DATABASE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM[DBMS]
LABORATORY MANUAL
[BCS403-Integrated]
B.E
(II YEAR-2022 scheme – IV SEM)
(2023‐2024)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING in AIML
DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & MACHINE LEARNING

VIJAYA VITTALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to VTU, Belguam, Approved by AICTE ‐ Accredited by
NAAC – ‘A’ Grade ‐ ISO 9001:2015 Certified)
Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology
#35/1,Dodda Gubbi Post,Hennur-Bagalur Road,Bangalore, India
 Experiment 1
Create a table called Employee & execute the following.
Employee (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION)
1. Create a user and grant all permissions to the user.
2. Insert the any three records in the employee table contains
attributes, EMPNO, ENAME JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL,
COMMISSION and use rollback.
Check the result.
3. Add primary key constraint and not null constraint to the employee table
4. Insert null values to the employee table and verify the result.

Solution Experiment 1:
Create a table called Employee & execute the following.
Employee (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION)
CREATE TABLE Employee (
EMPNO INT,
ENAME VARCHAR(100),
JOB VARCHAR(50),
MANAGER_NO INT,
SAL DECIMAL(10, 2),
COMMISSION DECIMAL(10, 2),
);

Question 1
1. Create a user and grant all permissions to the user.
Solution

For MySQL:

1. Create a new user:

MYSQL>CREATE USER 'newuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

Replace 'newuser' with the desired username and 'password' with a strong password for the user.

2. Grant all permissions to the new user:

MYSQL>GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'newuser'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;

This command grants all privileges on all databases and tables ( *.*) to the new user. The

WITH GRANT OPTION allows the new user to grant permissions to other users.

3.Flush the privileges to ensure that the changes take effect:

MYSQL>FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

For Oracle:

1. Create a new user:

SQL>CREATE USER newuser IDENTIFIED BY password;

Replace newuser with the desired username and password with a strong password for the user.

2.Grant all permissions to the new user:

SQL>GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES TO newuser;

Question 2:
2. Insert the any three records in the employee table contains attributes, EMPNO,
ENAME JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL,COMMISSION and use rollback.
Solution
To insert records into the Employee table and demonstrate the use of ROLLBACK, follow
these steps in SQL. I'll show you how to insert three records and then roll back the
transaction, which undoes the inserts.

Insert Records and Rollback in SQL

1. Start a transaction: Begin a transaction to group the insert operations.

2. Insert records: Add three records into the Employee table.
3. Rollback: Roll back the transaction to undo the inserts.

Here’s how you can do this in SQL:

-- Start a transaction
SQL>START TRANSACTION;

-- Insert three records into the Employee table

SQL>INSERT INTO Employee (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MANAGER_NO,
SAL, COMMISSION) VALUES
(101, 'John Doe', 'Manager', 101, 75000, 5000),
(102, 'Jane Smith', 'Developer', 102, 60000, 3000),
(103, 'Sam Brown', 'Analyst', 103, 55000, 2000);

-- Rollback the transaction

SQL>ROLLBACK;

Question 3:
3. Add primary key constraint and not null constraint to the employee table
Solution:
SQL>CREATE TABLE Employee (
 EMPNO INT PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
JOB VARCHAR(50),
MANAGER_NO INT,
SAL DECIMAL(10, 2),
COMMISSION DECIMAL(10, 2),
FOREIGN KEY (MANAGER_NO) REFERENCES Employee(EMPNO)
);
Question 4
4. Insert null values to the employee table and verify the result.
Solution:
To insert NULL values into the Employee table for certain columns, you can simply omit those
columns from the INSERT statement, or explicitly insert NULL where needed. Here's how you
can do it:

Inserting NULL Values into the Employee Table

-- Inserting NULL values for the MANAGER_NO and COMMISSION columns

SQL>INSERT INTO Employee (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL) VALUES
(104, 'Alice Johnson', 'Assistant', 45000),
(105, 'Bob Roberts', 'Intern', 30000, NULL);

-- Displaying the contents of the Employee table

SQL>SELECT * FROM Employee;

Explanation for above:

1. Inserting Records:

 For EMPNO 104, ENAME 'Alice Johnson', JOB 'Assistant', and SAL 45000
are provided. Since MANAGER_NO and COMMISSION are not provided,
they will be inserted as NULL.
 For EMPNO 105, ENAME 'Bob Roberts', JOB 'Intern', and SAL 30000 are
provided. Additionally, MANAGER_NO is not provided and will default to
NULL. COMMISSION is explicitly set to NULL.

Experiment 2
 Create a table called Employee that contain attributes EMPNO,ENAME,JOB,
MGR,SAL & execute the following.
1. Add a column commission with domain to the Employee table.
2. Insert any five records into the table.
3. Update the column details of job
4. Rename the column of Employ table using alter command.
5. Delete the employee whose Empno is 105.

First step create an Employee table,

SQL>CREATE TABLE Employee (
EMPNO INT PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME VARCHAR(255),
JOB VARCHAR(255),
MGR INT,
SAL DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
Question 1:
1. Add a column commission with domain to the Employee table.
Solution:
To add a new column named COMMISSION to the existing Employee table with a specified
domain, you can use the ALTER TABLE statement in SQL. Here's how you can do it:

SQL>ALTER TABLE Employee ADD COMMISSION DECIMAL(10, 2);

SQL>Describe Employee;
Question 2:
2. Insert any five records into the table.
Solution:
SQL>INSERT INTO Employee (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, SAL,
COMMISSION) VALUES (101, 'John Doe', 'Manager', NULL, 50000, 2000),
(102, 'Jane Smith', 'Developer', 1, 40000, 1500),
(103, 'Alice Johnson', 'Analyst', 1, 45000, NULL),
(104, 'Bob Roberts', 'Assistant', 2, 35000, 1000),
(105, 'Emily Brown', 'Intern', 2, 30000, 500);

Question 3:
3.Update the column details of job
Solution:
SQL>UPDATE Employee
SET JOB = 'Senior Developer'
WHERE EMPNO = 2;
SQL>UPDATE Employee
SET JOB = 'Executive Assistant'
WHERE EMPNO = 4;
SQL>UPDATE Employee
SET JOB = 'Junior Developer'
WHERE EMPNO = 5;

SQL>Select * from Employee;

Question 4:
4. Rename the column of Employ table using alter command.
Solution:
SQL>ALTER TABLE Employee RENAME COLUMN MGR TO
MANAGER_NO
SQL>ALTER TABLE Employee RENAME COLUMN ENAME TO
EMP_NAME;
SQL>Describe Employee;
Question 5:
5.Delete the employee whose Empno is 105.
SQL>DELETE FROM Employee WHERE EMPNO = 105;
SQL> Select * from Employee;

Experiment 3
 Queries using aggregate functions(COUNT,AVG,MIN,MAX,SUM),Group by,
Orderby. Employee(E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)
1. Create Employee table containing all Records E_id, E_name, Age, Salary.
2. Count number of employee names from employee table
3. Find the Maximum age from employee table.
4. Find the Minimum age from employee table.
5. Find salaries of employee in Ascending Order.
6. Find grouped salaries of employees.

First step create an Employee table as Employee(E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)

Question 1:
1. Create Employee table containing all Records E_id, E_name, Age, Salary.
Solution:
SQL>CREATE TABLE Employee (
E_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
E_name VARCHAR(255),
Age INT,
Salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
SQL>INSERT INTO Employee (E_id, E_name, Age, Salary) VALUES
(1, 'John Doe', 30, 50000.00),
(2, 'Jane Smith', 28, 60000.00),
(3, 'Alice Johnson', 35, 70000.00),
(4, 'Bob Roberts', 32, 55000.00),
(5, 'Emily Brown', 27, 48000.00);

Question 2:
2. Count number of employee names from employee table
Solution:
To count the number of employee names from the Employee table, you can use the COUNT()
function in SQL. Here's how you can do it:

SQL>SELECT COUNT(E_name) AS TotalEmployees FROM Employee;

This SQL query will count the number of non-null values in the E_name column of the Employee
table and alias the result as TotalEmployees.

If you want to count all rows regardless of whether E_name is null or not, you can use:

SQL>SELECT COUNT(*) AS TotalEmployees FROM Employee;

Question 3:
3. Find the Maximum age from employee table.
Solution:
SQL>SELECT MAX(Age) AS MaximumAge FROM Employee;

Question 4:
4. Find the Minimum age from employee table.
Solution:
SQL> SELECT MIN(Age) AS MinimumAge FROM Employee;

Question 5:
5. Find salaries of employee in Ascending Order.
Solution:
Ascending Order
SQL> SELECT E_id, E_name, Salary FROM Employee ORDER BY Salary
ASC;
Descending Order
SQL>SELECT E_id, E_name, Salary FROM Employee ORDER BY Salary
DESC;
Question 6:
6. Find grouped salaries of employees.
Solution:
SQL>SELECT Salary, COUNT(*) AS NumEmployees FROM Employee GROUP
BY Salary;
This SQL query will count the number of employees ( NumEmployees) for each unique salary
(Salary) value in the Employee table.
 Experiment 4
Create a row level trigger for the customers table that would fire for INSERT or
UPDATE or DELETE operations performed on the CUSTOMERS table. This
trigger will display the salary difference between the old & new Salary.
CUSTOMERS (ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY)

Step 1
Create CUSTOMERS Table- CUSTOMERS (ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS,
SALARY)
SQL>CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS (
ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
NAME VARCHAR(255),
AGE INT,
ADDRESS VARCHAR(255),
SALARY DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
SQL>DESC CUSTOMERS;
Question:
Create a row level trigger for the customers table that would fire for INSERT or
UPDATE or DELETE operations performed on the CUSTOMERS table. This
trigger will display the salary difference between the old & new Salary.
Solution:
DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER salary_difference_trigger
AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON CUSTOMERS
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DECLARE old_salary DECIMAL(10, 2);
DECLARE new_salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
IF (OLD.SALARY IS NOT NULL AND NEW.SALARY IS NOT NULL) THEN
SET old_salary = OLD.SALARY;
SET new_salary = NEW.SALARY;
IF (old_salary <> new_salary) THEN
SELECT CONCAT('Salary difference: $', ABS(new_salary - old_salary))
 AS 'Salary Difference'
FROM DUAL;
END IF;
END IF;
END;
//
DELIMITER ;

Explanation of above program:

 DELIMITER //: Changes the delimiter to // so that the entire trigger definition can
be included in a single SQL statement.
 CREATE TRIGGER salary_difference_trigger : Starts the definition of the trigger
named salary_difference_trigger .
 AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON CUSTOMERS : Specifies that the trigger
should fire after INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operations on the CUSTOMERS
table.
 FOR EACH ROW: Indicates that the trigger should be executed once for each row
affected by the operation.
 BEGIN ... END: Encloses the body of the trigger.
 DECLARE old_salary DECIMAL(10, 2); and DECLARE new_salary DECIMAL(10, 2); :
Declares variables to store the old and new salary values.
 The IF statement checks if both the old and new salary values are not NULL.
 If the old and new salaries are different, it calculates the absolute difference
between them and displays the result using a SELECT statement.
 FROM DUAL;: Used in MySQL to execute expressions without selecting data from
any table.
 DELIMITER ;: Resets the delimiter back to semicolon.

This trigger will display the salary difference whenever a row is inserted, updated, or
deleted in the CUSTOMERS table. Adjust the data types and lengths as needed based on
your requirements.
 Experiment 5
Create cursor for Employee table & extract the values from the table. Declare the
variables, Open the cursor & extract the values from the cursor. Close the cursor.
Employee(E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)

Step 1
Create Employee Table- Employee(E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)
SQL>CREATE TABLE Employee (
E_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
E_name VARCHAR(255),
Age INT,
Salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);

Question:

Create cursor for Employee table & extract the values from the table. Declare the
variables, Open the cursor & extract the values from the cursor. Close the cursor.

Solution:

-- Declare variables
SQL>DECLARE emp_id INT;
DECLARE emp_name VARCHAR(255);
DECLARE emp_age INT;
DECLARE emp_salary DECIMAL(10, 2);

-- Declare cursor for Employee table

DECLARE emp_cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT E_id, E_name, Age, Salary
FROM Employee;

-- Open the cursor

OPEN emp_cursor;

-- Loop to fetch values from the cursor

FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_id, emp_name, emp_age, emp_salary;
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0 DO
-- Output the values
SELECT CONCAT('Employee ID: ', emp_id) AS Employee_Info;
SELECT CONCAT('Employee Name: ', emp_name) AS Employee_Info;
SELECT CONCAT('Employee Age: ', emp_age) AS Employee_Info;
SELECT CONCAT('Employee Salary: ', emp_salary) AS Employee_Info;

-- Fetch next row

FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_id, emp_name, emp_age, emp_salary;
END WHILE;

-- Close the cursor

CLOSE emp_cursor;

Explanation for the above:

 DECLARE: This keyword is used to declare variables and cursors.

 emp_cursor: This cursor is declared to fetch records from the Employee table.
 FETCH emp_cursor INTO ...: This statement fetches the next row of data from
the cursor into the specified variables.
 @@FETCH_STATUS: This system variable returns the status of the last fetch
operation. It will be 0 if the fetch is successful.
 WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0 DO ... END WHILE: This loop iterates over each
row fetched by the cursor.
 CLOSE emp_cursor: This statement closes the cursor after fetching all the
required data.
 Experiment 6
Write a PL/SQL block of code using parameterized Cursor, that will merge the data
available in the newly created table N_RollCall with the data available in the table
O_RollCall. If the data in the first table already exist in the second table then that
data should be skipped.

here's a PL/SQL block of code using a parameterized cursor to merge data from the
N_RollCall table into the O_RollCall table:

SQL>DECLARE
v_n_id N_RollCall.ID%TYPE;
v_n_name N_RollCall.Name%TYPE;
v_n_status N_RollCall.Status%TYPE;
v_exists BOOLEAN;

CURSOR n_cursor IS
SELECT ID, Name, Status
FROM N_RollCall;
BEGIN
-- Open the cursor
OPEN n_cursor;

-- Loop through each row in the cursor

LOOP
-- Fetch the next row
FETCH n_cursor INTO v_n_id, v_n_name, v_n_status;
EXIT WHEN n_cursor%NOTFOUND;

-- Check if the data exists in O_RollCall

SELECT COUNT(*)
INTO v_exists
FROM O_RollCall
WHERE ID = v_n_id;

-- If the data does not exist, insert it into O_RollCall

IF v_exists = 0 THEN
INSERT INTO O_RollCall (ID, Name, Status)
VALUES (v_n_id, v_n_name, v_n_status);
END IF;
END LOOP;
 -- Close the cursor
CLOSE n_cursor;
END;
/

Explanation for the above:

 We declare variables to store the data retrieved from the N_RollCall table (v_n_id,
v_n_name, v_n_status), as well as a boolean variable ( v_exists) to check if the data
already exists in O_RollCall.
 We define a cursor ( n_cursor) to select data from the N_RollCall table.
 We open the cursor to start fetching data.
 We loop through each row in the cursor.
 Inside the loop, we fetch the data from the cursor into the variables.
 We check if the data with the same ID already exists in the O_RollCall table. If it
does not exist ( v_exists = 0), we insert the data into the O_RollCall table.
 After processing all rows, we close the cursor.
 Experiment 7
Install an Open Source NoSQL Data base MangoDB & perform basic
CRUD(Create, Read,Update & Delete) operations. Execute MangoDB basic
Queries using CRUD operations.

Step 1: Install MongoDB

Windows:
1. Download the MongoDB installer from the MongoDB Download Center.
2. Run the installer and follow the installation wizard.
3. MongoDB will be installed in the C:\Program Files\MongoDB\Server\<version> directory by
default.

Step 2: Start MongoDB Server

After installing MongoDB, you need to start the MongoDB server. Here's how you can
do it:

Windows:

1. Open Command Prompt as an administrator.

2. Navigate to the MongoDB installation directory's bin folder. For example:

cd C:\Program Files\MongoDB\Server\<version>\bin
3.Run the mongod command to start the MongoDB server.

Step 3: Connect to MongoDB

1. Open a new Terminal or Command Prompt window.

2. Run the following command to connect to MongoDB:

Mongo

Step 4: Perform Basic CRUD Operations

Create (Insert):
To insert documents into a collection, you can use the insertOne() or
insertMany() method.

// Insert a single document

db.collection.insertOne({ name: "John", age: 30 });

// Insert multiple documents

db.collection.insertMany([
{ name: "Jane", age: 25 },
{ name: "Alice", age: 35 }
]);
Read (Find):
To retrieve documents from a collection, you can use the find()
method.

// Find all documents in the collection

db.collection.find();
// Find documents that match a specific condition
db.collection.find({ name: "John" });
Update:
To update documents in a collection, you can use the updateOne() or
updateMany() method.

// Update a single document

db.collection.updateOne({ name: "John" }, { $set: { age: 31 } });
// Update multiple documents
db.collection.updateMany({ age: { $lt: 30 } }, { $set: { status: "Young" } });
Delete:
To delete documents from a collection, you can use the deleteOne() or
deleteMany() method.

// Delete a single document

db.collection.deleteOne({ name: "John" });

// Delete multiple documents

db.collection.deleteMany({ age: { $gte: 30 } });

Step 5: Exit MongoDB Shell

To exit the MongoDB shell, simply type exit and press Enter.
That's it! You've installed MongoDB and performed basic CRUD operations. You
can now explore more advanced features and functionalities of MongoDB as
needed.

Some MongoDB Commands to Know

Check the Current Database

To check the current database you are using, you can use the db command:

db
This command will display the name of the current database.

View Collections

To view the collections in the current database, you can use the show collections
command:

show collections
This command will list all collections in the current database.

Find Documents

To view the documents in a collection, you can use the find() method:

db.collectionName.find()
Replace collectionName with the name of the collection you want to query. For example, if you
inserted documents into a collection named employees, you can use:

db.employees.find()

Query Specific Documents

To query specific documents based on certain criteria, you can use the find() method
with a query condition:

db.collectionName.find({ criteria })
Replace collectionName with the name of the collection and criteria with the query condition. For
example, to find documents where the name field is "John":

db.employees.find({ name: "John" })