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Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 151
Anna Esposito
Marcos Faundez-Zanuy
Francesco Carlo Morabito
Eros Pasero Editors
Neural
Approaches to
Dynamics of
Signal Exchanges
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
Volume 151
Series Editors
Robert J. Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International,
Shoreham-by-sea, UK
Lakhmi C. Jain, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
Centre for Artificial Intelligence, University of Technology Sydney,
Sydney, NSW, Australia
The Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies book series encompasses the
topics of knowledge, intelligence, innovation and sustainability. The aim of the
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single and multi-disciplinary research on these themes in order to make the latest
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The series covers systems and paradigms that employ knowledge and intelligence
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which may be applied to the solution of world problems in industry, the environment
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EI-Compendex, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and Springerlink **
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8767

Anna Esposito Marcos Faundez-Zanuy
• •
Francesco Carlo Morabito Eros Pasero

•
Editors
Neural Approaches
to Dynamics of Signal
Exchanges
123
Editors
Anna Esposito Marcos Faundez-Zanuy
Department of Psychology Tecnocampus
University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Mataró, Spain
Caserta, Italy
Eros Pasero
International Institute for Advanced
Dipartimento di Elettronica e
Scientific Studies (IIASS)
Telecomunicazioni
Italy
Politecnico di Torino
Turin, Italy
Francesco Carlo Morabito
Department of Civil, Environment, Energy
and Materials Engineering
Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria
Reggio Calabria, Italy
ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic)

Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
ISBN 978-981-13-8949-8 ISBN 978-981-13-8950-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8950-4
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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Technical Committee
The chapters submitted to this book have been carefully reviewed by the following
technical committee:
Alonso-Martinez Carlos, Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Amorese Terry, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” and
IIASS
Angiulli Giovanni, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria
Bevilacqua Vitoantonio, Politecnico di Bari
Camastra Francesco, Università Napoli Parthenope
Campolo Maurizio, Università degli Studi Mediterranea Reggio Calabria
Cauteruccio Francesco, Università degli Studi della Calabria
Ciaramella Angelo, Università Napoli Parthenope
Ciravegna Gabriele, Politecnico di Torino
Cirrincione Giansalvo, Univeristé de Picardie
Comajuncosas Andreu, Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Cordasco Gennaro, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” and
IIASS
Cuciniello Marialucia, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”
and IIASS
Dattola Serena, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria
Damasevicius Robertas, Kaunas University of Technology
De Carlo Domenico, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria
Dell’Orco Silvia, School of Integrated Gestalt Psychotherapy—SIPGI
Esposito Anna, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” and IIASS
Esposito Antonietta Maria, Osservatorio Vesuviano sezione di Napoli
Esposito Francesco, Università di Napoli Parthenope
Esposito Marilena, International Institute for Advanced Scientific Studies (IIASS)
Faundez-Zanuy Marcos, Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Changhee Han, The University of Tokyo
Ferone Alessio, University of Naples Parthenope
Gabrieli Giulio, University of Trento
v
vi Technical Committee
Gnisci Augusto, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”

Gómez-Vilda Pedro, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Gori Marco, University of Siena
Koutsombogera Maria, Trinity College Dublin
La Foresta Fabio, Università degli Studi Mediterranea Reggio Calabria
Lo Giudice Paolo, University “Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria
Maldonato Mauro N., Università di Napoli “Federico II”
Mammone Nadia, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina
Martinez Olalla Rafael, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Maskeliūnas Rytis, Kaunas University of Technology
Matarazzo Olimpia, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”
Mekyska Jiri, Brno University
Morabito Francesco Carlo, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria
Nardone Davide, Università di Napoli “Parthenope”
Parpinel Francesca, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice
Panella Massimo, DIET Department, University of Rome “La Sapienza”
Roure Josep, Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Randazzo Vincenzo, Politecnico di Torino
Reverdy Justine, Trinity College Dublin
Rundo Leonardo, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca
Salvi Giampiero, KTH, Sweden
Sappey-Marinier Dominique, Université de Lyon
Scardapane Simone, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”
Scarpiniti Michele, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”
Senese Vincenzo Paolo, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”
Sesa-Nogueras Enric, Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Sgrò Annalisa, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria
Staiano Antonino, Università Napoli Parthenope
Stamile Claudio, Université de Lyon
Statue-Villar Antonio, Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Suchacka Grażyna, Opole University
Terracina Giorgio, Università della Calabria
Troncone Alda, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” and
IIASS
Xavier Font-Aragones, Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Uncini Aurelio, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”
Ursino Domenico, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria
Vasquez Juan Camilo, University of Antioquia
Vesperini Fabio, Università Politecnica delle Marche
Vitabile Salvatore, Università degli Studi di Palermo
Vogel Carl, Trinity College Dublin
Technical Committee vii
Sponsoring Institutions
International Institute for Advanced Scientific Studies (IIASS) of Vietri S/M (Italy)
Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi
Vanvitelli” (Italy)
Provincia di Salerno (Italy)
Comune di Vietri sul Mare, Salerno (Italy)
International Neural Network Society (INNS)
Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria (Italy)
Preface
The book aims to assemble research from different fields and create a common
public data framework for a large variety of applications that may range from
medical diagnosis to entertainment devices (speech, facial expressions, gaze and
gesture), holding the promises to contribute to the development of intelligent
interactive dialog systems that simplify everyday-life man-machine interaction by
taking into account individual, socio-cultural differences, and contextual instances,
intended here as the dynamics of values that contextual variables assume at a given
instant. Interdisciplinary aspects are taken into account and research is proposed
from different fields: mathematics, computer vision, speech analysis and synthesis,
machine learning, signal processing, telecommunication, human-computer inter-
action, psychology, anthropology, sociology, neural networks, machine learning,
and advanced sensing.
The topics of this book vary from the processing of audio-visual signals to the
detection of user perceived states, dedicating a section to the last scientific dis-
coveries in processing verbal (lexicon, syntax, and pragmatics), auditory (voice,
intonation, vocal expressions) and visual signals (gestures, body language, facial
expressions), as well as to algorithms for detecting communication disorders,
remote health status monitoring, sentiment and affect analysis, social behaviors and
engagements.
The remaining sections are dedicated to neural and machine learning algorithms
for the implementation of advanced telecommunication systems, communication
with people with special needs, emotion modulation by computer contents,
advanced sensors for tracking changes in real-life and automatic systems, as well as
the development of advanced human-computer interfaces. This socio-emotional
content is vital for building trusting, productive relationships that go beyond purely
factual and task oriented communication and the proposed technological solutions
will enhance and improve the efficiency of European industry and the quality of
service provided to citizens. Therefore, the proposed book has a wide view and
does not focus on solving a particular problem, rather describe the results of a
research that has positive effects in different fields and for different applications.
ix
x Preface
The contributions in the book cover different scientific areas according to the
thematic classification reported below, even though these areas are closely con-
nected in the themes they afford and provide fundamental insights for the
cross-fertilization of different disciplines:
• Machine learning and Artificial Neural Networks: Algorithms and models,
• Social and biometric data for applications in human-computer interfaces
It must be said that human data analysis is central to many endeavors both in basic
research and across application domains, and that the contributes proposed in this
book aim to enable human centered informatics.
The chapters composing this book were first discussed at the international
workshop on neural networks (WIRN 2018) held in Vietri Sul Mare from the 13th
to the 15th of June 2018, in the regular and special sessions. In particular it is worth
to mention the special session on: Dynamics of Signal Exchanges organized by
Anna Esposito, Antonietta M. Esposito, Gennaro Cordasco, Mauro N. Maldonato,
Francesco Carlo Morabito, Vincenzo Paolo Senese, Carl Vogel; and the special
session on Neural Networks and Pattern Recognition in Medicine organized by
Giansalvo Cirrincione and Vitoantonio Bevilacqua.
The scientists contributing to this book are specialists in their respective
disciplines. We are indebted to them for making (through their chapters) the book a
meaningful effort. The coordination and production of this book has been brilliantly
conducted by the Springer project coordinator for books production
Mr. Maniarasan Gandhi, the Springer executive editor Dr. Thomas Ditzinger,
and the editor assistant Mr. Holger Schaepe. They are the recipient of our deepest
appreciation. This initiative has been skillfully supported by the Editors in chief
of the Springer series Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, Professors Jain
Lakhmi C., and Howlett Robert James, to whom goes out deepest gratitude.
Caserta, Italy Anna Esposito

Mataró, Spain Marcos Faundez-Zanuy
Reggio Calabria, Italy Francesco Carlo Morabito
Turin, Italy Eros Pasero
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Some Note on Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3
Anna Esposito, Marcos Faundez-Zanuy, Francesco Carlo Morabito
and Eros Pasero
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Content of This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Part II Neural Networks and Related Applications

2 Music Genre Classification Using Stacked Auto-Encoders ....... 11
Michele Scarpiniti, Simone Scardapane, Danilo Comminiello
and Aurelio Uncini
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 The Proposed Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 The Stacked Auto-Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.2 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Feature Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 Linear Artificial Forces for Human Dynamics in Complex
Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 21
Pasquale Coscia, Lamberto Ballan, Francesco A. N. Palmieri,
Alexandre Alahi and Silvio Savarese
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3 Dynamic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4 Artificial Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
xi
xii Contents
3.5 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4 Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks and Acoustic Data
Augmentation for Snore Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
Fabio Vesperini, Luca Romeo, Emanuele Principi, Andrea Monteriù
and Stefano Squartini
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1.1 Related Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2 Proposed Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.1 Features Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.3.1 Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.3.2 Data Augmentation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3.3 Performance Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.3.4 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5 Italian Text Categorization with Lemmatization and Support
Vector Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 47
Francesco Camastra and Gennaro Razi
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.2 Italian Text Categorizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2.1 Tokenization Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2.2 Stopping Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.2.3 Lemmatization Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.2.4 Bag-of-Words Representation of Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.2.5 Feature Ranker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.2.6 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6 SOM-Based Analysis of Volcanic Rocks: An Application
to Somma–Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei Volcanoes (Italy) . . . .... 55
Antonietta M. Esposito, Andrea De Bernardo, Salvatore Ferrara,
Flora Giudicepietro and Lucia Pappalardo
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.2 The Selected Dataset and Parametrization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.3 The Self-organizing Map Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Contents xiii
7 Toward an Automatic Classification of SEM Images

of Nanomaterials via a Deep Learning Approach . . . ........... 61
Cosimo Ieracitano, Fabiola Pantó, Nadia Mammone,
Annunziata Paviglianiti, Patrizia Frontera
and Francesco Carlo Morabito
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.2.1 Electrospinning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.2.2 Convolutional Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8 An Effective Fuzzy Recommender System for Fund-raising
Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 73
Luca Barzanti, Silvio Giove and Alessandro Pezzi
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 74
8.2 Contacts’ Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 75
8.2.1 The Personal Characterization for Donors
and Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 75
8.2.2 Nonparametric Estimation of Volume
and Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
8.3 Computational Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9 Reconstruction, Optimization and Quality Check of Microsoft
HoloLens-Acquired 3D Point Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 83
Gianpaolo Francesco Trotta, Sergio Mazzola, Giuseppe Gelardi,
Antonio Brunetti, Nicola Marino and Vitoantonio Bevilacqua
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
9.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
9.2.1 Mesh Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
9.2.2 Quality Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
9.3 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
9.3.1 Performances Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
9.3.2 Quality Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
9.4 Results and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
10 The “Probabilistic Rand Index”: A Look from Some Different
Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 95
Stefano Rovetta, Francesco Masulli and Alberto Cabri
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 95
10.2 Co-Association Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 96
10.3 The Probabilistic Rand Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 98
xiv Contents
10.4 Analysis of the Probabilistic Rand Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

10.4.1 A Probabilistic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
10.4.2 An Information-Theoretic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
10.4.3 A Diversity-Theoretic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
10.5 Experimental Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
10.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
11 Dimension Reduction Techniques in a Brain–Computer Interface
Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 107
Federico Cozza, Paola Galdi, Angela Serra, Gabriele Pasqua,
Luigi Pavone and Roberto Tagliaferri
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
11.2 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
11.2.1 Population Used in the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
11.2.2 Experimental Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
11.2.3 Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
11.2.4 Feature Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
11.2.5 Dimension Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
11.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
11.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
12 Blind Source Separation Using Dictionary Learning in Wireless
Sensor Network Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119
Angelo Ciaramella, Davide Nardone and Antonino Staiano
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
12.2 Proposed Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
12.2.1 Blind Source Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
12.2.2 Dictionary Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
12.2.3 Mixture Decomposition into Sparse Signals . . . . . . . . . 122
12.2.4 Estimate of the Mixing Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
12.2.5 Separating Sources Using Sparse Coding . . . . . . . . . . . 123
12.2.6 Source Reconstruction from Sparseness . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
12.3.1 Principles and Operating Simulation in a WSN . . . . . . 124
12.3.2 Datasets and Evaluation Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
12.3.3 Separation Results with Fixed Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . 125
12.3.4 Comparing Different Strategies for Learning
Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
12.3.5 Effects of the block strategy on the system
performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
12.4 Example of Separation of Four Female Speeches . . . . . . . . . . . 128
12.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Contents xv
13 A Comparison of Apache Spark Supervised Machine Learning

Algorithms for DNA Splicing Site Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133
Valerio Morfino, Salvatore Rampone and Emanuel Weitschek
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133
13.1.1 Brief Biological Background and the DNA Splicing
Site Prediction Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
13.2 Methods and Description of the Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
13.2.1 Apache Spark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
13.2.2 Dataset Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
13.2.3 Dataset Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
13.2.4 Execution Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
13.3.1 Comparison with the Performance of the U-BRAIN
Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 140
13.4 Conclusions and Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 141
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 142
14 Recurrent ANNs for Failure Predictions on Large Datasets
of Italian SMEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 145
Leonardo Nadali, Marco Corazza, Francesca Parpinel
and Claudio Pizzi
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
14.2 RNNs Versus MLPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
14.3 The Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
14.4 The Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
14.4.1 ANN Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
14.4.2 Performances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
14.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
14.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
15 Inverse Classification for Military Decision Support Systems ..... 157
Pietro Russo and Massimo Panella
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
15.2 Proposed Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
15.3 Validation and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
15.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
16 Simultaneous Learning of Fuzzy Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 167
Luca Cermenati, Dario Malchiodi and Anna Maria Zanaboni
16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 167
16.2 Inferring the Membership Function to a Fuzzy Set . . . . . ..... 168
16.3 Simultaneously Inferring Several Membership Functions . ..... 170
xvi Contents
16.4 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

16.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
17 Trees in the Real Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 177
Alessandro Betti and Marco Gori
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
17.2 Uniform Real-Valued Tree Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
17.3 Non-commutative Left-Right Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
17.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
18 Graded Possibilistic Meta Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 189
Alessio Ferone and Antonio Maratea
18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
18.2 Meta Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
18.2.1 Baseline Clusterings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
18.2.2 Clusterings Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
18.2.3 Clustering Partitions by Relational Clustering . . . . . . . 191
18.2.4 Fuzzy c-medoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
18.2.5 Rough c-Medoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
18.2.6 Graded Possibilistic c-medoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
18.3 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
18.3.1 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
18.3.2 Performance Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
18.3.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
18.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
19 Probing a Deep Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 201
Francesco A. N. Palmieri, Mario Baldi, Amedeo Buonanno,
Giovanni Di Gennaro and Francesco Ospedale
19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
19.2 Multi-Layer Convolutional Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
19.3 Backward Reconstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
19.3.1 Filter Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
19.4 Best Input Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
19.5 Activation Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
19.6 Conclusions and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
20 Neural Epistemology in Dynamical System Learning . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Pietro Barbiero, Giansalvo Cirrincione, Maurizio Cirrincione,
Elio Piccolo and Francesco Vaccarino
20.1 The Need for an Epistemology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
20.2 Mathematical Models of Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Contents xvii
20.3 The Poincaré Recurrence Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

20.4 What Can Go Wrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
20.5 How Machine Learning Sees Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 217
20.6 A Song Experiment: The Frère Jacques Song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
20.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
21 Assessing Discriminating Capability of Geometrical
Descriptors for 3D Face Recognition by Using the GH-EXIN
Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 223
Gabriele Ciravegna, Giansalvo Cirrincione, Federica Marcolin,
Pietro Barbiero, Nicole Dagnes and Elio Piccolo
21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
21.2 Database Creation and Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
21.3 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
21.3.1 Biclustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
21.3.2 The GH-EXIN Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
21.4 Analysis of the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
21.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
22 Growing Curvilinear Component Analysis (GCCA) for Stator
Fault Detection in Induction Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 235
Giansalvo Cirrincione, Vincenzo Randazzo, Rahul R. Kumar,
Maurizio Cirrincione and Eros Pasero
22.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
22.2 The Growing CCA (GCCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
22.3 Stator-Winding Fault Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
22.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Part III Neural Networks and Pattern Recognition in Medicine

23 A Neural Based Comparative Analysis for Feature Extraction
from ECG Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 247
Giansalvo Cirrincione, Vincenzo Randazzo and Eros Pasero
23.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
23.2 The Proposed Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
23.3 Feature Analysis and Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
23.3.1 ECG Raw Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
23.3.2 Temporal Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
23.3.3 Eigenvector Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
23.3.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
xviii Contents
24 A Multi-modal Tool Suite for Parkinson’s Disease Evaluation

and Grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 257
Giacomo Donato Cascarano, Antonio Brunetti,
Domenico Buongiorno, Gianpaolo Francesco Trotta,
Claudio Loconsole, Ilaria Bortone and Vitoantonio Bevilacqua
24.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
24.2.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
24.2.2 Experimental Set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
24.2.3 Feature Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
24.2.4 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
24.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
25 CNN-Based Prostate Zonal Segmentation on T2-Weighted MR
Images: A Cross-Dataset Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Leonardo Rundo, Changhee Han, Jin Zhang, Ryuichiro Hataya,
Yudai Nagano, Carmelo Militello, Claudio Ferretti, Marco S. Nobile,
Andrea Tangherloni, Maria Carla Gilardi, Salvatore Vitabile,
Hideki Nakayama and Giancarlo Mauri
25.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
25.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
25.3.1 MRI Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
25.3.2 CNN-Based Prostate Zonal Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . 273
25.3.3 Influence of Pre-training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
25.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
25.5 Discussion and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
26 Understanding Cancer Phenomenon at Gene Expression Level
by using a Shallow Neural Network Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 281
Pietro Barbiero, Andrea Bertotti, Gabriele Ciravegna,
Giansalvo Cirrincione, Elio Piccolo and Alberto Tonda
26.1 Biological Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
26.2 Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
26.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
26.4 Shallow Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
26.4.1 Mathematical Model of the Network Architecture . . . . 283
26.4.2 Objective Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
26.4.3 Parameter Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
26.5 Experiments and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
26.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Contents xix
27 Infinite Brain MR Images: PGGAN-Based Data Augmentation

for Tumor Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 291
Changhee Han, Leonardo Rundo, Ryosuke Araki, Yujiro Furukawa,
Giancarlo Mauri, Hideki Nakayama and Hideaki Hayashi
27.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
27.2 Generative Adversarial Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
27.3.1 BRATS 2016 Training Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
27.3.2 PGGAN-Based Image Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
27.3.3 Tumor Detection Using ResNet-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
27.3.4 Clinical Validation Using the Visual Turing Test . . . . . 297
27.3.5 Visualization Using t-SNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
27.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
27.4.1 MR Images Generated by PGGANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
27.4.2 Tumor Detection Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
27.4.3 Visual Turing Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
27.4.4 t-SNE Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
27.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
28 DNA Microarray Classification: Evolutionary Optimization
of Neural Network Hyper-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 305
Pietro Barbiero, Andrea Bertotti, Gabriele Ciravegna,
Giansalvo Cirrincione and Elio Piccolo
28.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
28.2 Proposed Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
28.3 Experiments and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
28.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
29 Evaluation of a Support Vector Machine Based Method
for Crohn’s Disease Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 313
S. Franchini, M. C. Terranova, G. Lo Re, S. Salerno, M. Midiri
and Salvatore Vitabile
29.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
29.1.1 Related Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
29.1.2 Our Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
29.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
29.3 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
29.3.1 Classification Methods Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
29.3.3 Feature Reduction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
29.3.4 Support Vector Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
29.3.5 K-Fold Cross-Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
xx Contents
29.4 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

29.4.1 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
29.4.2 Feature Space Reduction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
29.4.3 Radiologist Driven Reduction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 324
29.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Part IV Dynamics of Signal Exchanges

30 Seniors’ Appreciation of Humanoid Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 331
Anna Esposito, Marialucia Cuciniello, Terry Amorese,
Antonietta M. Esposito, Alda Troncone, Mauro N. Maldonato,
Carl Vogel, Nikolaos Bourbakis and Gennaro Cordasco
30.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
30.2.1 Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
30.2.2 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
30.2.3 Tools and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
30.3 Analysis and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
30.4 Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
31 The Influence of Personality Traits on the Measure
of Restorativeness in an Urban Park: A Multisensory
Immersive Virtual Reality Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Vincenzo Paolo Senese, Aniello Pascale, Luigi Maffei,
Federico Cioffi, Ida Sergi, Augusto Gnisci and Massimiliano Masullo
31.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
31.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
31.2.1 Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
31.2.2 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
31.2.3 Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
31.2.4 Virtual Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
31.3 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
31.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
31.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
31.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
32 Linguistic Repetition in Three-Party Conversations . ........... 359
Justine Reverdy, Maria Koutsombogera and Carl Vogel
32.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
32.2 Data set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
32.2.1 Conversational Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
32.2.2 Annotation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Contents xxi
32.3 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 364

32.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 365
32.4.1 Overview of Repetition Types and Dialogue
Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 365
32.4.2 Above Chance Repetitions and Facilitators’
Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 367
32.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 369
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 369
33 An Experiment on How Naïve People Evaluate Interruptions
as Effective, Unpleasant and Influential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 371
Ida Sergi, Augusto Gnisci, Vincenzo Paolo Senese
and Angelo Di Gennaro
33.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
33.1.1 Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
33.2 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
33.2.1 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
33.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
33.3.1 The Effect of Interruptions in Terms of Effectiveness,
Pleasantness and Influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 375
33.3.2 Correlations of Perception of Interruption with
Effectiveness, Unpleasantness and Influence . . . . . . . .. 376
33.4 Discussion and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 377
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 381
34 Analyzing Likert Scale Inter-annotator Disagreement .......... 383
Carl Vogel, Maria Koutsombogera and Rachel Costello
34.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
34.2 Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
34.3 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
34.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
34.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
34.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
35 PySiology: A Python Package for Physiological Feature
Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 395
Giulio Gabrieli, Atiqah Azhari and Gianluca Esposito
35.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
35.2 Development Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
35.3 Modules, Features, and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
35.3.1 Package Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
35.3.2 Feature Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
35.3.3 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
xxii Contents
35.4 Advanced Example: Predicting Valence of an Image

from Physiological Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
35.4.1 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
35.4.2 Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
35.4.4 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
35.4.5 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
35.5 Future Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
35.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
36 Effect of Sensor Density on eLORETA Source Localization
Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 403
Serena Dattola, Fabio La Foresta, Lilla Bonanno, Simona De Salvo,
Nadia Mammone, Silvia Marino and Francesco Carlo Morabito
36.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
36.2.1 The EEG Inverse Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
36.2.2 LORETA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
36.2.3 Acquisition System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
36.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
36.3.1 Data Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
36.3.2 Analysis of Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
36.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
36.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
37 To the Roots of the Sense of Self: Proposals for a Study
on the Emergence of Body Awareness in Early Infancy
Through a Deep Learning Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 415
Alfonso Davide Di Sarno, Raffaele Sperandeo, Giuseppina Di Leva,
Irene Fabbricino, Enrico Moretto, Silvia Dell’Orco
and Mauro N. Maldonato
37.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
37.2 The Observational Methods in Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
37.3 The Observation of the Dyad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
37.4 Theory of Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
37.4.1 Movements: The Child First Language . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
37.4.2 The Six Fundamental Movements Theory . . . . . . . . . . 420
37.4.3 Effects of the Mismatches in the Relationship . . . . . . . 421
37.5 The Deep Learning Model Applied to Human Behaviour . . . . . 422
37.5.1 Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 423
Contents xxiii
37.6 Study Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

37.7 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
37.8 Conclusion and Expected Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
38 Performance of Articulation Kinetic Distributions Vs MFCCs
in Parkinson’s Detection from Vowel Utterances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Andrés Gómez-Rodellar, Agustín Álvarez-Marquina, Jiri Mekyska,
Daniel Palacios-Alonso, Djamila Meghraoui and Pedro Gómez-Vilda
38.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
38.2 Kinematic Model of Speech Articulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
38.3.1 Validation of Articulatory Gesture to Acoustic
Feature Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
38.3.2 AKV-Based Parkinson Disease Detection . . . . . . . . . . 438
38.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
39 From “Mind and Body” to “Mind in Body”: A Research
Approach for a Description of Personality as a Functional Unit
of Thoughts, Behaviours and Affective States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 443
Daniela Iennaco, Raffaele Sperandeo, Lucia Luciana Mosca,
Martina Messina, Enrico Moretto, Valeria Cioffi, Silvia Dell’Orco
39.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
39.2 Theoretical Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
39.3 Aims of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
39.4 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
39.5 Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
39.6 Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
39.6.1 Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire-Fifth
Edition (16PF-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 448
39.6.2 Electrophysiological Recording (EECG, sEMG,
HRV, GSR, TEMP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 449
39.7 Expected Results and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 450
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 450
40 Online Handwriting and Signature Normalization and Fusion
in a Biometric Security Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 453
Carlos Alonso-Martinez and Marcos Faundez-Zanuy
40.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
40.2.1 Biometric Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
40.2.2 Online Signature Biometric Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . 454
xxiv Contents
40.2.3 Online Handwritten Capital Letters Biometric

Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
40.2.4 Combined Approach for Biometric Recognition . . . . . . 457
40.2.5 Score Normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
40.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
41 Data Insights and Classification in Multi-sensor Database
for Cervical Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 465
Xavi Font, Carles Paul and Eloi Rodriguez
41.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
41.2 Experiment Setup and the Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
41.2.1 Inertial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
41.2.2 Thermographic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
41.2.3 EEG Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
41.2.4 Data Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
41.3 Data Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
41.4 Classification Through Penalized Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
41.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
41.5.1 Sensor Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
41.5.2 Survey Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
41.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
42 Estimating the Asymmetry of Brain Network Organization
in Stroke Patients from High-Density EEG Signals . . . . . . . . . . . .. 475
Nadia Mammone, Simona De Salvo, Silvia Marino, Lilla Bonanno,
Cosimo Ieracitano, Serena Dattola, Fabio La Foresta
and Francesco Carlo Morabito
42.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
42.2 Estimating the Brain Network Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
42.2.1 Patients’ Recruitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
42.2.2 HD-EEG Recording and Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
42.2.3 EEG-based Complex Network Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
42.2.4 Permutation Disalignment Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
42.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
42.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
43 Preliminary Study on Biometric Recognition Based on Drawing
Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 485
Josep Lopez-Xarbau, Marcos Faundez-Zanuy
and Manuel Garnacho-Castaño
43.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 485
43.2 Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 486
43.3 Recognition Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 487
Contents xxv

43.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
44 Exploring the Relationship Between Attention and Awareness.
Neurophenomenology of the Centroencephalic Space
of Functional Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 495
Mauro N. Maldonato, Raffaele Sperandeo, Anna Esposito,
Ciro Punzo and Silvia Dell’Orco
44.1 Modal Levels of Attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
44.2 Procedures in Continuous Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
44.3 Functional Asymmetries Between Attention and Awareness . . . 498
44.4 Future Research Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
45 Decision-Making Styles in an Evolutionary Perspective . . . . . . ... 503
Silvia Dell’Orco, Raffaele Sperandeo, Ciro Punzo, Mario Bottone,
Anna Esposito, Antonietta M. Esposito, Vincenzo Bochicchio
45.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 504
45.2 Recognition-Primed Decision Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 505
45.3 Cognition and Individual Differences in Decision-Making
Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 506
45.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives of Research . . . . . . . . ... 509
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 510
46 The Unaware Brain: The Role of the Interconnected Modal
Matrices in the Centrencephalic Space of Functional
Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 513
Mauro N. Maldonato, Paolo Valerio, Raffaele Sperandeo,
Antonietta M. Esposito, Roberto Vitelli, Cristiano Scandurra,
Benedetta Muzii and Silvia Dell’Orco
46.1 Unconscious Cognitive Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
46.2 The Thresholds of Subliminal Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
46.3 Unconscious Affective Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
46.4 Could Desire Perhaps Be an Illusion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
46.5 Conclusions and Future Explorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

About the Editors
Anna Esposito received her “Laurea Degree” summa cum laude in Information
Technology and Computer Science from Università di Salerno in 1989. She
received her PhD Degree in Applied Mathematics and Computer Science from
Università di Napoli “Federico II” in 1995. She is currently working as an
Associate Professor in Computer Science at the Department of Psychology,
Università della Campania. She is associated with WSU as Research Affiliate.
Previously, she worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Physics at the
Università di Salerno (Italy). She also held a position of Research Professor
(2000–2002) at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Wright
State University(WSU), Dayton, OH, USA. She has authored 190+ peer reviewed
publications in international journals, books, and conference proceedings. She
edited/co-edited 28+ books and conference proceedings in collaboration with
Italian, EU and overseas colleagues. She has also guest edited several journal
special issues.
She has been the proposer and chair of COST 2102. Currently, she is the Italian
Management Committee Member of COST Action CA15218 and the Italian
Management Committee Substitute Member of COST Action IS1406. Previously
also she has been Italian Management Committee member of many
COST ACTIONS. Since 2006, she is a Member of the European Network for the
Advancement of Artificial Cognitive Systems, Interaction and Robotics.
Marcos Faundez-Zanuy received his B.Sc. degree in Telecommunication in 1993

and the Ph.D. degree in 1998 from the Polytechnic University of Catalunya. He is
now Full Professor at ESUP Tecnocampus Mataro and heads the Signal Processing
Group. He also held the position of Dean of Escola Superior Politecnica
Tecnocampus from September, 2009 to April, 2018. His area of research interests
are in the fields of biometrics applied to security and health. He was the initiator
and Chairman of the European COST action 277 “Nonlinear speech processing”',
and the secretary of COST action 2102 “Cross-Modal Analysis of Verbal and
xxvii
xxviii About the Editors
Non-Verbal Communication”. He has authored more than 50 papers indexed in

international journals, more than 100 conference papers, and around 10 books. He
is also responsible of 10 national and European research projects.
Francesco Carlo Morabito got the “Laurea” Degree (Summa cum laude) from the
University of Napoli (Italy) in 1985. He now serves as Vice-Rector for
Internationalisation at University of Reggio Calabria, Italy. Previously, he was
Professor of Electrical Engineering at same University. He has also worked at
Radar Department, Selenia SpA, Rome, as Researcher. He also taught at the EPFL,
Lausanne, Switzerland, University of Naples, University of Messina, and
University of Cosenza. He was a Visiting Researcher at Max-Planck Institute fuer
Plasmaphysiks Muenchen, Germany from 1994–2001. He has authored 280+
papers in international journals/conferences and 10 book chapters. He is also
editor/co-editor of 6 international books. He is Foreign Member of Royal Academy
of Doctors, Barcelona, Spain (from 2004). He received Gold Medal “Henry
Coanda”, Rumanian Academy for Researches in Neural Networks and Fuzzy
Systems, Iasi, Rumania in 2003. He was President of the Italian Society of Neural
Networks (SIREN) from 2008–2014. He also held positions in INNS: Member
of the Board of Governors (2000–2002); Secretary (2003); Member of the Board of
Governors (2004–2006; 2007–2009; 2010–2012); Chair of the Nomination
Committee (2010–2012). He is Associate Editor of Neural Networks (Elsevier);
Editorial Board Member of many reputed journals.
Eros Pasero is Professor of Electronics at the Politecnico of Turin since 1991.

Previously, he was Professor at the University of Roma, Visiting Professor at ICSI,
UC Berkeley, CA, Professor of digital electronics and electronic systems at Tongji
University, Shanghai, China in 2001 and “Electronic Devices” in 2015 and
Professor of digital electronics and electronic systems at TTPU (Turin Tashkent
Politechic University), Tashkent, Uzbekistan. His area of research interests are in
Artificial Neural Networks and Electronic Sensors.
He is now the President of SIREN, the Italian Society for Neural Networks; he
was General Chairman of IJCNN2000 in Como, General Chairman of
SIRWEC2006 in Turin and General Chairman of WIRN 2015 in Vietri. He has
received several awards and holds 5 international patents. He was supervisor of tens
of international PhD’s and hundreds of Master students. He has authored more than
100 international publications. He is involved in several funded research projects.
Part I
Introduction
Chapter 1
Some Note on Artificial Intelligence
Anna Esposito, Marcos Faundez-Zanuy, Francesco Carlo Morabito

and Eros Pasero
Abstract This introductory chapter discusses some basics of artificial intelligence

and in particular some theoretical issues concerning neural networks that are still
open problems and need further investigations. This is because, independently of
the large use of neural networks in several fields, using neural networks and similar
artificial intelligence techniques to solve problems of non-polynomial complexity is
by itself a creative and intelligent problem, not rigidly tied to procedural methods
and fully explainable on theoretical bases.
1.1 Introduction
The term artificial intelligence was coined by McCarthy et al. [6] in the attempt
to collect funds to organize a series of seminars. In the presentation of the project
McCarthy et al. wrote: “We propose.. a ….study of Artificial Intelligence on the basis
of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can
in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it” [6].
Artificial intelligence, therefore, as it was initially defined, aimed to identify machine
learning algorithms and procedures that could complement and even replace the
A. Esposito (B)
Dipartimento di Psicologia and IIASS, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli,
Caserta, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Faundez-Zanuy
Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
F. C. Morabito
Università degli Studi “Mediterranea” di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
E. Pasero
Politecnico di Torino - Dip. Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Turin, Italy
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 3

A. Esposito et al. (eds.), Neural Approaches to Dynamics of Signal Exchanges,
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 151,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8950-4_1
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palisades: The story of fur and the rivalry for
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Title: Pelts and palisades: The story of fur and the rivalry for pelts in
early America
Author: Nathaniel C. Hale
Illustrator: Elmo Jones
Release date: July 17, 2022 [eBook #68540]
Language: English
Original publication: United States: The Deitz Press, Incorporated,

1959
Credits: Steve Mattern and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team

at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from
images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PELTS AND

PALISADES: THE STORY OF FUR AND THE RIVALRY FOR
PELTS IN EARLY AMERICA ***
The Author
Nathaniel C. Hale graduated from the United States Military
Academy at West Point in 1925. After serving in the Army, he
resigned his commission to enter business, but joined the Army
again on the outbreak of World War II. He was Commandant of an
Officers Training School prior to overseas duty with the Signal Corps.
Since the war, Colonel Hale has become well known as an author
and historian. In 1952 he received the annual award of the Society of
Colonial Wars in New York for his book, VIRGINIA VENTURER,
which was cited as the outstanding contribution of the year in the
field of American colonial history. Colonel Hale and his wife, both of
Southern birth, make their home in the Rittenhouse Square section
of Philadelphia and spend part of their summers at their cottage in
Cape May, New Jersey.
PELTS and PALISADES
By the Same Author
VIRGINIA VENTURER
A Biography of William Claiborne
1600-1677
THE FUR TRADE FURNISHED THE MEANS OF CONTACT
BETWEEN WIDELY DIVERGENT CULTURES.
PELTS and PALISADES
THE STORY OF FUR
and the
Rivalry for Pelts in Early America
By
Nathaniel C. Hale
RICHMOND, VA.
THE DIETZ PRESS, INCORPORATED
Copyright by
NATHANIEL C. HALE
© 1959
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

To My Grandchildren
Preface
THE story of fur is as old as the story of man. Some brief account
of ancient man’s quest for fur is included in the beginning of this
book. However, the main narrative is concerned with the rivalry for
pelts in early America.
The discoverers of our country came here looking for gold. They
found it in fur. After that the fur trade formed the pattern of
exploration, trade and settlement. It sustained the colonies along the
Atlantic seaboard until they could be rooted in agriculture and it was
a controlling factor in the westward movement of our population.
In the seventeenth century there was a seemingly insatiable
demand in Europe for beaver pelts, inflated in no small degree by
early laws prohibiting the use of cheaper furs in hat making. Since
there was an apparently inexhaustible supply of these pelts in
America, the fur trade quickly became the economic lifeblood of the
colonies. On it was laid the cornerstone of American commerce.
On it, too, was laid the cornerstone of European imperialism on
this continent, the prosecution of which was largely motivated by the
energies of the mercantile classes of the nations involved. The
merchants, their factors, and the fur traders, shaped colonial
policies. The statesmen only signed the implementing documents.
It was the trader in quest of beaver who first met and conducted
diplomatic relations with the Indians and who first challenged the
claims of competing nations. Indeed, it was this fur trader in the
wilderness, making allies and building palisaded trading posts, or
forts, who determined colonial borders and who largely influenced
the outcome of the imperialistic struggle for the continent.
That struggle culminated in the French and Indian War and that is
the event which ends the story in this book. Pelts and Palisades
does not pretend to be a comprehensive study of the early American
fur trade. Its only intent is to illustrate in narrative form the significant
effect of that trade on the genesis of America and the westward
movement of its people.
Included in the narrative are frank accounts of merchants and
traders among our founding fathers who built their fortunes or their
reputations on fur. As all the men who were prominent in this activity
could not be named, only meaningful case histories that point up the
pattern of the early fur trade have been cited. Fortunately, there are
local histories, county and state, that do name most of these truly
pioneer Americans and credit them with their individual
accomplishments.
The era of the early fur trade, typified by the white trader and the
Indian hunter, began drawing to a close after the French and Indian
War. The white trader then became the trapper and a whole new
conception of the fur trade in America developed as the frontier
rolled across the plains and on to the Rocky Mountains. Today we
may be on the threshold of still another era, that of the fur farmer.
In any case the fur industry continues to be big business in this
country, total activity at all levels—raw furs, dressing and dyeing, and
retail sales—being estimated at about one billion dollars. After
exporting some twenty million dollars worth of domestic pelts, the
United States annually consumes around two hundred million dollars
worth of raw furs altogether—this, according to a recent bulletin of
the Department of Commerce. About fifty percent of this
consumption is imported.
Our imports are chiefly Persian lamb and caracul, mink, rabbit and
squirrel. While the fur farms of this country produce great quantities
of mink, fox, chinchilla and nutria, our principal domestic production
of wild furs consists of muskrat, opossum, raccoon and mink. All
other wild furs including “King Beaver” of colonial times run far
behind this field.
Curiously enough, the lowly, unwanted muskrat of the seventeenth
century is now the “King” of the wild furs. Its main domicile is the
State of Louisiana. Because of the muskrat’s residence there
Louisiana produces many more pelts, all fur-bearing animals
included, than any other state in the union. Southern Louisiana is in
fact one of the most important fur producing areas on our continent.
In that section alone there are approximately twenty thousand local
trappers of muskrat, mink, otter and raccoon.
Altogether there are two million full or part-time trappers in the
United States, bringing in about twenty million pelts a year. There are
also some twenty thousand or more fur farms contributing several
million pelts annually, although fur farming had its inception in this
country not much more than thirty-five years ago. Additionally, there
are the raw fur imports. To transform all these pelts into dressed and
dyed furs and retail them to milady calls for the services of
thousands of additional people at manufacturing, jobbing and dealer
levels.
Even as in ancient times such a great outpouring of commercial
energy and money for fur is mainly decreed by fashion. The arbiters
of fashion are fickle of course, but at a recent showing of designer
collections for women in New York it was said that fur and fur
trimmings were everywhere, with mink currently in most popular
favor. As one newspaper correspondent reported, hats were made of
fur or trimmed with it; coats were collared, cuffed, bordered or lined
with it; suits wore wide fur collars and revers; and evening gowns
had deep hemline borders of fur. And not so long ago in the New
York Times appeared a full page advertisement for a chair
upholstered in fur, “the world’s most sumptuous hostess chair ...
lavished with the enchanting elegance of genuine mink!”
The author wishes to acknowledge the many kindnesses of those
who have been helpful to him. He is much indebted to the staffs of
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and the Athenaeum of
Philadelphia. He is also indebted to members of the General Society
of Colonial Wars, the Netherlands Society, the Colonial Society of
Pennsylvania and the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of
Philadelphia who have assisted him in many ways. From papers he
has delivered before these groups has come much of the material
used in this book. The author is also very grateful to Professor Arthur
Adams of Boston, Massachusetts for his criticism and advice.
A bibliography of the works consulted in the preparation of the
manuscript is appended, special acknowledgement being due to
Doctor Amandus Johnson of Philadelphia for his published
documentations of the Swedish fur trade in the Delaware valley.
And, to his wife, Eliska, the writer of this book is very thankful for
her patient understanding during the many week ends that he spent
on the manuscript.
Nathaniel C. Hale
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1959.
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
Preface vii
I. Royal Robes and Beaver Hats 1
II. Vikings and Skraelings in Vinland 16
III. Codfish Land Spawns a Fur Frontier 24
Samuel de Champlain Lights a Blaze of
IV. 37
Red Terror
V. England Moves to Extend Her Realm 44
VI. Captain John Smith Takes to Trade 57
VII. The Dutch Profit by a Mutiny 67
VIII. Conception of New England 82
IX. The Pilgrims Rely on God and Beaver 91
X. A Border Fixed on the Coast of Maine 107
XI. The Bay of Virginia 114
XII. Kent Island and the Backside of Virginia 124
XIII. New Netherland’s South River 135
XIV. Swedish Interlude on the Delaware 147
New Netherland Threatened Without and
XV. 164
Within
XVI. The English Close Their Coastal Ranks 180
XVII. Westward the Fur Frontier of America 186
Bibliography and Acknowledgements 205
Index 209
PELTS and PALISADES
Friend, once ’twas Fame that led thee forth
To brave the Tropic Heat, the Frozen North;
Late it was Gold, then Beauty was the Spur;
But now our gallants venture but for Fur.
John Dryden, 1672.
I
Royal Robes and Beaver Hats
IT might be said that man’s first true possession was the fur skin of
an animal.
Prehistoric mankind prowled the earth seeking food, shelter and
mates—only those needs intended by nature to preserve him and to
perpetuate his species. He had no accumulated wealth. Even his
first crude weapons, rocks and sticks, were expendable. He had
nothing material to treasure until he began to acquire coverings for
his body.
Body coverings must have become useful to primitive man in the
last glacial period, during the very evolution of human society. His
earliest needs were doubtless served by the pelts of such cold-
climate animals as the reindeer and the bear. Once Homo sapiens,
stretched out on the floor of a chilly cave, experienced the warmth of
fur skins accumulated from these animals that he had eaten, it could
have been but a short step to using pelts as clothing. All the world
was not cold however.
In the middle latitudes early man knew little of thickly furred
animals, and had less need for warm garments. He used foliage,
grasses and eventually goat and sheep skins as skirts to hide his
uncleanness. It was probably no more than modesty, a primal sense
of shame, that first prompted him to cover himself. Later, as he
learned to shape and weave and to appreciate his art, he fashioned
his clothing for adornment.
Then it was that pelts stripped from bowed chiefs of the colder
countries came to be prized as rarities of beauty and usefulness, as
kingly trophies. Conquerors adopted them as ornaments and
symbols of victory and power. Fur became prime loot. For many
generations of man, while contacts between peoples remained
essentially war-like, prize pelts from the farthest corners of the
known world were brought home by warriors as evidence of their
prowess and as tribute to their rulers.
Some rulers among the rising civilizations of the ancient world
made extravagant use of fur skins, especially the brightly hued pelts
of the big cats.
Tradition has it that the voluptuous Assyrian queen, Semiramis,
acquired eight thousand tiger skins during a plundering campaign in
India. Presumably, much of this loot was used to decorate the palace
and hanging gardens of sinful Babylon which this storied
enchantress is supposed to have founded.
Pharaohs and high priests of ancient Egypt used quantities of lion,
leopard and panther skins as ornamental and ceremonial pieces.
Men of high position draped these colorful pelts over their shoulders,
tying the paws in the back with ribbons. The tail of the lion was
appended animal-fashion by pharaohs to impart the beast’s qualities
to the wearer, and warriors stretched their frame-wood shields with
leopard skins. Extant today is a wall painting on a tomb of the
eighteenth dynasty which shows tax-paying Ethiopians bearing their
tribute of pelts to an Egyptian king.
And, when barter finally joined hands with a war as a better means
of contact between peoples, it was fur that helped bring it about.
Evidence of such military commerce emerges from the mists of
Greek antiquity. The legend of Jason and his quest for the Golden
Fleece is in all likelihood the fanciful story of a fur trading expedition
in the thirteenth or fourteenth century B.C.
Some students of Greek mythology interpret the Golden Fleece as
symbolism of one kind or another. However, it is specifically
identified in the legend as the pelt of a golden ram and ornamental
pelts are shown in archaic bas-reliefs to have been an integral part
of Greek culture.
The perils encountered by Jason and his adventurers, as first
related by them, were probably intended to point up the difficulties of
their achievement and to help guard the secrets of their trade-route
discoveries. No doubt Greek hero worship contributed to the
subsequent embellishment of the legend. But, if like most other folk
tradition this epic of the Argonauts had its origin in some simple fact
now obscured by the telling, that fact must lie in the Golden Fleece
itself. Certainly, without its existence in some form, as the object of
the voyage, there would be no motivation—no story.
But of course there is a story, and a good one, even after
eliminating the delightful folk-tale embroidery.
For recognition of his right to the throne Prince Jason of Greece
bargained with his crafty uncle, King Pelias, to go on a dangerous
voyage to the Euxine Sea in search of the Golden Fleece. Jason
planned well. All the gods and great heroes of Greece came to his
assistance. With Juno’s help a ship called the Argo was built for the
expedition. According to the legend it was capable of holding over
fifty men, but the building of a ship to accommodate half that number
would have been a gigantic accomplishment for those days. After
manning the Argo with heroes selected for their particular talents in
sailing, fighting and overcoming special dangers of the voyage,
Jason set out on his quest.
The Argonauts were involved in many perilous adventures after
they left Greece. Nevertheless, they negotiated the treacherous
straits at the entrance to the Euxine Sea and followed its shore until
at great length they came to the country of Colchis. There they
bargained and fought against tremendous odds for the Golden
Fleece, much the same as fur trading adventurers who crossed
another unknown sea to a New World some three thousand years or
more later.
But, when Jason returned with the treasure and placed it at the
feet of Pelias, the king became very wrathful. It seems the fleece
was no longer golden.
This is entirely believable, whether it was lambskin or something
else. Assuredly, prime lambskin, even a mutated sort, could have
had no more lustre than royal baum marten, ermine, sealskin or
other fine pelts available to Jason in the region he had visited.

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Neural Approaches to Dynamics of

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Progresses in Artificial Intelligence and Neural

Theoretical Approaches to Analysis and Interpretation

Dynamics of Neural Networks A Mathematical and Clinical

Researching Audio Description: New Approaches 1st

From Ordinary to Partial Differential Equations 1st

Global Dynamics Approaches from Complexity Science 1st

Trends in the Management of Cerebrovascular Diseases

Neural Engineering Techniques for Autism Spectrum

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8767

Francesco Carlo Morabito Eros Pasero

ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic)

Gnisci Augusto, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”

Caserta, Italy Anna Esposito

Part II Neural Networks and Related Applications

7 Toward an Automatic Classiﬁcation of SEM Images

10.4 Analysis of the Probabilistic Rand Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

13 A Comparison of Apache Spark Supervised Machine Learning

16.4 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

20.3 The Poincaré Recurrence Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Part III Neural Networks and Pattern Recognition in Medicine

24 A Multi-modal Tool Suite for Parkinson’s Disease Evaluation

27 Inﬁnite Brain MR Images: PGGAN-Based Data Augmentation

29.4 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Part IV Dynamics of Signal Exchanges

32.3 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 364

35.4 Advanced Example: Predicting Valence of an Image

37.6 Study Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

40.2.3 Online Handwritten Capital Letters Biometric

43.4 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Marcos Faundez-Zanuy received his B.Sc. degree in Telecommunication in 1993

Non-Verbal Communication”. He has authored more than 50 papers indexed in

Eros Pasero is Professor of Electronics at the Politecnico of Turin since 1991.

Anna Esposito, Marcos Faundez-Zanuy, Francesco Carlo Morabito

Abstract This introductory chapter discusses some basics of artificial intelligence

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 3

Author: Nathaniel C. Hale

Illustrator: Elmo Jones

Release date: July 17, 2022 [eBook #68540]

Original publication: United States: The Deitz Press, Incorporated,

Credits: Steve Mattern and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PELTS AND

Rivalry for Pelts in Early America

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

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