of the dam spread in his town.
James says that on 12th March 1913 during the normal way of life in the Columbus
city at about noon time someone begun to run towards a restaurant to meet his wife who
was waiting there. Accidentally, a paperboy also ran after him in high spirits followed by
a gentleman. Then everybody started running towards east. “The dam had broken” this
was the rumour, which spread like a wild fire and caused anxiety among the people.
People stopped their work and begun to run towards the eastern side, which was at a
10
higher level. Men and women, old and young all got panic. Most of people left their
houses with gas fire burning, food cooking and doors wide open. “Go east” was the cry
uttered by everyone. It was a very funny as well as pitiable scene. Lawyers, doctors,
military men, policemen and firemen in their uniform took part in this grand race with
full enthusiasm.
The writer recalls with a vivid expression how his grandfather reacted to the
situation. He tells that he caused lot of trouble for them as they too were trying to escape
the so-called flooding waters. He is also mentioning about the behaviour of Dr. Mallory,
a well-known doctor of the town. The doctor was running very fast under the impression
that the floodwater was about to engulf him. The Dr. collapsed on the ground expecting
the floodwater would wash him away when he to his amazement saw a boy passing him
on roller skates. He realized that he had mistaken the swishing of roller skate as the
sound of gushing water.
The writer has also narrated the story of a lieutenant colonel who was dosing on a
porch. He started running at the cry of a little child who passed by the porch crying, “go
east”. The army officer obeyed her without knowing the cause of running. This incident
suggests that the panic stroke equally to all, no matter what their social rank was.
Finally the militiamen brought an end to this panic they drove through the city and
announced that the dam had not broken. At first this announcement was taken as a
thought that it was an official announcement that the dam had “now” broken. However
they were able to restore order in the town. Thus the writer has given an interesting
account of the panic, which caused a great confusion among the people. Though it was a
rumour but the way the people responded to it clearly shows that how a common person
loses senses during the panic hours.
****************

Question & Answers.
Q-1: How accurate is the title of Thurber’s essay?
Ans: As a matter of fact, there are some alarms in the world more terrifying than “The Dam
Has Broken”. In Columbus on Ohio, the broken dam rumor set the city’s whole
population to flight. The panic in people was so great that nobody cared to verify the fact.
Given, the title of James Thurber’s essay seems to be reasonably appropriate.
Q-2: What can we gather about grandfather’s age, physique and mental condition?
Ans: The grandfather was a good old man. However, we cannot form an exact idea about his
age. Physically, he was taller than six feet and weighed about a hundred and seventy
pounds. The old man, however, did not look to be normal and mentally fit, as he was
mostly haunted by imaginary fears.
Q-3: How does the panic appear to have started?
Ans: Actually, the panic started, when, somebody in the main center of trade in Columbus city,
all of sudden began to run. Possibly, the runner had remembered an appointment to see
his spouse for which he was too late. Besides, somebody else, take for granted, a
newsboy also started to run in excitement. In the meanwhile, an other man of
11
worldly affairs also began to run. Thus, without trying to know the reason, everybody
started running and crying “The dam has broken!” Go east! Go east! Go east!”
Q-4: How did Thurber’s mother cope with the situation?
Ans: Thurber’s mother on this occasion, did not show any excitement. She put out all the fire
and took with her a dozen of eggs and two loaves of bread. She planned to take refuge on
the roof of the Memorial Hall, which was only two blocks away.
Q-5: What caused the lieutenant Colonel of infantry to lead a fleeing company of
three hundred persons?
Ans: As a matter of fact, soldiers are used to quick decision as they are trained to immediate
obedience. The lieutenant colonel, as stated in the essay, was drowsing in the porch of his
house. All of sudden, the cry of ‘Go east’ fell on his ears. He saw a little child running in
panic. He also started running to the east, crying “the dam has broke”. Soon he was
leading a fleeing company of about three hundred guys.
Q-6: How long did the panic last and how was order restored?
Ans: The panic lasted about two hours in all. When the city fathers came to know that it was a
false alarm, the sent militiamen to announce that “The dam has broken”. The militiamen
riding in lorries, dispelled the panic and restored the order.
Q-7: How did the panic started in the cinema on High Street?
Ans: At the time, some people were watching a cinema show. They got disturbed by the tramp
of running feet and the persistent shouts of the people running outside in panic. A woman
at the time cried Fire’! and everybody in the cinema hall dashed for the exit. Outside the
cinema hall, they heard the cry “Go east!” “The dam has broken” and thus, they also
started running to the east, pushing and knowing down the children and women.
Q-8: Why did Dr. Mallory think that the flood waters were about to engulf him?
Ans: Actually, Dr. Mallory was among the crowd which was running to the East. Behind him
was a boy on roller-skates. Dr. Mallory mistook the swishing sound of the skates for the
sound of rushing waters. He, therefore, felt certain that the flood waters were about to
engulf him.
Q-9: How did the Thurber obtain the description of the event in the cinema and
the experiences of Dr. Mallory?
Ans: Mr. Thurber obtained the description of events in the cinema besides the experiences of
Dr. Mallory from his aunt Edith Taylor. At the time of panic in cinema, she was in Movie
Theatre on High Street. She also ran for life and joined Dr. Mallory in the run.
Q-10: Why did the citizen of Columbus not care to talk about the events of the 12
March, 1913?
Ans: The fact is that they felt ashamed of their stupid behaviour. They felt panicky and
demoralized at the cry of “The dam has broken” and did not try to verify the factual
position. Thus, they kept silent when somebody made mention of the events of 12 March,
1913, afterwards.
*************
READING – TEXT FOUR
PAKISTAN AND THE MODERN WORLD

New Words
orator (n) an eloquent public speaker ‫فيصج زّقان‬,‫سًّقص ِقغرصر كنى‬
Compassion (n) pity inclining one to be helpful or merciful. ‫ ُقاّجهه‬,‫ كهل‬,‫رجم‬
Eloquence (n) fluent and effective use of language. ‫ فياجِق‬,‫صانص‬ ‫َّجوش ّق‬
Steer (v) to guide or direct. ‫رهنماِّقص كرث‬
trial (n) process of testing qualities. ‫ آزمودو‬, ‫ْقرح‬
Tribulation (n) great oppression or affliction. ‫ آفِق‬,‫ميصّقّقِق‬
Conferment (n) the conferring of a degree or title. ‫ َّجشش‬,‫عطا‬
expose (v) leave unprotected, put at risk. ‫ ْقؤرو كرث‬,‫ظاهر كرث‬
Fare (n) journey, travel, go, travelling price. ‫ سفر‬,‫ كراصو‬,‫َقاىو‬
Venerate (v) regard with deep respect. ‫عزِق ةصث‬
Assassinate (v) kill for religious or political motives. ‫َّجون كرث‬
fanatic (adj) excessively enthusiastic. ‫ ِقعيّقص ماثهو‬,‫كٌقر‬
bestow (v) confer a gift or right. ‫ عنصاِق كرث‬,‫عطا كرث‬
voyage (n) a long journey by water, air or space. ‫درصاِّقص سفر‬
Poise (v) composure or self possession of manner, consider. ‫َّع ور كرث‬
Longing (n) a feeling of intense desire. ‫ اكصر‬,‫سك‬
Monotheist (n) believe in monotheism, who believes in one God. ‫هك َّجدا حص مُّج صصندى‬
Polytheist (n) believe in polytheism, who believes in many gods. ‫بهثن َّجداِّقن حص مُّج صندى‬
Pervasive (adj) wide spread. ‫ْقحىّجندى‬
Hierarchy (n) A system especially in society or in organization ‫درّجه ّقندص‬
in which people are organized into different levels
of importance from higher to lower.
12
Priesthood (n) office or position of priest. ‫ْقادرص هّجث‬
Outlook (n) point of view. ‫ةصح‬
Accumulation (n) mass, heap, pile, stock ‫أصر‬
set back (n) a relapse, a reversal or arrest of progress. ‫رنإك‬
eclipse (n) sudden loss of importance or prominent. ‫نغيان‬
Sovereign (adj) having total power, ruler. ‫َّجود مَّج ِقصار‬
geo-political (adj) politics of a country determined َّ‫رافصاِّقص خ سصاسص‬
by its geographical features.
Untrammeled (adj) not hampered. ‫اث ركصل‬
Discontent (adj) (n) dissatisfaction; angry. ‫ناراضْقو‬,‫ناراض‬
Homogenous (n) of the same kind. . ‫هم ّجنس‬
Lament (v) express great regret. ‫ماِقم كرث‬
Console(v) comfort, sympathise. ‫آًقِق ةصث‬
untold (adj) limitless. ‫ ِقمام‬,‫ّقصجد‬
Upheaval (n) disturbance or change. ‫ْقرصشان كندى ِقّقدصلص‬
Potential (adj) (n) capable of coming into being or action. ‫ممكن‬
Wavering (adj) undecided; weak. ‫ فصيلو نه كندى‬,‫كمزور‬
Disruption (n) disorder. ‫ّقد نظمص‬
Menacing (adj) threatening, dangerous. ‫َّجطرناك‬
chalk out (v) sketch or plan a thing to be accomplished. ‫لحث‬
resist (v) with stand the action or effect. ‫ رنإك وّجهث‬,‫روكث‬
Aggression (n) attack with out just cause. ‫ ظلم‬,‫اتراِّقص‬
Tyranny (n) the cruel and arbitrary use of authority. ‫انؤصر‬
Inculcate (v) urge or impress persistently. ‫ ْج وث‬,‫سصحارث‬
Inhibit (v) hinder, prevent, restrain. ‫روكث‬
Contiguity (n) touch, contact. ‫وصّجهىاِّقص‬
Thwart (v) discard, prevent from happening. ‫ رنإك وّجهث‬,‫آةو اْج ث‬
From scratch (idm) start from nothing. ‫شروعاِق حان‬
Flounder (v) make violent but vain effort. ‫كوشش كرث‬
Jeopardy (n) danger. ‫َّجطرو‬
Chauvinism (n) exaggerated or aggressive patriotism. ‫ّجارهانه مجّقِق‬
Descend (v) pass by inheritance. ‫ورٍقص ٍّم ملث‬
Outworn (adj) exhausted. ‫ًقكل‬
tempo (n) the rate of motion or activity. ‫رفِقار‬
Magnitude (n) largeness of size. ‫وةاِّقص‬,‫مغدار‬
Orientation (n) a position or direction. ‫طرف‬
Altogether (adv) completely. ‫مكمل‬
Stagnant (adj) motionless, having no current. ‫ّقصًّقل‬
Synthesis (n) a combination or composition. ‫ّقناوِق‬
Dynamic (adj) producing motion. ‫اهم‬
********************

(Summary)
Actually, this speech was made by Pakistan’s first prime minister Liquat Ali Khan
to acknowledge the conferment of an honorary degree upon him by the University of
Kansas, America, in 1950.
In his speech Liaquat Ali Khan told the people of America how and why the
demand for Pakistan was made. He told that the demand was made to safeguard the
interests of the Muslims living in this sub-continent. Previously India was ruled by the
Britishers and there lived one hundred million Muslims in it. The Hindus formed a
majority as they were three hundred millions. When India was going to win freedom,
Muslims realized that even after getting their freedom they would have to live as a
political minority. They knew that in united India they would be ruled by a Hindu
majority, and therefore, freedom from the British would mean for the Muslims only a
change of Masters.
It was not only the difference of the religion that made the Muslims a separate
nation but also there were some other differences which separated the Muslims from the
Hindus. The Hindus believed in the caste system, while the Muslims believed in the
equality of all men, their economic views were also very different. Besides, as the Hindus
13
were much larger in number, the Muslims were very backward, and the Hindu majority
was sure to make them still more poor.
It was for these reasons that Muslims demanded for a country of their own. The
demand was a just one. There were vast areas where Muslims were in majority. They
were in great numbers and could form a nation bigger than several nations of the world.
Therefore, a separate homeland for them meant freedom and self-government. The
demand for Pakistan also promised for the Hindus freedom from a big minority. It was
under these circumstances that Pakistan came into being. If it were not so, the differences
between the Hindus and the Muslims would have led to unimaginable trouble and the
social and political situation of sub-continent would have been quiet different than that of
today.
**************************

Question & Answers
Q-1: Briefly state the main reason given by Liaqat Ali Khan for the Muslims’ desire not to
continue living in a United India?
Ans: The main reason given by Liaqat Ali Khan for the Muslims’ desire not to continue living
in a United India was that they would have lived their new life as a political minority.
Because, the Hindus had a dominating majority of three to one. So the freedom from
Britishers would have meant to the Muslims, not freedom, but only a change of masters.
Q-2: What main differences does he point out between Muslims and Hindu Beliefs and
attitudes?
Ans: Liaqat Ali Khan points out that the Muslims differed from the Hindus, not only in
religion but also social and economic points. The Muslims are Monotheist, whereas the
Hindus are polytheists. The Hindus believe in caste system whereas, the Muslims believe
in the equality of all men. The Muslims have laws of inheritance and discourage
unearned accumulation of wealth, whereas the Hindus favoured accumulation. Their
cultures too are quite different from one another.
Q-3: What advantage does he show the Hindus to have gained from the creation of
Pakistan?
Ans: As a matter of fact, the partition of United India provided to both the Muslims and the
Hindus an opportunity to practise their faiths liberally and to develop their cultures, as
well. The partition was also a great contribution towards the creation of a stable Asia for,
in case of undivided India, it would have been an uneasy and unwieldy state with great
strains within the body politics. Thus, the Hindus got a state sans strong minority, that led
towards tranquility.
Q-4: ‘Our administrative machinery had to be build up from ‘scratch’. What does this
sentence mean?
Ans: At the time of partition, the Muslims of newly born state Pakistan, were asked to set up a
state of about eighty million people within a short period of two months. They had no
capital, no resources, and no flag. They had no military equipments. Their army was
scattered far and wide and could not come home for months together. Indian Government
refused to pay their share of the exchequer and the military equipments. Given, Pakistan
had to be built up from the start under the unfavourable conditions.
14
Q-5: On what grounds does Liaqat Ali Khan assert that the first duty of the Pakistanis as
a free people is to themselves?
Ans: As a free nation, our freedom demands that we must maintain our independence first. It
needs constant care and vigilance. In order to take respectful and right place in the
commity of nations of the modern world, we must abolish want, disease, ignorance and
hunger from the country. We should put all our energies and resources into this supreme
purpose.
Q-6: What does he state the real meaning of freedom, for the common man, to be?
Ans: Liaqat Ali Khan states the real meaning of freedom for common man, as he maintains
that the real freedom is freedom from want, hunger, disease and ignorance. Further, it is
not only the rulers that should be free but the commoners should be free, as well.
Q-7: What is meant by a ‘synthesis’?
Ans: A ‘synthesis’ means combining of separate parts, substance, faith of people into a whole.
Q-8: What is the synthesis that Liaqat Ali Khan believes is necessary for Pakistan to achieve?
Ans: Liaqat Ali Khan says that the people of Pakistan should apply their ancient steadfast faith
to modern technology. It would ensure progress and prosperity and also help the world
peace.
Q-9: Liaqat Ali Khan contrasts two emotions that the Asian people tend to feel when they
view the Western world. What are these two emotions?
Ans: Actually, the Asian people are actually aware of the great contrast between their own
standard of living and the standards of living in the Western World. They are filled with
admiration at the progress and advancement of the West, and are infact, anxious to
explore a bright future for themselves. They want to cast off their misery and
backwardness, as well.
Q-10: What does he put forward as the two main duties today of Western world?
Ans: Liaqat Ali Khan puts forward, firstly, the Western world should share its great fund of
knowledge, skill and experience with the Eastern countries. Secondly, they should not
shirk from their responsibility for the maintenance of the peace, the world over.
******************

By: Liaquat Ali Khan
About writer:
Liaquat Ali Khan (1895-1951), first prime minister of Pakistan (1947-1951). He was
born in Karnāl, India, studied law at the University of Oxford, and was admitted to the English
bar in 1922. Returning to India, he joined the All-India
Muslim League in 1923 and was elected to the legislative
council of the United Provinces. In 1936 he became
secretary general of the league and the chief aide to its
founder, Mohammed Ali Jinnah. As such, he was the
principal architect of the partition of India and the
creation of Pakistan in 1947. An obvious choice for prime
minister, he guided the country through its first
difficult years. He was assassinated in October 1951;
the circumstances surrounding his death have never been
fully explained.
In foreign policy, Liaquat established friendly relations with the United States when he
visited President Harry S. Truman in 1950. Pakistan’s early foreign policy was one of
nonalignment, with no formal commitment to either the United States or the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR), the two major adversaries in the Cold War. In 1953, however,
Pakistan aligned itself with the United States and accepted military and economic assistance.
Summary
One of the founding fathers of this country, Liquat Ali Khan is at the height of his
rhetoric (‫ )اظهار‬in this speech is pleading the case of the foundation of Pakistan and the earlier
problems it faced before the Americans.
As the first Prime Minister of Pakistan he officially visited the USA in 1950. At the
Kansas University he was awarded an honourary degree. Taking the advantage of that occasion
he delivered this speech, which consists all the factors responsible for the creation of Pakistan.
15
He was of the opinion that in India the Muslims would have lived as a perpetual minority under
the domination of Hindu majority if they had not opted for Pakistan. Freedom in such conditions
from British rule would have been simply a change of masters for the Muslims. Hence from the
political point of view, it was in the interest of the Muslims and the Hindus to have a separate
country where each nation could live independently.
There were cultural and religious differences between the Muslims and Hindus. The
differences were so deep that it was very difficult to live in unity. The Muslims were
monotheists while the Hindus were polytheists. The Hindus had caste system but the Muslims
believed in the equality of all men. It was therefore, necessary for both the communities to have
separate country where they could shape their lives according to their religion and social system.
Liaquat Ali Khan further stated that Muslims believed in individual liberty while the Hindus
believed in the bondage system. That was the main reason that the Muslims thought about their
own independent country and struggled to get it.
The first Prime Minister of Pakistan pointed out the problems, which were faced by the
newly born country in the beginning. He mentioned that despite these problems his country was
doing well in progress and development.
He further stated about his belief in the new concept of freedom, which was against the
conventional. He said that by freedom he meant that the people should be free from want,
disease and ignorance in a free country. The betterment of people was very dear to him. Liaquat
Ali Khan also expressed the opinion that the developed countries of the west should share their
scientific knowledge and experience with those Asian countries, which were denied the
opportunity of progress during the colonial rule.
Thus Liaquat Ali Khan, in his speech, represented in a most comprehensive way the
historical background of why Pakistan was created and how it was facing the challenges before
it.
********************
READING – TEXT FIVE
ACT III OF THE SILVER BOX
New words
Contemporary (adj) Living or occurring at the same time. ‫همعير‬
Humanitarian (adj) A person who seeks to promote human welfare. ‫انسان دوسِق‬
Moralist (n) A person who practices or teaches morality. ‫اَّجالغص واعظ كرث‬
‫وارو‬
Solicitor (n) Lawyer, advocate etc. ‫وكصل‬
Dissolute (adj) Lax in morals, licentious. ‫ آواره‬,‫عصاش‬
Charwoman (n) A maid- servant for washing dishes etc. ‫ يفاِّقص كرث‬,‫نوكرصاثص‬
‫وارص‬
Hush up (ph.v) Suppress public mention of an affair. ‫ َّجاموش كراِّقث‬,‫دُقاِّقث‬
Identical (adj) Agreeing in every detail, expressing an identity. ‫ ساتصو‬,‫هكّجهىو‬
Poverty-stricken (n) Extremely poor. ‫َّع رصّق ِقرصن‬
Canopy (n) An over hanging shelter. ‫شامصانو‬
Unicorn (n) A fabulous horse like animal with ‫بهوىص ّجهىو ّجانور‬
a single horn in mid of head.
Dock (n) The enclosure in a criminal court for the accused. ‫كٌقهىو‬
Bald (adj) Having little or no hair on the head. ‫بنّجو‬
Seedy-looking (adj) Shabby looking, in worn clothes. ‫سنهو‬
Ferocious (adj) Fierce, savage and wildly cruel. ‫وجشص‬,‫شوَّج‬
Hissing (adj) Making sound like long ‘S’. ‫سون سون ّجو آواز‬
Disillusion (v) To destroy mistaken ideas of somebody. ‫سْج ُقؤاِّقص سّجات‬
‫كرث‬,
‫َّع لط َّجصاالِق َّج ِقم كرث‬
Monotone (adj) Same voice, sound or style etc. ‫ هكّجهىو آواز‬,‫هكىو آواز‬
Inscribe (v) Write or carve on stone, metal, paper or book etc. ‫ِقجرصر كرث‬,
‫ نغش كرث‬,‫لحث‬
Grizzled (adj) Having or streaked with gray hair. ‫َقورو‬
Pawn (v) Deposited an object as security with pawnbroker. ‫بروص رحث‬
Ill-treat (v) Treat somebody badly. ‫ّقرو سلوك كرث‬
16
Emphatically (adv) Expressing with emphasis, stressfully. ‫ ِقاكصد سان‬,‫زور سان‬
Ascertain (v) Get to know, find out as a definite fact. ‫ْقك كرث‬
Break up (ph.v) Terminate a relationship, disband. ‫َّج ِقم كرث‬
Inaudibly (adv) Speak in low voice that cannot be heard. ‫ِقمام آهسِقبص سان‬
Take up the cudgels (idm) make a vigorous defence. ‫ِقكلصفون سهث‬
Abruptly (adv) Hastily, suddenly. ‫ِقكى ٍّم‬
Stir (v) Move slightly. ‫مالِّقث‬
Wispy (adj) Having a bunch, bundle or twist etc. ‫ َقرصل‬,‫َقرص وارو‬
Defiant (adj) Open disobedient, showing defiance. ‫ ّقص ْقرواهه‬,‫شوَّج‬
Haggard (adj) Looking exhausted and distraught. ‫ًقكل‬
Assault (n) A violent physical or verbal attack. ‫جملو‬
Execution (n) The act or an instance of carrying out ‫ِقعمصل‬
or performing something.
Sullenly (adv) Resentfully, unsociably. ‫كاوى سان‬
Recognizance (n) Bond of undertaking before a court. ‫اظهار‬
Butler (n) The principal servant of household. ‫ َّجانسامو‬,‫َّجاي نوكر‬
Detective (adj) Serving to detect. ‫ّجاسوسص‬
Persist (n) Continue to be. ‫ غاِّقم رهث‬,‫ضد كرث‬
Denial (n) Contradiction. ‫انكار‬
Interpose (v) Interrupt. ‫مداَّجلِق‬
Violent (adj) Very strong and sudden, Uncontrollably fierce. ‫شدصد‬
Frown (v) To show anger, worry or deep thought ‫بهورص ةسث‬
by raising one’s eyebrows.
Partake (v) Eat or drink a part of sth. ,‫جيص دار ًقصث‬
‫َقاِّقصوار ًقصث‬
Demeanour (n) A way of behaving, conduct. ‫ طرصغو‬,‫أنب‬
Protrude (v) Extend beyond or above a surface. ‫ كأث‬,‫ُقاهر نكرث‬
Emphasis (n) The force or stress given to words when spoken. ‫ ِقاكصد‬,‫زور‬
Shelter (v) Cover. ‫أكث‬
Clutch (v) Seizing somebody / thing eagerly, ‫ْقكىث‬
to hold sb/sth tightly.
Latch-key (n) A key which is used to open a lock ‫ْج اُقص‬
of a door from the outside.
Champagne (n) A kind of wine. ‫شراّق ّجو غسم‬
Blooming (adj) Flourishing healthy (also euphemism for bloody). ‫ِقازو ٌقىصل‬
Toff (n) Rich or well-dressed person of high social class. ‫ نواّق‬,‫ امصر‬,‫َّجان‬
Spite (n) Hate. ‫ جغارِق‬,‫نفرِق‬
Ironically (adv) With ironic behaviour. ‫طعنص طور ِقص‬
Earnestly (adv) Seriously. ‫ سنّجصدبص‬,‫ سان‬%‫سْج اِّقص‬
‫سان‬
Prey (v) Troubling sb greatly. ‫ِقكلصف ةصث‬
Glaring (adj) Bright but. ‫ْج مكدار‬
Smother (v) Died due to suffocation, lack of air. ‫ ُقوساٌقث‬,‫بهٌقص مارث‬
Rap (v) Striking quickly and smartly. ‫حىكاِّقث‬
Parley (v) to talk or negotiate, especially with an enemy ‫تالهه ُقولهه كرث‬,
‫مع¿¿¿¿امال طِّقص ك¿¿¿¿رث‬
Muffle (v) Wrap up sth for deadening its sound ‫آواز‬ ‫ةصِّقص‬ ‫كْقىو‬
‫دُقاِّقث‬
Hoarse (adj) Sounding rough and harsh. ‫بهٌقصل‬
Groan (v) Make a deep sound due to pain or despair. ‫ ْج نبهث‬,‫كركث‬
Swagger (v) Walk or behave in a proud way. ‫ ُقٌقاك هثث‬,‫آكىّجث‬
***************************
17

Summary
This act has been extracted from the ' THE SILVER BOX ', written by a
distinguished novelist and playwright John Galsworthy. The writer gives us
the scene of a court of law in Act III of the 'Silver Box'. As the act starts, two
small girls are presented before the justice. According to the police officers,
they were found wandering about on the roads. On inquiry it was found that
their father was out of job and their mother had broken the house, and gone
away with a man in her husband's absence, leaving the girls to wander about.
The justice took the statement of the father too, and the decision was
postponed to the next hearing, which was to be held after a week.
After that, the case of the 'Silver Box' came up for hearing. Mrs. Jones
was a char-woman in the house of Mr. Barthwick, M.P. The story of the case
is that on Easter Monday Jack Barthwick, the son of Mr. Barthwick, M.P. got
terribly drunk and returned home at about 1.00 A.M. He was trying to find the
keyhole on the wrong side of the door, when Mr. Jones, who was returning
home, helped him to open the door. Jack invited him to his room for a drink.
Both of them had plenty of wine. Jack offered a Silver Box to Jones. Jones
took the silver cigarette box and a purse with him to his home. The purse was
snatched from a lady by Jack under the state of drunkenness.
In the morning a servant reported to Mr. Barthwick about the theft of the
Silver Box, and the latter informed the police. A police officer, named Mr.
Robert Snow went to the house of Mr. Jones to trace out the theft. Mr. Jones
quarreled with him and was arrested for stopping the police in the
performance of their duties. Mrs. Jones was also arrested.
When the case was brought up before the court, Mr. Barthwick insisted
his pleader Mr. Roper, that there must be no mention about the purse because
it could expose the guilt of Jack. A few moments later during the trial he
asked his pleader to tell the justice that he did not want to pursue the case of
the theft, and that, if the court pleased, Mr. Jones might be tried simply for
violence to the police. After a long discussion the justice set the lady free, and
ordered one month's imprisonment with hard labour for Mr. Jones.
What Galsworthy wants to show in this play is that justice has quite
different meanings for the poor and the rich. Although there is the case of
stealing a lady's purse against Jack Barthwick as well, but he is not punished,
because his lawyer avoids to bring that point under discussion. On the other
hand, Mr. Jones, a poor man, out of job and miserable, is sent to jail for
18
one month simply because he resisted the police officer from putting his hand
on his wife. While trying to expose the system of justice in England,
Galsworthy seems to be taking sides with Mr. Jones and Mrs. Jones, members
of the poor working class.
*************************

Question & Answers
Q.1: What purpose, in your opinion, is served by beginning this act of the play with
the case of the Livens girls, which has nothing to do with the main story?
Ans: In my opinion, the case of Livens girls has been introduced in the beginning of the play
with a purpose to show the flaws and defects of the legal system of England. It is said the
law is blind. It can award punishment to a person and fails to suggest remedies for
economic or social evils.
Q.2: Why are Mr. Barthwick and his son anxious that as little as possible should
be said in court about he purse and the money that Jones had in his
possession?
Ans: They were so anxious because, once, in a fit of drunken mischief, Jack Barthwick had
stolen the purse of the woman. There was some money in the purse. It was stolen by Mr.
Jones from the Barthwick’s house. Galsworthy the writer of the play tells us that Jack and
Jones both had committed identical crimes. But Barhwick and his son wanted not to
mention the event of purse and money in the court because this evidence might have
gone against Jack, so the judge ignored the said evidence.
Q.3: What function is Mr. Roper discharging in the Magistrate’s court?
Ans: In the Magistrate’s court, Mr. Roper has accompanied Mr. Barthwick as his defence
counsel in the court of the magistrate.
Q.4: What facts does Marlowe’s evidence establish?
Ans: Marlow’s evidence in the court establishes the fact that the silver cigarette-case belonged
to Mr. Barthwick, and that it was put on the dining-table between 10-45 and 11-00 on the
night of Easter Monday. Besides that, he confirmed that the female prisoner was the
charwoman in the house of Barthwick. When the box was found missing, he informed
about it to his employer, who then got registered a case with the police.
Q.5: From the Constable’s evidence we learn that Mrs. Jones was the first to be
charged with the theft. Why was this so?
Ans: Because, the police had no knowledge of Jone’s access to Barthwick’s house. Since, Mrs.
Jones had been working there as a charwoman, she was suspected to have stolen the
cigarette-case. That is why she was charged with theft.
Q.6: What led the Constable to arrest and charge Jones as well?
Ans: It was so because, when the police searched the house of Mrs. Jones, they had recovered
the stolen silver case. Though, Mrs. Jones had denied the charge of theft yet she was
arrested. When she was being brought to the police station, Mr. Jones interfered. He
appealed the police for release of his wife because she was innocent. He told the police
that the crime was actually committed by him. When the police officer did not listen to
his pleas, he turned violent and struck him. Due to that he was also arrested.
Q.7: Briefly give the probable reasons for the Magistrate’s decision to discharge
Mrs. Jones.
Ans: The probable reasons for the magistrate’s decision to discharge Mrs. Jones are given as
under:
(i) Mr. Barthwick had declared that he did not press the charge as to the Silver Box.
(ii) Mr. Jones Husband pleaded guilty of stealing the Silver Box.
(iii) The police had confirmed that Mrs. Jones enjoyed the reputation of being an
honest and trustworthy woman and that there was nothing in police record against
her.
(iv) The statement of Jack clearly revealed that he had allowed Jones access to his
dining room. Mrs. Jones had nothing to do with it.
Q.8: Briefly discuss whether the Magistrate gives Jones a fair trial.
Ans: As a matter of fact, the Magistrate did not give Jones a fair trial. He refused to consider
the circumstances under which the crime was committed. He had failed to record that part
of the evidence which may go against Jack. Thus, it was clear that the magistrate was
influenced by the riches and social status of Mr. Barthwick.
Q.9: Assuming that Jones has received a fair trial, why does this act of the play
leave us with a feeling that injustice has been done?
19
Ans: Actually, this act of play leaves us with a feeling that injustice has been done, because,
Jack, the son of an influential father, goes without punishment for having committed an
identical crime. The part of evidence, which could go against him was not put on record.
Although, Mrs. Jones was acquitted but she lost her job and in this way her children were
deprived of their only means of living.
Q.10: What do you imagine to be the unspoken plea Mrs. Jones makes to Mr.
Barthwick at the very end?
Ans: At the time, the case against Mr. Jones is disposed of by the Magistrate, Mr. Barthwick
rises to go home. Mrs. Jones turns to him with humble gestures. It is her unspoken plea
for continuing her job as a charwoman with him. But Barthwick is hesitative and then,
yielding to his nerves, makes a shame-faced gesture of refusal.
**********************
READING – TEXT SIX
THE WORLD AS I SEE IT

(Albert Einstein)
Mortal (ajd) That must die, that cannot live forever. ‫فانص‬
Sojourn (n) A temporary stay. ‫وغفو‬
Exert (v) Strive, use one’s efforts or endeavours. ‫كوشش كرث‬
Engross (v) Occupy all the time or attention of somebody. ‫ سوار هّجث‬/ ‫غاّقض ًقصث‬
Last resort (n) When there are no other possible ‫آَّجرص آرامباهه‬
courses of action.
Consolation (n) Consoling or being consoled. ‫ آسرو‬/ ‫آًقِق‬
Mitigate (v) Less severe, violent or painful. ‫بهٌقاِّقث‬
Paralysing (adj) Crippling. ‫ َّج ِقم كندى‬,‫ِقّقاهه كندى‬
Conduce (v) Help to bring something about. ‫ ًقصث ّج و‬,‫ رهنما ًقصث‬,‫رّج وع كرث‬
‫ّقاعٍق ّقثّجث‬
Absurd (adj) Not sensible, unreasonable. ‫نامعغول‬
Endeavour (n) Attempt or effort, try. ‫كوشش‬
A herd of
swine (met:)(n) A group of disrespected people (wanderers) ‫بندن صا ّقص عزِق ماثهن ّجو‬
‫بروهه‬
Eternity (n) Forever, throughout all time, always. ‫ همصشبص‬,‫المجدود‬
Unattainable (adj) No attainable. ‫ جايل نه ًقصث ّجهىو‬,‫ناممكن‬
Passionate (adj) Easily moved to strong feeling love or anger. ‫ْقرّجوش‬
Oddly (adv) In a strange or peculiar manner. ‫عّجصّق طرصغص سان‬
Gang on one’s own gait (idm) go one’s own way ‫ْقنهنّجص ؤن ٍّم هلث‬
Obstinate (adj) Stubborn. ‫ضدص‬
Detachment (n) State of indifference to other people. ‫ّجداِّقص‬
Solitude (n) Lonely, the state of being solitary. ‫اكصالِّقص‬
Geniality (n) Sociability, cheerfulness, and kindness. ‫زنده دلص‬
Temptation (n) The action of tempting sb or being tempted. ‫ ّقهكا‬, ‫×اللْج‬
Insecure (adj)Not secure or safe. ‫َّع صرمجفوظ‬
Idolize (v) Treat as an idol, love or ‫بهثص عزِق ةصث‬
admire very much
Irony (n) Incourageous thing
Ceaseless (adj) Unending. ‫نه َّج ِقم ًقصندى‬
Autocratic (n) Having or using unlimited powers. ‫ آْقشاهص‬,‫َّجودمَّج ِقصارص وارو‬
‫وارو‬
Coercion (n) Coercing or being coerced (force or threat). ‫ دُقا‬,‫×زور زّقردسِقص‬
Invariable (adj) Constant, never changing. ‫كةهن ّقه ِقّقدصل نه ًقصندى‬
Tyrant (n) A severe or cruel ruler. ‫ظالم‬
Genius (n) Exceptionally great mental or creative ability. ‫ ذهانِق‬,‫ذهن‬
Scoundrel (n)A rogue, an unscrupulous villian. ‫ لْج و‬,‫ّقدمعاش‬
Passionately (adv) Emotionally. ‫ سربرمص سان‬,‫ّج وش سان‬
Impersonal (adj) Not showing or involving human feelings. ‫َّع صر ِقعيّقانه‬
Extensive (adj) Large in area or amount, ‫ وةو‬,‫ مكمل‬,‫ئهلصل‬
for reaching, major, thorough
Pageant (n) A brilliant spectacle, specious show ‫×ةصحا‬
Sentient (adj) Having the power of perception by the ‫جساس‬
senses, capable of feeling
Sublime (adj) Of the most exalted, grand or noble kind, ‫ ّقهِقرصن‬,÷‫اعلص‬
best, highest
Hack (v) Cut roughly, chop. ‫ ٌقكرا ٌقكرا كرث‬,‫كٌقن‬
Abominable (adj) Causing disgust and horror, very bad. ‫نفرِق انبصز‬
Bogey (n) Person or thing that causes fear. ‫إصُجارصندى شصء‬
Mysterious (adj) Hard to understand or explain, full of mystery ‫تّجهو‬
Snuffed-out (ph.v) Put out or extinguish a flame or candle, ‫ وساِّقص‬,‫ َّج ِقم كرث‬,‫ِقّقاهه كرث‬
‫َج ةث‬
to stop of destroy sth completely
Engender (v) Be the cause of. ‫كنهن شصء ّجو سّقّق ّقثّجث‬
Penetrate (v) To make a way or into sth. ‫كنهن تالهه ّجص ِقهه ِقاِّقصن ْقهْج ث‬
Manifestation (n) An event an action object or a statement ‫اظهار‬
that shows something clearly.
Profound (adj) Having or showing the greatest knowledge ‫بهرو‬
or insight; deep
Radiant (adj) Sending out light or heat, bright; full of delight ‫ َّجوش‬,‫ منور‬,‫روشن‬
Mystery (n) The condition of being secret or not known. ‫راز‬
Inkling (n) Hint or slight knowledge; suspicion ‫اشارو‬
20
Marvelous (adj) Wonderful, excellent. ‫شاندار‬
***************************

(Albert Einstein)
Q.No.1: What leads Einstein to feel a strong sense of duty towards his
fellow men?
Ans: The influence, which the fellow human beings, living and dead, have upon
each other, leads Einstein to feel a strong sense of duty towards his fellow
men. He says that human being’s inner and outer life largely depends on the
hard work of other men. One ought to be grateful to those who have
contributed to one’s welfare.
Q.No.2: What is his attitude to property, outward success and luxury?
Ans: Albert Einstein, as a matter of fact, dislikes property, outward success and
luxury as the objectives of life. In his opinion, people who look upon ease
and happiness as ends in themselves debase humanity. The ideals, which
inspire Einstein are Beauty, Truth, Sympathy and Goodness.
Q.No.3: What are the insecure foundations referred to at the end of the
last sentence of the fourth paragraph?
Ans: According to Albert Einstein, limitations of love merely for one’s country,
home, friends and family members are considered as insincere foundations
of society. The author has a broader outlook of life and believes in love for
all his fellow creatures. He believes in social justice and responsibility.
Q.No.4: What, in brief, is Einstein’s attitude to leadership?
Ans: Albert Einstein believes in healthy and rational leadership. He advocates that
people should be given free hand to choose their leaders. He says that
leadership should not be imposed upon people by force because the force
attracts only men of low quality.
Q.No.5: On what grounds does Einstein put the individual before the
state?
Ans: Albert Einstein maintains that the most valuable thing in the pageant of
human life is not the state but the creative individual who can create the
noble and sublime. The herd of swine has always remained dull in thought
and dull in feeling.
Q.No.6: What example does he give of service by the state to the
individual?
Ans: Albert Einstein highly praises the state where political system makes
extensive provisions for social security where an individual is looked after
properly in case of sickness etc. and is provided appropriate relief in case of
need. This is really the great service, which a state can render to an
individual.
Q.No.7: What is his attitude to war?
Ans: Albert Einstein hates and condemns war in its all forms and calls it a mean,
abominable and contemptible business.
Q.No.8: What forces does he blame for the persistence of war?
Ans: Albert Einstein says that war should have ended long ago if the war-
mongers had not corrupted the sound sense of nations by political and
commercial interests.
Q.No.9: What does he appear to regard as the most precious element in
human experience?
Ans: According to Albert Einstein the fairest thing that a man can experience in
life is the mysterious. The study of true art and science is the most precious
element in human experience. Because, art and science are the result of
man’s desire and efforts to explore the mysteries of Nature. And it is this
experience, which, if mixed with fear, engenders.
Q.No.10: What is his belief concerning the immortality of the soul?
Ans: As a matter of fact, Albert Einstein is basically a religious fellow. In this
regard he says that he cannot conceive of a God who only rewards and
punishes his creatures. He does not believe in life after death because he
does not believe in the immortality of soul.
21
*****************

Summary
The world as I see it is an interesting and much more thoughtful essay by Albert
Einstein. In this essay he has discussed his ideas about the purpose and ideals of life;
democracy and dictatorship; war and peace; mystery and religion. Discussing his ideas
about the temporary stay of humanity in this world he utters that the human beings are
here for a short period of time. He advocates the idea:
“This life, which seems so fair, is like a bubble blown up in the air”.
Life is not purposeless in any sense. As far as the practical life is concerned we
exist for our fellowmen. Einstein says that a human being thinks that his fellowmen work
very hard in order to make his life comfortable. So, he must repay them in the same
measure. He is against class differences, which he thinks, are contrary to justice and are
based on force and compulsion. He believes in simple living. He is of firm opinion that
man is not completely free in this world. He acts under external compulsion and the
pressure of inner urges. He believes in the philosophy of Shopenhauer, a famous German
philosopher, who says that man, is not the master of his will. According to Einstein
comfort and ease are not good ideals, instead his life has always been inspired by the
ideals of Truth, Goodness, Beauty. He thinks that property; outward success and luxury
are the ordinary objects of life. Further, giving his philosophy of life he tells that he loves
solitude because he thinks that a man can form his opinion, habits and judgments without
being influenced by any person, if he is alone.
Einstein, according to his theory of politics, is a firm believer in democracy. He
considers it to be the best form of government. He is against hero worship. He attributes
the causes of failures of democracy in Europe to the weak and incapable rulers. He is
highly inspired from the presidential form of government prevailing in America where a
president is elected for a long period and enjoys sufficient powers. Therefore, he acts in a
responsible manner.
Criticizing the abominable thing war he utters that war seems to be a mean and
most contemptible thing. He would rather die then take part in such a wrong business.
Wars breakout because the sound sense of nations has been corrupted by political and
commercial interests. According to Einstein the religion has its basis in mystery. Man has
always tired to know the unknown. The passion to know the unknown things results in a
religious attitude.
****************************
22
READING – TEXT SEVEN
THE DEVOTED FRIEND

By: Oscar Wilde
Stock Gillyflower:
Gillyflower is the common name applied to a number of aromatic
plants, including this flowering variety of the mustard family that is
commonly called stock. Stock is native to Eurasia, South Africa.
Shepherd’s Purse:
Shepherd’s Purse, common name for a plant in the mustard family. Native to
Europe, the plant is now a common annual weed in North America. It grows up
to 60 cm (24 in) high. The leaves form a rosette cluster, the small white flowers
bloom early in the spring, and the shape of the fruits gives it its name.
Sweet William
Sweet William, perennial of the pink family, native to Europe and
Asia. Long a garden plant, sweet william now grows wild in parts of
the eastern United States. Sturdy stems, 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 ft) in
height, bear broad, pointed leaves and close, rounded heads of flat,
fringed flowers in red, purple, rose, or white. Many horticultural
varieties of sweet william are usually treated as biennials, including
single- and double-flowered forms. In the middle western states, the
name “wild sweet william” is applied to a native phlox.
Crocuses
Crocuses are low-growing flowers related to irises. They get their name from
the Latin word for saffron. Cultivated worldwide, the flowers are native to
Asia and southern Europe, where the dried stigma is still exported as saffron,
a brilliant yellow spice and, less often, the base of an equally colorful dye.
Crocuses grow in a wide variety of colors, including purple, blue, yellow,
and white. Pictured is Crocus etruscus.
Columbine
Grown for its purple, white, or yellow flowers, the columbine prefers sunny
locations in well-drained soils. The hardy perennial is colorful when not in
bloom, as well; in autumn, its leaves turn rich colors.
Lady-smock, (Cuckooflower):
Lady-smock, (Cuckooflower) common name for a perennial herb, a member of
the mustard family, native to northern Europe and North America. Also called
lady's-smock or meadow cress, the cuckooflower is found in bogs and wet
places and grows to 46 cm (18 in) in height. Its lower leaves have small,
rounded leaflets, and the upper ones have linear leaflets. The spring-blooming
white or rose-colored flowers occur in small terminal clusters, usually with four
petals but sometimes doubled.
Sweet Marjoram
Sweet marjoram is an herb of the mint family known for its aromatic fragrance.
Native to Europe and Asia, marjoram has been popular in cooking and as a medicinal
aid for thousands of years. Its flowers and leaves, either fresh or dried and ground,
add flavor to meats and stews. A highly decorative plant that grows small, white
flowers, sweet marjoram is also favored by herb gardeners for its aesthetic qualities.
Basil
The sweet leaves of the basil plant, Ocimum basilicum, flavor and scent the food
of many cultures. Basil is easily grown both indoors and out and retains its flavor
when dried.
23
*********************
THE DEVOTED FRIEND

Critical Summary
One morning an old water-rat put his head out of his hole. He saw the little
ducks swimming in the pond with their mother. He told the duck that the friendship
was a higher relation than any other. A green linnet who was sitting on a willow-
tree nearby, asked him to explain the conception of devoted friend. The water-rat
could not explain his point of view. Then the green linnet told a story on the subject
of true friendship. This lesson- able story as told by the linnet runs, briefly, thus:
Once upon a time there was a Miller named Hugh. He had a devoted friend,
named Hans. His profession was gardening. He was a simple fellow and was
always ready to help others. Hugh used to take many flowers from Hans’ garden
free of cost everyday. Hans never objected his taking the flowers from his garden.
He took pride in the Miller’s friendship. Little Hans led a very happy life during the
spring the summer and autumn but winter was very hard and troublesome for Hans.
During winter, Hans used to face a great deal of trouble, as there were no flowers in
his garden in winter. But the Miller avoided Hans, lest he should ask him for some
flour on credit. He even never paid any single visit to Hans during his difficult
times. This shows that the Miller was a very selfish man and simply befooled poor
Hans.
Once it so happened that the Miller went to see Hans after the winter season.
Hans was very much pleased to see the Miller. The Miller enquired after Hans’
health. Hans told him that he had a very hard time during the winter season, and
that he had to sell his silver buttons, silver chain and the wheel-barrow. Now he
hoped to buy them back after selling the flowers.
Taking no serious interest in Hans’ problems the Miller asked Hans for a
basket full of flowers. But this time Hans felt sorry for that and refused. The Miller
promised to give him his wheel-barrow, which was out of order, as a gift. At this,
Hans felt much pleased. Hans told him that he had a plank with which he would be
able to repair the wheel barrow. Hearing this, the Miller decided to take advantage
of the situation. He said that there was a big hole in the roof of his barn, and that he
was in need of a plank to mend it. He requested Hans to have it to him. Hans
agreed to give him the plank. Later on, the Miller used Hans as a porter and made
him carry a sack of flour to the market. The pressure of his promised kindness
regarding the wheel barrow compelled Hans to obey him silently.
At last, one night the Miller came to Hans and told him that his son had fallen
from a ladder. He therefore wanted him to go out to call the doctor. It was a stormy
night, and it rained heavily. Hans asked the Miller to give him his lantern to show
him the way. But once again showing his mean selfish nature he refused. So when
Hans went to call the doctor it was pitch dark. He reached the Doctor’s house and
asked him to rush to the house of the Miller to help his son. But while coming
back, Hans slipped in a pool of water and was drowned. His dead body was taken
out of the pool in the morning.
The moral of this story is that it is simply inhuman to be selfish and exploit
friends. To look after only one’s own interests at the cost of others is very cruel.
***********************
24
THE DEVOTED FRIEND

Questions & Answers
Q.1: Briefly explain why the story of Hans and the Miller was applicable to
the rat.
Ans. The story of Hans and Miller was applicable to the rat because, just like the Miller,
the rat too believed in the exploitation of friendship to its own advantage. Both, the
Miller and the rat, had no regard for moral values. Actually they were selfish,
mean and cunning.
Q.2: When do we suspect that the Miller was not really a very good friend
to Hans?
Ans. We suspect the Miller to be insincere to Hans when we hear him telling his wife
that there was no good in going to see Hans as long as the snow lasted. He argued
that people should not be bothered by visitors when they are in trouble and misery.
Q.3: How did the Miller justify his not asking Hans to share some of his
good things during the winter?
Ans. Actually the Miller was of the view that if Hans came to his house and saw their
warm fire and grand supper during the winter, he would become envious, and it
would spoil his nature. As Hans was his best friend, he would not like to see that
his nature was spoiled.
Q.4: How did the Miller's wife reveal that she too was ready to exploit the
generosity of Hans?
Ans. As soon as the winter season was over and the primroses began to bloom, the
Miller prepared to go and see Hans. The Miller's wife praised her husband for
possessing such a good heart, and asked him to take a big basket with him for
taking the flowers. This shows that she too was ready to exploit the generosity of
poor Hans.
Q.5: How did the Miller persuade Hans to carry the large sack of flour to
the market?
Ans. Once, Hans was busy in his garden when the winter season was over. He was
nailing up the creepers and watering the flowers. The Miller came to him and
asked him to carry the sack of flour for him to the market. Hans regretted, but the
Miller reminded him of the favour about his wheelbarrow; and so, poor Hans had
to accede to his request.
Q.6: How did the Miller justify his rebuke to Hans for staying in bed a little
later than usual, after his tiring expedition to the market?
Ans. After his tiring expedition to the market, Hans felt very tired and exhausted. So he
went to bed. Early in the morning the Miller came to his house to collect his
money, but he found Hans still in bed. He scolded Hans for being lazy and
sluggish, and justified his rebuke by expressing that idleness is a great sin, and that
he did not like that any of his friends should fall a victim to this evil.
Q.7: Why was Hans unable to look after his garden?
Ans. Hans was unable to look after his garden because Miller went on sending Hans on
long errands, or working for him at his mill.
Q.8: What was the supreme manifestation of the Miller's selfishness which
caused Hans to lose his life?
Ans. One dark night the Miller prevailed upon Hans to go to the town and call in the
doctor to cure his wounded son. As it was a stormy night Hans asked the Miller to
lend him his lantern to find his way through, but he refused to do so, saying that if
anything happened to his new lantern, it would be a great loss to him. Still Hans
went on this errand, and thus lost his life. This incident shows the supreme
selfishness of the Miller.
Q.9: Comment briefly on the Miller's claim to have been Han's best friend.
Ans. The Miller was out and out a selfish and mean fellow. His claim to have been Hans
best friend was motivated purely by his selfishness. On this pretext, he walked at
the head of Han's funeral procession and shed crocodile tears. He had offered Hans
his good-for-nothing wheelbarrow while he was alive, but now he did not know
what to do with it.
Q.10: What is the effect of the Miller's disclosure that the wheelbarrow was
totally worthless?
Ans: The Miller’s disclosure that the wheelbarrow which he had promised to give to
Hans, was totally worthless, reflects upon his mean and selfish nature.
25
********************
THE DEVOTED FRIEND

By: Oscar Wilde

Water-rat (n) An animal like a rat that swims and ‫ْقاثص وارو كوِّقو‬
lives in hole besides a river or lake
Beady (adj) Small; round and bright ‫ ْج مكدار‬,‫ننأو‬
Stiff (adj) Firm and difficult to bend ‫سَّج ِق‬
Whisker(n) Any of the long stiff hair that grow ‫كوِّقص صا ُقلص ّجص مَج ّجو‬
‫وار‬
near the mouth of rat or cat.
Canary (n) A small yellow singing bird. ‫تاِّقصندى ْقحص‬
Linnet (n) A small brown and gray bird ‫ْقحص‬
of the finch family.
Willow- tree (n) A tree with long thin branches. ‫ّقصد ّجو وث‬
Nosegay (n) A small bunch of flowers. ‫بلدسِقو‬
Milch-cow (n) Cow, giving milk. ‫حصر ةصندى تِّقون‬
Pear (n) A yellow or green fruit that is ‫ناسْقاِقص‬
narrow at the top and wide at the bottom.
Cask (n) A small wooden barrel used for ‫ْقصْق‬
storing liquids especially alcoholic drinks.
Scarlet (adj) Bright red in colour. ‫تاىهو‬
Wheel-barrow (n) A large open container with ‫هًق باةو‬
a wheel and two handles that you
use out side to carry things; small
one-wheeled vehicle for small loads.
Burgomaster (n) Mayor. ‫÷ناظم اعلص‬
Plank (n) A long narrow flat piece of wood )‫ِقَّج ِقو (كام‬
that is used for making floors;
Long thick narrow board
Drag (v) Pull sth along with effort. ‫بهلث‬
Nail up (ph.v) To fasten sth to a wall with ‫ ٌقنبث‬,‫كوكن سان مًقص هثث‬
a nail or nails.
Honey suckle(n) A climbing plant with white, ‫هك َّجوشّقودار ول‬
yellow or pink flowers with sweet smell.
Creeper (n) Clinging plant that grows by means ‫ول‬
of suckers or roots that anchor it to a surface.
Trudge-off (ph.v) To walk, or walk a particular path ‫ةحصاِّقص سان هلث‬
or distance with a slow heave weary steps.
Pooh (intj) Used to express disdain or dismissal. ‫كاوى ّج و اظهار كرث الء لفظ‬
)‫(هون‬
************************
READING – TEXT EIGHT
SPACE SHIP ONE

Summary
26
This fantasy, “Space- Ship One” was written in 1946 by John Hampden. It is the story of
imaginary flight to the moon. As we see, Professor Witney is a great scientist. He has invented a
space ship, which he is taking to the moon. His aim is to reach the moon, and then, after making it a
base, to voyage through the solar system and reach Mars and Venus. Professor Witney is
accompanied by an engineer, William Leigh, and a young pilot, Harry. The latter is in love with the
Professor’s daughter, Katherine, and hopes to marry her on his return from the space travel. In the
beginning, they have very high speed but later on, as they reach near the moon, the speed is brought
down. All preparations for landing on the moon are complete. Witney feels worried because he has
not been able to contact Katherine on the television for a long time. He has dreamt that England has
been attacked and London, occupied, by the enemy. In the morning Professor Witney tries to
contact his wife and daughter on the television but without success. In the dream he has also felt that
his wife and daughter crying for help. As he is relating his dream, his voice breaks down, which
shows his grief. However, he soon controls himself. Just then there is a call from below. It is
Katherine, speaking. She tells her father that England has actually been attacked and there are
parachutists landing in England. All the members of the family except her have been killed. She is
safe and has taken refuge in the crow’s nest. She suggests her father that as England was sure to be
ruined, he should not return to England but, instead, he should land in America or Canada, if he
wanted to save himself. Professor Witney fears that the enemy would torture Katherine to get from
her the secrets of atomic energy. He, therefore, advises her to put an end to her life to save these
secrets. So, Katherine actually commits suicide, and when the enemy soldiers reach they find her
dead. Through, Professor Witney lands on the moon, but this is a very tragic landing.
In this romance John Hampden shows the helplessness of humanity despite its development and
progress in science. Though Witney is going to be the first man on the moon due to his research in
science yet he is not able to stop the decision of the nature which results in the death of his daughter.
Questions & Answers
Q.1: Why is the space ship traveling at only seventy miles an hour when Harry wakes up?
Ans. The space ship is traveling at only seventy miles an hour when Harry wakes up because it
has reached near the moon, which is its landing station.
Q.2: When has the space ship been to the moon before and with what passengers?
Ans. The space ship has been to the moon one month before this journey when it had gone on
an exploratory journey. The passengers on board were Professor Witney, Engineer
William and three sheep.
Q.3: What is the relationship between Harry and Professor Witney?
Ans. Harry is engaged to Katherine, the daughter of professor Witney and expects to marry her
just after the return of flight from the space. So professor Witney is the would be father-
in-law of Harry.
Q.4: What was the significance of professor Witney’s chalking “NOAH’S ARK” on the
second space ship?
Ans. Professor Witney named his second air ship as Noah’s Arch because he inteded to escape
in it from this earth, which according to his forecast was going to be plunged into nuclear
war. As Prophet Noah escaped the destruction like wise professor expected to escape
from the said destruction of war.
Q.5: What was the nature of the dream that Professor Witney had during the night before
landing on the moon?
Ans. The fear that afflicted Professor Witney during the night before the landing on the moon
was that he had a terrible dream in which he dreamt that England had been attacked by
nuclear weapons. He feared that his dream might not come true.
Q.6: What is Professor Witney’s attitude to the new type of society in which scientific and
technical progress is the only thing that seems to matter?
Ans. Professor Witney appreciates the new type of society but he was afraid of the miss use of
science by man which might bring about destruction in the world.
Q.7: How has England come to be defenseless?
Ans. The scientific progress which England had made, made her defenseless because she did
not have the required counter attack in spite of that development.
Q.8: What disaster has befallen England during the night?
Ans. During the night England has been attacked by nuclear missiles and London has been
taken intact by the enemy troops.
Q.9: How did Katherine survive the poison gas attack?
Ans. Katherine has survived the poison gas attack by going upwards to top of the building
which is called “Crow’s nest”.
Q.10: Why does her father instruct her to kill herself?
Ans. Katherine’s father instructs her to kill herself by inhaling certain fluid that was kept in his
laboratory so that she should not be caught by the enemy. Witney was afraid that if the
enemy got hold of her, and knew her to be his daughter, they would torture her to death
to find out his research secrets. So he prepared her for killing herself.
************************
READING – TEXT EIGHT
SPACE SHIP ONE

By: John Hampden
27
Semi Circular (adj) Half circled. ‫اؤبول‬
Rear (adj) At or near the back of sth. ‫ ْقًّقصون‬, ‫ْقوصون‬
Amber(n) A yellow-brown color. ‫بهاٌقو ْقصلو‬
Ellipse(n) A regular oval shape. ‫ّقصضوص شكل‬
Encrusted (adj) Covered with a thin hard layer of Sth. ‫كنهن ِقهه سان أهكصل‬
Suffuse(v) (Esp of color, light or feeling). ‫ئهالِّقث‬
To spread allover or through sb/ sth.
Rim (n). The edge of smt that is circular. ‫ ّجص سطج‬%‫بول شص‬
Tilt (v). Come into a sloping position. ‫هك طرف ّجهكث صا ّجهكاِّقث‬
Proceed (v). Continue to do sth; Go. ‫ّجارص رحث‬
Stanchion (n). A vertical pole used to support sth. ‫ًقنَقو‬
Hodded (adj). (Of eyes) having large eyelids. ‫وةصن احصن وارو‬
Binocular (n) Instrument with lenses for both eyes
making distant object seen nearer. ‫دورّقصن‬
Con (v) To fly an aeroplane in a straight direction. ‫ّجهاز حص سؤو هالِّقث‬
Incorporate (v). Include (in). ‫ٍّم شامل كرث‬
Navigate (v). Direct the course of (ship or air craft). ‫ّجهاز هالِّقث‬
Navigator (n). One who navigates a ship. ‫ّجهاز هالِّقصندى‬
Jerk (n). Sudden sharp pull. ‫ّجهٌقكو‬
Snap (v) To move sth into particular position ‫ِقكىٍّم هًق هثث‬
quickly especially with a sudden sharp noise.
Flicker (v). Burn or shine unsteadily; Flutter. ‫ّجهلمالِّقث‬
Bunk (n). Sleeping berth fixed on wall (Usu in ship). ‫سمث ّجو ِقَّج ِقو‬
Aerated (adj). Full of air; Having air. ‫هوا سان َقرصل‬
Flannel (n). Soft woolen material. ‫ان‬
Ingenuous (adj). Frank. ‫ ياف دل‬,‫حلصل دل‬
Roll over (ph.v). To turn over to face a different direction. ‫ْقاسو ّقدالِّقث‬
Yawn (v). Open the mouth sleepily. ‫اوُقاسص ةصث‬
Wry (adj). Showing that you are both amused and annoyed. ‫ّقبىصل‬
Wryly (adv). Twistly (of mouth). ‫ّقبىصل منهن سان‬
Grid (n). A pattern of squares on a map that are marked ‫الِّقصن‬
with letters.
Stiffen (v). Make or become stiff. ‫ سَّج ِق ًقصث‬,‫َج كّجث‬
Peer (v). Look (in to/at sth) closely or intently. ‫وصّجهىاِّقص ٍّم ةسث‬
Amiss (adj). Wrong; not as it should be. ‫ بىّقى‬,‫مسِّقلو‬
Sluice (n). A sliding gate or other device for controlling the flow of water. ,‫ّقند ّجو دروازو‬
‫مورص‬
Propellant (n). A thing that drive sth. ‫مجرك‬
Recurrent (adj). That happens again and again. ‫ّقار ّقار ًقصندى‬
Queer (adj). Strange or unusual. ‫عّجصّق‬
Co incidence (n). The fact of two things happening at the same time by chance; chance
happening at the same time. ‫اِقفاغ‬
Shudder (v). To shake because of cold, fear or strong feeling. ‫كنّقث‬
Nightmare (n). Horrible dream. ‫َّجوفناك َّجواّق‬
Comb (n). Instrument with teeth for setting hair. ‫ئنىص‬
Damp (adj). Slightly wet in an unpleasant way. ‫ بهمصل‬,‫آلو‬
Strained (adj). Tens; not relax or friendly. ‫ْقرشانص وارص‬
Conviction (n). Having surety. ‫ْقك‬
Wonderment (n). A feeling of pleasant surprise. ‫ِقعّج ّق‬
Phew (intj) (exclamation). A sound that people make when soothing bad finish; expression of
disgust. ‫هون‬
Tootle (v). To walk or drive without hurrying. ‫ٌقهلث‬
Oscillate (v). To keep moving from one position to other. ‫هصًّق مًقص ًقصث‬
Exultant (n). Feeling or showing great pride or happiness. ‫َّجوش‬
Prodigious (adj). Enormous. ‫شاندار‬
Rill (n). Small brook. ‫ندص‬
Hymn (n). Song of praised to God. ‫جمد‬
28
Nip (n). Sensation of cold. ‫ًقؤ ّجو اجساس‬
Punt(n) small flat bottomed boat ‫ُقصىص‬
Canoe(n) light boat moved by one or more paddles ‫ُقصىص‬
Nasty(adj) Offensive; spiteful. ‫ نابوار‬,‫نفرِق انبصز‬
Crater (n). Hole in ground. ‫ حةو‬,‫سوراَّج‬
Canister (n). Small metal box. ‫دّقو‬
Intact (adj). Unimpaired. ‫مجفوظ‬
Muddle through (ph-v). To achieve one’s aims despite difficulties. ‫مشكالِق ٍّم مغيد الء ّجاحوىث‬
Hysterically (adv). Emotionally. ‫ّجذّقاِقص طرصغص سان‬
Tumbler (n). A drinking glass. ‫بالس‬
Thud (n). A dull sound. ‫كرث ّجو آواز‬
Guttural (adj). Sounded in the throat. ‫كاكىص مان نكرندى آواز‬
Grating (adj). Irritating or annoying. ‫بركث ّج و آواز صا كاوىصندى آواز‬
************************
READING – TEXT NINE
AN ASTRONOMER’S VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE

Summary
This interesting and splendid piece has been extracted from Sir James
Jeans ‘The Mysterious Universe’ According to the writer, our earth came into
being as the result of an accident. There are countless stars in the universe.
They are more in number than all the grains of sand on all the seashores of the
world. A majority of these stars are so big that millions of earths can be
packed up in each of them. This shows the smallness of our earth. These stars
are wandering about in space. They are so away from one another that there is
no possibility of any two stars coming near to our earth or to one another.
29
James Jeans thinks that about two thousands million years ago, a star
wandering blindly through space came near the sun. This star raised huge
tides on the surface of the sun, and ultimately, these tides broke into pieces
before the big star would move back. These small fragments, which fell off,
are called planets. They have been circulating round the sun since then. Our
earth is one of these planets. This is how the earth came into being. It was
very hot in the beginning but, gradually, it cooled down.
In due course of time one of these fragments, that is, the earth, gave
birth to life. It started in simple organisms. At this stage, life consisted only of
reproduction and death. This was a simple beginning of life. It developed into
a greater complexity, till; at last, human beings were born. Soon they
developed emotions and ambition. The author thinks that the universe was not
designed primarily to produce life like our own because our earth, and the life
on it, is so insignificant that the creation of life does not seem to be the
purpose of the universe. Life seems to be only a by-product. The material
constituents of life too are quite ordinary chemical atoms. These atoms must
have existed in the newly born earth. But the origin of life is still a riddle, and
our scientists are quite unable to solve it.
**********************
READING – TEXT NINE
AN ASTRONOMER’S VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE

Questions & Answers
Q.1: Why is it improbable that one particular star will ever come close to another?
Ans. The stars travel in complete isolation and no star comes within the hailing distance
of the other. Ordinarily, the distance between two stars is well over a million miles
from each other. So it is not probable that one particular star may ever come close
to another.
Q.2: What is James Jean’s explanation of how the planets came to be formed
from the sun?
Ans. Sir James Jeans is of the view that the earth came into existence some two
thousand million years ago, as a result of some stellar encounter. It so happened
that a huge star came within the hailing distance of the sun, and created huge tides
on its surface. This huge tide formed itself into a mountain. When this star receded,
its powerful tidal pull tore off the mountain, and its small pieces fell off into space.
These small fragments are called planets, and our earth is one of them.
Q.3: How does a planet, such as the earth derive its warmth?
Ans. In the beginning, the ejected fragments of the sun, as our earth were very hot.
Gradually, they cooled down and were left with little heat of their own. Now they
derive heat only from the radiation, which the sun pours down upon them. 30
Q.4: What does Jeans imagine the first forms of life on earth to have been like?
Ans. Sir James Jeans is of the opinion that life on earth started in simple organisms,
whose vital capacities were little beyond reproduction and death.
Q.5: Why are the first impressions of an astronomer’s picture of the universe
likely to make us feel that humanity is insignificant?
Ans. If we closely study an astronomer’s picture of the universe, we find vast
meaningless distances in the universe, and long vistas of time, which dwarf human
history to a very insignificant period. The extreme loneliness of the inhabitants of
our earth, and material insignificance of our earth in space make us feel that
humanity is insignificant.
Q.6: How does James Jeans justify his assertion that ‘the universe appears to be
actively hostile to life like our own?
Ans. Life needs suitable physical conditions where substances exist in liquid form. The
stars are so hot that life is not possible there. But outside that zone it is so cold that
life would be frozen to death. On these grounds James Jeans feels that the universe
is hostile to life like our own, as we find no planet like our earth in the universe.
Q.7: Why does a planetary system seem to be the only kind of environment on
which life could originate?
Ans. The most important physical condition for life is the temperature, at which
substances can exist in the liquid form. The stars themselves are so hot that all
solids melt there, and all liquids boil. Away from this zone, there is unimaginable
cold. So life can originate only on planets like the earth, where its intrinsic heat has
cooled down to a moderate temperature.
Q.8: What is the temperature of the most of space?
Ans. Away from the stars, there is unimaginable cold of hundreds of degrees of frost.
Close up to stars, there is a temperature of thousands of degrees at which all solids
melt and all liquids boil.
Q.9: Why does it seem incredible to Jeans that the universe was designed
primarily to produce life like our own?
Ans. Sir James Jeans thinks that the littleness of our home in space and long vistas of
time dwarf human history to an insignificant period. The extreme loneliness of our
earth, and rarity of life out side the earth make us feel that the universe was not
designed primarily to produce life like our own, and that life is simply accidental.
Q.10: Why is the origin of life still a riddle to the scientists?
Ans. The existing view of scientists about the origin of earth is a mere speculation. It is
assumed that when the ejected fragment (ie our earth) cooled down, a group of
atoms happened to arrange themselves in the way in which they are arranged in a
living cell. But no one has ever solved the riddle how the arrangement of dead
atoms could become a living cell. It is also yet to be ascertained whether it is
merely atoms, or atoms plus life, that make a living being. So the origin of life is
still a riddle to our scientists.
*********************
READING – TEXT TEN
LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE

Summary
This interesting and impressive essay was written by John Alfred valentine Butler
F.R.S., D.Sc, who was born in 1899. The writer refutes the views of modern astronomers
about life and the universe. According to him, life is not a rare thing on our earth, nor it is
an unimportant bye-product, as James Jeans had said. Recent scientific theories hold that
the earth was not born due to tidal waves produced on the surface of the sun by a star.
Instead, they hold that planets came into being due to the explosion of certain stars. And
this phenomena is not as rare as James thought it to be. Moreover, as proved by scientific
researches, our earth is not a rare exception or some unique thing in the universe. Many
elements that are found on our earth, are found on other planets and stars as well.
Therefore, this is quite reasonable to believe that there is some sort of life in other
31
planets as well. However, the creatures of other worlds may differ from human beings of
this world in thinking power, social organization or in the structure of their bodies.
Butler does not agree with the view that the earth and human life are of no
significance in the universe. He asks scientists to use the objects of the universe through
telescope. If they do so they will come to know that life on earth is very interesting in its
complexity. Although the living beings are of various forms, yet they have the same
chemical composition. Various substances undergo various changes, and form various
chemical compounds. But their elements remain the same. Today, scientists have come to
know how different compounds can be formed from the same elements. The
achievements of scientists are impressive, no doubt, but it cannot be said that man will be
able to combine all necessary elements to create life in a test tube at any stage.
Butler thinks that unhealthy scientific researches have lowered the dignity of man.
Galileo was the first man to lessen the importance of man on earth, in the scheme of the
universe. Darwin’s theories positively degraded man to the rank of beasts. In the modern
world the concept of life has become quite mechanical. The result is that the value of
man has come down to the value of a machine, or even less than that.
It is, however, encouraging to note that some scientists of our age like Butler have
given up this mechanical attitude towards life. They have been deeply impressed by the
complexity and variety of the living organism. Therefore, the day is not far when they
will be convinced that the rich variety of life on earth is not less attractive than the vast
empty spaces of the universe.
**************************
READING – TEXT TEN
LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE

Questions & Answers
Q.1: What new theory concerning the origin of the planets does Professor Butler
present?
Ans. Butler believes that planets were caused not by an encounter of a huge star with the sun,
but by the explosion of some star that was near the sun. The explosion threw off some
pieces of matter that formed the earth and the planets.
Q.2: What in brief, are the views on the probability of life existing in the world,
other than our own?
Ans. Butler does not accept the theory about the origin of life put forward by James Jeans. He
asserts that the essentials of life exist on other planets too. The conditions that produced
life on the earth can also produce life anywhere else under similar circumstances. He
does not agree with the view that life is an accidental combination of chemical atoms at a
moderate temperature.
Q.3: What facts had to be understood for Chemistry to become a science?
Ans. Chemistry emerged as a science when it was understood that all substances are
combinations of the same primary elements, which are, to all intents and purposes,
indescribable.
Q.4: Who was responsible for the atomic theory of Chemistry?
32
Ans. Dalton was the first scientist who gave the world the atomic theory. But it was Lavisher
who established the first stage of Chemistry. He was guided by the atomic theory of
Dalton. He explained the facts of chemical combination in simple compounds.
Q.5: What was the original distinction between “organic” and “inorganic”
substances? Does this distinction hold well in modern sciences as well?
Ans. The substances, which come from living things, were originally called ‘organic
compounds’, and were thought to be entirely different from the ‘inorganic’ these were.
Alcohol; Oils, Fats, Sugar, Waxes, Rosins, Rubber, Cellulose, Starch.
But this distinction no longer holds good in modern science, because a German
chemist. Who succeeded in preparing urea, which had previously been regarded as a
typical product of life.
Q.6: How does Butler justify his belief in the importance of scientific research
into the nature of living cells?
Ans. Butler feels that the exploration of living things has revealed an extraordinary
complexity. This scientific approach has brought a revolution in the assessment of life
and its significance. Further research in this field may, again, make men feel that they are
not out of keeping with the splendour of their setting.
Q.7: How according to Butler was science responsible for fostering the popular
belief that man is insignificant?
Ans. Butler believes that science was responsible for fostering the popular belief that man is
insignificant. Galleo’s discovery dislodged man from his high position in the universe.
Darwin pulled him further down. Butler discards all these mechanical ideas and says that
man’s importance lies not in his size or shape but in his intelligence.
Q.8: Why does Butler think that calculating machines ought not be called
“mechanical brains”?
Ans. Butler feels that it is a gross libel on real brains to regard the calculating machines as
‘brains’. The so-called ‘mechanical brains’ can only perform limited functions. The
varied function of real brains is quite beyond our understanding. They are not tedious,
repetitive or time consuming.
Q.9: Why did the scientists of the nineteenth century tend to find simplicity in the
universe?
Ans. The nineteenth century scientists were concerned mainly with the elemental forces. So
they mainly found simplicity in the universe, whereas complexity is the gift of he 20th
century.
Q.10: Why, according to Butler, is modern science likely to re-store man’s faith in
his own important?
Ans. The main emphasis of sciences is now changing from the study of the elementary forces
and simple particles to the complexities of living textures. This is like to restore man’s
faith in his own importance in the universe.
**************************
33

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English Noter for FSC-II Sindh Board

READING – TEXT ONE

TWENTY MINUTES WITH MRS. OAKENTUBB

READING – TEXT ONE

TWENTY MINUTES WITH MRS. OAKENTUBB

READING – TEXT ONE

TWENTY MINUTES WITH MRS. OAKENTUBB

REFLECTIONS ON THE RE-AWAKENING EAST

Spectator (n) on looker.

READING – TEXT TWO

REFLECTIONS ON THE RE-AWAKENING EAST

READING – TEXT TWO

REFLECTIONS ON THE RE-AWAKENING EAST

READING – TEXT THREE

THE DAY THE DAM BROKE

READING – TEXT THREE

THE DAY THE DAM BROKE

THE DAY THE DAM BROKE

READING – TEXT FOUR

PAKISTAN AND THE MODERN WORLD

PAKISTAN AND THE MODERN WORLD

READING – TEXT FOUR

PAKISTAN AND THE MODERN WORLD

PAKISTAN AND THE MODERN WORLD

ACT III OF THE SILVER BOX

READING – TEXT FIVE

ACT III OF THE SILVER BOX

READING – TEXT FIVE

ACT III OF THE SILVER BOX

THE WORLD AS I SEE IT

THE WORLD AS I SEE IT

THE WORLD AS I SEE IT

READING – TEXT SEVEN

THE DEVOTED FRIEND

READING – TEXT SEVEN

THE DEVOTED FRIEND

READING – TEXT SEVEN

THE DEVOTED FRIEND

THE DEVOTED FRIEND

Word Meaning Sindhi Meaning

READING – TEXT EIGHT

SPACE SHIP ONE

SPACE SHIP ONE

READING – TEXT NINE

AN ASTRONOMER’S VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE

READING – TEXT NINE

AN ASTRONOMER’S VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE

LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE

READING – TEXT TEN

LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE

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