14 – 10 - 2019

Welcome to C1.2.

NOTES:

 The plot thickens.  used to say that events seem to be becoming

more complicated – often used humorously (In everyday English, people usually
say something is funny rather than humorous) · He told lots of funny  stories.

 Nuance (adj)  a very slight, hardly noticeable difference in manner, colour,

meaning etc. He was aware of every nuance in her voice.

Nuance of  the painting’s delicate nuances of color, tone, and texture subtle
nuances  of meaning.

—nuanced adjective: a skilful and nuanced performance

 Subtlety (a thought, idea, or detail that is important but difficult to notice or

understand subtlety of) Some of the subtleties of the language are lost in
translation.

How do you go about learning vocabulary?

3 areas:

Specific contens:

- Grammar
- Emphasis
- Accurate vocabulary (accurate = preciso)
- Idioms
- Connected speech

GRAMMAR

For example: Subjunctive -> I request you be on time.

NEUTRAL NUANCED

pág. 1
If we meet again If we should meet again.

What do you want? What is it you want? (irritation;

that is the nuance)

Many types of funguses (hongos) Many types of fung.

On many occasions. On many an occasion.

How do you dare to say that? How dare you?

VOCABULARY

Connotations

Added meanings.

NEUTRAL NUANCED

Statesman Politician in general (negative

connotation)

Inexpensive Cheap

Childlike (all great things a child Childish (infantil, pueril)

Have)

Slender (beautiful) Skinny

Confident Cocky

Practice:

Job -> nuanced

Bum (culo en inglés) (nuanced)

Unwise (neutral)

Scrawny (unhealthy) – nuanced

Pig-headed – nuanced

Persevering – neutral

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Sheet number 1:

Complete:

Register

Passed Stool Alcoholic

FORMAL: Sever Automobile M.D.
away sample beverage

STANDARD: Cut Car Die excrement Doctor meeting Drink

Chop Get
IDIOMATIC: Croak Shit sawbones booze
off together

Perspective

Tolerant / liberal permissive

Frugal stingy
Driven Obstinate

Positive connotations No connotations Negative

connotations
Freedom fighter Member of Isis Terrorist
Evolution Change Generation

Degree

Base adjective Strong adjective Extreme/colorful

Amazing
Tasty
Terrifying
Drop-dead gorgeous

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BOOK: Page 17

DEVELOPING CONVERSATIONS.

Giving your impression

If we want to give our impression of people on the public eye or people

we haven’t met many times, we often use these structures:

He seems fairly laid-back.

She strikes me as someone you can trust.

He comes across as a real gentleman.

I get the impression / feeling she’s very principled.

She looks as she is about to have a… (pataleta).

BOOK: Page 20

Speaking:

Choose which relationships from the box below you have had. Put them in
order from the biggest influence on your life to the smallest influence.

Siblings. Grandparent – grandchild

Life partners parent – child

Colleagues teacher – pupil

Business partners coach – athlete

Neighbours doctor - patient

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Vocabulary mentioned in class:

Statesman: a political or government leader, especially one who is respected as

being wise and fair (=sabio y justo): a respected elder statesman.

Childish: behaving in a silly way that makes you seem much younger than you
really are – used to show disapproval SYN  immature. 

Childlike: having qualities that are typical of a child, especially positive qualities
such as INNOCENCE and eagerness (very keen and excited about something that
is going to happen or about something you want to do)

Slender: thin in an attractive or graceful way SYN  Slim. She is slender and

stylish.

Skinny: very thin, especially in a way that is unattractive: Some supermodels

are far too skinny.

Cocky: too confident about yourself and your abilities, especially in a way that
annoys other people: He’s a cocky little man and I don’t like him.

Unwise (=imprudente): not based on good judgment. It’s unwise to keep

medicines in a place that can be reached by children.

Scrawny: a scrawny person or animal looks very thin and weak SYN  skinny.

Pigheaded: determined to do things the way you want and refusing to change
your mind, even when there are good reasons to do so SYN  stubborn: Never
have I met a woman so obstinate, so pigheaded!

Sever (verb): to cut through something completely, separating it into two parts,
or to become cut in this way SYN  cut off:

Chop off: phrasal verb: to remove something by cutting it with a sharp tool:

The branch had been chopped off.

Croak: To die (informal)

Stool sample: medical a piece of solid waste from your BOWELs (=intestinos)

Gathering/get-together: a situation in which a group of people come together

to meet, talk, and have drinks with each other, especially friends or family:

We held a small family get-together to celebrate her birthday. 

She arranged social gatherings in Kettering for young people on Saturday

evenings.

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Booze: alcoholic drink: a bottle of booze.

Frugal: careful to buy only what is necessary.

Driven: trying extremely hard to achieve what you want. He claims he is not a
driven workaholic (Workaholic: informal someone who chooses to work a lot,
so that they do not have time to do anything else)

Laid-back: relaxed and seeming not to be worried about

anything OPP  uptight: I don’t know how you can be so laid-back about your
exams. Laid-back attitude/manner/approach etc.  He is famed for his laid-
back attitude.

Principled:

1 Someone who is principled has strong opinions about what is morally right and
wrong. Principled stand/opposition/objection etc  He took a principled
stand against the legislation.

2 Based on clear and definite ideas: an attempt to reduce prison sentences in a

principled way.

Strike somebody as (being) something: to seem to have a particular quality

or feature:  His jokes didn’t strike Jack as being very funny. She strikes me as
someone you can trust.

Gossip (noun): information that is passed from one person to another about
other people’s behaviour and private lives, often including unkind or untrue
remarks. Gossip about. Here’s an interesting piece of gossip about Mrs
Smith.

To gossip (verb): to talk about other people’s behaviour and private lives, often
including remarks that are unkind or untrue. gossip about The whole town was
gossiping about them.

Gossipy:

1 A gossipy conversation, letter etc is informal and full of gossip.

2 A gossipy person likes to gossip.

Come across as. If someone comes across in a particular way, they seem to
have particular qualities SYN  come over. Come across as: 

He comes across as a very intelligent sensitive man. 

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She sometimes comes across as being rather arrogant. 

I don’t think I came across  very  well (=seemed to have good qualities) in the
interview.

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 16 – 10 - 2019

 Keep your pants on (calm down)

 If someone is caught with their pants down, something happens that they

are not prepared for and that reveals something embarrassing or shocking about
them.

 Go for it! You say 'Go for it' to encourage someone to increase their efforts to

achieve or win something.

Vocabulary mentioned in class:

 Confide in someone (phrasal verb): to tell someone about something very

private or secret, especially a personal problem, because you feel you can trust
them:  I’ve never felt able to confide in my sister.

 Confide to:

1 To tell someone you trust about personal things that you do not want other
people to know Confide to somebody that He confided to his friends that he
didn’t have much hope for his marriage.

2 formal to give something you value to someone you trust so they look after it
for you. Confide something to somebody He confided his money to his
brother’s safekeeping.

 Scene. Don’t make a scene: a loud angry argument, especially in a public

place; I was mad, but I didn’t want to make a scene.

 To scold sb (formal): to angrily criticize someone, especially a child, about

something they have done SYN  tell off:  Do not scold the puppy, but simply
and firmly say ‘no’.

Scold somebody for (doing) something  Her father scolded her for upsetting
her mother.

—scolding  noun [countable, uncountable]:  I got a scolding from my teacher.

Register: In everyday English, people usually say ‘tell someone off’ rather

than ‘scold someone’:· She  told  us off for making a mess.

 Attitude:

1 [countable, uncountable] the opinions and feelings that you usually have

about something, especially when this is shown in your behaviour: As soon as
pág. 8
they found out I was a doctor, their whole attitude changed. attitude
to/towards The people have a very positive attitude to life.

2 [uncountable] informal a style of dressing, behaving etc. that shows you have

the confidence to do unusual and exciting things without caring what other
people think with attitude  a coat with attitude.

 Stubborn:

1 Determined not to change your mind, even when people think you are being
unreasonable: 

Why are you so stubborn? 

I’ve got a very  stubborn streak (=a tendency to be stubborn). 

Paul can be as stubborn as a mule (=very stubborn).

► see THESAURUS at DETERMINED

Instead of stubborn:

 Headstrong: very determined to do what you want, even when other people
advise you not to do it.

 Determined: if you are determined to do something, you have decided that

you are definitely going to do it, and you will not let anything stop
you. Determined is also used about someone’s character, when they usually
behave in this way:· I was determined to be a doctor.· She’s a very determined
woman.

 Obstinated (positive):

1 Determined not to change your ideas, behaviour, opinions etc, even when
other people think you are being unreasonable SYN  stubborn:  He was the
most obstinate man I’ve ever met.  Don’t be so obstinate!  an obstinate
refusal to obey

2 [only before noun]  British English difficult to deal with or get rid of:  obstinate
stains. A complex and obstinate issue

 Streaker: someone who runs across a public place with no clothes on as a

joke or in order to shock people.

 A bad/difficult/sticky/rough patch: informal a period of time when you

are having a lot of difficulty:  Gemma’s  going through  a bad patch right now.

 Rough: PROBLEMS/DIFFICULTIES A rough period is one in which you have

a lot of problems or difficulties SYN  tough. My marriage is on the roughs.

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 Come to blows (with somebody) if two people come to blows, they start
arguing or hitting each other because they disagree about something. Blow
over: They almost came to blows over the money.

 Discharge: to officially allow someone to leave somewhere, especially the

hospital or the army, navy etc, or to tell them that they must leave:  Hospitals
now tend to discharge patients earlier than in the past.

 Admit: If people at a hospital admit someone, that person is taken in to be

given treatment, tests, or care:  What time was she admitted? Be admitted to
hospital British English, be admitted to the hospital American English.

 do/run a test. They don’t know what’s wrong with her yet – they’re doing
tests.

 point-blank: if you say or refuse something point-blank, you do it directly

and without trying to explain your reasons:  He  refused point-blank  to identify
his accomplices. I told him point-blank that I didn’t want to get involved.

 Close range: at close/short/point-blank range (=from very close) Both

men had been  shot at point-blank range.

 To overcome a problem: a problem you can easily overcome.· We try to

help families overcome housing problems.

 Mishap (=percance): a small accident or mistake that does not have very
serious results:  I had a  slight mishap with one of the glasses. A series of
mishaps.

 Busted (adjective):

1 broken: a busted arm

2 [not before noun] Caught doing something wrong and likely to be

punished: You guys are so busted!

Sheet number 2:

Complete the sentences with the gerund or the infinitive of the

verbs in brackets, using the correct form of any pronouns that are included.

1 If the Government's policy is to succeed, they must try (to keep) prices in
check.
2 The shareholders all think they know what should be done, but the board still
needs (convincing).
3 Let's invite him. I'm sure he would love (to come):

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4 Someone in the office had made a mistake, and the firrn regretted
(causing) the customer inconvenience.
5 We plan (to take) our holidays abroad this year.
6 The teacher doesn't permit (smoking) during the lessons.
7 I vaguely remember (him saying) something like that.
8 Come over here! I'd like (you to see) this.
9 I always try (to be) punctual, but I don't always succeed.
10 It's a tricky problem. I recommend (you to consult) an expert.
11 He'd prefer (you to go) to his place, if that's convenient.
12 A membership card authorizes (the holder to use) the club's facilities for
a period of twelve months.
13 For the second-time this year, Miss Black will attempt (to swim) the Channel
in less than five hours.
14 Children should start (learning) a foreign language at primary school.
15 The film was so terrifying that she could hardly bear (watching) it.
16 The new committee member did not venture (to speak) at his first meeting.
17 They began (driving) at six in the morning, and were still on the road ten
hours later.
 Begin to do something  She began to feel a sense of panic.
 Begin doing something  I began teaching in 1984.

18 The union leaders urged (their members to think) again before

(deciding) (to strike).
 Urge: to strongly suggest that someone does something. Urge somebody
to do something.   I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch.

19 He remembered (to pass) on most of the information, but omitted (to

mention) one or two of the most important facts.
20 The reporters asked many questions which the freed men declined (to
answer).

Sheet number 3: More than a ROLE MODEL

Do we have any role models in our society?

pág. 11
Black Swan is a 2010 American psychological horror thriller drama film directed
by Darren Aronofsky.
The screenplay was written by Mark Heyman, John McLaughlin, and Andres
Heinz.
Based on an original story by Heinz.
The film stars Natalie Portman, Vincent Cassel, Mila Kunis, Barbara Hershey,
and Winona Ryder.
The plot revolves around a production of Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake ballet by
the prestigious New York City Ballet company. The production requires a
ballerina to play the innocent and fragile White Swan, for which the committed
dancer Nina (Portman) is a perfect fit, as well as the dark and sensual Black
Swan, which are qualities better embodied by the new arrival Lily (Kunis). Nina
is overwhelmed by a feeling of immense pressure when she finds herself
competing for the part, causing her to lose her tenuous grip on reality and
descend into a living nightmare.
Usually described as a psychological horror thriller film, Black Swan can also be
interpreted as a metaphor for achieving artistic perfection, with all of the
psychological and physical challenges one might encounter, i.e. "the film can
be perceived as a poetic metaphor for the birth of an artist, that is, as a visual
representation of Nina's psychic odyssey toward achieving artistic perfection
and of the price to be paid for it."

Vocabulary from the plot:

 Revolve around: to have something as a main subject or purpose:  Jane’s

life revolves around her children. The argument revolved around costs.

 Committed: willing to work very hard at something SYN  dedicated:  The

party has a core of committed supporters.

 Embody: to be a very good example of an idea or

quality SYN  represent:  She embodies everything I admire in a teacher.

 Overwhelm:

2 TOO MUCH if work or a problem overwhelms someone, it is too much or too

difficult to deal with To be overwhelmed by something.  We were
overwhelmed by the number of applications.

 Tenuous: very thin and easily broken.

 Grip: 3 UNDERSTANDING [singular] an understanding of something. To

have/get a grip on something  I’m just trying to get a grip on what’s
happening. She was losing her  grip  on reality.

 To Encounter.
pág. 12
1 to experience something, especially problems or opposition.

Encounter problems/difficulties.  They encountered serious problems when

two members of the expedition were injured.

Encounter opposition/resistance The government has encountered strong

opposition to its plans to raise income tax.  The doctor had encountered several
similar cases in the past.

Register: In everyday English, people usually say come across

problems/difficulties rather than encounter
problems/difficulties and come up against opposition/resistance rather
than encounter opposition/resistance:· Did you come across  any problems?
· We came up against quite a lot of opposition from local people.

VOCABULARY from the sheet:

 An inspiration.

 Be swayed by: 2 [transitive] to influence someone so that they change

their opinion: Don’t allow yourself to be swayed by his promises.

 Carry a lot of weight: 6 IMPORTANCE [uncountable] If something has

weight, it is important and influences people:  She knew that her
opinion  carried very little weight. Give/add weight to something This
scandal adds more weight to their arguments.

 Emulate sb: to do something or behave in the same way as someone else,

especially because you admire them. SYN  imitate:  He hoped
to emulate the  success of Wilder.

 Idolize sb: to admire and love someone so much that you think they are
perfect: They had one child, a girl whom they idolized.

 Pull strings: to secretly use your influence with important people in order to
get what you want or to help someone else:  Francis pulled strings to get him
out of trouble.

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE PHRASES:

1. I really respect my older relatives and their views are highly

influential/ carry a lot of weight in my decision-making.

pág. 13
 2. I think it’s OK for parents to influence events from behind the
scenes/ pull strings to get opportunities for their kids.

3. I give away to/am easily swayed by people with strong opinions

easily because I don’t really have strong opinions of my own.

4. When I was younger I had a thing about pop stars; I’d put them on a
pedestal/ idolize them. I suppose I wanted to follow in their
footsteps/ emulate them and be rich and famous.

5. I think it’s important for celebrities to remember that they are a role
model/ an inspiration particularly to young people, and to monitor
their public behaviour accordingly.

EXERCISE C:

You can agree, disagree or you can say: “To some extent…”

 Extent:

1 To ... extent used to say how true something is or how great an effect or

change is. To a certain extent/to some extent/to an extent (=partly) 

We all to some extent remember the good times and forget the bad. 

I do agree with him to an extent.

To a great/large extent 

Its success will depend to a large extent on local attitudes.

To a lesser/greater extent (=less or more)

It will affect farmers in Spain and to a lesser extent in France. 

They examined  the extent to which (=how much)  age affected language-

learning ability.  To what extent (=how much)  did she influence his
decision?

To such an extent that/to the extent that (=so much that) 

Violence increased to the extent that residents were afraid to leave their
homes.

 Don’t set the bar too high.

pág. 14
 To endorse: 1 To express formal support or approval for someone or
something. Endorse a proposal/an idea/a candidate etc.  The prime
minister is unlikely to endorse this view.

Text: MORE THAN A ROLE MODEL

Jen Bricker is an extraordinary woman with an extraordinary story. Having been

adopted at birth after being born with no legs due to a genetic birth defect, from
a young age Jen was drawn to physical sports including softball, volleyball and
gymnastics.
Raised in Oblong, Illinois; by adoptive parents Sharon and Gerald Bricker, Jen was
particularly keen on gymnastics: 'Some of my earliest memories are of watching
gymnastics on TV when I was six years old and trying to imitate the moves’. She
idolised American Olympic gymnast Dominique Moceanu, whose parents were
Romanian immigrants to the USA. Jen watched her and her team win the gold in
the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, transfixed as Dominique became an overnight
sensation. `Dominique was my favourite gymnast. I wouldn't shut up about
her. All I knew of my heritage was that I was Romanian and Dominique was also
Romanian. We have the same features and spunky personalities. I was just
drawn to her.'
Inspired by Dominique's success, Jen entered gymnastics and tumbling
competitions and found she had a natural ability. She competed in the junior
Olympics and even won a State Championship in tumbling, competing against able-
bodied people.
However, in her teens she began to wonder about her birth family and right before her
sixteenth birthday she asked Sharon for more information.
Feeling the time had come, her mother handed her American gymnast a document
and said, 'You're never going to believe Dominique Moceanu this, but your
biological last name is Moceanu.'
Jen was astounded. She said: 'As soon as the words left her lips, I knew what it
meant: my childhood idol was my sister. I remember thinking these kind of things
happen in the movies, this is not real life.'

pág. 15
Having found out about her connection to her idol, Jennifer waited four years before
writing to Dominique to introduce herself and see whether her biological family knew of
her existence. Then she had to wait. 'just before Christmas 2007, when I was twenty-
one, I opened up a letter and it was from Dominique. I saw her signature and it was
just the most amazing feeling. Halfway through the letter she said I was about to be
an auntie, so I knew that they had accepted me immediately'. `Four months later I
met Dominique and my younger sister, Christina. The similarities were so apparent it
was shocking; we sounded alike, our
mannerisms were the same and with Christina, especially, it was like looking in the
mirror. Since then we've become close and I feel like a piece of the jigsaw of my
life has fallen into place.'
Now Jen works as an acrobat, aerialist and motivational speaker and has even
toured with Britney Spears, performing acrobat routines.
`Right now I'm living my dream, travelling the world and connecting with people from
all walks of life. We are all born with unique gifts and talents and I want to show
people we can use them to change lives. Finding out my idol was my long-lost sister
was just the beginning, my life has been about making the impossible, possible.'

Vocabulary from the text:

 Jen was drawn to physical sports. Preguntar a Rodolfo

 Keen on: 2 LIKE be keen on somebody/something British

English spoken to like someone or something:  I’m not keen on cabbage.

 Transfixed: Dominique: unable to move because you are very surprised,

shocked, frightened, interested etc: For a moment she stood transfixed
in the doorway.

 An overnight sensation: 2 Happening surprisingly quickly:  The show

was an overnight success.

 I wouldn't shut up about her: 2 Shut (somebody) up informal to

stop talking or be quiet, or to make someone do this: I can’t stand that
woman. She never shuts up. Shut up about. I wish you’d shut up
about Chris.

 Heritage:

pág. 16
 1 The traditional beliefs, values, customs etc of a family, country, or
society → inheritance:  the importance of preserving the national
heritage. Beautiful old buildings which are part of our heritage.
Cultural/architectural/literary etc. heritage the cultural heritage of
Italy.
2 (of) mixed/multiple heritage  formal having parents of different
races: There are identity issues for mixed heritage children.

 Spunky personalities. Having a lot of courage, energy, or

determination: a spunky performance.  A spunky heroine

 I was just drawn to her.

 Tumbling competitions: a sport similar to GYMNASTICS but with all the
exercises done on the floor.
 Able-bodied people: physically strong and healthy, especially when
compared with someone who is DISABLED:  Every able-bodied man had to
fight for his country.
 Astounded: very surprised or shocked SYN astonished. Astounded
by/at  She was astounded by his arrogance.
 Auntie
 Mannerisms: a way of speaking or moving that is typical of a particular
person:  He has the same mannerisms as his father.
 A piece of the jigsaw of my life has fallen into place: 1 (also ˈjigsaw
ˌpuzzle) a picture cut up into many pieces that you try to fit
together2[usually singular] a very complicated situation, especially one
that you are trying to understand:   As he explained, another  piece of
the jigsaw fell into place.
 Aerialist: someone who goes down a mountain on SKIs and performs
complicated jumps and turns in the air.
 Finding out my idol was my long-lost sister: Find out  phrasal verb
1 to get information, after trying to discover it or by chance.

GRAMMAR. EXERCISE 4 A and B

- Work in pairs and read other details from Jennifer's story. Which information
do you find the most surprising?

- Rewrite the sentences in Exercise 4A using a participle clause made from

the verbs in bold. For each item make one sentence which includes all the
information.

pág. 17
1) Jen was raised by adoptive parents who didn't allow the word 'can't' to be
used, so she believed she could do anything.

Having been raised by adoptive parents who didn't allow the word 'can't' to
be used, Jen believed she could do anything.

2) Jen says she fantasised about being related to Moceanu as early as age six.
Perhaps she sensed the connection.

Perhaps sensing the connection, Jen said that she fantasised about being
related to Moceanu as early as early as age six.

3) Jen grew up with her three half-brothers. She started playing softball with
them when she was seven.

Having been grown up with her three half-brothers, she started playing
softball with them when she was seven.

4) When Dominique was seventeen, she sued to become a legal adult. She
accused her parents of squandering her professional earnings.

Having accused her parents of squandering her professional earnings,

Dominique sued to become a legal adult when she was seventeen.

 Squander: to carelessly waste money, time, opportunities etc.:  The home

team squandered a number of chances in the first half. Squander
something on something.  They squandered the profits on expensive cars.

5) Jen assumed that their biological mother had told Dominique about
Jen's physique, and only mentioned off-handedly in their first phone
conversation that she didn't have legs.

Having assumed that their biological mother had told Dominique about
Jen's physique, only mentioned off-handedly in their first phone
conversation that she didn't have legs.

 Off-handedly: in a way that does not seem to show

much interest or careful thought: He offhandedly  mentioned  his  interest to
his  boss.

6) Dominique had no idea what to say, and she was astonished.

Being astonished, Dominique had no idea what to say.

7) Jen was amazed at how many things the three sisters had in common. She
said, ‘All three of us did gymnastics and Christina loved volleyball,
which is my second favourite sport!'
pág. 18
 Being amazed at how many things the three sisters had in common, she
said that all three of them did gymnastics and Christina loved
volleyball, which was her second favourite sport!

8) Jen has achieved amazing success by any standard, but she still has plans.
She says, 'My real dream would be to perform on a show like Dancing with the
Stars'

Having achieved amazing success by any standard, she still has plans: her
real dream would be to perform on a show like Dancing with the Stars.

pág. 19
 21 – 10 - 2019

Vocabulary mentioned in class:

 Tone-deaf (adjective): unable to hear the difference between different

musical notes.

 Perfect pitch: 3 MUSIC

a)[singular, uncountable] How high or low a note or other sound is:  Ultrasonic

waves are at a higher pitch than the human ear can hear.

b)[uncountable] The ability of a musician to play or sing a note at exactly the

correct level: She’s got  perfect pitch.

 Earl: (=conde)

 Bearings. 3 Get/find your bearings

a) To find out exactly where you are:  He paused to get his bearings.
b) To feel confident that you know what you should do next: An
introduction session helps new students get their bearings.

 No-go area: 1 An area that people should not go to because it is very

dangerous:  This part of the city was a no-go area for the police.

 ‘Legend has it’. Local  legend has it that (=says that) the island was the
original Garden of Eden.

 ‘Rumour has it’. Rumour has it that they plan to get married.

PRONUNTIATION:

Notes:

Assimilation.

We shouldn’t pronounce every single sound.

Shazam (super heroe)

pág. 20
/ʃ z/

Does she?

/ z ʃ / desaparece la primera

Does he?

/ z h / desaparece la segunda

Wild things.

/ d Ө / se pronuncia una mezcla entre ambas.

BOOK: Page 8

Describe 2 cities you’ve been to.

Urban vocabulary (on page 8):

 Springing up: phrasal verb To suddenly appear or start to exist: Fast-food

restaurants are springing up all over town.

 Showing off: phrasal verb

1 to try to make people admire your abilities, achievements, or possessions –

used to show disapproval → show-off: He couldn’t resist showing off on the
tennis court.

2 show something  off to show something to a lot of people because you

are very proud of it: a picture of the restaurant’s owners showing off their
award

3 show something  off if one thing shows off something else, it makes the
other thing look especially attractive SYN  complement: The white dress
showed off her dark skin beautifully.

 Choke: 1 [intransitive] to be unable to breathe properly because something

is in your throat or there is not enough air. Choke on  He choked on a piece of
bread. Six people choked to death  on the fumes.

 Condemned: preguntar a Rodolfo

pág. 21
 Muggings: an attack on someone in which they are robbed in a public
place:  Crime is on the increase, especially mugging and burglary. Dudley was
the victim of a violent mugging.

 Smoothly: 1 in a steady way, without stopping and starting again: Traffic

flowed smoothly.

 Crawl: 4 If a vehicle crawls, it moves forward very slowly crawl by/along

etc.

 Droppings: the solid waste that passes out of the bodies of animals or birds.

 Conspicuous consumption: the act of buying a lot of things, especially

expensive things that are not necessary, in order to IMPRESS other people and
show them how rich you are.

 Buzz: 2 [singular] A lot of activity, noise, and excitement. buzz of the buzz
of conversation and laughter

 Trace: 2 SMALL AMOUNT [countable] A very small amount of a quality,

emotion, substance etc. that is difficult to see or notice. Trace of  I saw the
faintest trace of a smile cross Sandra’s face.  Traces of poison

 Litter: 1 WASTE [uncountable] Waste paper, cans etc that people have

thrown away and left on the ground in a public
place SYN  rubbish, trash, garbage: People who drop litter  can be fined in
some cities.  A town with a litter problem.

 Slum: a house or an area of a city that is in very bad condition, where very
poor people live: A slum area.  Slum housing. The slums of London.

 Packed: 1 Extremely full of people:  a packed courtroom

 Stuck. 1 Impossible or unable to move from a particular position:  Sara tried

to open the window but it was stuck.  They got stuck  in a traffic jam.

 Squeaky clean (=completely clean) I like my hair to be squeaky clean.

 This man is as thick as a brick.

Exercise 1 – VOCABULARY – page 8

1. There are new businesses [springing up] all over the place. There’s a
real buzz about the place.

2. The crime rate is pretty high. There are a lot of [muggings] and
shootings.

pág. 22
 3. There’s a big network of buses and trams and it all runs very
[smoothly]

4. The smog is awful – you have to wear a mask or you’d [choke] on the
fumes.

5. The cars just [crowl] along most of the time – you might as well walk.

6. There’s a lot of conspicuous consumption with people [showing off]

their wealth.

7. There’s not a trace of [dropping] litter anywhere. Apparently, you can

get fined heavily for it.

8. The area is a slum. A lot of buildings should just be [condemned] and

rebuilt.

Emphasising and exaggerating (page 9)

We often use particular vocabulary and patterns to emphasise how

we feel or to make an experience sound more interesting. For
example, we use:

 repetition: really, really vibrant /loads and loads of people /

see for miles and miles.
 Intensifying adverbs: unbearably humid / incredibly lively.
 ‘extreme words’ that include the meaning of ‘very’: packed /
spotless / crawl / stink
 expressions with like: it’s like hitting this thick wall of heat.

pág. 23
 23 – 10 - 2019

PRONUNTIATION:

Notes:

Assimilation.

We shouldn’t pronounce every single sound.

Did you?

/ dId ju: /

/ dIˀ dʒu: /

(‘ˀ’ sirve para indicar que hay que parar en seco)

Did she?

/ dId ʃi: /

/ mεә /

Vocabulary mentioned in class:

 Crank (noun):

2 informal Someone who has unusual ideas and behaves strangely:  Zoff was
originally dismissed as a crank, but his theories later became very influential.

3 Crank call/letter a telephone call or letter in which someone says annoying

things.

4 American English  informal someone who easily gets angry or annoyed with

people.

 Crank (verb):
pág. 24
To make something move by turning a crank: Try  cranking the  engine.

Crank out  phrasal verb to produce a lot of something very quickly:  He cranked

out three novels last year.

Crank up  phrasal verb informal to make the sound of something, especially

music, louder:   We  cranked up  the volume.

 Umpteenth:

Very many – used especially when you are annoyed there are so many:  There
seemed to be umpteen rules and regulations to learn. She’d called the
apartment umpteen times, but never got an answer.

—umpteenth adjective: They're screening "The Wizard of Oz" again for  the

umpteenth time.

Sheet number 4: Fictional Characters in Everyday Language

1 The following are names of characters in popular British and

American fiction. They are so well-known by all British people (even
those who have never read or even heard of the original work) that they
are often used in ordinary conversation. Put each one in its correct
place in the sentences below.

Robin Hood Sherlock Holmes Man Friday

James Bond Robinson Crusoe Superman

Peter Pan Billy Bunter Scrooge

(a)During the war he was sent on dangerous secret missions abroad. Very
exciting! He was a sort of James Bond.

(b)I think Alan should go on a diet and get more exercise. He's
beginning to look like Billy Bunter.

(c)He still has very youthful enthusiasms, and he's as slim and fit as he
was 20 years ago. He's a Peter Pan.

(d)There are times when most of us would like to escape from all the
pressures of city life and live a more simple, basic kind of Robinson
Crusoe existence._____________________________________

(e)Come on! I've never met anyone so reluctant to spend money, you
Scrooge!

pág. 25
 (f)He's not very practical. What he needs is someone to look after him and
do everything for him. He needs a Man Friday.

(g)The firm is doing very badly and facing bankruptcy . I don't think it
can survive. We don't just want a new director. We want a
Superman.__________________________________________

(h)Well, yes, he was a criminal and he stole a lot of money, but he

helped a lot of people with it. He was a bit of a Robin Hood.

(i)How on earth did you guess his nationality, occupation and all those
other things about him just from his appearance? You're a proper
Sherlock Holmes.

Vocabulary from this sheet:

 Reluctant: slow and unwilling OPP  willing:  She gave a reluctant smile.

Reluctant to do something Maddox was reluctant to talk about it.

—reluctantly adverb: Reluctantly, he agreed.

 Bankruptcy: the state of being unable to pay your

debts SYN  insolvency: In 1999 it was revealed that he was close to
bankruptcy.  When inflation rises, so do bankruptcies.

2 Instructions as above.

Walter Mitty Jekyll and Hyde Little Lord Fauntleroy

Big Brother Rip Van Winkle Old Uncle Tom Cobbleigh and all
Tarzan Cinderella

(a)He's a strange chap. Usually he's very pleasant and reasonable, but
there are times when he gets very bad-tempered and almost violent. He's
got a Jekyll and Hyde______personality.

(b)Joe was at the party, and the Smiths, and Mary and Mr Jackson, a n d
S t e v e , a n d — w e l l , Old Uncle Tom Cobbleigh and all.

(c)I don't like this new government proposal to put details of

everyone's private life on computers. I can see it will mean greater efficiency
and all that, but, well, it's a bit like Big Brother, isn't it?

pág. 26
 (d)I think the neighbours' kids should be allowed a bit of freedom to wear
what they like and get dirty having fun, not made to look like Little Lord
Fauntleroy.

(e)She's really exploited by her family. They make her do everything for
them, cook, clean. . She's a sort of Cinderella.

(f)He's a body-builder and weight-lifter. Have you seen him in a swimsuit?

He looks like Tarzan.

(g)He sounds very impressive when he talks about his adventures and
achievements, but it's all fantasy. He's a Walter Mitty character.

(h)Come on, Rip Van Winkle, wake up! It's nearly lunch-time.

Vocabulary from this sheet:

 Chap: 1 [countable]  especially British English a man, especially a man you

know and like: a decent sort of chap.

 To feed: 1 GIVE FOOD [transitive]

a) To give food to a person or animal: Have you fed the cat?

b) To provide enough food for a group of people: Groceries to feed a family of

five. 

The prison is required to feed and clothe the prisoners.

 Pipe: A hope, idea, plan etc. that is impossible or will probably never
happen:  In many parts of the country, democratic elections are simply a pipe
dream.

 Split personality: a condition in which someone has two very different ways
of behaving.

 Proclivity: formal a tendency to behave in a particular way, or to like a

particular thing – used especially about something bad.

Proclivity to/towards/for The child  showed no proclivity towards

aggression.  His sexual proclivities.

 Subservient 1 Always obeying another person and doing everything they

want you to do – used when someone seems too weak and powerless.

Subservient to  Don remained entirely subservient to his father.

 Remain: 1 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, linking verb] to

continue to be in the same state or condition: Please remain seated until all the
lights are on.  We remained friends. The boy remained silent.

pág. 27
Remain as:  Despite the job losses, Parker remained as manager.

BOOK: Page 10: URBAN RENEWAL (MO_E547-3TG*7A4GAX84D)

READING.

Interesting question: Which three things are of the greatest concern where you
live and which is of least concern? Why?

 An economic downturn: a period or process in which business activity,

production etc. is reduced and conditions become
worse OPP  upturn:  America’s current economic downturn. Downturn in  a
downturn in the auto industry.

 An earthquake

 Severe pollution

 A hurricane

 Flooding: a situation in which an area of land becomes covered with water,

for example because of heavy rain:  The heavy rain has led to  serious
flooding in some areas.

 Terrorism

 An armed conflict

 A high crime rate

 A huge fire

BOGOTA (page 185)

The ex-mayor of Bogota, Enrique Peñalosa, has argued that if we

ever achieve a successful city for children, we will have built the
perfect city for all citizens. In Bogota, the capital of Colombia, they
have tried to fulfil this ideal by transforming what was once a chaotic
city — badly affected by congestion and gripped by fear of crime —
into one far better for children. Peñalosa is largely credited with this
transformation through the large-scale reforms he initiated at the
turn of the century. However, if other mayors hadn't secured the
pág. 28
city's finances before him and developed his reforms afterwards, the
changes wouldn't have been so successful.

One of the first steps he took was to clear a large slum that
dominated the centre of Bogota and replace it with a large public
space. The slum had been a no-go zone for police and had
effectively created a barrier between the affluent north and the
more deprived south of the city. By demolishing it, the city was
immediately brought closer together. Having cleared one space,
Peñalosa's administration then expropriated the land of a private
country club in the north of the city. Its golf course and polo fields
were converted into a free park with sports facilities for all.

They then started to tackle congestion and the lack of facilities for
pedestrians and cyclists. Wide pavements were built and cars were
prevented from parking on them — a move that led to huge protests.
The government built miles and miles of cycle lanes and set up a huge
network of buses, again using separate lanes. They also imposed
restrictions on car use and increased taxes on petrol, the proceeds from
which went back into the new transport system.

Finally, they poured money into education — building new schools

and a network of libraries, several in the most deprived
neighbourhoods. The schools were also given thousands of computers
connected to both the Internet and the libraries. The programme
resulted in a huge increase in enrolment and school attendance.

During his time in office, Peñalosa did not escape criticism and
after his three-year term in office, he failed to be re-elected in
subsequent attempts. Some critics hate aspects of the road laws; others
complain new housing is far from their original home in the city centre.

pág. 29
 Fulfil: 1 If you fulfil a hope, wish, or aim, you achieve the thing that you
hoped for, wished for etc: Visiting Disneyland has  fulfilled a
boyhood dream.  Being deaf hasn’t stopped Karen  fulfilling her  ambition  to
be a hairdresser. It was then that the organization finally began
to fulfill  the hopes  of its founders.

Fulfil an aim/a goal/an objective:  an analysis of how different countries are

attempting to fulfill their political goals.

 Grip: 1 HOLD TIGHTLY [transitive] to hold something very tightly: I gripped

the rail and tried not to look down.

T a house or an area of a city that is in very bad condition, where very poor
people live:  A slum area. Slum housing.  The slums of London.

 Deprived: not having the things that are necessary for a comfortable or
happy life:  Deprived children  tend to do less well at school. Deprived
areas/neighbourhoods etc (=where a lot of deprived people live):  our
deprived inner cities.

 Inner cities: he part near the middle of a city, especially where the buildings
are in a bad condition and the people are poor:  The problems of our inner cities.

 Tackle: 1 [transitive] to try to deal with a difficult problem: There is more

than one way to tackle the problem. It took twelve fire engines
to tackle  the blaze.

 Proceeds: the money that is obtained from doing something or selling

something → profit:  We sold the business and bought a villa in Spain with the
proceeds.

Proceeds of/from:  The proceeds of the concert will go to charity.

 Pour something into something: phrasal verb. If people pour money into

something, they provide a lot of money for it over a period of time, in order to
make it successful:  They’ve poured thousands of pounds into developing the
business.

 Deprived neighbourhoods: not having the things that are necessary for a
comfortable or happy life:  Deprived children  tend to do less well at school.

Deprived areas/neighbourhoods etc. (=where a lot of deprived people

live) Our deprived inner cities.

 Enrolment: 1[uncountable] the process of arranging to join a school,

university, course etc:   Enrolment will take place in September.2
[countable] the number of people who have arranged to join a school,
university, course etc:   Student enrolments have more than doubled.
Increase in enrolment.

pág. 30
 Attendance: 1 [countable, uncountable] the number of people who attend a
game, concert, meeting etc:  We have an average attendance of 4,000 fans per
game. Last year’s fair saw attendance figures  of 32,000. School
attendance.

MANCHESTER

On 15' June 1996, a huge bomb in Manchester, in the north-west of

England, devastated the city centre, causing nearly a billion
pounds' worth of damage. The bomb, which had been planted by
a terrorist group called the IRA, injured over 200 people but
remarkably killed no-one as police had evacuated the area
following a warning from the IRA.

Manchester had already undergone some changes as it recovered

from the recession of the early 1990s that had destroyed much of its
industry and created large-scale unemployment. It had won the
right to host the Commonwealth Games (a large sporting event)
and redeveloped some deprived areas through the building of the
National Velodrome, an exhibition centre and an award-winning concert
hall. However, at the time of the bombing, the city centre was still
badly neglected — dominated by the hideous Arndale Shopping
Centre (once described as looking like an enormous public toilet) and
squares that were run-down and affected by drug addiction. So,
dreadful though the bombing was, it actually provided an opportunity
to start again that might not have happened otherwise.

Within weeks of the explosion , the government had set up a public-

private company to manage the recovery and launched an
international competition to design the redevelopment. The winning
plan involved restoring the historic buildings that had been damaged,
pág. 31
demolishing and rebuilding some of the ugly buildings, creating new
public spaces and improving life for pedestrians. Alongside this, the
council reduced traffic in the centre by diverting main roads and
developed an integrated public transport system, making access to the
centre easier. Since these improvements, the city has attempted to
boost tourism by using some of the city's historical sites for major
public events and by creating the Urbis building, which now houses the
National Museum of Football.

In turn , these changes have been key in attracting new

investors, such as the Qatari royal family who own Manchester City
Football Club.

Since 1996, the Manchester economy has grown in all areas. However,
there are some concerns that inequality has also increased. Nor
are all the new spaces appreciated. One new garden square designed
by an international architect was rated as the worst attraction in the
city. Others argue that in swapping market stalls and industry for
luxury consumption and sparkling glass buildings, the city has lost some
of its soul.

 Worth of damage: 1 Ten pounds’ worth/$500 worth etc. of

something: an amount of something worth ten pounds, $500 etc: A chance to
win £2,000 worth of computing equipment.  The fire caused thousands of
pounds’ worth of damage.
 Remarkably: in an amount or to a degree that is unusual or

surprising SYN  surprisingly [+adjective/adverb] She plays the violin

remarkably well.[sentence adverb] Remarkably, all of the passengers survived
the crash.
 Undergone some changes: if you undergo a change, an unpleasant
experience etc, it happens to you or is done to you: The country
has undergone  massive changes recently.

pág. 32
 Created large-scale unemployment: 1 Using or involving a lot of effort,
people, supplies etc. OPP small-scale:  A large-scale rescue operation.
 Badly neglected — dominated by the hideous Arndale Shopping Centre: 1 To
fail to look after someone or something properly:  She smoked and drank,
neglected the children, and left the clothes unmended.  A neglected garden.  The
building has been badly neglected.

Hideous: extremely unpleasant or ugly:  a hideous dress. Hideous

crimes. Dinnertime that day was hideous.
 Squares that were run-down and affected by drug addiction: a large open
area in the centre of a town or city, usually in the shape of a square, or the
buildings surrounding It main/market/town square: The hotel is just off the
main square of Sorrento.  She lives in Hanover Square.
 Dreadful though the bombing was: extremely

unpleasant SYN  terrible:  We’ve had some dreadful weather lately.  Michelle

felt absolutely dreadful  (=very ill).
 Pedestrian: someone who is walking, especially along a street or other place
used by cars → motorist.
 Alongside this:
1 Next to the side of something:  A car  drew up alongside.  Children’s prices
are shown alongside adult prices.
2 Used to say that people or things do something or exist together at the same
time:  Charles spent a week working alongside the miners. Organized crime
continued to flourish alongside the mainstream economy.
3 In comparison with something: His achievement may seem small alongside
the great triumphs of 20th-century technology. Athletics should  rank
alongside (=be equal to) soccer and cricket as a major sport.
 The city has attempted to boost tourism: 1 To try to do something,
especially something difficult. Attempt to do something: In this chapter I will
attempt to explain what led up to the revolution.
 Swapping: 4 [transitive] To stop using or get rid of one thing and put or get
another thing in its place: The driver announced that we would have to swap
buses.
pág. 33
Swap something for something She had swapped her long skirts for jeans
and T-shirts. He swapped his London home for a cottage in Scotland.

 Crack down: phrasal verb To become more strict in dealing with a problem

and punishing the people involved Crack down on  The government is
determined to crack down on terrorism. The police are  cracking down
hard on violent crime.
 9 Speak volumes (about/for something) if something speaks volumes, it
clearly shows the nature of something or the feelings of a person: What you
wear speaks volumes about you.
 Implement policies in order to: (=take action in the way that has been
decided)· Local government is responsible for implementing central government
policy.
Also: to take action or make changes that you have officially decided should
happen Implement a policy/plan/decision etc. We have decided
to implement the committee’s recommendations  in full.
 Carry out  phrasal verb 1 to do something that needs to be organized and
planned:  We need to carry out more research.
 To Tax: 1 To charge a tax on something. Tax something at 10%/a higher
rate etc. They may be taxed at a higher rate. Tax somebody on
something: The individual is taxed on the amount of dividend
received. Cigarettes are  heavily taxed in Britain.
 Anew:
1 start/begin anew to begin a different job, start to live in a different place
etc., especially after a difficult period in your life: I was ready to leave
everything behind and start anew in California.
2 If you do something anew, you start doing it again: The committee is going to
examine the whole situation anew.

BOOKLET (page 8)

 You’re so cheap… 4 NOT DESERVING RESPECT showing a lack of

honesty, moral principles, or sincere feelings, so that you do not deserve

pág. 34
respect: She felt cheap and stupid, like a naughty child caught stealing. You’re
lying, aren’t you? You’re so cheap.
 Ordeal: a terrible or painful experience that continues for a period of time.
Ordeal of:  She then had to go through the ordeal  of giving evidence. 
She was forced to face the ordeal of withdrawal symptoms. 
He was beginning to wonder if he would  survive the ordeal.
 Plight: a very bad situation that someone is in. Plight of: the  desperate
plight  of the flood victims.  The country’s economic plight.
 Issue (noun): 1 SUBJECT/PROBLEM [countable] a subject or problem
that is often discussed or argued about, especially a social or political matter
that affects the interests of a lot of people:  Abortion is a highly controversial
issue. We should raise the issue of discrimination with the council. The key
issue is whether workers should be classified as ‘employees’.
 Issue (verb) 1 to officially make a statement, give an order, warning
etc: Silva  issued  a statement denying all knowledge of the affair. A warning
issued by the Surgeon General.

BOOK: Page 12: URBAN TALES

READING:

BUYING INTO THE MYTH

In early 1997, as the city of New Orleans was busy getting ready for its annual
Mardi Gras carnival , an email entitled 'Travellers beware' went viral, sparking
pág. 35
hundreds of calls to the local police department, who felt compelled to
issue an official statement designed to calm public fears.

The email claimed that an organised gang was planning to drug visitors
to the city, surgically remove their kidneys and sell them on the black
market. Now, you may well be thinking this story sounds familiar. If so,
that's because versions of it have been around for over three decades
now. Back in the 1980s, Guatemala was gripped by stories of Americans
kidnapping local children and harvesting their organs. By the early 1990s,
there were stories in the States about Latino women tempting American
men to a similar fate, and before long the idea appeared in TV dramas and
movies — and variations started to appear all over the world.

One thing that unites all these stories — and others like them — is that no
hard evidence exists of them ever having occurred. These urban myths
apparently emerge from nowhere and take on a life of their own. This
raises interesting questions about why we continue to share them and, on
occasion, even fall for them!

 Sparking: 4 CAUSE [countable] a small action or event that causes

something to happen, especially trouble or violence:  The judge’s verdict
provided the spark for the riots. Interest rate cuts were the spark the market
needed.

 Felt compelled: 1 to force someone to do something → compulsion

compel somebody to do something The law will compel employers to
provide health insurance.  She felt compelled  to resign because of the scandal.

 Claimed: 5 ATTENTION [transitive] if something claims your attention, you

notice and consider it carefully:  The military conflict continues to claim our
undivided attention.
 Gang: 2 A group of criminals who work together:  Several gangs were
operating in the area.  Armed gangs  have hijacked lorries.
Gang of: a gang of smugglers.

pág. 36
 Drug: 1 To give a person or animal a drug, especially in order to make them
feel tired or go to sleep, or to make them perform well in a race: Johnson
drugged and attacked four women. There was no evidence that the horse had
been drugged.
 Surgically: 3 Done very carefully and in exactly the right place:  With
surgical precision  he cut four inches off the legs of the jeans.—surgically /-
kli/  adverb:  The lump was  surgically removed.

 Kidneys: 1 [countable] one of the two organs in your lower back that

separate waste products from your blood and make URINE: a kidney transplant.

 Gripped by:
1 HOLD TIGHTLY [transitive] To hold something very tightly:  I gripped the rail
and tried not to look down. grip something tightly/firmly The woman moved
closer to Beth, gripping her arm tightly.
2 HAVE A STRONG EFFECT [transitive] to have a strong effect on someone or
something:  A country gripped by economic problems. Panic suddenly gripped
me when it was my turn to speak.
3 INTEREST SOMEBODY [transitive] to hold someone’s attention and
interest: A story that really grips you
4 NOT SLIP [intransitive, transitive] if something grips a surface, it stays on it
without slipping:  Radial tires grip the road well.

 Harvesting: 2 [transitive] To take or collect for use, especially to take a part

of someone’s body to put into someone else’s body: His family has given
permission for his organs to be harvested.

 Tempting American men to a similar fate:

pág. 37
3 Tempt fate (also tempt providence British English)
a) To do something that involves unnecessary risk and may cause serious
problems: Fire officials said developers are tempting fate by building deep into
the scenic canyons.
b) To say too confidently that something will have a good result, that there will
be no problems etc, when it is likely there will be problems

 No hard evidence: hard evidence (=very clear evidence which proves that

something is true)· They have no hard evidence to support their claim.

 Take on a life of their own:

2 Take something ↔ on to agree to do some work or be responsible for
something:  Don’t take on too much work – the extra cash isn’t worth it.
4 take somebody ↔ on to compete against someone or start a fight with
someone, especially someone bigger or better than you: Nigeria will take on

Argentina in the first round of the World Cup on Saturday.  He was prepared to
take on anyone who laid a finger on us.

13 – 11 - 2019

 Expression: ‘Sometimes you have to look at the larger context’. Or ‘the

big picture’.
(=mirarlo en conjunto)
SITUATION [singular] the general situation in a place, organization etc:  The
worldwide picture for tribal people remains grim.  the wider political
picture Checks throughout the region revealed a similar picture everywhere.
Big/bigger/wider picture  We were so caught up with the details, we lost
sight of the big picture  (=the situation considered as a whole).
pág. 38
 A blinkered approach: having a limited view of a subject or refusing to
accept or consider different ideas SYN narrow-minded. A blinkered
attitude/approach a blinkered attitude to other cultures.
 A statesman: a political or government leader, especially one who is
respected as being wise and fair: a respected elder statesman.
 Petty: a petty problem, detail etc. is small and

unimportant SYN  trivial: petty squabbles or petty restrictions. Petty

criminal/thief etc.: a criminal whose crimes are not very serious.

 Woke (?) culture: to stay alert for sth that can be offensive.
 Deafening silence: [uncountable] failure or refusal to discuss something or
answer questions about something. Silence on  The government’s silence on
such an important issue seems very strange. Once again the answer was
a deafening silence (=a very noticeable refusal to discuss something).
 To factor sth. in: one of several things that influence or cause a
situation: The rise in crime is mainly due to social and economic factors. Factor
in: The vaccination program has been a major factor in the improvement of
health standards. Important/major/key/crucial factor:  The weather could
be a crucial factor in tomorrow’s game.

 ‘Get off your high horse’: to stop talking as if you were better or

more clever than other people: It's  time  you came down
off your  high  horse  and admitted  you were  wrong.

 Transgender: a general word for people who feel that they belong to the
other sex, and not the sex they were born with, and who express this in their
sexual behaviour → transsexual: the transgender community. Transgender
issues

 To mask: to hide your feelings or the truth about a situation:  Men often
mask their true feelings with humour. To cover or hide something so that it
cannot be clearly seen: The new accommodation block has all but masked the
original building.

BOOKLET (page 7)
pág. 39
The thing is: instead of saying “He is world famous…” or “He is extremely
successful…”, we have to specify more: “He dominates indie pop…”, “He has sold
ten million copies…” or “He succeeded in making…”.

Topic: now, when you register in an APP, you will find: Male, female, non binary.
So, the question is: have we become more tolerant? Or Are we more politically
correct (used to describe language, behaviour, and attitudes that are carefully
chosen so that they do not offend or insult anyone):  It’s not PC to describe
people as disabled.
To write an essay we need an opening paragraph:
- A statement.

- Facts.
The statement could be the following:
For the past two decades we’ve been witness to radical changes in terms of how
we treat each other. But it may all boil down to whether you’re willing to make
the effort or not.

Argument:
- The media seem to promote…

- You can mask your intolerance in order to fit in.

- ‘Window dressing’ (used in politics or media – de cara a la galería)

- We’re on the right truck: to be doing something in a way that

will bring good results: These  results suggest that we are on the
right  track.
- A three-ring circus: American English informal a place or situation that
is confusing because there is too much activity:  I don’t know how you
can work in that office – it’s like a three-ring circus.

 Window dressing: 1. something that is intended to make people like your

plans or activities, and to stop them seeing the true situation – used to show

pág. 40
disapproval: All these glossy pamphlets are just window dressing – the fact is
that the new mall will ruin the neighbourhood. 2. The art of arranging goods in a
shop window so that they look attractive to customers.

NOTE:

Interesting series:

- Line of Duty.

- Killing Eva (HBO)

 Shenanigans: bad behaviour that is not very serious, or slightly dishonest

activities: She wouldn’t put up with his shenanigans.  Financial shenanigans.
(trapicheos)

 Small-time (adj.): small-time crook/gangster etc. a criminal who is not

involved in large or serious crimes—small-timer noun [countable]

 Mundane: 1 Ordinary and not interesting or exciting SYN  boring: Initially,

the work was pretty mundane. The mundane task of setting the table can be fun
on holidays.► see THESAURUS at BORING 2 literary concerned with ordinary daily
life rather than religious matters SYN  worldly.

 To thread needle: 1 to put a thread, string, rope etc through a hole:  Will
you  thread  the needle  for me?

STUDENT’S BOOK (page 28)

VOCABULARY:

- Climb a ladder

- Cover the pan

- Cut string

- Flush a toilet (if you flush a toilet, or if it flushes, you make water go
through it to clean it)
- Heat the oven
pág. 41
 - Lay the carpet

- Thread a needle (=enhebrar una aguja)

- Fill a bucket (=llenar el cubo)

- Unblock the sink (desatascar el fregadero)

- Load the dishwasher (llenar el lavavajillas)

- Run the tap (abrir el grifo)

- Spread the glue (extender el pegamento – Sticky; pegajoso)

- Stick in a pin (poner un alfiler)

- Wring out the cloth (escurrir el paño)

- Insert the card

- Garbage disposal (basurero)

- To shake salt and pepper

- To fill the sink

STUDENT’S BOOK (page 29) - TEXT

FOREIGN OBJECTS

In our globalised world, we often take it for granted that the things
that surround us are universal, sensible and normal. So, when we travel
or live abroad and discover new objects — or the absence of ones we expected
to find — it can be surprising.

We may react with confusion or disgust, but it's always good to bear in
mind the fact that visitors travelling to our own countries must doubtless have
similar experiences. It's also worth remembering that what we see as
extraordinary or ridiculous today, we may end up adopting-as our own in the
future. Take an English aristocrat's comment on seeing a bizarre
instrument in 17th century Italy: 'Why should a person need a fork when
God had given him hands?'

IN-HA, SOUTH KOREA

I’ve more or less got used to most of the odd things I’ve encountered in
Britain — the houses that are old and draughty ; the fitted carpets on
pág. 42
the stairs and even in the bathrooms; the presence of kettles and toasters in
every single kitchen. One thing I still struggle to understand, though, is why
so many places still have separate hot and cold taps at the sink rather than
a mixer tap. You have to fill the sink in order to get the water at the right
temperature, but then you can't rinse your face properly because the soap
stays in the water. It's much better with a mixer tap because you can wash
with running water. In fact, what drives you really mad is if there's no
plug. Then you end up either getting freezing hands or burning them — or
trying to move between the two. Useless!

JIM, NORTHERN IRELAND

There are loads of things I've noticed here in Spain that are different to
back home. For example, in Belfast I used to live in a basement flat,
which people here find really weird as basements are mainly used for storing
things! Then there's all the kitchen equipment: we've got a jamonero, which
is a kind of clamp that holds meat in place while you slice it; and a paellera,
which is this flat, round, shallow pan with two handles for cooking paella in. A
lot of the time, folk cook on gas burners to ensure the heat is evenly
distributed, so of course we have one of those as well. Best of all, though,
is the brasero — a kind of electric heater that you place under a table
covered with a long cloth going right down to the floor. All the heat gets
kept in and it's lovely and cosy when everyone's sitting round the table.

KASIA, POLAND

I'm Polish, my husband is Brazilian and we met in Sweden! We've been living
in his hometown of Belo Horizonte for the last four years now and life is
different here. For example, back in Lublin (Poland), I used to love soaking
in a nice hot bath, but here we don't even have a tub! It's much more of a
shower culture here — usually

both before and after work as it's so hot and humid. Another weird thing for
me is the fact that the place we're renting has a large, deep separate sink
next to the washing machine in this kind of little utility area, where your
clothes can be soaked and scrubbed and more delicate items can be
washed. Oh, and I mustn't forget that staple of Brazilian kitchens: the
pressure cooker . We use ours all the time, especially when cooking black
beans —feijào.

pág. 43
ED, CANADA

I spent two years living and working in Qingdao, on the east coast of China ,
and found the homes there quite fascinating. Most people I knew there live
in apartments in high-rise blocks and though they do have some modern
appliances , dryers were unusual and you'd often see washing hung out to
dry on the balconies. Some places lack fridges too, which didn't seem to
bother people as much as you'd expect as all the food is bought fresh in the
market every day. My place didn't have an oven either, which somewhat
reduced the scope of my cooking, though I got pretty good at using a wok
— a big, round Chinese frying pan — on just a single gas ring. One other
weird thing I remember is that when you enter a Chinese home, you'll
usually find a shoe shelf that you place your shoes on while visiting.

pág. 44
 16 – 12 - 2019

Exercises from sheet 16-12-19 (nº 1)

A) PREPOSITIONS:

1. She doesn’t conform to any fixed ideas about acceptable

behaviour.
2. How would you describe your general outlook on life?
3. I can’t relate to them because they’re always talking about
football.
4. For most of last year, her life revolved around taking care of
Mary.
5. It’s not easy living on unemployment benefit.
6. A full description of the ceremony is outside the scope of this
article.
7. It was a long time ago, but she still clings to the memory.

 Conform:

1) to behave in the way that most other people in your group or society
behave → conformist: the pressure on schoolchildren to conform

conform to/with people who do not conform to traditional standards

of behaviour

2) to obey a law, rule etc. conform to/with Students can be expelled

for refusing to conform to school rules.

 Outlook: 1 your general attitude to life and the world. outlook

on. He’s got a good outlook on life.

 Relate: 4[intransitive] to feel that you understand someone’s

problem, situation etc. relate to Laurie finds it difficult to relate to
children.

 Revolve: 1 [not in progressive] to have something as a main

subject or purpose:  Jane’s life revolves around her children.

pág. 45
 Scope: 1 [uncountable] the range of things that a subject,
activity, book etc. deals with. beyond/outside/within the scope
of something. A full discussion of that issue is beyond the scope of
this book.

 Cling: to have a strong emotional attachment or dependence.

He  clung  to his friends for support. (=aferrarse)

B) WORD FAMILIES:

Expressions:

 The commercial district of the city.

 Great cultural diversity.

 an autonomous republic: is a type of administrative division similar to

a province or state. A significant number of autonomous republics can
be found within the successor states of the Soviet Union, but the
majority are located within Russia.

 Wear a ripped shirt. (=rasgado)

 A puzzling email: confusing and difficult to understand or explain.

 Disgusting food.

 Hypocritical people.

D) COLLOCATIONS:

 Puzzled expression: confused and unable to understand something.

 Harsh punishment: severe, cruel, or unkind.

 Cosy atmosphere: a place that is cosy is small, comfortable, and

warm.

 Tight budget: Budget is the money that is available to an

organization or person, or a plan of how it will be spent. (=presupuesto
ajustado)

pág. 46
 Ripped pages: (=páginas rasgadas)

 Secular society: secular means not connected with or controlled by a

church or other religious authority: secular education. Our modern
secular society.

E) MORE COLLOCATIONS:

1. Social mobility: the ability to move easily from one job, area, or
social class to another.
2. A positive Outlook. (Outlook: your general attitude to life and
the world)
3. A domestic appliance: an appliance is a piece of equipment,
especially electrical equipment, such as a COOKER or WASHING
MACHINE, used in people’s homes. domestic/household etc.
appliance.
4. Household chores: a chore is a small job that you have to do
regularly, especially work that you do to keep a house clean.
5. ________ elite (?)
6. Regional Autonomy. example: · The regional autonomy parties
continued to make gains in the north, but won only 2.5 percent
of the overall vote.

F) MORE COLLOCATIONS:

Sentences:

− You should read the report before making false assumptions.

− I spent the morning doing household chores.
− It’s not easy living on unemployment benefit.
− People always take the mickey out of him because of his
strange name.
− She quickly expressed her disgust at the thought of eating
insects.
− The teacher tried to limit the scope of the discussion.

pág. 47
 G) PHRASES: With ‘thing’

1. I go for a run first thing in the morning.

2. Buy a brand new car? Chance would be fine thing.
3. Parking your car on the pavement is not the done thing.
(the done thing: British English old-fashioned informal the way
of behaving or doing something that is socially acceptable: It is
not the done thing for teachers to hit children)
4. My neighbours’ kindness is the sort of thing that makes me glad
I live here.
5. They said I was very brave, but what I did was no big thing
really.

VOCABULARY FROM CLASS:

 Jew: someone whose religion is Judaism, or who is a member of a

group whose traditional religion is Judaism.

 Secular: not connected with or controlled by a church or other

religious authority: secular education. Our modern secular society.

 A secular Jew: doesn’t believe in anything.

 In USA: Sunday School (=catequesis)

 To travel on a shoestring: informal if you do something on a

shoestring, you do it without spending much money
run/operate/do something on a shoestring.  The program was
run on a shoestring.

pág. 48
Exercise 1 from sheet 16-12-19 (nº 2):

VOCABULARY – Nº 1 – “Nights out”:

1. They caused quite a scene It was quite awkward, as

actually. everyone was looking.
2. It just didn’t live up to the A real disappointment after those
hype. rave reviews.
3. Honestly, we were in stitches. It was absolutely hilarious!
4. I couldn’t stop yawning
I’ve never been so bored in my life!
throughout the presentation.
5. It was so terrible. She was in
The news really left her in bits.
floods of tears.
I was so embarrassed, I just
6. When I realised, I was utterly
wanted the ground to swallow
mortified.
me whole.

 Live up to the hype: (Meaning of hype: attempts to make people

think something is good or important by talking about it a lot on
television, the radio etc. – used to show disapproval → exaggeration)
Some experts are concerned that the new drug won’t live up to all the
hype.

 be in bits British English spoken informal to be extremely upset

because something unpleasant or disappointing has happened: She was
in bits after the race, and looked totally gutted.

 In stitches: laughing a lot in an uncontrollable way. have/keep

somebody in stitches (=make someone laugh) Her jokes had us all in
stitches.

 To Yawn: to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply because

you are tired or bored.

 Hilarious: extremely funny.  Hilarious  is not used with ‘very’. You
say:· The film was absolutely hilarious.

 Rave: reviews/notices/reports strong praise for a new play, book

etc, especially in a newspaper or magazine. The performance earned
them rave reviews from critics.

pág. 49
 Gutted: British English  spoken very shocked or
disappointed  SYN   devastated:  I was gutted when I lost my job.

 Utterly mortified. Meaning of utterly: completely – used especially

to emphasize that something is very bad, or that a feeling is very
strong: You look utterly miserable.

 Awkward: making you feel embarrassed so that you are not sure
what to do or say SYN  difficult.

Exercise 3:

REVIEW – ‘How to Train Your Dragon’

A winning / stilted combination of vivid imagery, cracking /

wooden dialogue and a disjointed / powerful storyline makes ‘How
to Train Your Dragon’ one of the most successful / thriving animated
films ever made.
The film portrays an isolated village which is under attack from
dragons. All the villagers become dragon-killers to protect themselves,
apart from the shy, awkward teenager Hiccup. His macho father
Stoick, the head man of the village, is both embarrassed by his son
and afraid for his safety. But Hiccup has a secret: he once managed
to wound a fearful / fearsome , fire-breathing dragon, but instead
of killing it, he befriended it.
As the film develops, its anti-violence message is made clear with
admirable / spine-tingling wit and insight. The story is carried along
by a mixture of sharp humour and tenderness. The dragon is
irresistible, and its character skilfully developed. The 3D effects and

pág. 50
design create handsome / stunning scenes, and there are some truly
attractive / exhilarating flying sequences.
This film may have been made primarily for kids, but it is bound to
entertain people of all ages. Don't miss it!

VOCABULARY FROM THIS TEXT:

 Cracking (dialogue): very good, exciting etc SYN great: We’ve

got two cracking games to look forward to.

 Disjointed: something, especially a speech or piece of writing, that

is disjointed has parts that do not seem well connected or are not
arranged well: disjointed fragments of information.

 Thriving: a thriving company, business etc. is very

successful SYN flourishing: a thriving tourist industry.

 Portrays: to describe or show someone or something in a particular

way, according to your opinion of them SYN depict: Romantic artists
portrayed nature as wild and powerful.

 Awkward: making you feel embarrassed so that you are not sure
what to do or say SYN difficult: I hoped he would stop
asking awkward questions.

 Fearsome: very frightening: a fearsome weapon.

 Befriended: to behave in a friendly way towards someone,

especially someone who is younger or needs help: They befriended me
when I first arrived in London as a student.

 Spine-tingling: making you feel very excited or frightened, in an

enjoyable way:  The festival opened with Nic Roeg’s latest spine-
tingling film.

 Wit: the ability to say things that are clever and amusing:  a
woman of great wit and charm. (=ingenio)

 Insight: the ability to understand and realize what people or

situations are really like: a woman of great insight.
pág. 51
 Carried along: be carried along (by something) to become
excited about something or determined to do something:  The crowd
were carried along on a tide of enthusiasm.

 Skillfully: good at doing something, especially something that needs

special ability or training: a skilful footballer.

 Exhilarating: making you feel happy, excited, and full of

energy:  an exhilarating experience.

 Bound to entertain: (=destinado a entretener)

Exercise 2 from sheet 16-12-19 (nº 2):

A: So, how was the restaurant last night? I've heard wonderful
things about it.
B: I know, but quite frankly , it didn't' live up to the hype.

A: Really? Why not?

B: Well, the food was rather tasteless, I thought. But the company
was even worse! Xavier overdid it with the wine and eventually
caused a scene. He started shouting at the waiter and we were
asked to leave. I burst into tears. It was so embarrassing. His
girlfriend, Sally, was so upset that she was in bits. They
ended up arguing, and she told Xavier that she never wanted to
see him again. So, then Xavier was mortified . Paul and I
didn't know what to do with him.

A: It must have been awful!

B: It was rather! We spent most of the night consoling Xavier, and I
finally crawled into bed at 4.30. So, thanks to him, I feel a bit
rough today. You haven't got a painkiller, have you?

pág. 52
VOCABULARY FROM THIS TEXT:

 Frankly: used to show that you are saying what you really think
about something: Frankly, I think the Internet is overrated.

 Overdid: to use too much of something: I think I overdid the salt.

 Crawled into bed: rawl into/out of bed to get into or out of bed
slowly because you are very tired:  We crawled into bed at 2 am.

 To feel a bit rough: British English  informal to feel ill.

 Painkiller: a medicine which reduces or removes pain.

NOTES FROM CLASS:

 Cracking: very good, exciting etc SYN great: We’ve got two

cracking games to look forward to.

 Wisecrack: a clever and funny remark or reply SYN joke.

 WIT:

- Out of my wits: frighten/scare/terrify somebody out of

their wits informal to frighten someone very much: I was
terrified out of my wits at the very idea.
- Quick-witted: able to think and understand things
quickly  OPP   slow-witted: Toby was quick-witted and
entertaining.
- Dim-witted: a stupid person.

STUDENT’S BOOK (page 48) - TEXT

The Son Jo Nesbo

pág. 53
This crime thriller centres /revolves on a young man in prison for
confessing to crimes he didn't commit. The novel starts slowly,
but the pace picks up as the argument / plot develops. With a
star / protagonist who remains thoroughly likeable despite his
flaws and its crisp, credible dialogue / speech, there's much to
enjoy here.

Lies My Mother Never Told Me Kaylie Jones

In this moving memoir / memory , Jones confronts her childhood
and her troubled relationship with her abusive mother, whose
conflict /struggle to overcome her alcoholism is explored in heart-
wrenching detail. The book treats / deals with the themes of
acceptance and transcendence and is a real page-turner from
start to finish. I can't suggest / recommend it highly enough.

The Hunger Games Suzanne Collins

Sorting out / Tackling such issues as poverty and oppression and

basing / revolving around a televised survival game in which kids
fight to the death, this may seem an unlikely best-seller. However, as
it traces / discovers the influence that society has on the young, it
manages to function as a gripping read while also exploring /
finding teenage identity.

Katherine Anya Seaton

This vivid portrayal of love and politics in medieval England is

rooted / based on a true story and manages to bring / carry its
characters and era to life through its rich, vibrant language. If you
believe that love conquers all and enjoy stories held /set in the
past, then this uplifting history / tale may well be for you.

Things My Girlfriend and I Have Argued About Mil

Millington

pág. 54
This comic novel is so frequently laugh-out-loud funny that you
might not want to read it in public! Told in the main / first person,
the book explores the many arguments between the narrator /
commentator and his German girlfriend - to hysterical effect! By
turns / episodes absurd, dark and full of insight / judgment, it's a
must-read for anyone who's ever been in a relationship!

VOCABULARY FROM THIS TEXT:

 Revolve: to have something as a main subject or purpose:  Jane’s

life revolves around her children.

 Pace: the speed at which something happens or is done.

 Thoroughly likeable: completely: She sat feeling thoroughly

miserable.

 Flaws: a fault in someone’s character.

 Crisp: if someone behaves or speaks in a crisp way, they are

confident, polite, and firm, but not very friendly:  Her tone was crisp
and businesslike.

 Memoir: a book by someone important and famous in which they

write about their life and experiences.

 Heart-wrenching: very sad.

 Theme: the main subject or idea in a piece of writing, speech, film

etc.

 Page-turner: an engrossing book or story.

 Engrossing: if something engrosses you, it interests you so much

that you do not notice anything else:  The scene was stunning, and
for a time engrossed all our attention.

 Tackle:  to try to deal with a difficult problem:  There is more than
one way to tackle the problem.

pág. 55
 Traces: to study or describe the history, development, or progress
of something:  Sondheim’s book traces the changing nature of the
relationship between men and women.

 Gripping:  gripping film, story etc. is very exciting and

interesting.

 Portrayal: the way someone or something is described or shown

in a book, film, play etc. portrayal of the newspapers’ portrayal of
Islamic culture. Accurate/realistic etc. portrayal:  The film is not
an accurate portrayal (=correct portrayal)  of his life.

 Rooted: to have developed from something and be strongly

influenced by it: This feeling of rejection is often deeply rooted
in childhood.

 Conquers: to gain control over something that is difficult, using a

lot of effort.

 Uplifting: making you feel happier and more hopeful: an uplifting

experience.

 Tale: a story about exciting imaginary events.

NOTES FROM CLASS:

 Maintenance: the act of making a state or situation continue.

- high-ˈmaintenance: needing a lot of care or attention: a

high-maintenance hairstyle. /  His girlfriend is pretty high-
maintenance.
- low-ˈmaintenance: not needing a lot of care or attention: a
low-maintenance garden.

 Nutshell: in a nutshell, used when you are stating the main facts

about something in a short clear way: Okay, that’s our proposal in a
nutshell. Any questions? (=resumido)

STUDENT’S BOOK (page 51)

Sentences about arguing:

pág. 56
 − It’s healthy to let off steam every once in a while.
− As soon as you lose your temper, you lose the argument.
− Sometimes people need a good row to clear the air.
− Arguing can become addictive and can have a terrible impact on
relationships.
− Raising your voice is a form of aggression.
− An argument may be unpleasant, buy it’s often the first step
towards a solution.

VOCABULARY:

 Let off steam: let/blow off steam to get rid of your anger,
excitement, or energy in a way that does not harm anyone by doing
something active.

 A good row to clear the air: to remove the bad feelings between
people.

People often argue about:

 Exes: informal someone’s former wife, husband, GIRLFRIEND,

or BOYFRIEND: I bumped into my ex in town.

 In-laws: your relatives by marriage, especially the father and

mother of your husband or wife → mother-in-law, father-in-
law:  We have to spend Christmas with the in-laws.

 Chores: a small job that you have to do regularly, especially work

that you do to keep a house clean: everyday chores like shopping
and housework. A household chore: (=a chore in the home)

NOTES FROM CLASS:

pág. 57
 We can have:

- Homograph: a word that is spelled the same as another, but is

different in meaning, origin, grammar, or pronunciation. For
example, the noun ‘record’ is a homograph of the verb ‘record’.

Example 1: Bow /baʊ/ (=el acto de inclinarse para agradecer

a la audiencia por los aplausos después de una audición) -
Bow /bәʊ/ (=arco de un violín)

Example 2: Lead /led/ (=plomo) - Lead /lid/ (=primera

posición en una competcion)

- Homophone: a word that sounds the same as another but is

different in spelling, meaning, or origin. For example, ‘knew’ and
‘new’ are homophones.

- Homonyms: a word that is spelled the same and sounds the

same as another, but is different in meaning or origin. For
example, the noun ‘bear’ and the verb ‘bear’ are homonyms.

 He abused him sexually, or he verbally abused him.

He physically abused him.

18 – 12 - 2019

NOTES FROM CLASS:

 Sharpie TM: It’s the brand name for felt-tip pen (a pen that has a
hard piece of felt at the end that the ink comes through) The same
happens with Kleenex.

 Uneventful: with nothing exciting or unusual happening:  Annie

led a quiet uneventful life.  The journey was uneventful.

 Ego trip: if someone is on an ego trip, they think that what they
do makes them more important than other people – used to show
disapproval: Their singer’s on a real ego trip. Donald Trump is on an
ego trip.

pág. 58
 Guilt-trip: to make someone feel guilty:  My mother tried to guilt-
trip me by crying.

Sheet 18-12-19: ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS.

They are passionate believers in vegetarianism and regard people who
eat meat as worse than criminals. (In their view, egg-eaters are really no
better, as eggs are baby chickens.)
 I suspect, though, that part of them is sometimes dying
for a nice big juicy steak.
VOCABULARY 1 st paragraph :
 Regard: to think about someone or something in a
particular way. regard somebody/something as
something Paul seemed to regard sex as sinful and immoral.
 Juicy: containing a lot of juice:  a juicy lemon.

They are suspicious of all frozen food, despise any product that contains
additives, wholly disapprove of white bread, and reckon that consumers
of 'poisonous' white sugar will nearly all die young.
 I hope they're wrong.

VOCABULARY 2 nd paragraph :
 Despise: to dislike and have a low opinion of someone or
something: She despised her neighbours.

 Wholly: completely, a wholly satisfactory solution.

 Reckon: spoken to think or suppose something. reckon

(that) Do you reckon he’ll agree to see us?

They view things like whaling and seal-hunting with disgust and find
vivisection extremely distasteful. They are fierce opponents of fox-
hunting and are also opposed to women accepting presents of fur-coats.
 I dread to think what their views would be on
those cosmetic firms which try out their products on
poor, defenceless little rabbits.

VOCABULARY 3 rd paragraph :
 Whale (noun): a very large animal that lives in the sea
and looks like a fish, but is actually a MAMMAL. pág. 59
 Whale (verb): whale into/on somebody/something to
  Dread:  to feel anxious or worried about something that is
going to happen or may happen. I dread to think what will
happen if they get elected  (=I think it will be very bad).

 Defenceless: weak and unable to protect yourself from

attack or harm: a defenceless old lady.

For them, zoos are degrading; they refuse to accept that they serve
any useful purpose whatsoever. On the other hand, they welcome the
growth of wild-life parks and reserves.
 I can't make up my mind where I stand on this. They
know their own minds, as usual.

VOCABULARY 4 th paragraph :
 Whatsoever: used to emphasize a negative
statement SYN whatever: He’s had no luck whatsoever.

 Make up my mind: to decide which of two or more choices

you want, especially after thinking for a long time:  I wish he’d
hurry up and make his mind up.

 Stand on: someone’s opinion about something. stand

on We still do not know where he stands on the matter.

They feel strongly that most doctors are little better than drug-pushers,
and are convinced that acupuncture is the medicine of the future.
 I suppose they might have a point there.

pág. 60
They recommend natural childbirth for all mothers-to-be and reject the
need for such things as induction, drips and painkillers, except in special
circumstances.
 I expect one or two of you mothers would disagree.

 Drip: a piece of equipment used in hospitals for putting liquids

directly into your blood through a tube. At the hospital they put
me on a drip.
 Painkiller: a medicine which reduces or removes pain:  an
overdose of painkillers.

They are in favour of abortion being freely available, and I guess you
don't need me to tell you their feelings on women's equality. They are
against corporal punishment of any kind — I would imagine their
attitude towards capital punishment is fairly predictable — and is pro
voluntary euthanasia.
They take a keen interest in the fortunes of the Third World, and doubt
whether any of the Western powers really care.
They are supporters of conservation in its broadest sense, back all tree-
planting projects, and strongly approve of recycling waste paper and
other rubbish.
 I presume most people would share that particular
viewpoint. They would like to see solar energy
taken more seriously and are fiercely anti-nuclear
power.
 My own feeling is that solar energy in Britain is
rather a contradiction in terms.

 Fairly: more than a little, but much less than very → quite:

The instructions seem fairly straightforward.
 Take a keen interest in: someone who is keen on something
is very interested in it or enjoys doing it very much: She takes a
keen interest in politics and current affairs.

 Broad: including many different kinds of things or people.

broad category/field/area etc. The play is a comedy, in the
They are under
broadest the of
sense impression that all politicians are either gangsters or
the word.
fools.
 Rather a contradiction in terms: a combination of words
that seem to be I must
 the admit,ofI'm
opposite afraid
each I'mwith
other, tempted to agree.
the result that
the phrase has no clear meaning:  ‘Permanent revolution’ is a pág. 61
contradiction in terms.
  Temp: to make someone want to have or do something, even
though they know they really should not. be tempted to do
something. I’m tempted to buy that dress.

They advocate prisons without bars and are of the opinion that 99% of
serious criminals are in need of psychiatric help.
 To my mind, pleas of insanity have become suspiciously
common.

 Advocate: to publicly support a particular way of doing

something: Extremists were openly advocating violence.
 Bar: a length of metal or wood put across a door, window etc
to keep it shut or to prevent people going in or out: houses with
bars across the windows. (=barrote)
 Plea: an excuse for something. He refused the appointment on
a plea of illness.

They are prepared to accept that UFOs probably do exist, and they
have no time for people who dismiss reincarnation out of hand.
 It all seems a bit improbable to me.

 Dismiss: to refuse to consider someone’s idea, opinion etc.,

because you think it is not serious, true, or important.
 Out of hand: without even stopping to consider what
someone has suggested, asked for etc. reject/dismiss/refuse
etc something out of hand. Aromatherapy was dismissed out of
hand by traditional doctors.

They adore punk clothes, but can't stand the people. They rate
Lennon above McCartney and are great fans of Stevie Wonder.
 I've never understood their taste in clothes or
trusted their judgement when it comes to music.

 Stand: spoken used to say that you do not like someone or

something at all, or that you think that something is extremely
unpleasant SYN can’t bear. I can’t stand people smoking around
me when I’m eating.

 Rate: to think that someone or something has a particular

quality, value, or standard: The company seems to rate him pág. 62
very highly (=think he is very good).
As far as they are concerned , tobacco is an unspeakable evil, but
they support the movement for the legalisation of soft drugs. They are
also for restrictions regarding the sale of alcohol.
 Me? I don't mind much about the drugs thing, but
I'm quite fond of my old pipe and rather keen on
my brandy after dinner.

 Evil: very unpleasant: an evil smell.

 Fond of: o like something, especially something you have liked
for a long time: I’m not overly fond of cooking.
 Keen on: British English  spoken to like someone or
something. I’m not keen on cabbage.
They consider that marriage should be a loose arrangement that ensures
security for children, but maintain — insist even — that one balanced
parent is preferable to two who are always at each other's throats.
They're the sort of people who believe in the freedom of all people at all
times, and think anyone with a different point of view must be crazy.
 I wouldn't have thought that was a very liberal
approach, but never mind. If you ask me, nobody's
totally open-minded.

 Loose: not strictly controlled or organized. loose

arrangement (=an arrangement that can easily be changed)
 Be at each other’s throats if two people are at each other’s
throats, they are fighting or arguing.
 Approach: a method of doing something or dealing with a
problema.  A new approach to teaching languages.

Oh yes, and they jog.

 OK, so you may see eye to eye with them on some of
those issues, but you should try being related to one of
them, that's all!

pág. 63
  See eye to eye with sb.: to agree with someone, or to have
the same opinion as them. I don’t see eye to eye with
my father on many things.

NOTES:

 To be into:

- To be into Rolling Stones (=muy fan de los Rollings)

- To be into angels.
- To be into sth. you’re interested in.

 Climb/jump/get on the bandwagon to start doing or saying

something that a lot of people are already doing or saying – used to
show disapproval: I don’t want to look as if I’m jumping on a green
bandwagon.

 SJW: Social Justice Warrior: a disparaging term for someone

who holds and promotes socially progressive ideas on issues such
as civil rights, animal rights, feminism, gender equality, multiculturalism
, etc.

My problem with the term “SJW” is that it’s lazily used as

a blanket insult to shut up anyone that doesn’t agree with
the person who uses it.

 Blanket: In general; covering or encompassing everything.

 A safe spot is a location in space away from any celestials that pilots
warp to for purposes of evading hostiles or hiding their valuables
(emergency jetcans of ammo, etc)

 Valuables: things that you own that are worth a lot of money,
such as jewellery, cameras etc.

 Warp: to influence someone in a way that has a harmful effect on

how they think or behave: You mustn’t allow your dislike of her
to warp your  judgment.

pág. 64
 Atheism: he belief that God does not exist → agnosticism
(agnostic)

 Cynical: unwilling to believe that people have good, honest, or

sincere reasons for doing something.

 Jingoism: a strong belief that your own country is better than

others – used to show disapproval → nationalism: a mood of
warlike jingoism.

 Nationalism: love for your own country and the belief that it is
better than any other country.

 Patriotism: having or expressing a great love of your country.

 Warlike: liking war and being skilful in it: a warlike nation.

 Gung-ho: very eager to do something dangerous or violent:  The

sporting opportunities here should suit the most gung-ho of tourists.

 Freedom fighter: someone who fights in a war against an unfair

or dishonest government, army etc → guerrilla, terrorist.

 Separatist: someone who belongs to a group that wants to start a

new country with its own government, by separating from the
country that they belong to now.

 Fatalism: the belief that there is nothing you can do to prevent

events from happening.

 Fate: the things that happen to someone or something, especially

unpleasant things that end their existence or end a particular
period:  I wouldn’t wish such a fate on my worst enemy. This word
comes from Fatum (latin) which means destiny.

 Pessimist: someone who always expects that bad things will

happen  OPP   optimist:  Don’t be such a pessimist!

 To label: to use a word or phrase to describe someone or

something, but often unfairly or incorrectly. label
somebody/something (as) something. The regime was
inevitably labelled as ‘communist’.

 Lump: to put two or more different people or things together and

consider them as a single group, sometimes wrongly. Lump
pág. 65
something together.  You can’t lump the symptoms together and
blame them all on stress.

 To paint people with the same brush:

To unfairly categorize someone or something as being the same as anot
her person or thing, usually in a negative manner.

 To paint a picture: o describe or show something in

a particular way:

The statistics do not paint an optimistic picture.

 Skit: a short humorous performance or piece of writing SYN sketch.

 Sigh: to breathe in and out making a long sound, especially because

you are bored, disappointed, tired etc. (=suspirar)

BOOK: Page 50

 Lead to an argument. (= terminar en bronca) How the topic leads

to an argument?

 Hard core: a group of people who cannot be persuaded to change

their behaviour or beliefs.

 Diehard: someone who opposes change and refuses to accept new

ideas.

 A build-up: if something builds up somewhere, or if you build it up, it

gradually becomes bigger or greater. A build-up that leads to an
argument.

 Crabby: easily annoyed by unimportant things SYN bad-

tempered: a crabby old man./ You’re a bit crabby this morning.

 Grouchy: in a bad temper, especially because you are

tired SYN  bad-tempered.

 Curmudgeon: someone who is often annoyed or angry, especially

an old person. /kɜːˈmʌdʒən/

 Cantankerous: ad-tempered and complaining a lot: a cantankerous

old man.

pág. 66
 To get emotional: having strong feelings and showing them to
other people, especially by crying. He became very emotional when
we had to leave.

BOOK: Page 52 – exercises 3 and 5

3)

1. What’s the point you’re trying to make?

2. Doesn’t that prove my point?

3. I think you’re missing the point.

4. OK. Fair enough. I take your point.

5. I wish you’d just get to the point.

5)

1. There’s no point crying over spilt milk.

(To waste time feeling sorry about an earlier mistake or problem that
cannot be changed: It’s no use crying over spilt milk)

2. I think we’ve got our wires crossed.

(to become confused about what someone is saying because you think
they are talking about something else)

3. Just pretend I didn’t say that.

4. We’re going round in circles.

(To think or argue about something without deciding anything or making

progress)

5. I take your point.

(Used to say that you accept someone’s opinion)

pág. 67
 18 – 11 - 2019

A film about writing: “Wonderboys”.

“The Ghost writer” (Ewan Mc Gregor)

“Finding Forester” (Sean Connery)

VOCABULARY:

 Late bloomer: someone who becomes successful, attractive, etc., at

a later time in life than other people. She was a  late bloomer  as a
writer.

 Peaker: 1: a load of logs narrowing toward the top. 2: the top log of
a load. Peaking too soon means reaching your max distance, but then
having an extended time after that until whatever your race or goal is.

 Early peaker: an early peaker is someone who has initial success

and then stops developing themselves, so the early success becomes
their peak.

 Peak (noun): the time when something or someone is best, greatest,

highest, most successful etcat something’s peak.

Example of an early peaker: Francis McCourt (August 19, 1930 –

July 19, 2009) was an Irish-American teacher and writer. He won a
Pulitzer Prize for his book Angela's Ashes, a tragicomic memoir of the
misery and squalor of his childhood.

 Off you go: It means, for example:

- You can leave now.
- Go! Move!
- You're done. You're all set.
- Just enter the URL and off you go!
- You link into the system from the telephone connection in your hotel
room and off you go.

 Rumour has it: (=it’s being said). Rumour has it that they plan to
get married.

pág. 68
Inverted conditional:

- Little did I know at the age of 25.

- If you should find any… please contact us.
- If you will do me a favour. (makes clear that It’s up to you)
- If you will excuse me.
- If you would…
- If you should…
- If I were to… (a little more stylish)
- If you should required… (at the end of a CV)
- At no time did I mention this.

(utilizar como máximo una sola inversión en un texto)

BOOK – page 30

SPEAKING:

UK culture:

Bonfire Night: In the UK, Bonfire Night (or Guy Fawkes Night) is

celebrated on 5 November and the night skies are filled with colour. It’s
a special day in honour of a historic event.
The year was 1605 and some English Catholics were angry because King
James I was treating them badly. In November of that year, a group of
men made a plan to blow up the Houses of Parliament in London. An
enormous explosion was planned for 5 November. This was the day that
the king was due to open Parliament. The plan became known as the
‘Gunpowder Plot’ and the leader of the group was called Guy Fawkes.
The men put 36 barrels of gunpowder in the Houses of Parliament and
waited for the king to arrive. The group decided that Guy Fawkes should
light the gunpowder and cause the explosion. Did they succeed? No,
they didn’t. The police found the gunpowder before it exploded and they
caught all the men involved in the plot. The men were tortured and
killed. To celebrate his survival, King James ordered the people of
England to have a bonfire on the night of 5 November.

Car boot sales:

These are my favourite method of getting hold of second-hand clothes,
because there is a whole ritual that comes with car boot sales: they
normally take place on a Saturday or Sunday morning in a large car
park somewhere, and you have to get there early (normally from 7
pág. 69
a.m.) to get the best bargains. I get a weird kind of excitement from
setting my alarm clock for 6 a.m. the night before a car boot sale, and
when I come away from them at 10 a.m. with armfuls of goodies, I still
have the whole day ahead of me! Also, they sell much more than just
clothes (e.g. furniture, household goods, books) – the first time I went
to a car boot sale, I returned with an antique trunk that I’ve taken to
university with me.
Positives: Prices are probably the cheapest out of the three (e.g. a top
for 50p), as the sellers want to get rid of what they’re selling, so are
open to a bit of haggling. Also, the fact that they’re outdoors is quite
good fun (unless it’s raining …)
Negatives: The location means that there is no opportunity to try on
clothes before you buy them, which has meant that I’ve purchased
items that I’ve never used since.

Carnival: The Notting Hill Carnival is an annual event that has taken

place in London since 1966 on the streets of the Notting Hill area
of Kensington, each August over two days (the August bank
holiday Monday and the preceding Sunday).
It is led by members of the British West Indian community, and attracts
around two and a half million people annually, making it one of the
world's largest street festivals, and a significant event in Black
British culture. In 2006, the UK public voted it onto a list of icons of
England. Despite its name, it is not part of the global Carnival season
preceding Lent.

Curry: Until the early 1970s, more than three-quarters of Indian

restaurants in Britain were identified as being owned and run by people
of Bengali origin. Most were run by migrants from East Pakistan, which
became Bangladesh in 1971. Bangladeshi restaurateurs overwhelmingly
come from the northeastern division of Sylhet. Until 1998, as many as
85% of curry restaurants in the UK were British
Bangladeshi restaurants, but in 2003 this figure declined to just over
65%. The dominance of Bangladeshi restaurants is generally declining in
some parts of London and the further north one travels. In Glasgow,
there are more restaurants of Punjabi origin than any other.

Fish and chips: is a hot dish consisting of fried fish in batter served

with chips. The dish originated in England and is an example of culinary
fusion of its two main ingredients, each brought by immigrants. It is a
staple meal and a common take-away food in the United
Kingdom, Ireland, and numerous other countries, particularly in English-
pág. 70
speaking and Commonwealth nations. Fish and chips first appeared in
the UK in the 1860s. By 1910 there were more than 25,000 fish and
chip shops across the UK, and by the 1930s there were over 35,000,
falling to about 10,000 by 2009. The British government safeguarded
the supply of fish and chips during World War I and World War II; it was
one of the few foods in the UK not subject to rationing.

Glastonbury: is a town and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated

at a dry point on the low-lying Somerset Levels, 23 miles (37 km) south
of Bristol. The town, which is in the Mendip district, had a population of
8,932 in the 2011 census.[1] Glastonbury is less than 1 mile (2 km)
across the River Brue from Street, which is now larger than Glastonbury.

Glastonbury Festival: (formally Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary

Performing Arts) is a five-day festival of contemporary performing arts
that takes place in Pilton, Somerset, England. In addition to
contemporary music, the festival hosts dance, comedy, theatre, circus,
cabaret, and other arts. Leading pop and rock artists have headlined,
alongside thousands of others appearing on smaller stages and
performance areas. Films and albums recorded at Glastonbury have
been released, and the festival receives extensive television and
newspaper coverage. Glastonbury is now attended by around 200,000
people,[2] requiring extensive infrastructure in terms of security,
transport, water, and electricity supply. The majority of staff are
volunteers, helping the festival to raise millions of pounds for charity
organisations.

God save the Queen: "God Save the Queen" (alternatively "God
Save the King", depending on the gender of the reigning monarch) is
the royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms, their
territories, and the British Crown dependencies.[1][2] The author of the
tune is unknown, and it may originate in plainchant; but an attribution
to the composer John Bull is sometimes made.

Islam: Islam is the second largest religion in the United Kingdom of

Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with results from the United
Kingdom 2011 Census giving the UK Muslim population in 2011 as
2,516,000, 4.4% of the total population. The vast majority of Muslims in
the United Kingdom live in England: 2,660,116 (5.02% of the
population). 76,737 Muslims live in Scotland (1.45%), 45,950
in Wales (1.50%). London has the greatest population of Muslims in the
country. The majority of Muslims in United Kingdom adhere to Sunni
Islam, while smaller numbers are associated with Shia Islam.

pág. 71
The NHS: The National Health Service (NHS) is the publicly funded
national healthcare system for England and one of the four National
Health Services for each constituent country of the United Kingdom. It is
the largest single-payer healthcare system in the world. Primarily funded
through the government and overseen by the Department of Health and
Social Care, NHS England provides healthcare to all legal English
residents, with most services free at the point of use. Some services,
such as emergency treatment and treatment of infectious diseases, are
free for everyone, including visitors.

The public school system: A public school is an independent

secondary school. Public schools in England are not run by
the government. The entrance exams used by most public schools are
known as Common Entrance exams and are taken at the age of 11
(girls) or 13 (boys). The most famous public schools are Eton, Harrow
and Winchester.

Regional autonomy: The UK consists of four countries: England,

Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. With the exception of England,
each of these countries has its own parliament. Matters of common
concern such as foreign and defence policy are, however, decided by the
UK parliament in London.

St George’s Day: Saint George is the patron saint of England in a

tradition established in the Tudor period, based in the saint's popularity
during the times of the Crusades and the Hundred Years' War.
Veneration of the saint in folk religion declined in the 18th century.
Attempts to revive the celebration of Saint George's Day (23 April) as an
expression of English culture and identity date from the
foundation Royal Society of St. George in 1894. More recently, since the

beginning of the 2010s, such efforts have resulted in St George's Day

celebrations with aspects of a national holiday in England.

The trade union movement: The trade union movement consists of

the collective organisation of working people developed to represent and
campaign for better working conditions and treatment from their
employers and, by the implementation of labour and employment laws,
from their governments. The standard unit of organisation is the trade
union.

pág. 72
VOCABULARY FROM CLASS:

 Tacky: if something is tacky, it looks cheap or badly made, and

shows poor taste:  tacky ornaments.

 Acquiescence: too ready to agree with someone or do what they

want, without complaining or saying what you want to do.

 Bonfire Night: November 5th, when people in Britain

light FIREWORKs and burn a GUY (=model of a man) on a large outdoor
fire  SYN  Guy Fawkes’ Night.
Is a name given to various annual celebrations characterised
by bonfires and fireworks. The event celebrates different traditions on
different dates, depending on the country. Some of the most popular
instances include Guy Fawkes Night (5 November) in Great Britain,
which is also celebrated in some Commonwealth countries; Northern
Ireland's Eleventh Night (11 July), and 5 November in Newfoundland
and Labrador. In various parts of Ireland, Bonfire Nights are held on St
John's Eve (23 June), Bealtaine eve (30 April) and Halloween (31
October). 

 Car boot sales: British English an outdoor sale where people sell
things from the back of their cars.

 Pre-owned: if something that is for sale is pre-owned, it has

been owned and used by someone else before – used especially in
advertisements to make something not sound old  SYN  second-
hand  British English, used American English: pre-owned cars.

 Thrift shop: American English a shop that sells used goods,

especially clothes, often in order to get money for a CHARITY.

 Dime store: a shop that sells many different kinds of cheap

goods, especially for the house. (=de 4 duros)

 Uncalled for: behaviour or remarks that are uncalled for are not
fair or suitable.

 Unheard of: something that is unheard of is so unusual that it

has not happened or been known before:  Travel for pleasure was
almost unheard of until the 19th century. (=inaudito)

pág. 73
 The big take-away: The take-away is the main point of something,
like a lesson or presentation, to learn and remember. An example of the
take away is when your boss gives a 20 minute lecture but at the end
says "so, basically just remember if you are late you are fired."

 Hands down: without question. It's  hands down  the best movie of
the year.

LISTENING – 2.8 – page 30

LISTENING – 3.8 – page 30

1.
a) Savannah’s parents were from different ethnic backgrounds. F
b) The place she lives in is very racially diverse. F
c) Her friends in the city often laugh at her. F

2.
a) Callum gets annoyed by a common false assumption. T
b) He complains about how tight government control of Scotland
still is. F
c) His outlook is fairly narrow and provincial. F

3.
a) Amir acknowledges he doesn’t conform to a certain stereotype.
T
b) He gets quite upset about the things people sometimes say to
him. F
c) He retains a sense of his family roots. T

 Ethnic backgrounds: someone who comes from a group of people

who are a different race, religion etc or who have a different background
from most other people in that country.

 Assumption: something that you think is true although you have no

definite proof. A wrong/false/mistaken assumption. Both theories are
based on a single wrong assumption.

 Tight: controlling something very strictly or firmly. The government

is keeping tight control on immigration.

pág. 74
 Fairly: more than a little, but much less than very → quite.

 Narrow: a narrow attitude or way of looking at a situation is too

limited and does not consider enough possibilities OPP broad: You’ve
got a very narrow view of life.

 Acknowledge: to admit or accept that something is true or that a

situation exists.

 Retain: to keep something or continue to have something.

----------

 Root: root for phrasal verb  informal.

1. to want someone to succeed in a competition, test, or difficult
situation: You can do it – I’m rooting for you.
2. especially American English to support a sports team or player
by shouting and cheering: the Los Angeles fans rooting for
the Lakers.

 Mixed race: having parents of different races:  children of mixed

race.

 Handicap: old-fashioned if someone has a handicap, a part of

their body or their mind has been permanently injured or damaged.
Many people think that this word is offensive.

 Disabled: someone who is disabled cannot use a part of their

body properly or cannot learn easily.

 Coloured: taboo  old-fashioned a very offensive word used to

describe someone who is a member of a race of people with dark or
black skin. Do not use this word.

 Whitewashing: is a casting practice in the film industry in which

white actors are cast in historically non-white character roles or in roles
which are scripted for non-white characters. The film industry has a
history of frequently casting white actors for roles about non-white
characters. By downplaying the roles that such figures have had in

pág. 75
cultural events, the practice is seen as a form of censorship analogous
to the whitewashing of criticism.

 Downplay: to make something seem less important than it really

is  SYN  play down:  White House officials attempted to downplay the
president’s role in the affair.

 Stoop to phrasal verb: to do something bad or morally wrong,

which you do not normally do.
stoop to doing something:  I didn’t expect you to stoop to lying.
stoop to somebody’s/that level:  Don’t stoop to her level.

 A father figure: an older man who you trust and respect. Father
figure to/for.  Ken was a father figure to all of us.

20 – 11 - 2019

 Has-been: someone who was important or popular but who has

now been forgotten.

 POLICE:

- Singular: the official organization whose job is to catch

criminals and make sure that people obey the law. By the
time the police arrived the man had fled.
- Plural: the people who work for an official organization whose
job is to catch criminals and make sure that people obey the
law. Police surrounded the courthouse.

 GOVERNMENT:

- [countable usually singular] The group of people who govern a

country or state: The Government are planning further cuts in
public spending.

GRAMMAR: Singular or plural verb?

• In this meaning, government is usually followed by a singular
verb:· The government  is  planning to increase taxes.
pág. 76
 • In British English, you can also use a plural verb:· The
government  are planning to increase taxes.

 take the mickey (out of somebody) British English informal to

make someone look silly, often in a friendly way, for example by
copying them or by pretending something is true when it is not: He’s
always taking the mickey out of me.

 Date rape: a RAPE that is committed by someone the woman has

met in a social situation.

 Rape: the crime of forcing someone to have sex, especially by

using violence: Police are investigating a series of violent rapes in
the town.

 Gang rape: an occasion when several men attack a woman and force
her to have sex with them.

 Gang up on/against phrasal verb if people gang up on someone,

they join together to attack, criticize, or oppose them, especially in a
way that seems unfair: Schoolchildren are quick to gang up on anyone
who looks or behaves differently.

 Lose face: (=stop having as much respect from other people) A

settlement was reached in which neither side lost face.

 Save face: to do something that will stop you from looking stupid or
feeling embarrassed: A compromise must be found which will allow both
sides in the dispute to save face.

 These days: used to talk about the situation that exists now: I don’t
do much exercise these days (=now).

Stephen Arthur Frears (born 20 June 1941) is an English film and

television director. Frears has directed numerous films since the 1980s
including My Beautiful Laundrette, Dangerous Liaisons, High
Fidelity, The Queen, Philomena, and Florence Foster Jenkins. He has
been nominated for two Academy Awards for Best Director: for The
Grifters and The Queen. In 2008 The Daily Telegraph named him among
the 100 most influential people in British culture.

Sheet ‘Emphasis’:

pág. 77
Explanations
1. Passive

Passive constructions vary the way information is given in a

sentence, putting more emphasis on what comes first. See
Units 6 and 7.

All roads to the north have been blocked by snow.

2. Fronting and inversion

Inversion here refers to changing the normal word order in the

sentence so that a prepositional phrase is emphasised before the
verb. This also involves putting the verb before the subject.

Suddenly down came the rain!

Up into the air went the balloon.

Fronting involves changing the order of clauses in a sentence and

putting first for emphasis a clause that would usually not be first.

I don't know where the money is coming from.

Where the money is coming from, I don't know.

Time phrases can vary in position, and are often put first because
the time reference is important.

At six o'clock Monica decided to phone the police.

May clauses

There is a type of may clause introduced by although which can be

inverted. It is a highly formal expression.

Although it may seem/be difficult, it is not impossible.

Difficult as/though it may seem/be, it is not impossible.

3. Cleft and pseudo cleft sentences

These are sentences introduced by it is/it was or by a clause beginning

what. Different parts of the sentence can be emphasised in this way.

In speech, stress and intonation also identify the emphasis.

pág. 78
 With it is/was

Sue borrowed my bike last night.

It was Sue who borrowed my bike.

It was last night that Sue borrowed my bike.

It was my bike that Sue borrowed.

Sentences with because are also possible.

It was because I felt ill that I left.

Modal auxiliaries are also possible.

You can't have read the same book.

It can't have been the same book that you read.

What clauses

These are common with verbs such as need, want, like, hate. I hate
rainy weather.

What I hate is rainy weather.

You need a holiday.

What you need is a holiday.

It is also possible to emphasise events, using auxiliary do/did.

Peter left the windows unlocked.

What Peter did was (to) leave the windows unlocked. They are
destroying the environment.

What they are doing is destroying the environment.

Clauses beginning all emphasise 'the only thing'.

I only need another £15.

All I need is another £15.

Adding words for emphasis

pág. 79
1. Own

This intensifies possessive adjectives.

It was my own idea.

2. Very and indeed

Very can be used emphatically to mean exactly/precisely.

At the very same moment, the telephone rang.

Very……indeed is another way of intensifying adjectives.

It was very cold indeed.

3. Emphasising negatives.

Ways of emphasising not include: at all, in the least, really.

It was not at all cold. It was not cold at all.

In the least/slightest usually adds bit if used before an adjective.

I wasn't interested in the slightest.

I wasn't the least bit interested.

No and none can be emphasised by at all and whatsoever.

There were none left at all.

There were no tickets left whatsoever.

4. The

The can emphasise uniqueness. It is heavily stressed in speech.

Surely you are not the Elizabeth Taylor, are you?

5. Question words ending in -ever

These add an air of disbelief to the question.

Whatever are you doing! Whoever told you that!

6. Auxiliary do

pág. 80
This can emphasise the verb, and is stressed in
speech.

I do like this film! It's really great!

It is also used in polite forms.

I do hope you'll come again! Do sit down!

7. Adverbs and adjectives

There is a large number of adverbs and adjectives used to add

emphasis. Common examples are:

I actually went inside one of the Pyramids.

It is by no means certain that the match will take place.

Some people were even wearing pullovers, it was so cold.

Her performance was sheer magic!

This book is utter nonsense!

These examples are only possible with adjectives which express an

absolute opinion (non-gradable adjectives).

It was absolutely fantastic!

The third exam question was quite (completely) impossible.

This guide book is utterly useless.

You were simply wonderful!

Don't cook the meat any more. Its just right!

8. Echoing phrases with so

These express agreement.

— This is the book you are looking for. — So it is!

Other means

1. Time phrases

pág. 81
Common examples are: day after day; time and time again; over and
over again; day in, day out

David reads the same book over and over again!

2. Repetition of main verb.

I tried and tried, but it was no use.

3. In the repetition of a phrase with a possessive it is possible to

omit the first mention of the noun and use a possessive pronoun.

Their marriage was a successful marriage.

Theirs was a successful marriage.

Activities

1. Complete each sentence with one suitable word.

a)You can't complain. It's your own fault, isn't it?

b) – That lo o ks like Jane t.
– So it is! My goodness, hasn't she changed.

c)I'm sorry to keep you waiting. I…….hope you haven't been here
long.

pág. 82
d)It is by no ..... certain that the Prime Minister will attend the
meeting.
e) ………. I really enjoy in winter is a bowl of hot soup.
f)I searched and ……….. for my keys but I couldn't find them.
g) ………… you are all going to sleep I can't quite work out!
h)What the government then……………was to raise interest rates.
i)There isn't much to eat. …………..we've got is some leftovers.
j)Cathy wasn't in the.......put out when I couldn't make it to her
wedding.

2. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals,

and so that the meaning stays the same.

a)The bad weather continued for days. AFTER

The bad weather continued day after day.

b)I can't stand getting up early. WHAT

___________________________________________

c)The car doesn't need anything else except new tyres. ALL

________________________________________

d)Brenda didn’t worry at all about her exams. LEAST

______________________________________

e)I felt extremely tired. INDEED

___________________________________________

f) Keith told me about the hotel. WHO

____________________________________________

g)That’s exactly the same book I’m reading! VERY

___________________________________________
pág. 83
h)Please stay longer. DO

_______________________________________

i) It was a really awful film. JUST

_______________________________________

j) I had spent all my money. WHATSOEVER

_____________________________________________

3. Choose the most appropriate word or words underlined.

a)Don't worry, I'm none at all tired / not at all tired .

b)I thought that speech was utter/utterly rubbish.
c)It was because/why the car broke down that we missed our
plane.
d)- You are sitting on my hat! - So am I/So I am !
e)The sea was so rough that actually/even the experienced sailors
were seasick.
f) Whatever/Why ever are you looking at me like that for?
g)I would like to make it quite/simply clear that we are just good
friends.

 Seasick: feeling ill when you travel in a boat, because of the

movement of the boat in the waterget/feel/be seasick.

 Uphold: to defend or support a law, system, or principle so that it

continues to exist: a committee that aims to uphold educational
standards. / Uphold our traditions.

 The Bible belt: an area in the south of the US known for its very
religious Christian people who follow the teachings of the Bible very
strictly.

 Underworld: the criminals in a particular place and the criminal

activities they are involved in: New York’s criminal underworld.

pág. 84
Or the place where the spirits of the dead are believed to live, for
example in ancient Greek stories.

 Netherworld: may refer to a region thought to be beneath the

surface of the world in many religions and mythologies.

 Beneath: in or to a lower position than something, or directly

under something  SYN  underneath.

 Not much of a choice: ‘Not much choice’ means that there

aren't many options. ‘Not much of a choice’ means that you have an
option, but it isn't really freely chosen. (Rodolfo: sota, caballo y rey)

BOOK page 31.

LISTENING:

 Fussy: very concerned about small, usually unimportant details,

and difficult to please.

 Tone sth. down: one down  phrasal verb to reduce the effect of

something such as a speech or piece of writing, so that people will
not be offended: His advisers told him to tone down his speech.
(=moderarse)

 Unfix: to unsettle, as the mind, traditions, or habits.

 Ruling: the ruling group in a country or organization is the group

that controls it: A ruling class clearly existed.

 Soccer mother: a mother who spends a lot of time driving her

children to sports practice, music lessons etc, considered as a typical
example of women from the middle to upper classes in US society.

 Stay at home mums / dads.

 Consumption: the act of buying and using products. 

Consume, consumer: art intended for mass consumption (=to be
bought, seen etc by lots of people) China’s austerity program has
cut domestic consumption (=when products are bought in the
country where they were produced).

pág. 85
Conspicuous consumption (=when people buy expensive products to
prove they are rich)

 Stephen Fry (interesting videos on Youtube)

25 – 11 - 2019

 Ruthlessness:

1 So determined to get what you want that you do not care if you
have to hurt other people in order to do it:  a ruthless dictator.

2 Determined and firm when making unpleasant decisions: He ran

the company with ruthless efficiency.

 Outweigh: o be more important or valuable than something else:

The benefits of the scheme outweigh the disadvantages.

pág. 86
 Copayment: or copay is a fixed amount for a covered service,
paid by a patient to the provider of service before receiving the
service. It may be defined in an insurance policy and paid by an
insured person each time a medical service is accessed.

 Reluctant: slow and unwilling OPP willing: She gave a reluctant

smile. (=reacio)
Reluctant to do something: Maddox was reluctant to talk about it.

 Tough sell: Gage predicted the president’s proposal would be

a tough sell (=something that is difficult to persuade someone
about)  before Congress.  American English.

 A good series: ‘Breaking bad’.

 To be diagnose with cancer.

 Cautionary tale (=the story of an event that is used to warn

people) a cautionary tale about how not to buy a computer.

 Devil’s advocate: someone who pretends to disagree with you in

order to have a good discussion about something: He would  play
devil’s advocate  with anyone.

 Revolve around (also revolve round somebody/something)

something  British English) phrasal verb.

1 [not in progressive] to have something as a main subject or

purpose:
The argument revolved around costs. She seems to think that  the
world revolves around her  (=that she is the only important
person).
2 To move in circles around something: The Moon revolves around
the Earth.

 Grid is Good (known as Points Pile-Up in the British English

version) is a General minigame from Mario Party: Island Tour. The
name is a pun on the saying "Greed is good".

 Peanuts  informal a very small amount of money: 

pág. 87
The hotel workers get  paid peanuts. 
I’m tired of  working for peanuts.

 Host:

AT A PARTY someone at a party, meal etc who has invited the guests

and who provides the food, drink etc → hostess: Our host greeted
us at the door.
COUNTRY/CITY a country, city, or organization that provides the
necessary space, equipment etc for a special event
Host country/government/city etc.  the host city for the next
Olympic Games
play host (to something) (=provide the place, food etc for a
special meeting or event)  The gallery is playing host to an exhibition
of sculpture.
IN CHURCH the Host  technical the bread that is used in the Christian
ceremony of Communion.

 Fund: [plural] money that an organization needs or has: A sale is

being held to  raise funds for the school.
Government/public funds: claims that ministers had misused
public funds.
The park remains unfinished due to lack of funds. 
The Museum is so  short of funds (=has so little money) it may
have to sell the painting.

 A recipe for disaster: If you say that something is a recipe for

disaster, you mean that it is very likely to have unpleasant
consequences.

 Clear off: phrasal verb British English informal To leave a place

quickly: They cleared off when they saw the police coming.
clear off! (=used to tell someone angrily to go away)

 Bust: MONEY American English  informal to use too much money,

so that a business etc. must stop operating:  The trip to Spain will
probably bust our budget.
To bust the economy.

 Push: PERSUADE [intransitive, transitive] to try to persuade people

to accept your ideas, opinions etc in order to achieve something:
The president is trying to push his agenda in Congress.

pág. 88
 Not a hope in hell (of doing something) spoken (=not even
the smallest chance of success)  They don’t have a hope in hell of
winning.

 No chance!/fat chance!  spoken used to emphasize that you are

sure something could never happen:  ‘Maybe your brother would lend
you the money?’ ‘Huh, fat chance!’

27 – 11 - 2019

 Pursue a goal/aim/objective etc. companies that pursue the

traditional goal of profits.

Sheet ‘Emphasis’: SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + PLACE + TIME

(When we change this order we emphasize)

Examples:
- Putting your kids to bed is murder.
- It’s beyond human intellect.
- He doesn’t have a firm grasp on the basic aspects of being a
teacher.
- You look like a beached whale.
- I’m like a petri dish over here (stay away from me)
pág. 89
 - She looks as a pretentious theremin player.

 Grasp: your ability to understand a complicated idea, situation, or

subject  SYN  understanding
After two months, his grasp on the subject was improving.

 Beached/stranded whale (=on that is stuck on land)

The beached whales are quite obviously very distressed.

 Stuck on land: stuck on:  If you get stuck  on a difficult word,

just ask for help.

 Petri dish: a small clear dish with a cover which is used by

scientists, especially for growing BACTERIA.

 Theremin player: The theremin is a musical instrument that

is played without any contact by the performer. It was one of the
first electronic instruments ever created, and later popularized by
Robert Moog who designed a build-it-yourself kit version for mass
consumption.

 As drunk as a Lord.

 Upstream: along a river, in the opposite direction from the way

the water is flowing  OPP  downstream:  Fish instinctively fight their
way upstream against the current.
You’re swimming upstream.

 OPPORTUNITY/POSSIBILITY [uncountable] the chance to do
something, or the possibility that something exists or can happen
Room for There’s little  room  for innovation.
Room for doubt/debate/argument etc. The evidence was clear,
and there was little room for doubt.
Room for manoeuvre British English, 
Room for maneuver  American English (=the possibility of changing
what you do or decide)  Teachers feel they have little room for
manoeuvre when the curriculum is so demanding.

pág. 90
 A gargantuan effort: extremely large  SYN  gigantic:  a meal of
gargantuan proportions

 Squirrelly: not able to stay still  SYN  restless: squirrely kids.

 Strafe: to attack a place from an aircraft by flying low and firing a

lot of bullets.

 Aircraft: a plane or other vehicle that can fly.

 Military aircraft strafed.

 Brain-melting news: (informal) overwhelming in a way that

prevents coherent thought.

 All-consuming: taking almost all of your attention and time.

Money is an all-consuming  passion with them.

Her  work became all-consuming.

 Kneel down: to go down into, or stay in, a position where one or

both knees are on the ground:

She knelt  (down)  beside the child.

 Matchless: of a very high standard or quality and better than

everything else.

Her matchless beauty

A man with a matchless style.

Matchless prose

 Command: CONTROL [transitive] to control something: The party

that commands a majority of seats in Parliament forms the
government.

 Dead on (my feet): TIRED [not before noun] spoken very tired: 

I can’t go out tonight. I’m absolutely dead! 

pág. 91
She was  dead on  her feet and didn’t have the energy to
argue (=used when someone keeps going even though they are very
tired).

 Wrap (one's) head around: To comprehend something

that one considers challenging, confusing or a foreign
concept.
Kate is willing  to pay full  price  for  an  expensive  handbag,  but I  jus
t 
can't  wrap  my  head around that.

 Comprehend: to understand something that is complicated or

difficult  SYN   understand, grasp → comprehension:  She cannot
comprehend the extent of the disaster.

 A catastrophically weird person.

 He’s heavily medicated.
 She’s intellectually stimulating.

 Goblin: a small ugly creature in children’s stories that likes to

trick people.

 Feast on/upon something to eat a lot of a particular food with

great enjoyment:  We feasted on chicken and roast potatoes.

 Turn into a pillar of salt (=disobey) Another view in the Jewish

exegesis of Genesis 19:26, is that when Lot's wife looked back, she
turned to a pillar of salt upon the "sight of God," who was
descending down to rain destruction upon Sodom and Gomorrah.

 Khaleesi: Khaleesi is a title given to the wife of a Dothraki

warlord in the universe of the George R. R. Martin's series A Song of
Ice and Fire, popularly known as Game of Thrones after the name
of the first book in the series and the television adaptation. It’s
roughly equivalent to “queen.”

 Winnow: to make a list, group, or quantity smaller by getting rid

of the things that you do not need or want  SYN   whittle down:  We
need to winnow the list of candidates to three.

pág. 92
Winnow out phrasal verb. To get rid of the things or people that
you do not need or want from a group.

 From class: Guidelines that would help winnow out those not fit to
be soldiers.

 Inability: the fact of being unable to do something.

 A bland accent: He spoke with a bland accent. “It's a pleasure

to meet you, Mr. Johannsen and please call me Peter.”

 Timetable: a list of the times of classes in a school, college

etc  SYN  schedule American English (=it’s more for a job)

 QUALITIES BEING SOLD NOW:

 To be ripped (=estar cachas)

 Smoking-hot: Very attractive; sexy (said of another person).

 Movies recommended:

- ‘Billy Eliot’: A talented young boy becomes torn between his

unexpected love of dance and the disintegration of his family.

- ‘The Iron Lady’: The Iron Lady is a surprising and intimate

portrait of Margaret Thatcher (Meryl Streep), the first and
only female Prime Minister of The United Kingdom. One of the
20th century's most famous and influential women, Thatcher
came from nowhere to smash through barriers of gender and
class to be heard in a male dominated world (2012)

pág. 93
 02 – 12 - 2019

Colloquial phrases and responses

The following represent a small selection of phrases and

responses frequently heard in conversations. Students will not be
thoroughly at home with the language unless they can both
understand and use these colloquialisms, and it is more important
to know how to use them than to be able to explain their meanings.

Situations
pág. 94
Write short dialogues of two or three lines, incorporating these
phrases and responses, e.g. 'Never mind!':

`I'm sorry; I forgot to post your letter.'

`Never mind! I'll post it myself when I go out.'

1. 'Not on your life!': used as a reply to a question or suggestion

to say that you definitely will not do something: 

‘Are you going to go and work for him then?’ ‘Not on your life!’

2. 'It's no joke!': used to emphasize that a situation is serious or

that someone really means what they say: 
The risk he’s taking is no joke. 
It’s no joke bringing up a child on your own.

3. 'Right you are!': used to say ‘yes’ to a request, order, or

suggestion.

4. 'Please yourself.' used when telling someone to do whatever

they like, even though really you think they are making the wrong
choice: 
‘I don’t think I’ll go.’ ‘Okay, please yourself.’

5. 'Well, I never!': used when you are very surprised by

something:
Well I never! I wouldn’t have thought she was that old!

6. 'I don't get it.': to understand something.

I don’t think she got the joke. 
I don’t get it – it doesn’t make sense.

pág. 95
7. 'It can't be helped.': used to say that there is nothing you can
do to change a bad situation.
She said she had to leave him for a while; it couldn’t be helped.

8. 'I like that!' (ironic): used to say that what someone has said
or done is rude and unfair.
I like that! She didn’t even say thank you!

9. 'Not at all!': used to be polite when someone has thanked you

or asked you to do something: 

‘Would you mind helping me with my suitcase?’ ‘Not at all.’

10. 'Honestly?' used when you are shocked or annoyed by

something someone has said or done.

Honestly! Do you ever listen?

11. 'Here you are!': used when you are giving something to
someone: 

Here you are, a boxful of tools. 

‘Here you go.’ Callum handed her a glass of orange juice.

12. 'Well, really!'

13. 'It's hardly worth it.'

Well, it’s hardly worth listening to, then.

14. 'Yes, thanks to you!' (ironic)

pág. 96
15. 'Perhaps it's just as well.': used to mean that another course
of action would have an equally good result.

The taxi was so slow we might just as well have gone on the bus.

1. 'I could do with one!':  to need or want something: 

I could do with a hot drink.

2. 'Let me see…’ : used when you are thinking about or trying to

remember something: 
Today’s date is – let me see, March 20th. 
Now, let’s see, where did I put your application form?

3. 'Nothing doing.': used to refuse to do something.

4 'Have it your own way!': used to tell someone in an annoyed

way that you will agree to what they want.

5. 'What's up?': if something is up, someone is feeling unhappy

because they have problems, or there is something wrong in a
situation.
What’s up? Why are you crying?

6. 'Just my luck!':  used to say that you are not surprised

something bad has happened to you, because you are usually
unlucky: 
I didn’t get to the phone in time. Just my luck!

7. 'Very well!': old-fashioned  spoken used to agree to something.

pág. 97
8. 9. 'I beg your pardon!':

a) used to ask someone to repeat what they have just said: 

‘The meeting’s on Wednesday.’ ‘I beg your pardon?’ ‘I said
the meeting’s on Wednesday.’
b) used to say sorry when you have made a mistake, or said
something wrong or embarrassing: 
Oh, I beg your pardon. I thought you said 15 pence, not 50.
c) used to show that you strongly disagree with something that
someone has said, or think it is unacceptable: 
‘Chicago’s an awful place.’ ‘I beg your pardon, that’s where
I’m from!’
10. ‘I’ll see to it': to make sure or check that something is done.
Don’t worry – I’ll see to it. 
The hotel’s owners  see to it that their guests are given every
luxury.
11. 'What are you getting at?': to be trying to say something in a
way that is difficult for other people to understand.

What are you getting at, Helen? 

Do you see the point I’m getting at?

12. 'I'd rather not’: 

‘I think you’d better ask her.’ ‘I’d rather not’ (=I do not want to).

13. 'Yes, you'd better’:

a) used to give advice about what someone should do, or to say

what you should do or need to do.
I think you’d better ask Jo first.
b) used to threaten someone: 
You’d better keep your mouth shut about this.

pág. 98
 ► In speech, people usually shorten had to ’d, and may not
pronounce it at all. But do not leave out had or ’d in writing: You’d
better (NOT You better) come here!

14. 'I couldn't do without one.'

15. 'Help yourself.':

a) To take some of what you want, without asking permission – used

especially when offering food to someone: 

Please help yourself to some cake.

b)  informal to steal something: 

Obviously, he had been helping himself to the money.

---------

 Idiolect: the way in which a particular person uses language.

Sheet:
Suggest raises special problems when followed by a 'that' clause (see
page 40). The 'full' construction is:
a) I suggest (that) he should see a specialist immediately.

However, the conjunction that is often omitted, and so is should

(which in any case simply reinforces the idea of recommendation
implied in the word suggest):

b) I suggest he see a specialist immediately.

The dependent verb may then be regularized':

c) I suggest he sees a specialist immediately.

Hence in the past tense we find:

a) I suggested he should see a specialist immediately.

pág. 99
 b) I suggested he see a specialist immediately.
c) I suggested he saw a specialist immediately.

 Hence: for this reason.

The area was full of black smoke from factories, hence the name
"the Black Country."

Verb + gerund
Complete the sentences with the gerund of a suitable verb.

1. The newspaper's financial editor advised his readers not to buy

speculative shares unless they were prepared to risk loosing
their money.

 You’d be crazy to risk your money on an investment like that!

 Share: one of the equal parts into which the OWNERSHIP of a

company is divided. Share in:  We’ve got shares in Allied
Chemicals.

Trade in/deal in shares (=buy and sell shares as a business)

They make their money by trading in stocks and shares.

pág. 100
2. This room will look very cheerful once you've finished
redecorating it.

3. I wish you wouldn't keep telling me what I already know all too
well.

 All too well: It's when you know something too much that you

can't forget or un-see it.

I know that  smell all too well.

4. It is difficult to see how the company can avoid . . . another loss this
year.

5. It was so ridiculous that I couldn't resist laughing outright.

 Outright:
a) Clearly and completely. They  rejected the deal  outright.
b) Immediately and without any delay.
The passenger was  killed outright. 
They fired her outright.

6. The secretary asked if I would mind waiting for a few minutes.

7. The way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as

possible.

8. Everyone said how much they had enjoyed going to the speech.

9. When you've finished the book, you can tell me if it's worth
writing it.

10. He was very lucky to escape going (passive) to prison.

11. You should stop worring about the examination.

pág. 101
12. She was so upset that she couldn't help . . .

---------------------

 If you did that for me, I would appreciate…

- Do that for me.
- I’m begging you.
- I remind you that you can.

 If you will excuse me.

 Why don’t you shut up?
 Will you do me a favour?

BOOK – page 37
(Text)

 Mock: formal to laugh at someone or something and try to make

them look stupid by saying unkind things about them or by copying
them  SYN  make fun of: 
Opposition MPs mocked the government’s decision.

 MP: (Member of Parliament) someone who has been elected to a

parliament to represent people from a particular area of the country: 
Ken Newton, MP a Labour MP
MP for She’s one of the MPs for Liverpool.

 ‘Animal Farm’: is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first

published in England on 17 August 1945. The book tells the story
of a group of farm animals who rebel against their human farmer,
hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free,
and happy. Ultimately, however, the rebellion is betrayed and the
farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before, under the
dictatorship of a pig named Napoleon.

 Stagger: to walk or move unsteadily, almost falling

over  SYN  stumble: 
He managed to stagger home.
pág. 102
 Stamp: WALK NOISILY to walk somewhere in a noisy way by
putting your feet down hard onto the ground because you are
angry  SYN  stomp
stamp around/out of/off etc. 
My mother stamped off down the stairs.

PUT FOOT DOWN [intransitive, transitive] to put your foot down onto

the ground loudly and with a lot of force:  The audience stamped and
shouted. 
‘I will not!’ Bert yelled and  stamped his  foot (=because he was
angry). 
She stood at the bus stop  stamping her  feet (=because she was
cold).

 Stroll: to walk somewhere in a slow relaxed way

stroll down/over/along 
We were strolling along, laughing and joking.

 Pace: to walk first in one direction and then in another many

times, especially because you are nervous:  I found Mark at the
hospital,  pacing  restlessly up and down.

 to walk quickly with long steps → march

stride across/into/down etc. 
He strode toward her.

 Creep: to move in a quiet, careful way, especially to avoid

attracting attention
creep into/over/around etc 
Johann would creep into the gallery to listen to the singers. 
He crept back up the stairs, trying to avoid the ones that creaked.

 Limp: to walk slowly and with difficulty because one leg is hurt or
injured.
Moreno limped off the field with a foot injury.

 Barge: to move somewhere in a rough careless way, often hitting

against things  SYN  push. 
She ran outside, barging past bushes and shrubs.

pág. 103
 Stroke: to move your hand gently over something: 
He reached out and stroked her cheek tenderly.

 Sneer: to smile or speak in a very unkind way that shows you

have no respect for someone or something: 
‘Is that your best outfit?’ he sneered.
sneer at She sneered at Tom’s musical tastes.

 Fulfilled: happy and satisfied because your life is interesting and

you are doing useful or important things. 
Adult education helps people achieve more fulfilled lives.

 Populist: relating to or representing ordinary people, rather than

rich or very highly educated people:  a populist campaign.

 Demagogue: a political leader who tries to make people feel

strong emotions in order to influence their opinions – used to show
disapproval.

 Obnoxious: highly objectionable or offensive;

odious: obnoxious behavior.
Annoying or objectionable due to being a showoff or attracting
undue attention to oneself: an obnoxious little brat.

 Show-off: someone who always tries to show how clever or

skilled they are so that other people will admire them – often used to
show disapproval:  She’s a bit of a show-off.

 Undue: more than is reasonable, suitable, or necessary: De

Gaulle felt that America had  undue influence  in Europe.

 Brat: a badly behaved child: a  spoiled brat.

 ‘Deliver the promises you made’:

DO SOMETHING YOU SHOULD DO [intransitive, transitive] to do or

provide the things you are expected to, because you are responsible
for them or they are part of your job:
the failure of some services to deliver the goods (=do what they
have promised) 
The company will  deliver on its promises.

pág. 104
VOCABULARY FROM LISTENING 6.12

 Stroll: to walk somewhere in a slow relaxed way.

stroll down/over/along 
We were strolling along, laughing and joking.
—stroll  noun [countable]:  They  went for a stroll in the park.

 Step into: to raise one foot and put it down in front of or behind
the other one in order to walk or move.
step forward/back/down/into etc.

Step into the breach to help by doing someone else’s job or work
when they are unable to do it  SYN   step in:  Thanks for stepping into
the breach last week.

Step into  phrasal verb. to start doing something, or become

involved in a situation:  Sally stepped into the role of team leader.

 JUMP OVER A ROPE [intransitive] to jump over a rope as you swing it

over your head and under your feet, as a game or for
exercise  SYN  jump rope American English – Skipping rope: a long
piece of rope with handles that children use for jumping
over  SYN  jump rope  American English.

UNDERSTANDING VOCABULARY
(page 36)
‘Ways of’ verb groups

The person telling the joke used some descriptive verbs that
show the way something was done.

He arrives at the gates of heaven clutching his bags. = hold

(tightly)
He strolls along the beach. = go / move (on foot with leisure)
He gazes at the beautiful sunset. = look (with wonder)
He gasps, ‘But what are you doing…’ = say (in shock)
pág. 105
 His old friends are … chattering to each other. = talk
(continuously)
The devil chuckles … = laugh (quietly)

These descriptive verbs are usually used with the same

prepositions and the same grammatical patterns as the more
basic verbs such us hold, move, look, etc.
Sometimes recognising these patterns can help you to guess
unknown words.

 Look somebody in the eye: to look directly at someone when

you are speaking to them, especially to show that you are not afraid
of them or that you are telling the truth:  Owen didn’t dare look his
father in the eye.

 Walk into/down/up etc. 

Carrie walked into the room and sat down in her chair. 
He loved walking in the hills.

 To move towards or nearer to someone or something: 

As I approached the house, I noticed a light on upstairs. 
She heard footsteps approaching.

 Sneak up  phrasal verb: to come near someone very quietly, so

that they do not see you until you reach them
Sneak up on/behind etc.  I wish you wouldn’t sneak up on me like
that!

pág. 106
 04 – 12 - 2019

→ EGO TRIP: if someone is on an ego trip, they think that what they
do makes them more important than other people – used to show
disapproval: Their singer’s on a real ego trip.

→ Be on a guilt trip  informal to have a feeling of guilt about

something when it is unreasonable.

→ Snob:
1) Someone who thinks they are better than people from a lower
social class – used to show disapproval: Stop being such a
snob.
2) Someone who thinks they are better than other people
because they know more about something – used to show
disapproval: a bunch of  intellectual snobs
music/wine snob

→ Arrogant:

→ Be full of yourself to have a high opinion of yourself – used to

show disapproval: 

pág. 107
My first impression was that he was a bit full of himself.

→ Class consciousness: knowledge and understanding of the

class system, and of your own and other people’s social class.

→ Petty: a petty problem, detail etc is small and

unimportant  SYN  trivial: 
Petty squabbles. 
Petty restrictions

 Squabble: to argue about something unimportant.

SYN  quarrel.
squabble over/about They’re always squabbling over money.
squabble with  He’s squabbling with the referee.
► see THESAURUS at ARGUE, ARGUMENT
—squabble  noun [countable]:  a petty squabble. 
Bitter squabbles between employers and unions.

→ Conversationalist: someone who talks about intelligent,

amusing, and interesting things.

→ Small talk: polite friendly conversation about unimportant

subjects:  We stood around  making small talk.

----------

 Ugly: extremely unattractive and unpleasant to look

at  SYN   hideous  OPP   beautiful.
A very ugly man.
The ugliest building in town.
Nick’s dog is  as ugly as sin (=very ugly).

 Under the influence (of alcohol/drink/drugs etc) drunk or

feeling the effects of a drug.

 DWI: (driving while intoxicated) the crime of driving when you

have had too much alcohol to drink  SYN   DUI

 DUI: American English (driving under the influence) the crime of

driving when you have had too much alcohol to drink  SYN  DWI: 
There were a large number of DUI arrests on New Year’s Eve.

pág. 108
 I’m wasted: informal very drunk or affected by drugs.
 I’m hammered: very drunk.
 I’m baked: (by smoking)

 Hard-core: having an extreme way of life or an extreme belief

that is very unlikely to change:  a hard-core drug addict.
Hard-core racists.

BOOK – page 43

 Overwhelm: if someone is overwhelmed by an emotion, they feel

it so strongly that they cannot think clearly.
Be overwhelmed by something 
Harriet was overwhelmed by a feeling of homesickness.

Be overwhelmed with something

The children were overwhelmed with excitement. 
Grief overwhelmed me.
GRAMMAR  Overwhelm is often passive in this meaning.

 Anxiety: the feeling of being very worried about

something  SYN  concern

Anxiety about/over: There is considerable anxiety among staff

about job losses. 
There is growing public anxiety over levels of air pollution in our
cities.

 Agonize: to think about a difficult decision very carefully and with

a lot of effort
Agonize over/about.  All the way home she agonized about what
she should do.

 42k (42 thousand)

 Newbie: someone who has just started doing something,

especially using the Internet or computers.

 Noob: someone who has just started doing something, especially

on the Internet – used to show disapproval → newbie: Noobs are
annoying when they don’t bother to learn the rules of the game.

pág. 109
BOOK – page 44 – exercise 1

I BET IT WAS FUN

VOCABULARY: ‘Nights out’

1. It was awful. I just couldn’t stop yawning. I was bored out

of my mind.
2. I’m exhausted! I didn’t crawl into bed until after four.
3. She was so overwhelmed by it all that she actually burst into
tears.
4. There must have been at least ten courses. Honestly, I
thought I was going to burst!

5. We were all on the floor in stitches. It was hilarious!

6. Honestly! I was absolutely mortified. I just wanted the
ground to open up and swallow me!
7. It was such a disappointment. It didn’t live up to the hype.
8. I feel a bit rough today. I had a big work do last night and
didn’t get home till two.
9. It was awful. He was in bits when he heard – just in floods of
tears.
10.It caused a bit of a scene, actually. It was really quite
awkward, to be honest.

 Yawning: to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply

because you are tired or bored: Alan stretched and yawned.

 Bored out of my mind: bored stiff/to tears/to death/out of

your mind (=extremely bored)

 Crawl: crawl into/out of bed to get into or out of bed slowly

because you are very tired: We crawled into bed at 2 am.

 Overwhelmed:
EMOTION if someone is overwhelmed by an emotion, they feel it so
strongly that they cannot think clearly.
Be overwhelmed by something 
Harriet was overwhelmed by a feeling of homesickness.

pág. 110
 Burst into: phrasal verb to suddenly begin to make a sound,
especially to start singing, crying, or laughing: 
Claire looked as if she were about to burst into tears. 
Suddenly, the group burst into laughter. 
Lydia burst into song.

 Stitches: in stitches laughing a lot in an uncontrollable way.

Have/keep somebody in stitches (=make someone laugh) 
Her jokes had us all in stitches.

 Hilarious: extremely funny: a hilarious story.

Hilarious is not used with ‘very’. You say:· The film was absolutely
hilarious. ✗Don’t say: The film was very hilarious.

 Mortified: extremely offended, ashamed, or embarrassed.

Mortified to hear/find etc. 
Nora was mortified to discover that her daughter had been out
drinking.

 Live up to the hype: be as good as expected and anticipated by

the public.
I heard that album was great and it certainly lived up to the hype. I
love it!

 Rough: feel rough British English informal to feel ill.

 Be in bits: INFORMAL•BRITISH to be extremely upset because

something unpleasant or disappointing has happened.

She was in bits  after the race, and looked totally gutted.

 Gut: British English spoken very shocked or disappointed.

SYN   devastated:  I was gutted when I lost my job.

 Floods of tears: in floods of tears, crying a lot: 

She came downstairs in floods of tears.

pág. 111
BOOK – page 44 – exercise 4

Think of a situation in which you might:

1 Find yourself bored out of your mind.

2 Be so overwhelmed that you burst into tears.
3 End up on the floor in stitches.
4 Be absolutely mortified.
5 Find that something doesn’t live up to the hype.
6 Go to a do (=ir por compromiso)
7 End up in floods of tears.
8 Witness a bit of a scene.

BOOK – page 45 – exercise 7

Conversation 1:

1 She’s been through a lot recently.

2 She soon got over it.
3 They went down really, really well.
4 He’s so full of himself, that guy.
5 Hey, talking on dancing, are you still going to those tango
classes?
6 I’m still a bit prone to treading on toes.

Conversation 2:

7 It’s all in hand.

8 It’s just that I could do without it at the moment.
9 I’ve got far too much on.
10 Thanks for being so on top of things.
11 Oh, by the way, how was your meal the other night?
12 This guy at a table in the corner just suddenly burst out
screaming at one of the waiters.

 Go through a lot: means that the person speaking has

experienced many things in order to fight to where they are today.

 Get over sth.: to successfully deal with a problem or difficulty: 

pág. 112
I don’t know how we’re going to get over this problem.

 Go down well/badly/a treat etc. to get a particular reaction

from someone: 
His suggestion did not go down very well.
The movie went down very well in America. 
The speech went down a treat  with members (=members liked it
very much). 
The idea  went down like a lead balloon (=was not popular or
successful).

 Prone to do sth.: likely to do something or suffer from

something, especially something bad or harmful
Prone to: Some plants are very prone to disease.
Prone to do something:  Kids are all prone to eat junk food.

 All in hand: if you want to say that you are in control of a difficult
situation, you can say that you have the situation in hand. For
example, Don't worry about the preparations for the party, I've got
everything in hand.

 Do without  phrasal verb

1 do without (something): to live or do something without a

particular thing: 
I don’t have any sugar so you’ll have to do without. 
You can do without a carpet but you’ve got to have somewhere to
sit.
2 can do without something: used to say that something is
annoying you or causing you problems: 
You can do without all that hassle. 
Those are the type of stupid remarks I can do without.

 Far too much/long/busy etc. 

That’s far too much to pay. 
It would take me far too long to explain.

 On top of something: in complete control of a situation: 

Don’t worry; I’m back on top of things now. 

pág. 113
I should be more on top of my work next week.

 By the way: used when saying something that is not related to

the main subject you were talking about before: 
By the way, have you seen my keys anywhere?

 No way José! (=used to emphasize that you will not do

something)

 Burst out phrasal verb

1. burst out laughing/crying/singing etc.: to suddenly start
to laugh, cry etc: Everyone burst out laughing.

2. To suddenly say something in a forceful way: ‘I don’t believe

it!’ she burst out angrily.

 Get/put somebody/something out of your mind:

:  I just can’t seem to get her out of my mind. 
You’ve got to try and put him out of your mind.
(also put somebody/something to the back of your mind) to
stop yourself thinking about someone or something 
She put her disappointment to the back of her mind and
concentrated on Dana.

 Tears: a drop of salty liquid that comes out of your eye when you
are crying:
The children were all in tears. 
She came home in floods of tears. 
I could see that Sam was  close to tears. 
Bridget suddenly burst into tears and ran out. 
He was fighting back tears as he spoke. 
A lot of people were  moved to tears  by his story. 
He kissed her cheek, a gesture that  brought tears to  her eyes. 
I must admit I  shed  a few  tears  when the school closed. 
I saw grown men reduced to tears  that day. 
‘Please don’t talk like that,’ Ellen implored him, her  eyes filling
with tears. 
By this time, tears were  streaming down  my face. 
The tears he shed were tears of joy.

 Weepy (adjective): tending to cry a lot.

pág. 114
 Weepy (noun): a film or story that is intended to make people
cry.

 Delivery: the process of giving birth to a child.

Mrs Howell had an easy delivery. 
Liz was taken to the  delivery room (=a room in a hospital for
births) immediately.

 Operating room: may be designed and equipped to provide care

to patients with a range of conditions, or it may be designed and
equipped to provide specialized care to patients with specific
conditions.

 Daft:

1) Silly: 
A daft idea. 
Me, jealous? Don’t be daft (=that is a silly idea). 
She’s  as daft as a brush (=extremely silly).
► see THESAURUS at STUPID
2) be daft about something to be extremely interested in
something: 
Tony’s still daft about cars!

 Blind spot: something that you are unable or unwilling to

understand: I have a blind spot where computers are concerned.

 Prone to do / doing: both are correct.

pág. 115
 08 – 01 - 2020

Topic of the day: PREPOSITIONS

For example:

Consist in: phrasal verb formal: to be based on or depend on

something: Happiness does not consist in how many possessions
you own.
Consist of: phrasal verb: to be formed from two or more things or
people: The buffet consisted of several different Indian dishes.
Consist on: The game consists on finding…

VOCABULARY:

Tasty ---------- Delicious ------------- Mouth-watering

 Mouth-watering: food that is mouth-watering looks or smells

extremely good: a mouth-watering aroma coming from the kitchen.

 Toe-curling: making you feel very embarrassed: There’s a toe-

curling scene in the film where he keeps accidentally offending his
girlfriend’s parents.

pág. 116
 Embarrassing: making you feel ashamed, nervous, or
uncomfortable: 
She asked a lot of  embarrassing questions. 
An embarrassing situation.
Embarrassing for:  This incident is deeply embarrassing for the
government.

 Knee slapping: The action of striking one's own knee with the
hand, associated with hearty laughter.

 The phrase finger lickin' good (or formally "finger licking

good") is an expression of praise for good food. It may also refer
specifically to: A Kentucky Fried Chicken slogan used from the
20th century (=de chuparse los dedos)

 Havoc: a situation in which there is a lot of damage or a lack of

order, especially so that it is difficult for something to continue in the
normal way  SYN   chaos
Cause/create havoc:
A strike will cause havoc for commuters. 
Policies that would wreak havoc on  the country’s economy. 
Rain has continued to play havoc with  sporting events.

 Wreak havoc/mayhem/destruction (on something) to cause

a lot of damage or problems: 
These policies have wreaked havoc on the British economy.

Wreak revenge/vengeance (on somebody)  formal to do

something unpleasant to someone to punish them for something
they have done to you: 
He promised to wreak vengeance on those who had betrayed him.

Exercise 1) from Sheet 08-01-20 (‘Vocabulary’)

0. I think you should apologise for your behaviour last night.

1. I can’t suppress my craving for this type of exercise.
2. Have you heard about Jeremy’s new job?
3. I’m afraid I completely disagree with you about that.
4. We are alarmingly deficient in adequately trained staff.
5. I just think the whole situation is fraught with danger.
6. I’m afraid this is typical of such boys.
pág. 117
 7. They eventually succeeded in persuading me to go with
them.
8. The exchange rate now stands at 344.7 to the dollar.
9. I’m really getting a taste for a bar of chocolate.
10. He was subjected to endless bullying as a child.

VOCABULARY:

 Craving: an extremely strong desire for something.

→ longing craving for: She had a craving for some chocolate.

 Fraught with:
1) fraught with problems/difficulties/danger etc full of
problems etc: 
Their marriage has been fraught with difficulties.
2) Full of anxiety or worry  SYN  tense: 
A  fraught atmosphere. 
A  fraught situation. 
Julie sounded rather fraught.

 Subject:
formal to force a country or group of people to be ruled by you, and
control them very strictly
subject to  phrasal verb To force someone or something to
experience something very unpleasant, especially over a long time: 
Police subjected him to hours of questioning.
Subject somebody to an ordeal/abuse/harassment 
Barker subjected his victim to awful abuse.

 Ordeal: a terrible or painful experience that continues for a

period of time.
Ordeal of: 
She then had to  go through the ordeal of giving evidence. 
She was forced to  face the ordeal of withdrawal symptoms.

 Withdrawal symptoms: the painful or unpleasant feelings

someone has after they have stopped taking a drug that they were
dependent on. (=síntomas de abstinencia)

 Hear of:
pág. 118
I’ve heard of a job which would be just right for you. 
This was the first  I’d heard of any trouble in the area (=I had just
heard news of trouble for the first time). 
He was last heard of  in Washington  (=he was in Washington the
last time someone had information about him).

 Hear about:
Teresa heard about the decision later.

 Hear from (someone): phrasal verb

1) to receive news or information from someone: 

Do you ever hear from Jack? 
Police want to hear from anyone who has any information. 
I look forward to hearing from you (=hope to receive news from
you)

2) To listen to someone giving their opinion in a radio or television

discussion programme: a chance to hear from some of the victims of
violent crime.

 Unheard of: something that is unheard of is so unusual that it

has not happened or been known before:  Travel for pleasure was
almost unheard of until the 19th century.

 Give sb a dose/taste of their own medicine: to treat someone

as badly as they have treated you.
 An eye for an eye (and a tooth for a tooth) Saying: said to
show that you believe if someone does something wrong,
that person should be punished by having the same thing done to
them.
 A fair crack of the whip - UK (US a fair shake):
an equal chance to do something:
It's only  right  that all the candidates should be given a fair  crack of
the  whip.

pág. 119
 All's fair in love and war – saying: in love and war you do not
have to obey the usual rules about reasonable behaviour.

Exercise 2) from Sheet 08-01-20 (‘Vocabulary’)

Boast
Brag
Rave about
Protest
Enthuse

 Boast about: to talk too proudly about your abilities,

achievements, or possessions.
He’s boasting about how much money he has made.

 Brag about: to talk too proudly about what you have done, what
you own etc – used to show disapproval  SYN   boast.
Ben’s always bragging about his success with women.

 Rave about/over something: to talk about something you enjoy

or admire in an excited way SYN enthuse.
Now I understand why travelers rave about Lapland. 
The customers were raving over our homemade chili.

 Enthuse about:
1) to talk about something in a very interested or excited way.
Enthuse about/over:  Rick was there, enthusing about life in
Australia.
2) To make someone interested in something or excited by it.
be enthused by/with something: The owners were certainly
enthused by the offer.
pág. 120
GRAMMAR  Enthuse is usually passive in this meaning.

Care
Bother
Forget about
Brood
Dream

 Bother about: WORRY [intransitive, transitive] to make someone

feel slightly worried, upset, or concerned: especially British English 
I try not to bother about what other people think.
 Brood:
1) to keep thinking about something that you are worried or upset
about:  Don’t sit at home brooding all day.
Brood over/about/on:  There’s no point brooding over it – she’s
gone. ► see THESAURUS at THINK

2) if a bird broods, it sits on its eggs to make the young birds break
out.

Delight
Revel
Succeed in
Exult
Bask

 Delight in something: phrasal verb [transitive] to enjoy

something very much, especially something that other people think
is not nice: He delights in complicating everything.

 Revel in: phrasal verb to enjoy something very much:  He

revelled in his new-found fame.

 Exult in: formal to show that you are very happy and proud,
especially because you have succeeded in doing something.
Exult at/in/over: She exulted in her new discovery.

pág. 121
 Bask:
1) to enjoy sitting or lying in the heat of the sun or a fire: bask in.
Lizards were basking in the morning sun.
2) If a place basks in the sun, it is sunny and warm: bask
in.  Tenerife was basking in afternoon sunshine as they arrived.
3) to enjoy the approval or attention that you are getting from other
people. bask in.  She basked in the admiration  of the media.

Bask/bathe in the glory of something (=enjoy the fame and

admiration you get).
Challenor basked in the glory of his achievement.

Advise
Warn
Argue against
Protest
Demonstrate

 Demonstrate against: to protest or support something in public

with a lot of other people.
What are they demonstrating against?

 Advise somebody against (doing) something: I’d advise you

against saying anything to the press.

Confide
Result
Culminate in
Persist
Trust

 Confide in: phrasal verb to tell someone about something very

private or secret, especially a personal problem, because you feel
you can trust them: I’ve never felt able to confide in my sister.

Rule
Prevail
Preside over
Triumph
Argue
pág. 122
 Rule over: GOVERNMENT [intransitive, transitive] to have the
official power to control a country and the people who live
there → govern.
Alexander the Great ruled over a huge empire.

 Prevail over: if a person, idea, or principle prevails in a fight,

argument etc, they are successful in the end.
Your inner strength will enable you to prevail over life’s obstacles.

 Preside over  phrasal verb

1) to be in a position of authority at a time when important things
are happening: The government seemed to be presiding over large-
scale unemployment.
2) to be the head of a company or organization: 
Finch presided over the company for 30 years.
3) to be in charge of a meeting or activity: 
The chairman will preside over an audience of architects and
developers.
 Triumph over: to gain a victory or success after a difficult
struggle. In the end, good shall triumph over evil.

 Argue over: The children were arguing over which TV

programme to watch.

Battle
Compete
Plot Against
Campaign
Win

 Battle against: She had battled against cancer.

 Compete against:
The Renault Clio competes against such cars as the Peugeot 206.
I had to compete against 19 other people for the job.
He’ll be competing against the world’s best.

 Plot: to make a secret plan to harm a person or organization,

especially a political leader or government.

pág. 123
He suspected that the military were secretly plotting  against him.

 Campaign: to lead or take part in a series of actions intended to

achieve a particular social or political result.
A group campaigning against the destruction of the rain forests.

Cheat
Strip
Rid of
Deprive
Starve

 Cheat: to trick or deceive someone so that they do not get or

keep something they have a right to have.
Cheat somebody (out) of something:  She cheated her aged aunt
out of her fortune.

 Strip of  phrasal verb: to take away something important from

someone as a punishment, for example their title, property, or
power: Captain Evans was found :guilty and stripped of his rank.

 Rid: phrasal verb  written: to take action so that a person, place

etc is no longer affected by something bad or no longer has
it → overcome:  a promise to rid the country of nuclear weapons 
Will science finally rid us of this disease?
Rid yourself of something: He struggled to rid himself of his
fears.

 Deprive of phrasal verb: to prevent someone from having

something, especially something that they need or should have: 
A lot of these children have been deprived of a normal home life.

 Starve: (also starve somebody/something for

something American English) phrasal verb: to not give something
that is needed.
Be starved of something: The schools are starved of funding.
GRAMMAR  Starve of/for is usually passive.

pág. 124
 Cure
Convict
Reassure of
Persuade
Acquit

 Cure: cure somebody of something. 90% of patients can be

cured of the disease.
Cure somebody of something to make someone stop behaving in
a particular way or stop them having a particular feeling or attitude: 
Nothing could cure her of her impatience with Anna.

 Convict: to prove or officially announce that someone is guilty of

a crime after a TRIAL in a law court  OPP   acquit
Convict somebody of something: 
She was convicted of shoplifting.

 Reassure: ? to make someone feel calmer and less worried or

frightened about a problem or situation.

 Persuade: to make someone believe something or feel sure

about something  SYN   convince.
Persuade somebody of something:  McFadden must persuade the
jury of her innocence.

 Acquit: to give a decision in a court of law that someone is not

guilty of a crime.
Acquit somebody of something:  The judge directed the jury to
acquit Phillips of the murder.
GRAMMAR  Acquit is often passive in this meaning.

pág. 125
 Skip
Gloss
Haggle over
Skate
Squabble

 Skip: NOT DEAL WITH SOMETHING [intransitive, transitive] to not

read, mention, or deal with something that would normally come or
happen next.
I suggest we skip over the details and get to the point.

 Gloss over: phrasal verb: to avoid talking about something

unpleasant, or to say as little as possible about it  SYN   skirt: 
She glossed over the details of her divorce.

 Haggle: to argue when you are trying to agree about the price of
something.
Haggle over: tourists haggling over the price of souvenirs.

 Skate over/around  phrasal verb: to avoid mentioning a problem

or subject, or not give it enough attention:  The president was
accused of skating over the issue of the homeless.

 Squabble: to argue about something unimportant.

SYN  quarrel.
Squabble over/about:  They’re always squabbling over money.
—squabble  noun [countable]: 
A petty squabble.
Bitter squabbles between employers and unions.

pág. 126
 Petty: a petty problem, detail etc is small and
unimportant  SYN   trivial.
 Bitter: a bitter argument, battle etc. is one in which people
oppose or criticize each other with strong feelings of hate and anger.
bitter dispute/battle/struggle etc.
The couple are locked in a bitter battle for custody of the children.
The government faces bitter opposition to these policies. 
The countries are still bitter enemies.

 Heady: very exciting in a way that makes you feel as if you can
do anything you want to:  the heady atmosphere of the early sixties.

 I stand corrected: spoken formal used to admit that your

opinion or something that you just said was wrong.

BOOK – page 46

Vocabulary:

 Pointed (adjective):

1) having a point at the end: a pointed beard.

2) A pointed question/look/remark a direct question, look etc.
that deliberately shows that you are annoyed, bored, or disapprove
of something:  a pointed remark about my being late.

 Point up: (something) formal

To bring attention to (something), to highlight or emphasize
(something)
The speaker  pointed up  the importance of improving public
education.
The destruction caused by the earthquake  points up  the need for
improvements in construction standards.

 Touristy:
1) A place that is touristy is full of tourists and the things that attract
tourists – used to show disapproval: Benidorm is too touristy for me.
2) A touristy activity is typical of the things that tourists do – used to
show disapproval:  We did all the usual touristy things.

pág. 127
 Junk: old or unwanted objects that have no use or value: This
cupboard’s full of junk.
► Do not use junk when you are talking about things such as empty
packets, cans, and bottles that are left in a public place.
Use litter: Don’t drop litter in the street.

 Teal:
1 [countable] a small wild duck.
2 [uncountable] a greenish-blue colour.

 Trusty: old-fashioned a trusty weapon, vehicle, animal etc. is one

that you have had for a long time and can depend on – often used
humorously  SYN  reliable: 
He had his trusty old penknife with him.

BOOK – page 46 – exercise 1

List as many famous sites and things to do in London as you

can:

London Eye:

A FERRIS WHEEL in London that is 450 feet tall and which gives people
who ride in it very good views of the city.

The Houses of Parliament:

The buildings in which the members of the British parliament meet,

or the parliament itself.
We bring you a report on today's debate in the Houses of
Parliament.

Tower Bridge:

A bridge which crosses the River Thames in London, just to the east
of the Tower of London. The part of the bridge which carries the road
divides in the middle into two separate parts, which can be pulled up
so that tall ships can pass under it. Tower Bridge is one of London's

pág. 128
best-known buildings, and is often used as a SYMBOL representing
London.

Westminster: the British Houses of Parliament:  Westminster was

buzzing with anticipation today as MPs gathered for tonight’s crucial
vote.

Westminster Abbey: a very large GOTHIC church in Westminster,

London, first built in the 11th century. Almost all British kings and
queens since WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR have been crowned (CROWN ) in
the Abbey and many famous people are buried there. → POETS'
CORNER

Westminster Cathedral: the main Roman Catholic church in

England and Wales, famous especially for its BYZANTINE design and
stations of the Cross.

Harrods: a large DEPARTMENT STORE in KNIGHTSBRIDGE, in London,

where rich and fashionable people go to shop. It is owned by
Mohammed AL FAYED. Harrods is one of the most famous stores in the
world, and is known for selling all kinds of expensive and unusual
goods.

The Thames: the longest river in England, which flows from the
west into the North Sea. In London, many well-known bridges across
the Thames connect the north and south of the city, and many
important buildings, including the Houses of Parliament and the
Tower of London, are built next to the river: 
She lives south of the Thames.

The Thames Valley: the area of land next to the River THAMES,

between London and Oxford.

Madame Tussaud’s: a MUSEUM in London that contains MODELs of

famous people, both living and dead, made of WAX. It was started by
a French woman called Madame TUSSAUD in 1802. New models are
added as new people become famous. The museum is also famous
for its ‘Chamber of Horrors’, a special area with models of famous
criminals and murderers.
pág. 129
Camden: a BOROUGH in North London which is a fashionable place
to live. It includes Camden Town, an area with many unusual clothes
shops, night clubs, restaurants, and a market at CAMDEN LOCK.

Camden Lock: a market area in Camden, North London, which

sells ANTIQUEs (=valuable old furniture, plates, and other
objects), SECOND-HAND clothing, unusual jewellery etc, especially at
weekends.

Notting Hill Carnival: a street CARNIVAL that takes place in the

Notting Hill area of West London in August every year, mostly
involving black people and known for the colourful COSTUMEs worn
and the steel band music played.

Nottingham: an industrial city in Nottinghamshire in central

England. Its industries include chemicals, engineering, and clothing,
but it is especially known as a place where LACE (=very fine cloth
with patterns of very small holes) is made. The stories of ROBIN
HOOD take place in this area.

Nottinghamshire: a COUNTY in central England consisting mainly

of farmland, and also known for its coal mines, most of which have
now closed down → SHERWOOD FOREST.

The British Museum: a famous building in London which

contains a large and important collection of ancient art, writings,
coins, drawings etc.

The British National Party: a right-wing British political party,

started in 1982 by John Tyndall, a former leader of the National
Front. The BNP believes that the rights of white British people are
more important than those of people who are not white or who
are IMMIGRANTs. Nick Griffin (1959-) became leader of the party in
1999. The party does not have any MPs, but it does
have COUNCILLORs (=elected representatives) on many local
government COUNCILs.

Saint Paul’s Cathedral: a CATHEDRAL in central London, which is

the largest Protestant church in the UK and one of the best-known
buildings in London. It was designed by Sir Christopher Wren and
pág. 130
built between 1676 and 1710. A previous cathedral in the same place
was destroyed in the Great Fire of London (1666).

Tower Bridge: a bridge which crosses the River Thames in

London, just to the east of the Tower of London. The part of the
bridge which carries the road divides in the middle into two separate
parts, which can be pulled up so that tall ships can pass under it.
Tower Bridge is one of London's best-known buildings, and is often
used as a SYMBOL representing London.

Tower of London: a FORTRESS (=protected group of buildings

including a castle) in London next to the River Thames, built in the
11th century. The kings and queens of England lived there in the
past, and many important people were kept as prisoners there. It is
now a MUSEUM, and tourists visit it especially to see the Crown
Jewels (=a collection of valuable jewels belonging to the Royal
Family). The Tower of London is guarded by the Beefeaters, who are
dressed in old-fashioned traditional uniforms. There is an that if
the RAVENs (=large black birds) ever leave the Tower of London, the
British MONARCHY will end.

Buckingham Palace: the official home of the British royal family

in London. Since 1995, some parts of the building have been open to
tourists. The name of the Palace is sometimes used to mean the
officials who are in charge of organizing the Queen’s public
life:  Buckingham Palace announced today that Her Majesty will be
visiting Japan next year.

Changing of the Guard: a ceremony that takes place regularly

outside Buckingham Palace in London, in which the soldiers guarding
the palace are replaced by others. The guards wear red uniforms
and BEARSKINs (=tall black fur hats).

Piccadilly Circus: a round open area in central London, where

several streets join together, famous for being very busy, for its
advertising signs made of NEON LIGHTs, and for the statue of Eros in
its centre. People sometimes say that a place is like Piccadilly Circus
to mean that it is very busy.

Tate Britain: an art GALLERY in south central London which shows

British art from the 16th century to the present day. There is a
pág. 131
special part of the Tate that contains a large collection of work by
J.M.W. TURNER.

The Tate Modern: Britain's national MUSEUM of modern art in

London, which was first opened to the public in May 2000. The
building was formerly a POWER STATION, and it was changed into
an ART GALLERY by two Swiss ARCHITECTs. The museum contains works
by famous artists such as Pablo PICASSO, Salvador DALI, and
Francis BACON.

Hyde Park: a large park in central London, which includes the

Serpentine, a lake, and Speaker's Corner, a place where ordinary
people can make speeches about anything that they have strong
opinions about.

Also Hyde Park: an area in the south part of Chicago, in the US

state of Illinois, where the University of Chicago is based.

BOOK – page 47 – Text.

VOCABULARY MENTIONED IN CLASS:

 Off the beaten track: a place that is off the beaten track is not
well known and is far away from the places that people usually visit.

The  farmhouse we stayed  in was completely  off the beaten track.

 Coax: to persuade someone to do something that they do not

want to do by talking to them in a kind, gentle, and patient way.
Coax somebody into/out of (doing) something 
We had to coax Alan into going to school.

 Trick: to deceive someone in order to get something from them

or to make them do something: 
She knew she’d been tricked, but it was too late.
Trick somebody into doing something:  He claimed he was
tricked into carrying drugs.

 Deceive: to make someone believe something that is not true.

deceive somebody into doing something 

pág. 132
He tried to deceive the public into thinking the war could still be
won.

Phrases:

- I’m going to trick you into a cage.

- I’m going to tempt you into my bedroom.
- I’m going to tempt you off the beaten truck.

It’s the result of an action

- Wipe it clean.
- Wipe it dry (sth liquid)

 En español necesitaríamos otro verbo: Límpialo hasta que esté

limpio.

--------------

BOOK – page 46 – exercise 3

1. Free view or Leisurely stroll.

2. True insights.
3. East End playhouse.
4. Not just chippies.
5. Far out night out.
6. Quiet night out.

Meaning:

 Leisurely: if you do something in a leisurely way, you do it in a

slow relaxed way, without hurrying: 
After lunch we went for a leisurely stroll. 
Working at a leisurely pace.

 Stroll: to walk somewhere in a slow relaxed way.

Stroll down/over/along 
We were strolling along, laughing and joking.
pág. 133
 Playhouse: a theatre – used in the name of theatres. 
The Oxford Playhouse.

 Chippy: a fish-and-chip shop.

There used to be a good chippy down the back of Albert Street.

 Far out: it’s an expression meaning cool. Young people don’t

say that anymore. (=es como ‘tope guay’ en España)

 General store: a shop that sells a wide variety of goods,

especially one in a small town.

 Thrift shop: American English a shop that sells used goods,

especially clothes, often in order to get money for a CHARITY.

 Dollar store: American English a shop selling a wide range of

goods at low prices, typically one dollar or less.

BOOK – page 46 – exercise 4

Previous explanation

There is a spectrum, for example, you can be:

Peckish Hungry Starving

(slightly hungry) (more common)

Famished
(extremely hungry)

Ravenous
(very hungry → starving)

I could eat a horse

(don’t use always an adjective)

pág. 134
exercise 4: how the words and phrases in italics were
expressed in the article.

1 had never risked going outside of Zone 1

 Venture beyond Zone 1.

2 people go out swimming throughout the year.

 Go for a dip.

3 if you’re a bit hungry.

 Peckish.

4 It also keeps and displays a collection of household objects.

 Houses.

5 Charlie Chaplin once performed at the theatre.

 Hosted.

6 a typical kind of show in Britain.

 Pantomime.

7 we’ve happily accepted a large variety of international food.

 we’ve embraced a huge array of international food.

8 it’s almost impossible to logically choose where to go.

 It’s a toss-up where to go.

9 was known for being socially deprived.

 was synonymous with social deprivation.

10 after the usual family visitors have gone to bed.

 are tucked up in bed.

VOCABULARY FROM THIS EXERCISE:

 Venture: to go somewhere that could be dangerous.

pág. 135
 Go for a dip: a quick swim: 
Are you coming in for a dip?
Take/have a dip:  Let’s take a dip in the lake.

 House:
1) to provide someone with a place to live.
House in: The refugees are being housed in temporary
accommodation.
2) if a building, place, or container houses something, it is kept
there.
House in: The collection is currently housed in the British Museum. 
The plastic case that houses the batteries.

 Pantomime:

 we’ve embraced a huge array of international food.

Embrace: to eagerly accept a new idea, opinion, religion etc.
Array:  a group of people or things, especially one that is large or
impressive.

 It’s a toss-up where to go.

spoken used when you do not know which of two things will happen,
or which of two things to choose: 
I don’t know who’ll get the job – it’s a toss-up between Carl and
Steve.
2) [countable usually singular] British English an act of tossing a
coin in order to decide something.

 was synonymous with social deprivation.

Something that is synonymous with something else is considered to
be very closely connected with it.
Synonymous with: Nixon’s name has become synonymous with
political scandal.

 are tucked up in bed.

Be tucked up in bed:  informal to be lying or sitting in bed: 
I ought to be tucked up in bed now.

Tuck somebody in: to make a child comfortable in bed by

arranging the sheets around them.

pág. 136
BOOK – page 46 – exercise 6: Make noun phrases.

1. Sign of life / things to come / weakness.

2. Tip of my tongue / the iceberg / the pen.
3. Floods of complaints / tears / enquiries.
4. Bunch of flowers / mates / stuff to do.
5. Swarm of mosquitoes / flies / wasps.
6. Pleasure of reading /eating / their company.
7. Supply of goods / blood / labour.
8. Creation of the EU / jobs / a new art form.

--------

NOTES:

 Supply and demand (=oferta y demanda)

 Mouthful: an amount of food or drink that you put into your

mouth at one time:  Michael told his story between mouthfuls.

 Armful: the amount of something that you can hold in one or

both arms.
Armful of:  an armful of books.

pág. 137
 13 – 01 - 2020

VOCABULARY:

 Feisty: having a strong determined character and being willing to

argue with people – use this to show approval: 
DiFranco charmed the audience with her feisty spirit.

 Wreak:
1) wreak havoc/mayhem/destruction (on something) to cause
a lot of damage or problems: 
These policies have wreaked havoc on the British economy.
2)wreak revenge/vengeance (on somebody)  formal to do
something unpleasant to someone to punish them for something
they have done to you: 
He promised to wreak vengeance on those who had betrayed him.

 Havoc: a situation in which there is a lot of damage or a lack of

order, especially so that it is difficult for something to continue in the
normal way  SYN   chaos
cause/create havoc: 
A strike will cause havoc for commuters. 
Policies that would wreak havoc on  the country’s economy. 
Rain has continued to play havoc with  sporting events.

 Kernel:

A) [usually singular] the most important part of a statement, idea,

plan etc  SYN   core
kernel of:  This evidence is the kernel of the defendants’ case.

B) [usually singular] a very small part or amount of something.

kernel of:  There may be a kernel of truth in what he says.

pág. 138
 as often as not (also more often than not)  spoken usually: 
More often than not the train is late.

 A pride of lions: [countable] a group of lions: 

A young lion had strayed some distance from the pride.

 A school of dolphins: [countable] a large group of

fish, WHALEs, DOLPHINs etc that are swimming together
school of:  a school of whales.

 A coffee with a:
- drop of milk (UK)
- splash of milk (US)

 Teem: teem down  phrasal verb British English to rain very

heavily  SYN  pour: 
It’s been teeming down all day.

 teem with  phrasal verb:

1) to be very full of people or animals, all moving about: 

The island was teeming with tourists. (=había mucho ambiente,
mucha vida)

2) British English if it is teeming with rain, it is raining very

heavily  SYN  pour.

 Groin:
1) the place where the tops of your legs meet the front of your body.
2) a GROYNE: a low wall built out into the sea to prevent the sea from
removing sand and stones from the shore (shore: the land along the
edge of a large area of water such as an ocean or lake)

 Wharf: a structure that is built out into the water so that boats
can stop next to it (=muelle)

 Pier: a structure that is built over and into the water so that boats
can stop next to it or people can walk along it (=embarcadero):
a yacht moored at a pier. 
strolling along Brighton Pier

pág. 139
 Nether: lower down – often used humorously. 

Exploring the nether regions of East Sussex.

 Underworld:

1) the criminals in a particular place and the criminal activities they

are involved in:  New York’s criminal underworld

2) The Underworld the place where the spirits of the dead are

believed to live, for example in ancient Greek stories.

 As a matter of fact  spoken used when adding more details about

what you have just said: 

‘Have you had many visitors yet?’ ‘No, as a matter of fact you’re the
first.’ 

I knew him when we were in college – as a matter of fact we were

on the same course.

 Antebellum: existing before a war, especially the American Civil

War:  an antebellum plantation.

 Parabellum: a type of semi-automatic pistol or machine gun.

Para bellum is Latin for "prepare for war" and is often used within
the context of the phrase Si vis pacem, para bellum, meaning "If
you seek peace, prepare for war."

 War cry: a shout used by people fighting in a battle to show their

courage and frighten the enemy  SYN  battle cry.

 Buzzkill: one that has a depressing or negative effect

 Slay:

1) literary to kill someone – used especially in newspapers.

2) American English  spoken  informal to amuse someone a lot.

 Amuse: to make someone laugh or smile:  He made funny faces

to amuse the children.

Register: In everyday English, people usually say

they think something is funny rather than say that

pág. 140
it amuses them: The joke really  amused  them. ➔
They thought the joke was really funny.

Exercise 2 (sheet 13-01-20)

Circle the option A, B, C or D, that best completes each sentence:

1. I don’t think there is a grain of truth in what either defendant

said.

 Gust: a sudden strong movement of wind, air, rain etc.

gust of: A sudden gust of wind blew the door shut. 
Gusts of up to 200 kph may be experienced.

 Spot: PLACE a particular place or area, especially a pleasant place

where you spend time: 
A nice quiet spot on the beach. 
I chose a spot well away from the road.

2. One of these days I’m going to give him a piece of my mind.

 To give sb. a piece of your mind: informal to tell someone that

you are very angry with them: 
After the game he gave the players a piece of his mind.

3. I wouldn’t know either of my parents to know I have a boyfriend.

4. The number of people who attended the public meeting was

surprisingly large.

5. The film ends with the sheriff lying in a pool of blood.

 A pool of water/blood/light etc. a small area of liquid or light

on a surface: 
A guard found him lying in a pool of blood. 
A pool of light formed by the street lamp above

 Puddle: a small pool of liquid, especially rainwater: Children

splashed through the puddles.

pág. 141
Puddle of: He had fallen asleep, his head resting in a puddle of
beer.
—puddle verb [intransitive] literary: 
Rain trickled down the glass, puddling on the window sills.

 Jet: a narrow stream of liquid or gas that comes quickly out of a

small hole, or the hole itself
jet of:  She soaped herself beneath the refreshing jets of water.

6. I gather there was some doubt as to who should pay the bill.

 Gather: KNOW/THINK [intransitive, transitive not in

progressive] to believe that something is true because of what you
have seen or heard  SYN  understand: 
You two know each other, I gather.
Gather (that): I gather you’ve had some problems with our sales
department.
From what I can gather/as far as I can gather (=this is what I
believe to be true)  She’s his niece, from what I can gather.

7. Unfortunately all too often one of our players gives the ball away.

8. I have rarely seen such an impressive sight as a herd of buffalo

roaming over the plains.

 Roam: to walk or travel, usually for a long time, with no clear

purpose or direction → wander
roam over/around/about etc. 
The dogs are allowed to roam around. 
Chickens and geese roam freely in the back yard.
Roaming: the process that a MOBILE PHONE uses when it is in a
different country or area from usual, and has to connect to a
different network.

 Flock: a group of sheep, goats, or birds

flock of: a flock of small birds

 Swarm:
1) A large group of insects, especially BEEs, moving together.
2) a crowd of people who are moving quickly.
swarm of: Swarms of tourists jostled through the square.

pág. 142
9. I can’t help thinking he offered his apology with a touch of irony.

 Can’ t help thinking: somebody can’t help (doing)

something (also somebody can’t help but do something) used to
say that someone is unable to change their behaviour or feelings, or
to prevent themselves from doing something:  She couldn’t help it
if  she was being irrational.
Somebody can’t help feeling/thinking/wondering etc.
something:  I can’t help feeling that there has been a mistake. 
I couldn’t help thinking about the past.

 Apology: something that you say or write to show that you are
sorry for doing something wrong
apology for: The minister had to issue a formal public apology for
his remarks.
apology from:  She finally received an apology from the company.
apology to:  an apology to passengers for any inconvenience
caused.

 Torrent: (of something) a lot of words spoken quickly,

especially in order to insult or criticize someone  SYN   stream: 
When I asked him to move, he unleashed a torrent of abuse.

 Dash:

SMALL AMOUNT [singular]
a) a small amount of a substance that is added to something else
dash of:  Add salt, pepper and a dash of vinegar.
b) a small amount of a quality that is added to something else.
dash of:  Add a dash of romance to your life with a trip to Paris.

10. Few, if any of the current team can stand comparison with the
1995 eleven.

11. It was a stroke of luck that he had always been able to write
with either hand.

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 Stroke of luck/fortune something lucky that happens to you
unexpectedly: In a stroke of luck, a suitable organ donor became
available.

12. Anyone can make a mistake; no one is perfect.

13. The full extent of the damage done by the storm only became
clear at daybreak.

 Extent: how large, important, or serious something is, especially

something such as a problem or injury.
Extent of.  Considering the extent of his injuries, he’s lucky to be
alive. 
It’s too early to assess  the full extent of the damage.

14. Thousands flocked to see the opening night of Simon’s musical.

● Flock: if people flock to a place, they go there in large numbers

because something interesting or exciting is happening there.
Flock to/into/down etc. People have been flocking to the
exhibition.
Flock to do something: Tourists flock to see the town’s medieval
churches and buildings.

● Trickle:
1) if liquid trickles somewhere, it flows slowly in drops or in a thin
stream
Trickle down/into/out The tears trickled down her cheeks.

2) if people, vehicles, goods etc trickle somewhere, they move there

slowly in small groups or amounts.
Trickle in/into/away The first few fans started to trickle into the
stadium.
trickle down phrasal verb if money trickles down, it moves slowly
from the richest people to the poorest people in a society, or from
the richest countries to the poorest countries
trickle up phrasal verb if money trickles up, it moves slowly from
the poorest people to the richest people in a society, or from the
poorest countries to the richest countries

● Throng:

pág. 144
1) [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive] if people
throng a place, they go there in large numbers: Tourists thronged
the bars and restaurants.
2) be thronged with somebody/something if a place is thronged
with people or things, there are a lot of them there: The streets
were thronged with Christmas shoppers.

● Swarm: 1 [always + adverb/preposition] if people swarm

somewhere, they go there as a large uncontrolled
crowd: Photographers were swarming around the princess.

Swarm with phrasal verb to be full of a moving crowd of people or

animals:  The museum was swarming with tourists.

15. It is difficult to conceive of the vast reserves of energy required

by top marathon runners.

● Conceive: formal to imagine a particular situation or to think

about something in a particular way
(cannot) conceive of (doing) something:
Many people can’t conceive of a dinner without meat or fish.

BOOK – page 56 – exercise 1 – 3rd question:

Text:

For most of us, war and conflict is not something we have

experienced directly, yet they have become a major part of how
we describe many aspects of our world.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, in sport we talk about attaching and

defending. A team may even lay siege to the goal, while their
opponents refuse to surrender their lead. However, similar
language is also found in health and medicine, where people
talk about battling cancer, and business, where a firm might
launch an aggressive marketing campaign. It's used in court,
where hostile witnesses and lawyers try to destroy each
other's arguments, and in politics, where governments may try
to combat poverty by targeting their efforts on certain groups,

pág. 145
and protesters (like soldiers) may march to defend rights that
are under attack.

Most of the time, we are probably unaware of these metaphors,

but some argue they have an impact on attitudes and the way
we behave in areas such as relationships, medicine and politics
— and that we should seek to express our ideas in more
constructive ways.

● Lay siege to:

(Siege: a situation in which an army or the police surround a place

and try to gain control of it or force someone to come out of it -
=cerco)

a) if the army or police lay siege to a place, they start a siege

against it:  In June 1176, King Richard laid siege to Limoges.

b) if you lay siege to someone, you do everything you can to try and
get them to talk to you: Then he set to work laying siege to her with
letters.

● Target: to make something have an effect on a particular limited

group or area:  The advertisement was designed to target a mass
audience.
Target something on/at somebody/something 
A new benefit targeted on low-income families.

SOME NOTES FROM CLASS:

 keep your shirt on  spoken used to tell someone who is becoming

angry that they should stay calm.

 Time is money used to say that wasting time or delaying

something costs money.

 Libro recomendado: “El diccionario de los sentimientos”.

pág. 146
 Subconscious: (=inconsciente) subconscious feelings, desires etc.
are hidden in your mind and affect your behaviour, but you do not
know that you have them: 
A subconscious fear of failure
—subconsciously adverb:  Subconsciously, he blames himself for
the accident.

 Subliminal: on a subliminal level. Affecting your mind in a way

that you are not conscious of: 
a subliminal message 
subliminal advertising (=with hidden messages and pictures in it)

 Can-do: informal willing to try anything and expect that it will

work: He has a wonderful can-do attitude towards work.

 Ho: colloquial version of whore.

1 a PROSTITUTE
2 not polite an offensive word for a woman or girl who you do not
respect because she is too willing to have sex with many different
people  SYN  slut.

 Moniker: a name, especially one that you choose for yourself or

give something – used humorously (=apodo)

 Make a killing informal to make a lot of money in a short time: 

He made a killing on the stock exchange. (=hacer el Agosto)

 Get away with murder informal to do anything you want, even

things that are wrong, without being punished: She lets those kids
get away with murder.

 Meme:

1) technical a type of behaviour or an idea that spreads to other

members of a group:  Some people regard religions as cultural
memes.
2) A piece of video, a joke, or something else that spreads quickly
on the Internet.

pág. 147
 Haka: a traditional Maori war dance with chanting, designed to
intimidate opponents. New Zealand rugby teams perform a version
of it before a match.
.
 A cat: female. En masculino se dice male cat.
 Male nurse: enfermero. (Rodolfo refuses to say male nurse, he
prefers to say He is a nurse)

LISTENING EXERCISES – page 57

NOTES from class:

● Stand trial: to be on trial in a court of law.

● Defendant: the person in a court of law who has been ACCUSED of

doing something illegal → plaintiff  SYN  prisoner 
American English:  We find the defendant not guilty. (=acusado)

● Wage:

To be involved in a war against someone, or a fight against

something.
Wage war (on somebody/something) The police are waging war
on drug pushers in the city.
Wage a campaign/struggle/battle etc. The council has waged a
vigorous campaign against the proposal.

Exercise 9 – page 57:

1. The two companies have been engaged in a fierce battle to

capture market share.
2. … to pass on information on marketing and pricing strategy
for the coming year.
3. He released a statement expressing regret over the affair.
4. She had been bombarded with emails and text messages of a
personal nature.
5. Campaigners have claimed victory in their battle against full-
body scanners in airports.

pág. 148
6. The scanners play a crucial role in protecting the public
from terrorism.
7. … a statue of St John of Bidshire, the multi-prize-winning
pig of a local farmer Tim Langford.
8. It stood as a proud symbol of the local produce for which
Paulston is famous.

 Market share: the PERCENTAGE of sales in a MARKET that a company

or product has.

15 – 01 - 2020

NOTES from class:

 To tone sth. down: phrasal verb to reduce the effect of

something such as a speech or piece of writing, so that people will
not be offended: His advisers told him to tone down his speech.

 To be tone-deaf: unable to hear the difference between different

musical notes.

 Recommended movie: “The Green Book”.

 Ghostwriter: someone who is paid to write a book or story for

another person, who then says it is their own work. El tecnicismo en
español es ‘un negro’; término que debería desaparecer y ser
sustituido por ‘escritor profesional’.

 Kosher:
1
a) kosher food is prepared according to Jewish law
b) kosher restaurants or shops sell food prepared in this way.

2 informal something that is kosher is honest, legal, or really what

it is claimed to be: Are you sure this offer is kosher?

pág. 149
 To have a condition: ILLNESS [countable] an illness or health
problem that affects you permanently or for a very long time: 
People  suffering from  this  condition  should not smoke.

 Finicky:

1) too concerned with unimportant details and small things that you
like or dislike  SYN   fussy:  She’s very finicky about what she eats.

2) needing to be done very carefully, while paying attention to small

details  SYN   fiddly: a finicky job.

 Naïve: not having much experience of how complicated life is, so

that you trust people too much and believe that good things will
always happen → innocent:  a naive young girl.
Jim can be so naive sometimes.

 Endearing: making someone love or like you. Endearing

qualities/traits etc. (=hacerse querer)
Shyness is one of her most endearing qualities. 
An endearing smile.

 There is a difference between emphatic and empathetic:

 Emphatic: expressing an opinion, idea etc in a clear, strong way

to show its importance: an emphatic denial. (Denial: a statement
saying that something is not true)

 Empathetic: the ability to understand other people’s feelings and

problems → sympathy empathy with/for She had great empathy
with people.

 Steven Finker: Steven Arthur Pinker  (born  September 18,

1954) is a Canadian-American cognitive psychologist, linguist,
and popular science author. He is Johnstone Family Professor in
the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, and is
known for his advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the
computational theory of mind.
pág. 150
( Es hoy cuando se hizo el ejercicio 9 de la página 57, no
el pasado día 13 de enero)

20 – 01 - 2020

NOTES from class:

● To be camera-shy: not liking to have your photograph taken.

 Youtube: “Arthur C. Clarke predicts the internet and PC”.

[Rodolfo mandó resumir esta charla en unas líneas y la

recogió]

Transcripción completa del video:

Interviewer: With that movie 2001 you projecting us into the

21st century I brought along my son Jonathan do in the year 2001
maybe the same age as I am now maybe he will be better
adjusted to this kind of world the tool to try to control.

Arthur C.: the big difference when he grows up in fact it was

wonderful way for the year 2001 said he will have in his own
house not a good as big as this but at least a console to which
you can talk to his friend look computer got all the information
needs there is everyday life with his bank statements is theatre
reservations… all the information you need in the course of living
in a complex modern society this will be in a compact form in his
own house, you’ll have a television screen like beach here and the
keyboard and you’ll talk to the computer get the information from
it and it’ll take it as much for granted as we take the telephone.

pág. 151
Interviewer: I wonder what sort of a life would have been like in
social terms if our whole life is built around the computer that we
become a computer dependent society and a computer
independent individuals.

Arthur C.: In some ways but they’ll also enrich our society
because it’ll make it possible as to live, read anywhere we like
any businessman in the executive could live comes anywhere on
earth and still do his business sir a device like this and this is a
wonderful thing. It means we wanted to be stuck in cities we’ve
got to live out in the end trees and still County on the complete
interaction with human beings as well as with other computers.

NOTES from class:

 Sewer: a pipe or passage under the ground that carries away

waste material and used water from houses, factories etc.

 Sewage system.

 Moral compass a way of recognizing what kind of behaviour is

right or wrong: Has the government lost its moral compass?

 Watchdog:

1) a person or group of people whose job is to protect the rights of

people who buy things and to make sure companies do not do
anything illegal or harmful: a  consumer watchdog.
2) old-fashioned a GUARD DOG

 Research: serious study of a subject, in order to discover new

facts or test new ideas.
Research into/on: research into the causes of cancer.

 Standing on the shoulders of giants: is a metaphor which

means "Using the understanding gained by major thinkers who
have gone before in order to make intellectual progress".

pág. 152
BOOK – page 62 – exercise 1 – VOCABULARY

1. It’s a major breakthrough [step forward] in the fight against

AIDS.

2. They basically need to address the underlying [root] cause of

the phenomenon.

3. For his homework the other day, my son had to extract

[remove] DNA from a banana.

4. They stuck [inserted] probes into the brains of rats.

5. To me, this experiment represents the thin end of the wedge

[a slippery slope].

6. Researchers undertook [carried out] the survey to establish a

link between attitudes and health.

7. The findings could pave the way for [lead to] new techniques.

8. Other scientists are yet to successfully duplicate [reproduce]

the results under laboratory conditions.

9. The lack of funding was down [due] to the radical nature of

the theory.

10. There are concerns about negative [adverse] side effects of

the procedure.

11. The study found that the genetic condition [disorder] was
more prevalent than first thought.

pág. 153
12. Scientists have created [devise] a way to detect seismic
waves before earthquakes hit.

VOCABULARY from this exercise:

 Breakthrough: an important new discovery in something you are

studying, especially one made after trying for a long time.
Breakthrough in:  Scientists have made a major  breakthrough in
the treatment of cancer.

 Step forward: an action that makes things better. The

declaration which we have just signed is a big step forward for
both of our nations.

 AIDS: (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) a very

serious disease that stops your body from defending itself against
infections, and usually causes death: 
The AIDS virus. 
Aids sufferers

 Underlying cause/principle/problem etc the cause, idea etc

that is the most important, although it is not easily noticed: 
The underlying causes of her depression. 
There is an underlying assumption  that younger workers are
easier to train.

 Stuck: the past tense and past participle of STICK.

 Stick: if a pointed object sticks into something, or if you stick it

there, it is pushed into it
stick (something) in/into/through something 
Pins stuck in a notice board. 
The boy stuck his finger up his nose.

 Probe:
1) a long thin metal instrument that doctors and scientists use to
examine parts of the body.
2) a SPACE PROBE

pág. 154
3) an INVESTIGATION in which many questions are asked to discover
the truth about something:  a police corruption probe

 The thin end of the wedge: British English  spoken an

expression meaning something that you think is the beginning of a
harmful development: 
Workers believe the job cuts are just the thin end of the wedge.

 A slippery slope: (be on) a/the slippery slope British

English informal used to talk about a process or habit that is difficult
to stop and which will develop into something extremely bad
Slippery to/towards: He is on the slippery slope to a life of crime.

 Undertake: to accept that you are responsible for a piece of work,

and start to do it
Undertake a task/a project/research/a study etc. 
Dr Johnson undertook the task of writing a comprehensive English
dictionary.

 Carry out a survey: (=llevar a cabo)

 Survey: a set of questions that you ask a large number of people

in order to find out about their opinions or behaviour → poll
carry out/conduct a survey (=do a survey) 
We conducted a survey of parents in the village.

 Pave the way for something: to make a later event or

development possible by producing the right conditions: 
The Supreme Court decision paved the way for further legislation on
civil rights.

 Lead to: to cause something to happen or cause someone to do

something.
Lead to:  the events that led to the start of the First World War.

 Funding: money that is provided by an organization for a

particular purpose: College directors have called for more
government funding.

pág. 155
 Concern: a feeling of worry about something important:
concern about/over/with: the rise of concern about the
environment. 
The growing concern over inflation 
Concern with worsening law and order

 Side effects: an effect that a drug has on your body in addition to

curing pain or illness.
Harmful/serious/adverse etc side effect.

 Devise: to plan or invent a new way of doing something: 

She devised a method for quicker communications between
offices.

LISTENING – exercise 3 – page 63

 To back for: to give financial, material or moral support to. He

had a newspaper empire backing him.

 Expressions to talk about sth. you don’t know or control:

 Be beyond somebody: to be too difficult for someone to

understand: The whole problem was quite beyond him.

 Be out of your element to be in a situation that makes you

uncomfortable or unhappy: 
She was out of her element in this dull little town.

 Be in your element to be in a situation that you enjoy, because

you are good at it: Graham was in his element, building a fire and
cooking the steaks.

● To be perfectly honest, I’m not really sure.

● It’s a bit beyond me.

Expressions in everyday English:

pág. 156
Come off it! (=Come on!) British English  spoken used to tell
someone that you do not believe what they are saying: 
Oh come off it! You can’t seriously be saying you knew nothing about
this.

It’s hardly the same thing! (=no es lo mismo)

Apparently (useful when you’re out of your deaf)
Let alone (=por no hablar de…)
They claim…
You’re joking!

22 – 01 - 2020

Exercise 214 from sheet 22-01-20 “Ambiguous sentences”.

1. The work should be completed by the end of the month.

- It can be a requirement.
- Or a reporter.

2. She burned his last letter, in which he had proposed to

her, so that no one could ever discover the truth.

- An intention.
- Results of her actions.

3. He might have realized that you were pulling his leg.

- Maybe he realized (possibility)

- He should’ve realized.

4. She left me to get on with her work.

- She left me so that I could finish her work.
- She wanted me to do all her work.

pág. 157
5. After the marathon race the runners were very tired, if
not exhausted.
- Even exhausted.
- Very tired, perhaps not exhausted.

6. Will you call on him and tell him?

- Comand (=orden)
- Do me a favour, please.

7. We felt sure they would arrive in time.

- Llegaría con tiempo suficiente para algún propósito.
- Con tiempo esto sucederá.

8. It was not well received by the public because it was a

play of ideas.

- They didn’t like it because … (for a reason: it was a play of

ideas)
- They didn’t like it because this (a play of ideas), they liked
it for other reason.

NOTES from class:

When we talk about science, for example, we can say:

- Considering my position…
- Where do you stand on this?
- I wouldn’t go that far…
- As far as I am concern… (= en lo que a mí respecta…)
- As far as I can tell…
- In this day and age: It’s incredible that such attitudes still
exist  in this day and age (=used to express disapproval that
something still exists now).
- I kind of agree…

pág. 158
Exercise from sheet 22-01-20 “Speaking”.

How far do you agree with each statements?

1. All new inventions help our civilisation to progress.

2. It’s a good thing that large companies sponsor inventors.
3. We must restrict our use of modern technology.
4. Labour-saving devices, such as washing machines and
microwaves, give us more free time.
5. Electricity is absolutely essential in today’s world.
6. We should all try to live in a simpler way.

VOCABULARY:

● Lofty: lofty ideas, beliefs, attitudes etc show high standards or

high moral qualities – use this to show approval:  lofty ideals of
equality and social justice.
We should have loftier values:
● We are car dependant.
● Dime store (tienda de chinos en U.S.A.)
● Thrift store (tienda de chinos en U.K. y U.S.A.)
● Bouncy castle (=castillo hinchable) a large object filled with air,
often shaped like a castle, that children jump on for fun.

● Gender reveal party: is a celebration during which parents,

friends and family find out the sex of a baby. This has become
possible with the increasing accuracy of various technologies
of determining the baby's sex before birth. It is a relatively new
phenomenon and distinct from a baby shower, which is a gift-giving
ceremony.
● A baby shower:  is a party of gift-giving or a ceremony that has
different names in different cultures. It celebrates the delivery or
pág. 159
expected birth of a child or the transformation of a woman into a
mother (It’s really an excuse to get free stuff)

● A house-warming party: is a party traditionally held soon after

moving into a new residence. It is an occasion for the hosts to
present their new home to their friends, post-moving, and for friends
to give gifts to furnish the new home.

● Bridal party: The bridal party is the group of people you and
your partner have chosen to fulfill traditional roles at your
wedding and be directly involved in your special day.

● A bridal shower is a gift-giving party held for a bride-to-be in

anticipation of her wedding.

● A Hen Night or Bachelorette Party (United States of America) is

a party held for a woman who is about to get married. The Hen Party
is modelled after the Stag Night,[1] which is itself historically a dinner
given by the bridegroom to his friends shortly before his wedding.

● A divorce party (also known as a divorce ceremony) is a

ceremony that celebrates the end of a marriage or civil union. They
can involve either one or both members of the separating couple.
Divorce parties have been called the final frontier in the wedding
industry complex, and often involve a toast that emphasizes the
couple beginning new chapters in their lives.

● It’s a matter of principles.

● Mockumentary: a funny film or television programme that

pretends to show real people and events, although in fact they are
not real:  a mockumentary about a fictional rock band.

● This goes up to eleven: "Up to eleven", also phrased as

"these go to eleven", is an idiom from popular culture,
coined in the 1984 movie This Is Spinal Tap, where guitarist Nigel
Tufnel proudly demonstrates an amplifier whose volume knobs
are marked from zero to eleven, instead of the usual zero to ten.

● Shelter life: to have a life in which you are protected too

much and experience very little danger, excitement, or change:
Until going to college, she had led a very sheltered life.
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● The “snowplow parent” is defined as a person who
constantly forces obstacles out of their kids' paths. They have
their eye on the future success of their child, and anyone or
anything that stands in their way has to be removed.

● Helicopter Parent: the ‘hovering’ and overprotective parent

falls into the snowplow or bulldoze camp, as he or she takes an
excessive interest in their child's life and tries to oversee every
area — especially academics — from overhead.

Exercise 2 from BOOK - page 66

VOCABULARY – Statistics

1. Contrary to popular belief, the latest statistics show crime

has been falling and not getting worse, as some
newspapers suggest.
2. The research they carried out is fundamentally flawed.
The sample group wasn’t chosen at random – they were
self-selected.
3. Because a number of variables weren’t covered by the
data, it’s difficult to establish a causal link between gaming
and bad behaviour.
4. There is conflicting evidence. Some data shows a
correlation, some doesn’t.
5. The data showed a negative correlation between income
and birth rate: the richer the country, the lower the birth
rate.
6. The research didn’t come up with the ‘right’ result so the
company twisted the figures to suit its own ends.
7. As it’s the run-up to the election, the government has a
vested interest in removing people from the
unemployment figures.
8. The figures don’t stand up to scrutiny when you look at
them closely. They’re full of holes.

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 9. It’s too early to say if these two figures are part of a new
upward trend or whether they are a statistical anomaly.

Exercise 8 from BOOK - page 67

Complete the stories with the correct form (active or

passive) of the verbs.

1) Whenever heavy snow fell (fall), a journalist

would call the headquarters of the traffic police and

ask how many car crashes _

had been reported (report). The

news would then lead / be led _(lead) with a story like:

`Two feet of snow was dumped _

(dump) on the South

today, causing huge traffic jams and 28 accidents.'

One day, the journalist asked how many crashes were typical for
clear sunny days. The answer? 48!

2) A study (which was) published _(publish) in a child education

journal found_(find) that toddlers in pre-school

were more aggressive than kids who were kept/had been kept

(keep) at home with Mum. The kids were observed over six
months from their third birthday and `aggression' was defined
(define) as stealing toys, pushing other children and starting fights.

3) A small study conducted after motorcyclists were forced

(force) by law to wear helmets discovered that the actual number of
injuries (which were) treated (treat) in hospital leapt suddenly.

4) Last year, an online magazine on ecological topics conducted a

poll that revealed (reveal) that 85% of people felt that rules around
experiments (which are) conducted (conduct) on live animals
ought to be tightened (tighten).

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5) The government claimed that, as a result of their policies, the
murder rate in the city was reduced (reduce) by 30% in just
eight years, falling from 130 a year at the beginning of the period
to just 91 last year.

29 – 01 - 2020

Notes:

● He broke the news to me. (he told me some bad news)

● Instead of ‘He’s always having accidents’ we can say:

- He’s prone to have accidents.
- He tends to have accidents.

● To fund public school or to fund the school system.

(to provide money for an activity, organization, event etc.)

● On the go (=sobre la marcha)

● Takeout: a meal that you buy at a restaurant to eat at

home  SYN  takeaway  British English.

● English (US) coffee to go means that you aren't going to stay

at the cafe and need it to travel somewhere such as a job for
example so then it's called a to go coffee because you won't be
staying

● Get down phrasal verb MAKE SOMEBODY SAD get somebody

down to make someone feel unhappy and tired: His lack of social
life was beginning to get him down.

● Weird out  phrasal verb informal: if something weirds you out, it

is so strange that it makes you feel uncomfortable or worried.

● Gross out phrasal verb American English  spoken to make

someone wish they had not seen or been told about something

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because it is so unpleasant  SYN   disgust: His dirty fingernails really
gross me out.

● A bummer  informal a situation that is disappointing or

annoying: It was a real bummer being ill on holiday.

● Blissed out: extremely happy and relaxed, especially as a result

of using illegal drugs: blissed-out partygoers.
—bliss out  verb [intransitive]

● Creep out phrasal verb  informal: to make someone feel nervous,

uncomfortable, and slightly frightened: He's always staring at me - it
creeps me out!

● Drag down  phrasal verb to make someone feel unhappy and

weak:  Joe’s been ill for weeks now – it’s really dragging him down.

● Look down on phrasal verb to think that you are better than
someone else, for example because you are more successful, or of a
higher social class than they are:  Mr Garcia looks down on anyone
who hasn’t had a college education.

● Turn out  phrasal verb to happen in a particular way, or to have a

particular result, especially one that you did not expect.
Turn out well/badly/fine etc  It was a difficult time, but
eventually things turned out all right.
It turns out (that)  It turned out that I was wrong. 
As it turned out (=used to say what happened in the end), he
passed the exam quite easily.
Turn out to be something That guy turned out to be Maria’s
second cousin.

● Bitch: informal an insulting word for a woman that you dislike or

think is unpleasant – also used humorously between friends: The
silly bitch went and told the police.

● Bitchy: unkind and unpleasant about other people  SYN  catty: a

bitchy remark. 
She can be really bitchy sometimes.

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● Toe curling: making you feel very embarrassed:  There’s a toe-
curling scene in the film where he keeps accidentally offending his
girlfriend’s parents.

● Hogwash: stupid or untrue talk  SYN  nonsense, rubbish: That’s

a load of hogwash!

Exercise from sheet 29-01-20 “Vocabulary Builder Quiz 2”.

Download the Vocabulary Builder for Unit 2 and try the quiz
below. Write your answers in your notebook. Then check them
and record your score.

1 Complete the sentences with the correct particles.

1 Show your mother some respect and stop answering back.

2 She really drags you down. She's awful!

3 They sounded out the boss about their product idea.

4 They had a dreadful row, but don't worry — it'll soon blow over.

5 They look down on her just because she didn't go to private school.
What snobs!

6 To my surprise, things turned out well.

7 Always stand up for what you believe in.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word

in brackets.

1 That was an awful thing to say to her! Don't be so bitchy!

(bitch)

2 I'm sick and tired of covering for his incompetence. He's just
not up it. (incompetent)

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3 He got all snobbish about staying in a hostel, and said he'd prefer a
hotel. (snob)

4 I'm sorry but it's a principle I'm not willing to compromise on. (will)

5 What got me was the intensity of her outburst. She was so angry!
(intense)

● Outburst: something you say suddenly that expresses a strong

emotion, especially anger:  He later apologized for his outburst.
Emotional/violent/angry outburst:  his father’s violent outbursts
of temper.
Outburst of: an outburst of anger.

10 – 02 - 2020

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