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Open University Press
McGraw-Hill Education
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part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Details of such
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Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
ISBN-13: 978-0-335-24338-9
ISBN-10: 0-33-524339-X
eISBN: 978-0-335-24339-6
Fictitious names of companies, products, people, characters and/or data that may be used herein (in case
studies or in examples) are not intended to represent any real individual, company, product or event.
Dedicated to the memory of Judith Bell: 1929–2015
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Glossary
References
Index
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Glossary
References
Index
Judith Margaret Bell, MBE, PhD was born in Nottinghamshire in September
1929.
Judith went to a primary school near her home. She passed the exam to attend
Brincliffe Girls School, where she learned shorthand and typing, skills that she
used throughout her life. Subsequently, Judith left school to work on the local
market. She also attended the local college in Nottingham to learn French and
Spanish. Judith then went to Manchester University to develop her love of
languages further. She spent a year at Madrid University, shortly after the
Spanish Government had opened its borders at the end of the Civil War. Her
fellow students were Spanish and so Judith’s fluency improved dramatically!
On returning to England, Judith was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to spend
time at the University of Madison in Wisconsin. While in the United States, she
visited Mexico and Machu Picchu in Peru. Judith taught Spanish and completed
a Master’s in Spanish before returning to England, having made many new
friends, some of whom visited England with a choir to sing in English churches.
Judith’s first job back in England was to teach shorthand and typing in Hull.
She moved to Ilkeston College in Derbyshire where she became Head of
Department of Languages, Catering and General Studies before being promoted
to Vice Principal of the College and then Acting Principal. While at Ilkeston
College, Judith completed a PhD at Nottingham University.
She then moved to Sheffield University, before working for the Open
University in Manchester. She wrote several course books for the Open
University, the best known of which is Doing Your Research Project , first
published in 1987. Doing Your Research Project has sold over 300,000 copies
and has been translated into seven languages.
Judith went on to work for Her Majesty’s Inspectorate in the Further
Education sector. She was awarded an Open University doctorate in 1997 and an
MBE in the same year.
Judith also held honorary professorships at the Universities of Lancaster,
Warwick, Leeds and Nottingham, as well as assisting with the development of
universities in Australia.
Judith Bell passed away in February 2015.
Fred Bell
March 2018
As Fred Bell’s Foreword explains, Judith Bell sadly died after the sixth edition
of Doing Your Research Project was published. It has been my privilege to have
known Judith since being taught by her on an Open University Educational
Management course in 1984 and subsequently collaborating on the first edition
of what has become one of the best-selling texts for first-time researchers. I
know that Judith would want me to continue to acknowledge friends, colleagues
and former research students who gave her their support to overcome the
inevitable challenges that accompany writing and updating a book of this nature.
Brendan Duffy , an exceptional former student of Judith’s, wrote Chapter 8 ,
‘The analysis of documentary evidence’, included in this and earlier editions.
Following extensive experience as a teacher and Deputy Head at various
educational levels, as well as contributions to teaching economic history,
educational management and history at the University of Salford and the Open
University, Brendan Duffy, PhD continues to publish academic articles on
nineteenth-century British history.
Brendan first met Judith Bell as his tutor for the Advanced Diploma in
Educational Management at the Open University. She became a friend who
proved to be a great source of inspiration and encouragement throughout his
educational career. After she invited him to collaborate with her, he found it a
great pleasure to contribute from the very start and throughout the subsequent
editions of Doing Your Research Project .
Thanks go to Gilbert Fan , Singaporean-based former postgraduate student of
the University of Sheffield, who permitted Judith to quote parts of his MEd
literature review in Chapter 7 and to John Richardson and Alan Woodley ,
both of the UK Open University, who gave Judith permission to quote from their
journal article, ‘Another look at the role of age, gender and subject as predictors
of academic attainment in higher education’ (Richardson and Woodley 2003).
Judith also acknowledged the contributions of two friends, Jan Gray , who
provided the narrative inquiry sections in Chapter 2 , and Katie Waterhouse ,
who supplied the ‘The top ten guide to searching the Internet checklist’ in
Chapter 6 . Her thanks to you both.
In Judith’s experience, good librarians generally know everything about most
things and so she ‘persuaded’ Richard Pears , co-author of Cite Them Right
(Pears and Shields 2013) and then faculty support librarian at Durham
University library, to read and comment on Chapter 6 (‘Literature searching’)
when she drafted it for the fifth edition. He commented in great detail and also
brought her up to date about online search facilities in libraries – and a great deal
more.
Fred Bell took on the boring task of reading all the scripts and checking that
the figures, tables, graphs and the like matched the texts. Judith described how
he winced at what he regarded as some of her oversimplifications and
‘unscientific’ language, and how she learnt which of his complaints and
objections to ignore and which to accept with gratitude.
Judith also expressed her gratitude to Michael Youngman , formerly of the
University of Nottingham, who devised the question types in Chapter 10 , which
have eased the burden of many research students in the early days of designing
surveys and interpreting the results. The generous assistance and support he
invariably gave to many struggling PhD students, including Judith, made the
difference between their dropping out altogether and actually finishing.
Judith always enjoyed Chris Madden ’s mazes, which appeared on the front
cover of the first to the fifth editions of this book. Judith acknowledged Clare
Wood , whose interpretation of the research maze stayed true to Chris’s original
concept in the sixth edition and now in the seventh edition. Judith would often
smile at the pictures of distraught researchers going down blind alleys, attacking
their laptops, losing patience and wondering why they ever started on the
research in the first place. ‘Yes’, she would say, ‘been there; done that!’
However, the overall image is of students who managed to negotiate the maze
and, having overcome the difficulties experienced by all researchers, are seen to
be leaving it deliriously happy, in academic gowns, holding their diplomas above
their heads, throwing their mortarboards in the air and setting out on new
journeys to do more and even better research. The book would not be the same
without the maze.
Nor could this seventh edition have been produced without all of your support
and encouragement. To you all, our grateful thanks.
• Chapter introductions provide ‘at a glance’ lists of the key concepts and new
ideas you will come across when you read each chapter.
• Dead End!’ boxes highlight potential risks or research problems, to help you to
avoid the common pitfalls that can lead you down blind alleys in the research
maze.
• Key terms boxes appear in each chapter linked to a glossary, providing you
with a guide to core concepts and research vocabu1ary.
• Checklists are placed at the end of all chapters, reminding you of best research
practice and helping you work through the research process step by step.
• Further reading sections provide ‘jumping off’ points to extend your learning
about research methods and techniques.
• Comprehensive references provide further sources that will prove invaluable to
you as you progress through your project and develop your skills as an
academic researcher.
Regardless of the topic or your discipline, the problems facing you will be
much the same. You will need to select a topic, identify the objectives of your
study, plan and design a suitable methodology, devise research instruments,
negotiate access to institutions, materials and people, collect, analyse and present
information, and, finally, produce a well-written report. Whatever the size of the
undertaking, techniques have to be mastered and a plan of action devised that
does not attempt more than the limitations of expertise, time and access permit.
Large-scale research projects will require sophisticated techniques, maybe
even statistical analysis, but it is quite possible to produce a worthwhile study
with a minimum of statistical knowledge. We all learn how to do research by
actually doing it, but a great deal of time can be wasted and goodwill dissipated
by inadequate preparation.
This book aims to provide you with the tools to do the job, to help you to
avoid some of the pitfalls and time-consuming false trails that can eat into your
time allowance, to establish good research habits and to take you from the stage
of selecting a topic through to the production of a well-planned,
methodologically sound and well-written final report or thesis – ON TIME.
There is, after all, little point in doing all the work if you never manage to
submit!
No book can take the place of a good supervisor but, if you can familiarize
yourself with basic approaches and techniques, you will be able to make full use
of your tutorial time for priority issues.
PART I
Chapter 3 looks at planning and structuring your research and how you might
make notes during this process. While writing the report seems a long way off
right now, it is important to be able to visualize how the report will be organized
and to appreciate how it might look when completed. As you will see, there is
far less variation in the format of research reports than you might think, and
understanding how you should present your research is important from the
outset.
Ethical considerations are reviewed in Chapter 4 . Even experienced
researchers begin with the best of intentions, but they sometimes come across
ethical issues they failed to see or appreciate. The issues of anonymity and
confidentiality are examined, and Stephen Waters explains how his intention that
the participants in his insider study of his own institution should remain
anonymous was undermined by his lack of foresight when the report was written
up. Luckily, the research report was not adversely affected and participants
kindly overlooked what could have been a potential problem, as their identities
were unintentionally revealed. We would rather you do not depend on luck but
avoid such problems occurring in the first place.
Part I also devotes a significant amount of space to how you manage
information, how you organize references and avoid plagiarism – using other
people’s words and ideas as your own. It asks important questions about whether
you will understand notes you have made today in the future. Even if you have a
good memory, will you really be able to go back to a specific page in a book to
retrieve a quotation that you have forgotten to write out in full? The answer is
almost certainly that you will not, and so it is important to get into the habit of
making detailed notes from the start – on everything, even if you think you will
never use it. While careful note-taking is time-consuming, it will save hours,
perhaps days, of work later in your research when you would otherwise have to
retrace your steps before setting out on your research journey again.
Whatever your research topic, it is highly unlikely that you will be the first
person to have researched the area, although the specific focus of your research
may be original (and if you are a PhD student, this will be essential). Chapters 6
and 7 concentrate on how to find relevant literature on your research topic and
how you should go about writing a review of the literature you find. This will
help you to put your research in the context of previous investigations and will
enable you to compare your findings with those of researchers who have gone
before you. A literature review should also give you a valuable insight into the
advantages and disadvantages of previous research, enabling you to build on
researchers’ successes and helping you to avoid similar problems.
I do not claim to be able to offer you an untroubled path through the research
maze. Nevertheless, I hope that this book will be a useful guide along the way.
However challenging your research journey, I know what a great learning
experience it is and how immensely rewarding completing a research project can
be. I wish you well as you set out on your journey.
1 The Researcher and the
Research Journey
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 invites you to set out on your research journey. It considers what it means to carry out
research and explores the roles and responsibilities that you will accept. It invites you to consider the
difference between roles that are explicit and roles that you might be asked to perform by your
participants. It prompts you to anticipate how you would overcome the challenges of being expected to
undertake ‘unintentional’ roles. In this chapter, you will find:
• A suggestion that undertaking research for the first time is like a journey: the more you can plan for it
and anticipate twists and turns, the more likely it is that you will avoid detours and reach your
destination on time.
• An explanation of what it means to carry out research.
• A discussion about what it means to adopt the role of a researcher.
• The ‘intentional’ and ‘unintentional’ roles of a researcher.
• The responsibilities of carrying out research.
Key terms
The following key terms are highlighted on the pages shown. You will find a definition for each
term in the glossary at the back of the book.
Research 10 Role: Intentional 14
Hypothesis 11 Role: Unintentional 16
Researcher Development Framework 12 Responsibility (of the researcher) 18
The research journey
‘ If you don’t know where you’re going, any road will get you there.’
Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
Wherever you are reading this page, you made a journey to get here. Unless
something unexpected happened and you are taking a journey you hadn’t
anticipated or you have ended up at an unintended location, you knew how to get
to your destination. Your journey may have included several stages and different
forms of transport. If the journey was unfamiliar, you might have used Google
maps to help you reach your destination. If so, you would know how long the
journey would take and the landmarks you would pass en route. However you
made that journey, you were responsible for making the decisions that led to
where you are now.
You might well be asking, ‘Yes . . . but what has this to do with research? I
don’t have much time. I just want to get going! The sooner I start, the sooner I’ll
finish!’ This is understandable. We all have busy lives and competing demands
that take up our time. But just like a physical journey, your journey through your
research project, from deciding on your topic, to writing a research brief or
proposal, to gathering data, to analysis, to arriving at the final stage of writing
up, needs to be planned if you are to reach your destination – a completed report,
submitted on time. Many hours will be saved if, before you set out on your
research journey, you have mapped out a step-by-step route, with dates by which
each stage is to be completed. This book will be your guide along the way.
Lewis Carroll’s indisputable logic at the head of this chapter is a humorous
but apt warning that we need to know where we are going to be able to plan our
route and avoid aimless wandering. There is of course a place for travelling
without a destination and allowing experiences to shape our journey.
Backpacking is a wonderful way to see the world, as well as to expand our
knowledge and shape who we are. But when we take on the role of a researcher,
what we will learn and our ultimate success rely on a detailed road map, based
on the experience of those who have travelled along the route before us.
On page 4, you will find a flowchart of your research journey, with each stage
connected to the one after it by a breadcrumb trail. You can find information
about the topics identified in each stage at the head of each chapter in the book.
The number of the relevant chapter is identified below the text in each stage. As
the aim of Doing Your Research Project is to provide an easy-to-read guide to
the process of conducting and writing up a research study, I would strongly
advise you to read through the whole book before starting out on your project. If
you have read through the book, you can then revisit each stage before
embarking on it. If time does not allow for this or you are anxious to get going,
you must at least read the chapter or chapters linked to each stage in advance of
tackling it. Some researchers have found it useful to re-create the flowchart on
page 4 in digital format and to shade the boxes as they are completed. Others
have taken an image of the flowchart using the camera on their mobile/cell
phone so that they have it with them as a reference guide and a reminder of their
progress.
As a first-time researcher just starting out on your research journey, you are
unlikely to need to consult the RDF in detail. I have, therefore, chosen a
selection of descriptors from Domain A: ‘Knowledge and intellectual abilities’
and Domain B: ‘Personal effectiveness’, which I think apply as much to a first-
time researcher as to someone experienced in conducting research.
• enthusiasm
• perseverance
• integrity
• self-confidence
• self-reflection
• responsibility
• preparation and prioritization
• time management.
Before you start feeling overwhelmed by the qualities and skills that the RDF
identifies, bear in mind that part of the learning process is to develop these skills
and qualities during the course of your research project. If you continue your
research journey beyond your initial research study, this process will continue
during Master’s or PhD research and beyond. You will see that many of the
descriptors are life skills that most of us continue to improve throughout our
lives.
It may be that the researcher takes on two or more roles at the same time, as in
the final example, where the researcher is both a teacher and a student studying
for a qualification. These roles are ‘intentional’ in the sense that the researcher is
aware of them from the outset. These are the roles that will be made explicit to
the individuals who will be the ‘participants’ or ‘subjects’ of the research itself,
and from whom the researcher will gather data, and the organization within
which the research is being conducted.
I have chosen a selection of factors from Domains C and D of the RDF that
you need to take into account, especially during data collection. They may be
relevant to a greater or lesser extent to your role, depending on your research
topic.
All research takes place in a social and cultural context and an important aspect
of the researcher’s role is to understand how participants might view their
research. You will have additional responsibilities if, for example, you are
conducting a research study within the NHS or in the legal or criminal justice
system, which have their own ethical requirements, especially when gathering
information directly from participants. Ethical considerations are addressed in
more detail in Chapter 4 . You are advised to be explicit about your role and to
provide a detailed explanation to participants of the purpose of your research and
what you will do with the information you collect from them.
— Minun oli siellä niin ikävä, että olin polttaa koko Upitan
päästäkseni mitä pikimmin luoksesi. Senkin upitalaiset!
— Mitenkä rauhoittivat?
— Jos menettelin?…
— Ajoin.
— Ja he menivät?
— Menivät.
— Mitäs minä tässä valitsemaan, kun pidän sekä sinut että heidät.
Täällä Wodoktyssa voit tehdä mitä haluat, mutta jos minun
kumppanini eivät ole tehneet sinulle mitään pahaa, niin miksi ajaisin
heidät pois? Neitiseni ei näy käsittävän, mitä merkitsee taisteleminen
saman lipun alla samassa sodassa… Mikään sukulaisuus ei solmi
sellaista toveruutta kuin yhteinen sodankäynti. Ainakin tuhat kertaa
he ovat henkeni pelastaneet. Laki vainoaa heitä — siis sitä suurempi
syy on minulla suojella heitä. He ovat kaikki aatelissukua, paitsi
Zend, josta piru selvän ottakoon, mutta sellaista hevosten
kasvattajaa et löydä koko valtakunnasta. Muuten, jos kuulisit, kuinka
hän matkii kaikenlaisia petoja ja lintuja, niin varmaan pitäisit hänestä.
— Kunniallisuutta!
— Hyvästi!
— Hyvästi!…
Kmicic astui ovea kohti, mutta kääntyi äkisti ympäri, riensi Oleńkan
luo, tarttui hänen kumpaankin käteensä ja sanoi:
— Kyllä minä heille näytän! — mutisi hän. — Vielä eivät ole minua
tällaisena nähneet…
Kmicic astui hevosen selästä alas. Eteisen ovi oli aivan auki ja
eteisessä kylmä kuin pihalla.
— Jendrus!… Pappia!…
— Hevosille!
Kaikki hyökkäsivät ovea kohti. Tuskin oli puolta tuntia kulunut, kun
satakunta ratsumiestä kiiti täyttä laukkaa leveätä, lumista tietä pitkin,
ja heidän etunenässään herra Andrzej kuin paholaisen riivaamana,
lakitta ja paljastettu miekka kädessä. Yön hiljaisuudessa kajahteli
villejä huudahduksia:
— Lyökää! Surmatkaa!…
— Mene avaamaan!
— Olemme!…
Hän aikoi sanoa vielä jotakin, mutta ulkoa kuului samassa huutoa
ja kavioiden kapsetta, mikä lähestyi nopeasti.
— Jos kysytään, niin sanokaa, ettei täällä ole ketään. Menkää nyt
tupaan!