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Question Which of the following best describes what is known regarding the definition of abnormality?
Answer Personal distress is the one criterion that defines abnormality.
The criteria differ depending on the cause of the psychological disorder.
The criteria differ depending on whether the individual has a psychological disorder or a psychological dysfunction.
No one criterion has yet been developed that fully defines abnormality.
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Question Jack has recurring delusions that he is Harry Potter. He also hallucinates that Santa Claus is next to him and he talks to Santa
throughout the day. Which criterion of abnormal behaviour most closely matches Jack’s behaviour?
Answer severe mental distress
socially unacceptable behaviour
self-defeating behaviour
faulty perception of reality
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Question When using the psychological disorder criteria, an individual would be assessed as having a cognitive dysfunction when which of the
following exists?
Answer when his or her thought processes are totally out of touch with reality
when he or she is extremely distressed
when his or her behaviour violates social norms
when he or she avoids interactions with other people
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Question George, a male college student, began feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to go to classes and work at his job, George finds
himself feeling down much of the time and he worries about what is happening to him. Which part of the definition of abnormality applies to his
situation?
Answer personal distress
lack of social support
impaired functioning
violation of societal norms
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Question Popular musician Lady Gaga has performed with blood spurting out of her clothes. Why might having blood spurt from her clothes be
considered abnormal?
Answer because her behaviour demonstrates a sense of subjective discomfort
because she has an inability to distinguish right from wrong
because it is a deviation from the average
because she shows an inability to function effectively
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Question In most Western societies, what happens when a person enters a trance state and believes he or she is possessed?
Answer The person is believed to be suffering from schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.
The person is diagnosed with a psychological disorder, regardless of culture.
The person may be viewed as having a psychological disorder, depending on their cultural background.
The person can be cured with anti-psychotic medication.
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Question Frank drinks three bottles of wine each day and believes he would be fine if people would just "mind their own business.” Which criterion
for abnormality best describes what is absent from this scenario?
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Answer objective harm to others
personal distress
maladaptiveness
qualitative uniqueness
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Question As used in your textbook, the term dysfunctional refers to what sort of behaviour?
Answer overly emotional behaviour
behaviour that is a violation of social norms
behaviour that is distressing to the individual but not to others
out-of-control behaviour
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Question Ron has just been diagnosed with schizophrenia and hospitalized. What would Thomas Szasz most likely argue?
Answer Ron should not be hospitalized because doing so will only make his symptoms worse.
Ron’s behaviour does not represent an illness like diabetes, and schizophrenia is merely a label applied on the basis of highly
subjective judgments.
Ron’s schizophrenia is a serious illness that is best treated with a combination of drugs and family therapy.
Ron should be assessed further because mistakes in diagnosis are made frequently.
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Question What degree is usually held by a clinical psychologist, and what degree is always held by a psychiatrist?
Answer Psy.D.; Ph.D.
Ph.D.; M.D.
Ph.D.; Psy.D.
Ed.D.; M.D.
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Question Which of the following best describes psychopathology?

Answer the medications used to treat some psychological disorders
the criteria used to define psychological disorders
the psychological therapies used to treat psychological disorders
the scientific study of psychological disorders
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Question Which of the following best describes a psychotherapist?

Answer someone who might have been trained as a psychologist, a psychiatrist, or a social worker
someone who earned an M.A. or a Ph.D. in clinical psychology
someone who must be qualified to prescribe drugs to treat psychological disorders
someone who concentrates on conducting research into the causes and treatment of psychological disorders
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Question After graduation, two of your friends express an interest in psychology careers. Carl wants to work with relatively healthy individuals who
are experiencing adjustment or vocational difficulties. Anna wishes to focus on the more severe psychological disorders and conduct research into
their causes. Since you are studying abnormal psychology, they ask you for career advice. What do you tell them?
Answer Carl should study psychology at the graduate level, and Anna should apply to medical school.
Carl should study clinical psychology at the graduate level, and Anna should study counselling psychology at the graduate level.
Both of them should apply to medical school.
Anna should study clinical psychology at the graduate level, and Carl should study counselling psychology at the graduate level.
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Question All of the following describe functions of a mental health scientist-practitioner, EXCEPT which one?
Answer They conduct research leading to new information about mental disorders and their treatments.
They focus primarily on drugs or other biological treatments.
They evaluate their own assessments and treatments for effectiveness.
They use the most current diagnostic and treatment procedures.
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Question What is the relationship between a presenting problem and a clinical description?
Answer Obtaining the patient’s clinical description is the first step in determining what the patient’s presenting problem is.
Describing the patient’s presenting problem is the first step in determining the patient’s clinical description.
The presenting psychological symptom is often different from the disorder indicated by the clinical description.
The presenting problem refers to symptoms that last only a short time, whereas the clinical description refers to symptoms that are
chronic.
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Question Statistical data are relevant to researchers. For example, one major epidemiological study found that about 7.8 percent of people in
North America have had a mood disorder at some point in their lives, and 3.7 percent have experienced a mood disorder over the past year. What
do the 7.8 percent and 3.7 percent statistics refer to, respectively?
Answer incidence; prevalence
incidence; recurrence
proportion; prevalence
prevalence; incidence
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Question Psychological disorders can be described as following a typical course or individual pattern. Disorders that tend to last a long time follow
one type of course, whereas disorders that show a discontinuous, repetitive pattern follow another type of course. What are these courses,
respectively?
Answer chronic; episodic
chronic; time-limited
pervasive; time-limited
insidious; recurrent
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Question If a psychological disorder is said to have an acute onset, how did the symptoms develop?
Answer atypically
suddenly
gradually
sporadically
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Question When 20-year-old Larry was first identified as suffering from schizophrenia, his family wanted to know how the disorder would progress
and how it would affect him in the future. In medical terms, what did the family want to know?
Answer Larry’s psychosocial profile
Larry’s pathology
Larry’s diagnosis
Larry’s prognosis
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Question Why is a patient’s age important information in the clinical description?

Answer because young children do not experience true psychological disorders
because older adults are reluctant to report psychological symptoms
because parents struggle accepting a psychological diagnosis pertaining to their children
because disorders occurring in childhood may be expressed differently at older ages
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Question Knowing that a specific drug or therapy is effective for treating a disorder is important in understanding more about which of the
following?
Answer the disorder’s etiology
the disorder’s residual effects
the disorder’s course
the disorder’s clinical description
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Question At various times in history, in an attempt to explain problematic, irrational behaviour, humans have focused on supernatural causes.
These include all of the following EXCEPT which one?
Answer the moon and stars
demons and evil spirits
magnetic fields
bodily humors
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Question The biological and psychological theories of abnormality derived originally from an ancient Greek concept. Which of the following did this
concept state?
Answer The movement of the planets influenced human behaviour.
The mind was considered separate from the body.
The female reproductive organs were associated with psychopathology.
The flow of bodily fluids affected behaviour and personality.
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Question For much of our recorded history, deviant behaviour was considered a reflection of the battle between which of the following?
Answer the natural and the supernatural
good and evil
the brain and the body
the soul and the mind
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Question Why were mentally ill people during the Middle Ages sometimes forced to undergo a religious ritual called exorcism?
Answer to prove that the person was not a witch
to rid the individual’s body of evil spirits
to cure the mental illness by making the individual more religious
to obtain God’s forgiveness
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Question During the Middle Ages, how did the church view some symptoms of mental illness, such as despair and lethargy?
Answer as indicators of demonic possession
as evidence of witchcraft
as synonymous with the sin of acedia, or sloth
as signs of heresy
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Question In the 14th and 15th centuries, which of the following was a competing explanation of the supernatural view of mental illness?
Answer An unhealthy lifestyle contributed to mental illness but the effects were curable.
Head injuries were often the cause of abnormal behaviour and such damage was incurable.
Insanity was a natural phenomenon caused by stress and it was curable.
Insanity was genetic and incurable.
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Question In the 14th century, why did the physician treating France’s King Charles VI have him moved to the countryside?
Answer to cure him of hysteria
to restore the balance in his humors
to keep him away from his family
to keep him away from sin and temptation
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Question During more superstitious times, which of the following was thought to be the cause of abnormal behaviour?
Answer a demonic possession
black bile
the result of homosexuality
punishment of the illiterate
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Question One hot and humid night, one of your friends suggests doing some really weird things. You look up at the sky and say, “It must be the full
moon.” Your statement reflects the concept that is derived from which of the following words?
Answer lunatic
demonica
maniac
idiot
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Question The historic belief that the movements and/or positions of the moon, the stars, and the planets influence human behaviour is still held by
followers of which pseudoscience?
Answer astronomy
parapsychology
graphology
astrology
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Question According to the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, which of the following factors could negatively influence psychological
functioning?
Answer family stress
birth order
religion
supernatural forces
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Question According to the Greek physician Hippocrates, all of the following were causes of psychopathology EXCEPT which one?
Answer excessive alcohol consumption
head injury
genetics
brain pathology
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Question You are listening to old musical tunes, including “Melancholy Baby.” Your friends are impressed when you tell them that melancholic,
referring to a depressive personality, derives from the Greek term melancholer. What does this term mean?
Answer yellow bile
phlegm
blood
black bile
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Question According to Hippocrates’ humoral theory, which of the following best describes the choleric personality?
Answer hot tempered
kind
lacking affect
easygoing
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Question Based on Hippocrates’ humoral theory, what type of person does the term sanguine describe?
Answer humorous
pessimistic
pale
cheerful
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Question Bloodletting, often through the use of leeches, was a treatment devised centuries ago. What was this treatment used for?
Answer to reduce excessive blood in the brain
to correct a chemical imbalance in the brain
to reduce the negative effects of stress
to restore the balance of humors
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Question In an attempt to rid the body of the excessive humors thought to cause psychological disorders, which treatment did physicians
throughout history use?
Answer induced seizures
bloodletting
drilling through the skull
exorcism
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Question Induced vomiting was a 17th-century treatment for depression. As described in Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), this could be
accomplished by eating what?
Answer tobacco
ice
raw meat
cabbage
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Question The concept of hysteria, which traditionally meant physical symptoms for which no organic pathology could be found, is now known by
which of the following terms?
Answer neurosis
anxiety disorders
delusions
somatoform disorders
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Question The Greek physician Hippocrates coined the term hysteria to describe which of the following?
Answer severe melancholia accompanied by physical symptoms for which no organic cause can be found
laughing and crying frequently and inappropriately
physical symptoms that appear to be the result of an organic pathology for which no organic cause can be found
psychological symptoms that appear to have an organic cause but for which no organic cause can be found
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Question Why are hysterical disorders no longer considered to be caused by a “wandering” uterus?
Answer because men also suffer from hysterical disorders
because of greater knowledge of physiology
because the theory is considered insulting to women
because when the uterus is removed, symptoms tend to remain
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Question In ancient Greece, a woman suffering from hysteria might be told that her condition could be cured by which of the following?
Answer induced seizures
bloodletting
marriage
rest and relaxation
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Question The first significant supporting evidence for a biological cause of a mental disorder was the 19th-century discovery that the bizarre
behavioural and cognitive symptoms of the disorder called general paresis are caused by the same bacterial microorganism that causes which of
the following?
Answer epilepsy
hysteria
malaria
syphilis
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Question In the 19th-century United States, John Grey, an important figure in early psychiatry, believed that mental illness is always due to which
of the following?
Answer physical causes
social/environmental influences
psychological factors
unknown influences
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Question Why was the use of insulin shock therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia replaced by electroconvulsive therapy in the 1930s?
Answer because insulin therapy was considered too expensive to use extensively
because insulin therapy was considered too risky
because insulin therapy was considered ineffective
because insulin therapy was considered unethical
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Question Why was electroconvulsive therapy originally used as a therapy for schizophrenia?
Answer because it was (mistakenly) observed that schizophrenia was rarely found in people with epilepsy.
because it was (mistakenly) observed that it could reduce brain seizures, providing a cure.
because it was (mistakenly) observed to induce convulsions and stimulated appetite in psychotic patients
because it was (mistakenly) observed to alleviate the depression that often accompanies schizophrenia
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Question Some of the first effective drugs for psychological disorders, developed in the middle of the 20th century, included which of the following?
Answer benzodiazepines to treat depression
bromides and opium for sedation
insulin and neuroleptics for sedation
neuroleptics for psychotic symptoms
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Question In many part of the world during the 1970s, what would an individual suffering from an anxiety disorder most likely have been
prescribed?
Answer bromides
neuroleptics
benzodiazepines
electroconvulsive therapy
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Question The discovery of certain tranquilizers made it possible to control psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions. What kind
of drugs were these tranquilizers?
Answer neuroleptics
bromides
benzodiazepines
opiates
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Question In the late 1800s, there was an emphasis on biological causes of mental disorders, which ironically reduced interest in treatments for
mental patients. Why did this happen?
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Answer because it was thought that hospital staff were not adequately trained to administer new treatments
because it was thought that patients would improve more rapidly if they were not hospitalized
because it was thought that mental illness due to brain pathology was incurable
because it was thought that physicians should devote more time to the physically ill
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Question Why was Emil Kraeplin’s lasting contribution to modern psychiatry in the area of diagnosis and classification of psychological disorders,
rather than that of treatment?
Answer because of his discomfort with actually working with patients
because of his conviction that better diagnosis was necessary for more effective treatment
because of his belief that these disorders were due to brain pathology
because of his belief in the influence of the social environment in mental illness
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Question In the psychosocial approach called moral therapy, what does the term moral refer to?
Answer emotional or psychological
a code of ethical conduct expected of the therapist
a religious code of conduct expected of the patient
the ethical treatment of the mentally ill
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Question Which of the following best describes asylums prior to the advent of moral therapy?
Answer They were for only the very wealthy.
They were more like prisons than hospitals.
They used insulin shock therapy to treat the most extreme disorders.
They housed only those patients with the most serious mental illnesses.
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Question Moral therapy advocated the use of all of the following EXCEPT which one?
Answer physical restraints and seclusion
individual attention from the hospital staff
lectures on interesting subjects for hospitalized patients
opportunities for normal social interaction
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Question When did moral therapy work best?

Answer When it was used with groups of patients, rather than through individual attention to patients
when the number of patients in an institution was 200 or fewer
When it was used in populations of immigrants and the poor
when it was supplemented by the use of restraint and seclusion
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Question Which of the following best describes the efforts of Dorothea Dix in the mid-1800s to improve the conditions for the mentally ill
throughout Canada and the United States?
Answer Her efforts were known as the mental hygiene movement.
Her efforts were recognized for helping to reduce the overall number of asylums.
Her efforts were known as the humane therapy movement.
Her efforts were known for the introduction of effective drugs to treat psychological disorders.
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Question Early mental health reformer and crusader Clarence Hincks’s personal experience with major depression contributed to his ideas of
mental illness. Which of the following best characterizes his view regarding mental illness?
Answer Mental illness was treatable with a combination of drugs and individualized attention.
Mental illness was incurable but more humane institutions were needed to care for the mentally ill.
Mental illness was caused by brain pathology and, therefore, was incurable.
Mental illness was treatable, which was contrary to the prevailing view at the time.
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Question Anton Mesmer, an early 18th-century physician, purported to cure patients by unblocking the flow of a bodily fluid he called animal
magnetism. Benjamin Franklin’s double-blind experiment indicated that any effectiveness of his methods was actually due to which of the
following?
Answer undetectable magnetic fields
chemically induced humoral balance
the power of suggestion
mental telepathy
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Question Jean Charcot used some of Mesmer’s methods of suggestion on his patients (minus the robes and chemicals). What did Charcot find?
Answer These methods were effective in treating a number of psychological disorders.
These methods were no more effective than previous methods he had used.
Patients were better able to understand the link between their emotional problems and their psychological disorder.
The symptoms of some patients actually worsened.
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Question What did Josef Breuer observe in patients who had undergone hypnotherapy for psychological disorders?
Answer The patients had accurate post-hypnotic recall.
The patients had increased understanding of the causes of their psychological disorder.
The patients had feelings of relief and improvement.
The patients had decreased emotionality while in the hypnotic state.
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Question Realizing patients are often unaware of material previously recalled under hypnosis, Charcot, Breuer, and Freud hypothesized the
existence of a concept considered one of the most important developments in the history of psychopathology. What was that concept?
Answer psychosis
the unconscious mind
catharsis
repression
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Question What did Freud and Breuer discover about the process known as catharsis?
Answer They discovered that it reduces psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
They discovered that it occurs beyond the conscious awareness of the patient.
They discovered that it leads to a fuller understanding of the relationship between current emotions and earlier events.
They discovered that the power of suggestion subconsciously changed behaviour.
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Question In 1895, how did neurologist Breuer treat Anna O.’s hysterical symptoms?
Answer using mesmerism using
hydrotherapy using the
placebo effect
using hypnosis
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Question All of the following are included as part of Freud’s structure of the mind EXCEPT which one?
Answer psyche
superego
ego
id
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Question In Freudian theory, the terms libido and thanatos represent two basic but opposing drives. What are they?
Answer life and death
pleasure and pain
sex and celibacy
good and evil
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Question You have just read a newspaper article about a savage rape and murder. You wonder how anyone could commit such a horrible crime.
Then you recall from your study of Freudian theory that anyone could be a killer or rapist if certain impulses are not well controlled. Which of the
following best describes these impulses?
Answer intrapsychic
libidinous
id
primitive
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Question The ego operates according to one principle, whereas the id operates according to another principle. What are they, respectively?
Answer reality; pleasure
primary; secondary
pleasure; aggression
reality; aggression
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Question According to psychoanalytic theory, what develops early in life to ensure that we can adapt to the demands of the real world while still
finding ways to meet our basic needs?
Answer id
conscience
superego
ego
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Question According to psychoanalytic theory, the id operates according to the pleasure principle. What does that mean?
Answer It utilizes secondary-process thinking.
It thinks in an unemotional, logical, and rational manner.
It is sexual, aggressive, selfish, and envious.
It adheres to social rules and regulations.
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Question A classmate in your psychology course is worried about the selfish and sometimes dangerous drives of the id. Which of the following
might you state to your classmate to address their fear?
Answer Since id impulses are usually part of conscious awareness, we can learn to control them.
Id fantasies never become reality.
Each of us develops an ego to help us behave more realistically.
Psychologists disproved Freud’s theories a long time ago.
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Question According to psychoanalytic theory, what is the role of the ego?

Answer to counteract the aggressive and sexual drives of the id
to maximize pleasure and reduce tension
to mediate conflict between the id and the superego
to increase self-esteem and a strong sense of identity
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Question If you were asked to explain Freud’s structure of the mind to a friend who was unfamiliar with psychology, you might use an
organizational analogy in which the id would be the employee who comes to work late and takes very long lunch hours and the ego would be the
manager. Which of the following would be the superego?
Answer the company president
a salesperson
the building security guard
a client
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Question According to psychoanalytic theory, what do the conflicts between the id and the superego often lead to?
Answer anxiety
anger
violent behaviour
depression
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Question According to Freudian theory, anxiety is a signal for the ego to marshal its mechanisms of defence. This is a function of which of the
following?
Answer reality-based actions
conscious efforts to maintain control
unconscious protective processes
primitive emotional responses
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Question As used in modern terminology to reflect coping styles, which of the following best describes defence mechanisms?
Answer They are dependent upon the age of the person and how they are used.
They can be either adaptive or maladaptive.
They are self-defeating.
They are adaptive.
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Question In which defence mechanism does an individual falsely attribute his or her own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another
person?
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Answer sublimation
projection
displacement
denial
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Question Mrs. Babcock received a very poor rating by her supervisor, who had been constantly criticizing her in front of her co-workers. When she
got home, her children ran up to greet her, all talking at once. She responded by yelling, “Leave me alone! Can’t you see I’m tired?” According to
psychoanalytic theory, which defence mechanism does this situation illustrate?
Answer projection
displacement
repression
rationalization
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Question Jack and Jill have been dating for six months. Jill is not interested in continuing their relationshiShe calls Jack and informs him that
although she cares about him, she must end their relationshiJack laughs and says, “funny joke.” Jill states, “this is not a joke; I am serious.” Jack
then says, “I’ll pick you up in an hour for dinner.” Which defence mechanism does this example illustrate?
Answer displacement
projection
denial
repression
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Question After receiving the results of four different sets of tests, Mary’s doctor tells her that she has cancer. Mary states, “This can’t be true; I’m
going to get a second opinion.” Which defence mechanism does this example illustrate?
Answer displacement
denial
projection
repression
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Question In which defence mechanism does an individual substitute behaviour, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable
ones?
Answer displacement
repression
rationalization
reaction formation
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Question Which of the following is an example of a healthy defence mechanism?

Answer sublimation
projection
denial
repression
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Question A four-year-old girl sucks her thumb, a teenager binges on food, and an adult woman bites her fingernails. According to the Freudian
theory of psychosexual development, what underlies all of these behaviours?
Answer repression of aggressive impulses
a fixation at the oral stage of psychosexual development
a trauma during the toilet-training phase
denial of unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or wishes
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Question How is the Oedipus complex, the psychosexual conflict occurring during the phallic stage of development in boys, characterized?
Answer by love for the mother and feelings of anger and envy toward the father
by a repressed need for oral gratification
by a love for the father and feelings of repulsion toward the mother
by a repressed need for genital self-stimulation
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Question How is the Electra complex, the psychosexual conflict that occurs at the phallic stage of development in girls, characterized?
Answer by latency lust
by feelings of anger and envy toward the mother
by castration anxiety
by a desire to replace the mother and possess the father
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Add Question Here
Question As compared to her father, Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud (1895–1982) focused her work on the way our behaviour is influenced, and as
such wrote which of the following?
Answer Id and the Mechanisms of Defense
Our Neurosis and the Mechanisms of Defense
Our Self-actualization and the Mechanisms of Defense
Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense
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Question According to Anna Freud’s ego psychology, when does abnormal behaviour develop?
Answer when the ego does not develop normally due to psychosexual conflicts at the oral stage of development
when the ego is deficient in regulating such functions as delaying and controlling impulses
when there are social and psychological barriers to achieving self-actualization
when introjected objects become an integrated part of the ego
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Question In contrast to Freud, how did Jung and Adler view human nature?
Answer They believed that cognitive and personality factors shape human potential.
They believed that humans are born with a strong drive toward self-actualization.
They believed that the ego is much stronger than Freud postulated.
They believed that humans are shaped through learning from the environment.
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Question According to object relations theory, what does the concept of introjection refer to?
Answer a strong drive toward self-actualization and self assessment
the process of internalizing the images, memories, or values of an important person in one’s life
the ability to adapt successfully to one’s environment
projecting one’s own unacceptable feelings onto another individual or object
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Question What was Erikson’s greatest contribution to psychoanalytical theorizing?

Answer his idea that development occurs across the life span
his idea that sexual arousal and interest occur during the latency stage
his idea that societal factors influence our behaviour
his idea that intrapsychic conflicts are resolved in early childhood
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Question In classical psychoanalysis, which of the following describes why the process whereby the therapist interprets a patient’s dreams is often
difficult?
Answer The patient may resist uncovering repressed material and deny the interpretation.
Patients often forget their dreams.
The patient may relate to the therapist much as he did toward a parent figure.
The therapist may wish not to upset the patient with a negative interpretation.
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Question In psychoanalytic psychotherapy, which of the following is most important for patients?
Answer to strive to reach their full potential
to remain emotionally detached from the analyst
to learn more adaptive coping mechanisms
to describe the content of their dreams to the analyst
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Question In classical psychoanalysis, what does the concept of transference refer to?
Answer the process in which the patient falsely attributes his or her own unacceptable feelings or thoughts to the therapist
the process in which the therapist projects some of his or her own personal feelings onto the patient
the process in which the patient relates to the therapist as he or she would toward a parent figure
the process in which the patient directs potentially maladaptive impulses to socially acceptable behaviour
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Question How does psychodynamic psychotherapy differ from classical (Freudian) psychoanalysis?
Answer It emphasizes the goal of personality reconstruction.
It focuses more on social and interpersonal issues.
It considers past experiences important.
It requires a long-term commitment on the part of the person being analyzed.
12 of 14
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Question How do most mental health professionals view psychoanalysis as a treatment technique?
Answer It has been proven effective.
It has been subject to careful measurement criteria.
It is basically unscientific.
It is noted for consistency in analytic interpretation.
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Question The concept of a hierarchy of needs is most closely associated with the theories of which of the following?
Answer Carl Rogers
Anna Freud
Abraham Maslow
Carl Jung
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Question According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, individuals will be unable to achieve high levels of self-actualization and self-esteem
unless which of the following has taken place?
Answer unless they have been raised with unconditional positive regard from primary caregivers
unless they have first met more basic human requirements such as food, sex, and friendship
unless they have developed sufficient ego strength
unless they have gratified their basic needs and satisfied their drive for physical pleasure through five psychosexual stages of
development
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Question All of the following are associated with the humanistic theories of Carl Rogers EXCEPT which one?
Answer hierarchy of needs
unconditional positive regard
empathy
client-centred therapy
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Question What do humanistic therapists regard as the most positive influence in facilitating human growth?
Answer therapist interpretations of the patient’s verbalizations
self-esteem
ego development
relationships (including the therapeutic relationship)
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Question How does Gestalt therapy differ from psychoanalytic therapy?

Answer In Gestalt therapy, there is no delving into past experiences.
In Gestalt therapy, the critical element is the therapist’s unconditional positive regard for the patient.
In Gestalt therapy, there is little emphasis on the here and now.
In Gestalt therapy, there is little or no training required for therapists.
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Question Sarah underwent chemotherapy treatment for cancer. She now reports experiencing mild nausea when she drives by the hospital and
severe nausea when she enters the hospital where her chemotherapy was administered. What phenomenon best explains these reactions to
stimuli she associates with her chemotherapy?
Answer reconditioning
introspection
operant conditioning
stimulus generalization
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Question A dog had been conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell because of its association with the presentation of food. Later, when
exposed to the bell without food for a long period, the dog eventually stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. What is this phenomenon known
as?
Answer extinction response
fading conditioned
forgetting
stimulus fading
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Question Why is Watson and Rayner’s experiment in which they induced a fear of white, furry objects in Little Albert famous?
Answer It was the first real-life demonstration of operant conditioning.
It was the first recorded lawsuit made against the psychology profession for unethical behaviour.
It was the first recorded example of inducing fear of an object in a laboratory setting.
It proved the law of effect.
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Question What does Wolpe’s technique of systematic desensitization involve?

Answer reinforcing successive approximations to a final behaviour or set of behaviours
gradually introducing the feared objects or situations so that fear can be extinguished
gradually reinforcing fearless behaviour and punishing fear responses
reinforcing an incompatible response to a feared situation
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Question Jason has been having a lot of difficulty because of his irrational fears. Based on the work of Joseph Wolpe, his doctor advises Jason to
participate in which anxiety-reduction procedure?
Answer aversive conditioning
person-centred therapy
systematic desensitization
mesmerism
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Question You are in a mall when a young child begins to scream and shout because his parents will not buy him the latest toy. What would B.F.
Skinner most likely say about the child’s behaviour?
Answer It is an expression of repressed Oedipal anger toward his father and it will diminish naturally as he gets older.
It is a classically conditioned response to being in the mall.
It would be most effectively altered over the long term by simply ignoring it.
It would be most effectively altered over the long term by scolding him and positively reinforcing more appropriate behaviour.
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Question Why are operant conditioning techniques being applied in Canadian hospital settings?
Answer to increase patients’ insight into their fears and wishes
to reduce psychiatric patients’ undesirable behaviour and increase their desirable behaviour
to reduce patients’ fear of surgery
to increase nursing staff’s empathy
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Question What are two recent developments that have contributed to a multidimensional, integrative approach to psychopathology?
Answer the introduction of highly specialized drugs and more sophisticated training for mental-health workers
increasingly sophisticated medical technology and the realization that no one influence on behaviour ever occurs in isolation
deinstitutionalization and the growth of humanistic therapies
an increase in public mental health education and less reliance on drugs to control abnormal behaviour
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Essay 0 points Modify Remove
Question Discuss the criteria for abnormality and the meanings of psychological dysfunction, personal distress, and atypical or not culturally
expected behaviour.
Answer Student responses will vary.
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Question Discuss the controversy surrounding the use of medical diagnoses in the case of psychological disorders. Explain the position taken by
Thomas Szasz.
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Question Describe the educational and professional differences between psychologists and psychiatrists. In Canada, who is permitted to hold him-
or herself out to the public as a “psychologist” (e.g., in advertising)?
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Question Compare and contrast the three traditional models of abnormal behaviour: supernatural, psychological and biological. Mention key
aspects of the explanations of abnormal behaviour and treatments of the mentally ill associated with each model.
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insulin shock therapy and electroconvulsive therapy in the first part of the century, and describe the major drug therapies developed in the latter
half.
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Question Describe the psychosocial approach to mental disorders called moral therapy. Mention key figures who contributed to or promoted this
approach. Discuss whether this approach was effective in improving conditions for the mentally ill. Explain the reasons for the decline of moral
therapy.
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Question Explain the basic assumptions of psychoanalytic theory. Refer to concepts such as anxiety, defence mechanisms, and psychosexual
development. Use specific examples to illustrate these concepts.
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Question Compare and contrast classical psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy. Note the criticisms of classical psychoanalysis and
explain why it is more of historical than of current interest.
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Question Compare the basic assumptions and techniques of behaviour therapy versus humanistic therapy. Mention significant figures who
contributed to each approach, and the key concepts associated with those individuals.
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Question Identify and explain the developments in the 1990s that contributed to a multidimensional, integrative approach to psychopathology.
Describe the contributions that cognitive science and neuroscience have made to our expanding knowledge about psychopathology.
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the expedition to Egypt, when he shared in the actions, near
Alexandria, of the 8th, 13th, and 21st of March 1801, after which he
was selected by Lieut.-General Hutchinson, who succeeded to the
command on the death of General Sir Ralph Abercromby, to
accompany him in the expedition against Grand Cairo. He was also
at the affair of Rhamanie on the 9th of May, subsequently to which
the army halted at the village of Algam. On the morning of the 17th
of May, when the army was encamped upon the borders of the
Lybian Desert, an Arab was conducted to Brigadier-General Doyle’s
tent, who brought intelligence that a body of French troops, which he
computed at two thousand men, was within a few miles of the camp,
with a large convoy of camels. Brigadier-General Doyle immediately
requested permission to pursue the enemy with such of the cavalry
as might be in the camp; and Lieut.-General Hutchinson acceding to
his request, he repaired thither, where he ascertained that the
Turkish cavalry had been detached a day or two before, and that a
squadron of the Twelfth light dragoons had, prior to his arrival, been
sent to water at some distance. As success depended on
promptness and expedition, the Brigadier immediately struck into the
desert in search of the enemy, without waiting for the absent
squadron, which he left to an officer to bring on. After a long pursuit,
the cavalry came up with the French troops, when they formed a
hollow square, and commenced an irregular fire of musketry. The
French commander, after some parley, was obliged to surrender on
the terms offered; twenty-eight officers, five hundred and sixty-nine
rank and file, two hundred horses, four hundred and sixty camels,
one four-pounder, besides a stand of colours, were taken on this
occasion by the detachment under Brigadier-General Doyle, which
consisted of two hundred and fifty dragoons.
After the capitulation of Grand Cairo in June 1801, Lieut.-General
Hutchinson (afterwards the Earl of Donoughmore) in his public
despatches, expressed his obligations to Major-General Cradock
and Brigadier-General Doyle, and recommended them as “officers
highly deserving His Majesty’s favour.” Upon the surrender of Cairo,
the country fever seized many of the troops, and Brigadier-General
Doyle, with several others, was sent ill to Rosetta, where, before his
recovery, he heard a rumour of an intended attack upon the French
at Alexandria. Urged by this intelligence, he left his sick bed,
mounted his horse, and rode forty miles through the desert, under
the intense heat of an Egyptian sun, and arrived the night before the
attack. In that successful enterprise he commanded, and had the
good fortune to defeat the attempts subsequently made by General
Menou upon a part of his position. Lieut.-General Hutchinson, on the
following day, thanked him publicly in the field in the most animated
manner; but in writing his official despatch, not only omitted to
forward the Brigadier-General’s report of the action of the Green
Hills, near Alexandria, on the 17th of August 1801, but unfortunately
stated his brigade to have been commanded by another. This
omission was afterwards fully rectified by the Lieut.-General, and the
matter was adverted to by Lord Hobart in the House of Commons,
who particularly alluded to the conduct of Brigadier-General Doyle,
when moving the thanks of Parliament to the army and navy
employed in Egypt.
While at Naples, after the close of the Egyptian campaign, whither
Brigadier-General Doyle had proceeded for the recovery of his
health, he was requested by the British ambassador to become the
bearer of important despatches to the Government. This proved a
service of great danger, as the country through which he passed was
infested with banditti, who robbed and assassinated all who fell into
their hands. His conduct on this occasion was gratefully
acknowledged by His Majesty’s ministers. Upon his arrival in
England, he was promoted to the rank of Major-General on the 29th
of April 1802, and was placed on the staff at Guernsey, and was
soon afterwards appointed Lieut.-Governor of that island, where his
services during the threatened invasion of England by Napoleon
were highly appreciated. Shortly afterwards the island of Alderney
was added to his command. In October 1805, he was created a
Baronet of the United Kingdom, and received His Majesty’s royal
license to wear the Order of the Crescent conferred by the Grand
Seignior, and to bear supporters to his arms, with an additional crest.
On the 25th of April 1808, he was promoted to the rank of Lieut.-
General.
Lieut.-General Sir John Doyle was selected to organise and
command the Portuguese army, but the despatch ordering him to
report himself for that purpose to the Secretary of State, was
prevented from reaching him by a gale of wind that lasted for twenty-
eight days, and another officer was consequently sent upon that
service, which did not admit of delay. In 1812 he was nominated a
Knight of the Bath, and in 1815 became a Knight Grand Cross of that
Order.
Whilst the Sovereign and the Government were thus marking their
approbation of the services of Lieut.-General Sir John Doyle, the
inhabitants of Guernsey, whose government he had so long
administered, were not slow in manifesting their gratitude for the
benefits they derived from his fostering care. The States of the Island
voted him an address of thanks under their great seal, and
presented him with a splendid piece of plate, in the form of a vase,
with suitable inscriptions; their example was followed by the militia
and other public bodies with similar valuable and elegant
testimonials; and when he was recalled in consequence of the
reduction of the staff on the peace of 1815, they unanimously
petitioned the Prince Regent that they might retain their Lieutenant-
Governor, and voted the erection of a pillar, at the public expense, as
a memorial of their gratitude for the services rendered by him to the
island and its inhabitants.
Lieut.-General Sir John Doyle, Bart., was appointed Governor of
Charlemont on the 21st of September 1818, and on the 12th of
August of the following year he was advanced to the rank of
General. His decease occurred in London, on the 8th of August
1834, after a lengthened service of sixty-three years.
Sir Thomas Reynell, Bart., K.C.B.
Appointed 15th August 1834.
This distinguished officer commenced his military career as an
Ensign in the Thirty-eighth regiment, his commission being dated the
30th of September 1793. He joined the regiment in January 1794, at
Belfast, and in April proceeded with it to Flanders, where it formed
part of the army commanded by His Royal Highness the Duke of
York. On arrival at the seat of war, the Thirty-eighth regiment was
ordered to join the corps under the Austrian General Count Clèrfait,
who commanded the troops in West Flanders, and it was attached to
the division under Major-General Hammerstein, together with the
Eighth light dragoons and Twelfth foot. Ensign Reynell was present
in the action on the heights of Lincelles on the 18th of May, and at
the battle of Hoglade on the 13th of June 1794. He afterwards
served with the army under the Duke of York, and was in Nimeguen
when that town was besieged. On the 3rd of December following,
when cantoned between the rivers Rhine and the Waal, he was
promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in the Thirty-eighth regiment.
Lieutenant Reynell served during the winter campaign of 1795, and
the retreat through Westphalia to the Weser, and there embarked for
England. He accompanied the Thirty-eighth regiment to the West
Indies in May 1796, and was present at the capture of the island of
Trinidad in the early part of 1797. On the 22nd of July 1797 he was
promoted to a company in the Second West India regiment, and
joined that corps at Grenada.
Captain Reynell quitted Grenada early in 1798, in consequence of
being appointed Assistant Adjutant-General at St. Domingo, where
he remained until that island was evacuated by the British in
September, when he returned to England. In the beginning of 1799
he revisited St. Domingo, as one of the suite of Brigadier-General
the Honorable Thomas Maitland, then employed in framing a
commercial treaty with the negro chief Toussaint L’Ouverture, who
had risen to the supreme authority at St. Domingo. When it was
concluded, Captain Reynell returned to England in July of the same
year.
On the 8th of August 1799 Captain Reynell was transferred to a
company in the Fortieth regiment, with the first battalion of which he
embarked for the Helder in that month, and joined the army, which
was at first commanded by Lieut.-General Sir Ralph Abercromby,
and afterwards by the Duke of York. Captain Reynell was present in
the action of the 10th of September; also in the battle of the 19th of
September, when he was the only captain of the first battalion of the
Fortieth regiment that was not killed or wounded; he was also
present in the subsequent battles of the 2nd and 6th of October.
Captain Reynell, upon the British army being withdrawn from
Holland, re-embarked with the first battalion of the Fortieth regiment,
and arrived in England in November 1799.
In April 1800 Captain Reynell embarked with his regiment for the
Mediterranean, and went in the first instance to Minorca, afterwards
to Leghorn; returned to Minorca, and proceeded with a large force
under Lieut.-General Sir Ralph Abercromby, for the attack of Cadiz.
Signals for disembarking were made; but although the boats had
actually put off from the ships, a recall was ordered, in consequence
of the plague raging at Cadiz. After this, he proceeded up the
Mediterranean again, and in November landed at Malta. The flank
companies of the Fortieth regiment having been allowed to volunteer
their services in the expedition to Egypt, Captain Reynell proceeded
thither in command of the light company (one of the four flank
companies detached under Colonel Brent Spencer), and was
present in the action at the landing on the 8th of March 1801. On this
occasion the flank companies of the Fortieth were on the right of the
line, and were particularly noticed for the gallant style in which they
mounted the sand-hills immediately where they landed. Captain
Reynell was present in the battle of the 13th of March, and
commanded the right out-piquet of the army in the morning of the
21st of that month, when the French attacked the British near
Alexandria, on which occasion General Sir Ralph Abercromby was
mortally wounded. Soon after Captain Reynell proceeded with a
small British corps and some Turkish battalions to Rosetta, of which
easy possession was taken. He was present in the action at
Rhamanie, on the 9th of May, and followed the French to Grand
Cairo, where that part of their army capitulated, and returned as
escort in charge of the French troops to Rosetta; and after they had
embarked he joined the force under Major-General Sir Eyre Coote
before Alexandria. The surrender of Alexandria on the 2nd of
September 1801 terminated the campaign, for his services in which
he received the gold medal conferred by the Grand Seignior on the
several officers employed.
Captain Reynell was afterwards appointed Aide-de-camp to Major-
General Cradock, who was ordered to proceed from Egypt with a
force of four thousand men to Corfu; but while at sea counter-orders
were received, and he proceeded to Malta, and subsequently to
England. In July 1804 he embarked as Aide-de-camp to Lieut.-
General Sir John Cradock, K.B., who had been appointed to the
command of the troops at Madras; and while on the passage,
namely, the 3rd of August 1804, he was promoted to the rank of
Major in the Fortieth regiment.
On the 10th of March 1805 Major Reynell received the brevet rank
of Lieutenant-Colonel upon being appointed Deputy Quartermaster-
General to the King’s troops in the East Indies. In July following he
was appointed Aide-de-camp to the Marquis Cornwallis, Governor-
General of India, and accompanied his Lordship from Madras to
Bengal, with whom he remained until his Lordship’s decease at
Ghazepore in October 1805. Lieut.-Colonel Reynell returned to
Madras immediately afterwards, and was appointed Military
Secretary to Lieut.-General Sir John Cradock, the Commander-in-
Chief at that presidency. He officiated during several months of the
year 1806 as Deputy Adjutant-General in India, in which country he
remained until October 1807, when he returned with Lieut.-General
Sir John Cradock to Europe, and arrived in England in April 1808.
Lieut.-Colonel Reynell resigned the appointment of Deputy
Quartermaster-General in India, and was brought on full pay as
Major of the Ninety-sixth regiment on the 5th of May 1808, and on
the 22nd of September following was appointed Major in the
Seventy-first regiment.
In October 1808, Brevet Lieut.-Colonel Reynell embarked as
Military Secretary to Lieut.-General Sir John Cradock, who had been
appointed to command the forces in Portugal, and landed in
November at Lisbon. He remained in Portugal until April 1809, when
Sir John Cradock was superseded in the command of the forces in
Portugal by Lieut.-General Sir Arthur Wellesley. Lieut.-Colonel
Reynell afterwards accompanied Lieut.-General Sir John Cradock to
Cadiz, Seville, and Gibraltar, of which latter place Sir John Cradock
was appointed Governor, and Lieut.-Colonel Reynell remained there
as Military Secretary until September, when he returned to England.
Lieut.-Colonel Reynell joined the Seventy-first regiment at
Brabourne-Lees Barracks in December 1809, immediately after its
return from Walcheren. In September 1810 he embarked at Deal
with six companies of the Seventy-first regiment for Portugal, landed
at Lisbon towards the end of that month, marched soon after to
Mafra, and thence to Sobral, where the six companies joined the
army under Lieut.-General Viscount Wellington. In October Lieut.-
Colonel Reynell had the honor of being particularly mentioned by
Viscount Wellington in his despatch, containing an account of the
repulse of the attack of the French at Sobral on the 14th of that
month. The British army shortly afterwards retired to the lines of
Torres Vedras, and Brevet Lieut.-Colonel Reynell was appointed
Assistant Adjutant-General to the fourth division under Major-
General the Honorable George Lowry Cole.
Early in March 1811, the army of Marshal Massena broke up from
its entrenched position at Santarem, and retreated to the northward.
Brevet Lieut.-Colonel Reynell entered Santarem with the fourth
division the day after Marshal Massena had left it, and continued in
the pursuit of the French army to the Mondego. In the affair of
Redinha he had a horse killed under him. From Espinhal the fourth
division was ordered to retrograde, and recross the Tagus, for the
purpose of reinforcing Marshal Sir William Carr Beresford. In 1811
he joined the Marshal at Portalegre, and being the senior British
assistant adjutant-general, was directed to join Marshal Beresford’s
head-quarters, and proceeded with him to Campo Mayor, from which
the enemy retired; was also present at the capture of Olivença, and
subsequently accompanied the Marshal to Zafra, between which
place and Llerena a smart skirmish occurred with the enemy’s
hussars. In May 1811, Lieut.-Colonel Reynell returned to England
from Lisbon with despatches from Viscount Wellington.
In July 1811, Brevet Lieut.-Colonel Reynell embarked as Military
Secretary to Lieut.-General Sir John Cradock, K.B., who had been
appointed Governor and Commander of the forces at the Cape of
Good Hope, where he arrived by the end of September. On the 4th
of June 1813, he received the brevet rank of Colonel; and on the 5th
of August 1813, he was promoted Lieut.-Colonel of the Seventy-first
regiment, in succession to Lieut.-Colonel the Honorable Henry
Cadogan, who was mortally wounded at the battle of Vittoria. In
February following, being desirous of joining the corps, Colonel
Reynell resigned his staff situation at the Cape, and proceeded to
England, where he arrived in May 1814. In July of that year he was
appointed Adjutant-General to the force then preparing for service in
America under Lieut.-General Lord Hill; but, other operations being
then in view, that appointment was cancelled.
Colonel Reynell took the command of the first battalion of the
Seventy-first regiment at Limerick in December 1814, and embarked
with it from Cork in January of the following year, as part of an
expedition for North America; but peace having been concluded with
the United States, and contrary winds having prevented the sailing of
the vessels, the destination of the battalion was changed. In March
Colonel Reynell received orders to proceed with his battalion to the
Downs, where, in the middle of April, it was trans-shipped into small
vessels, and sent immediately to Ostend, to join the army forming in
Flanders, in consequence of Napoleon Bonaparte having returned
from Elba to France.
In the memorable battle of Waterloo, fought on the 18th of June
1815, Colonel Reynell commanded the first battalion of the Seventy-
first regiment, and was wounded in the foot on that occasion. He
afterwards succeeded to the command of Major-General Adam’s
brigade, consisting of the first battalions of the Fifty-second and
Seventy-first, with six companies of the second, and two companies
of the third battalion of the Ninety-fifth regiment, in consequence of
that officer being wounded. Colonel Reynell commanded the light
brigade in the several operations that took place on the route to
Paris, and entered that capital at the head of the brigade on the 7th
of July 1815, and encamped with it in the Champs Elysées, being
the only British troops quartered within the barriers. In this year he
was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath, and received
the Cross of a Knight of the Austrian Military Order of Maria Theresa,
also a Cross of the fourth class of the Russian Military Order of St.
George.
Colonel Reynell remained with the “Army of Occupation” in France
until October 1818, when, after a grand review of the united British,
Danish, and Russian contingents at Valenciennes, the Seventy-first
marched to Calais, and embarked for England. Colonel Reynell
continued in command of the regiment until the 12th of August 1819,
the date of his promotion to the rank of Major-General.
In April 1820 Major-General Reynell was suddenly ordered to
proceed to Glasgow, having been appointed to the staff of North
Britain as a Major-General, in which country he remained until March
1821, when, in consequence of the tranquillity of Scotland, the extra
general officer was discontinued. Immediately after he was
appointed to the staff of the East Indies, and directed to proceed to
Bombay, for which presidency he embarked in September following,
and where he arrived in March 1822. After remaining there a month,
Major-General Reynell was removed to the staff of the Bengal
Presidency, by order of the Marquis of Hastings. In August Major-
General Reynell proceeded up the Ganges, and took the command
of the Meerut division on the 3rd of December 1822.
The next operation of importance in which Major-General Reynell
was engaged was the siege of Bhurtpore. Early in December 1825 a
large force had been assembled for this purpose, to the command of
which he had been appointed, when, just as the troops were about to
move into the Bhurtpore states, General Lord Combermere, the new
Commander-in-Chief in India, arrived from England, and Major-
General Reynell was then appointed to command the first division of
infantry. He commanded that division during the siege, and directed
the movements of the column of assault at the north-east angle on
the 18th of January 1826, when the place was carried, and the
citadel surrendered a few hours after. For this service he was
appointed a Knight Commander of the Bath, as well as honored with
the thanks of both Houses of Parliament.
Major-General Sir Thomas Reynell succeeded to the baronetcy
upon the decease of his brother, Sir Richard Littleton Reynell in
September 1829; and on the 30th of January 1832 was appointed by
His Majesty King William IV. to be Colonel of the Ninety-ninth
regiment, from which he was removed to the Eighty-seventh Royal
Irish Fusiliers on the 15th of August 1834. On the 10th of January
1837 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General, and on the
14th of June 1839 was appointed a member of the Consolidated
Board of General Officers, for the inspection and regulation of the
clothing of the army. On the 15th of March 1841 he was appointed
by Her Majesty to the Colonelcy of the Seventy-first regiment. Lieut.-
General Sir Thomas Reynell, Bart., K.C.B., died at Avisford, near
Arundel, on the 10th of February 1848.
Hugh Viscount Gough, G.C.B.,
Appointed from the Ninety-ninth regiment on the
15th of March 1841.
APPENDIX.
Troops in South America in 1806-7.

Nos. Place and Date of Place and Date of
embarked. Embarkation. Arrival.
Royal Artillery and
439
Royal Engineers.
April At Monte Jan.
47th Foot, 1st batt. 803 At Cork, 1806. 1807.
9 Video, 16
Cape Buenos June
71st Foot, 1st batt. 805 12 ” 1806.
Good Hope, Ayres, 25
Jan.
38th Foot, 1st batt. 737 do. Aug. 1806. do. 1807.
16
20th Lt. Drags., 4 Monte
204 do. do. ” 16 ”
troops. Video,
21st Lt. Drags., 2
125 do. do. ” do. 16 ”
troops.
Sep.
87th Foot, 1st batt. 801 Plymouth, 1806. do. 16 ”
12
95th (Rifles), 2nd
230 do. 13 ” do. 16 ”
batt. 3 comps.
40th Foot, 1st batt. 1000 16 ” do. 16 ”
Portsmouth,
Buenos
45th Foot, 1st batt. 888 do. 12 ” June 1807.
Ayres,
Rio de
88th Foot, 1st batt. 798 do. 20 ” ” ”
la Plata,
Buenos
36th Foot, 1st batt. 825 do. 22 ” ” ”
Ayres,
95th (Rifles), 1st Rio de
401 Falmouth, 13 ” ” ”
batt. 5 comps. la Plata,
17th Lt. Drags., 8 628 27 ” Monte Jan. 1807.
troops. Portsmouth, Video, 16
Oct. Buenos
5th Foot, 1st batt. 926 do. ” June 1807.
9 Ayres,
9th Lt. Drags., 8 Monte March
632 do. 1 ” 1807.
troops. Video, 7
6th Dragoon Rio de
298 do. 9 ” June ”
Guards, 4 trps. la Plata,
Feb. Monte
89th Foot, 1st batt. 947 do. 1807. do. ”
23 Video,
54th Foot, detach. 15
Total 11,502
Memoir of the Services of Lieut.-General Sir Charles William Doyle,
C.B., G.C.H., and K.C., formerly Lieut.-Colonel of the Eighty-
seventh regiment.
This officer entered the army on the 28th of April 1783, as Ensign in
the One hundred and fifth regiment, which was disbanded in the
following year, and on the 12th of February 1793, was promoted to
the rank of Lieutenant in the Fifty-ninth regiment, from which he was
removed to the Fourteenth foot on the 7th of March following, and to
the Ninety-first regiment on the 30th of October of the same year.
Lieutenant Doyle served with the Fourteenth regiment until the
beginning of 1794, in Holland and Brabant. In the assault of the
heights of Famars in 1793 he acted as Brigade-Major to the brigade
under Lieut.-General Sir Ralph Abercromby, whose thanks he
received upon the field of battle for his conduct in storming the
redoubts upon the heights over Valenciennes. During the siege of
that city Lieutenant Doyle was employed as orderly officer in
attendance upon the Austrian generals. While on service in the
trenches he received a contusion in the head from the splinter of a
shell. The Fourteenth regiment having suffered considerably, was left
to garrison Courtray. He obtained permission to join the army, and
served the remainder of the campaign as Aide-de-camp to Lieut.-
General Sir Ralph Abercromby, by whom he was sent to the Duke of
York with the account of the affair at Lannoi, in which he received a
contusion in the hand, and was again thanked upon the field of battle
by Lieut.-General Sir Ralph Abercromby. On the 21st of June 1794,
Lieutenant Doyle was promoted from the Ninety-first, in which he
had acted as Adjutant, to the Captain-Lieutenancy and Adjutancy of
the One hundred and eighth regiment; proceeded to Gibraltar,
where, upon that corps being drafted, he was appointed Aide-de-
camp to the governor of that fortress. On the 3rd of September 1795,
he was removed to the Eighty-seventh, as Captain-Lieutenant and
Adjutant, and embarked in 1796 as Brigade-Major to the expedition
against the Texel, under his uncle Brigadier-General John Doyle. In
that year Captain Doyle proceeded to the West Indies in the same
capacity, but finding that his regiment was destined to attack Porto
Rico, he resigned his staff situation, accompanied the Eighty-
seventh, and received the thanks of Sir Ralph Abercromby for his
conduct in covering the retreat of the army in April 1797, and was
appointed his Aide-de-camp. In 1798 he received the thanks of the
Governor of Barbadoes, for having driven off the coast a large
French privateer. Captain Doyle proceeded as Brigade-Major under
General Sir Ralph Abercromby with the expedition for the attack of
Cadiz in 1800; sailed from Minorca for the relief of Genoa, and from
Malta proceeded to Egypt, where he served upon the staff of the
army during the campaign. While suffering from illness at Rosetta, in
consequence of a wound he had received in the battle of the 21st of
March 1801, near Alexandria, he obtained precise and important
information regarding the strength of the garrison and the state of the
works at Cairo, which led to the operations that resulted in the
surrender of the place without a shot being fired. For this service he
received the warm thanks of Lieut.-General Hutchinson, who
assumed the command upon the death of General Abercromby, and
also the approbation of His Royal Highness the Duke of York,
Commander-in-Chief.
In 1803 Captain Doyle returned from the Mediterranean, was
appointed Major of Brigade under Lieut.-General Sir James Henry
Craig, K.B., by whom he was employed, with other staff officers, to
make separate reports of the best mode of defence of Hosely Bay;
his plan was highly approved by Sir James Craig, who
recommended him to the Commander-in-Chief, and he was
promoted to the rank of Major of the second battalion of the Sixty-
first regiment, on the 9th of July 1803. In the following year Major
Doyle commanded a corps composed of light infantry companies,
and of regiments of volunteers, formed for the defence of the
northern coasts of England by Lieut.-General Sir Hew Dalrymple,
whose warm thanks he received. At the close of 1804 he was
appointed by General Sir David Dundas, K.B., to command a corps
of light infantry at Barham Downs, where he received the thanks of
the Adjutant-General for his system of light infantry practice, and
about the same time his Military Catechism was published. He was
appointed Assistant Quartermaster-General at Guernsey, and on the
22nd of August 1805 was promoted to the rank of Lieut.-Colonel of
the Eighty-seventh regiment. He received the thanks of the
Governor of Plymouth, of the Royal Court of Guernsey, and of the
Commander-in-Chief, for the exemplary conduct of both battalions of
the Eighty-seventh, each having been under his command. In 1808
he was sent into Spain by His Majesty’s Government as a Military
Commissioner.
The rank of Major-General in the Spanish armies was Conferred
upon him, and a regiment was raised and named “Regiment of
Doyle” for his conduct in an affair at Olite. A badge of honor (to be
worn on the left arm) was conferred upon him in 1809 for assuming
the command of, and saving the city of Tortosa, threatened with
insurrection by the inhabitants, whilst the French were at the gates of
the town. The motto, “The Reward of Enthusiasm, Efficiency, and
Valour.” The arms of this city were engrafted upon his family arms,
by order of the Government of Spain at that period, and ratified by
King Ferdinand. He was appointed a Knight of the Order of Charles
III., for his services in the years 1808-9, and his conduct reported by
the Spanish to the British Government. In 1809 he was wounded at
the attack of the Col de Balaguer. A medal was struck by the
Spanish Government, specially to mark its approbation of the
conduct of the General, when he took by assault the tower and
battery of Bagur upon the 10th of September 1810, and assisted in
the operations against, and the taking the Castle of Palamos upon
the 14th of September. The motto, “Spanish Gratitude to British
Intrepidity.” A medal was presented to him at the close of the
campaign. The motto, “For distinguished Valour,” and he was
recommended by the Duke of Wellington to be appointed Colonel of
a regiment to be raised in Catalonia, and in 1811 obtained the Cross
of Distinction for the defence of Tarragona in 1811, where he was
wounded; likewise received the Cross of Distinction for the three
principal battles in Catalonia, and also the rank of Lieut.-General in
the Spanish armies, for his services in Catalonia, Arragon, and
Valencia, conferred by the Government at that period, and ratified by
King Ferdinand: he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army
of Reserve, raised and disciplined at Cadiz during the siege, and
was nominated Director of the Establishment for Military Instruction.
The honor of knighthood was conferred upon him by the Prince
Regent in 1812, and he was appointed a Companion of the Order of
the Bath for the important services rendered by him in Spain. On the
30th, Lieut.-Colonel Sir Charles Doyle was removed to the Eighty-
fourth regiment, and was placed on the half-pay of that corps on the
25th of February 1819, and on the 12th of August following was
advanced to the rank of Major-General. On the 1st of November
1819 he was appointed Colonel of the Tenth Royal Veteran Battalion
(since disbanded). Sir Charles Doyle, in addition to the honors
enumerated, had received the medal of the Order of the Crescent
conferred by the Grand Seignior for services in Egypt, the Legion of
Honor, and had been appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal
Hanoverian Guelphic Order, of which order he was subsequently
nominated a Knight Grand Cross. In 1825 Major-General Sir Charles
Doyle was appointed to the command of the South-western District
of Ireland, and in 1829 was appointed President of the Board
assembled at the War Office to investigate the services and
pensions of soldiers. On Jan. 10. 1837 he was promoted to the rank
of Lieut.-General.
Lieut.-General Sir Charles William Doyle died at Paris on the 25th
of October 1842, after a service of nearly sixty years in various parts
of the world.
Memoir of the Services of Lieut.-Colonel Matthew Shawe, C.B., of

the Eighty-seventh regiment.
Mr. Shawe was appointed an Ensign in the Twelfth foot on the 7th
of May 1799, and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in the
Seventy-fourth Highlanders on the 15th of November 1801, with
which regiment he served at the storming and capture of the
important fortress and town of Ahmednuggur on the 8th and 12th of
August 1803; was wounded severely at the battle of Assaye on the
23rd of September following, when the troops under Major-General
the Honorable Arthur Wellesley gained a victory over the combined
army of Scindiah and the Rajah of Berar. His next service was at the
battle of Argaum, on the 29th of November; afterwards at the siege
and storming of Gawilghur, on the 15th of December 1803: this was
a very strong fort, situated on a range of mountains between the
sources of the rivers Poorna and Taptee. Lieutenant Shawe served
with the Seventy-fourth at the siege of Chandore, a strong hill fort in
Candeish. This place surrendered on the 12th of October 1804.
Lieutenant Shawe was also at the siege of Gaulnah in the same
month; on the 30th of October he was promoted to the rank of
Captain in the Seventy-fourth regiment.
Captain Shawe proceeded with his regiment to the Peninsula in
January 1810; was present at the battle of Busaco on the 27th of
September following; also at the affairs of Redinha on the 12th of
March 1811, Condeixa on the day following, Foz d’Aronce on the
15th of that month, Sabugal on the 3rd of April, and at the battle of
Fuentes d’Onor on the 3rd and 5th of May 1811; in the latter action
Captain Shawe was wounded. He was advanced to the brevet rank
of Major on the 30th of May 1811, and served at the siege and
storming of Ciudad Rodrigo in January 1812; the siege of Badajoz
and the escalading of Fort Picurina on the 25th of March. This fort
was assaulted and carried by five hundred men of the third division,
two hundred of whom were under Brevet-Major Shawe, who was
dangerously wounded; he however recovered, and received the
brevet of Lieut.-Colonel, which was dated the 27th of April 1812, for
his services on this occasion. He was also thanked in general orders
by Viscount Wellington for his conduct, received a medal, and was
subsequently nominated a Companion of the Order of the Bath.
Brevet Lieut.-Colonel Shawe was appointed Major in the Fifty-
ninth regiment on the 4th of June 1813, and was promoted Lieut.-
Colonel in the Eighty-fourth regiment on the 15th of April 1817, and
was removed to the Eighty-seventh regiment on the 30th of April
1818, the command of which devolved upon him in May 1823 in
consequence of the decease of Lieut.-Colonel Miller. Lieut.-Colonel
Shawe died on the 10th of April 1826, on board His Majesty’s sloop
“Slany,” while within one day’s sail of Penang, where he was buried
with all military honors. His life was sacrificed to his zeal for his duty,
his health being such that, on leaving Calcutta, his medical advisers
tried every argument to dissuade him from proceeding to join his
regiment, then employed in the Burmese territory.
List of Fifty-six Battalions formed from Men raised under the Army
of Reserve and Additional Force Acts, in the Years 1803 and
1804.
Under the Army of Reserve Acts in 1803.

The following Nineteen Regiments were appointed to receive men
raised for limited service in Great Britain and Ireland, under the Army
of Reserve Acts, passed in the year 1803, and were augmented by
second battalions, viz.:
In England. In Scotland. In Ireland.

Under the Act Under the Act Under the Act
passed on the 6th passed on the 6th passed on the 11th
of July 1803. of July 1803. of July 1803.
3rd 53rd 26th

18th Regiment
Reg. Reg. Regiment
28th ” 57th ” 42nd ” 44th ”
30th ” 61st ” 92nd ” 58th ”
39th ” 66th ” 67th ”
47th ” 69th ”
48th ” 81st ”
In addition to the above corps, Sixteen Reserve Battalions were

also formed from the men raised in the several counties of Great
Britain and Ireland, under the Army of Reserve Acts, as under
specified, viz.:
In England. In Scotland.
1st Reserve Battalion 9th Reserve Battalion 5th Reserve Battalion

14th ”
3rd ” 10th ”

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