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Mastering
Competencies
in Family Therapy
A Practical Approach to Theories and
Clinical Case Documentation
Third Edition
Dia ne R . Geha rt
California State University, Northridge
Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States
Mastering Competencies in Family Therapy: © 2018, 2014 Cengage Learning
A Practical Approach to Theories and Clinical Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
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Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017
Gianfranco Cecchin
Whose laughter, humility, and acceptance transformed me
Tom Andersen
Whose presence was angelic: the most “gentle” man I have ever met
Paul Watzlawick
Whose courage and kind words I shall never forget
Steve de Shazer
Whose brilliance dazzled me
Insoo Kim Berg

Whose energy and enthusiasm inspired the best in me
Michael White
Whose ideas opened new worlds for me
Jay Haley
Who taught me the logic of paradox
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
Who reminded me to focus on what really matters
Peggy Penn
Who taught me how putting pen to paper can transform the world
Brief Table of Contents
Foreword by Ronald J. Chenail, Ph.D. xix

Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxix
About the Author xxxi
Author’s Introduction: On Saying “Yes” and Falling in Love xxxiii
Part I Theoretical Foundations 1

1 Competency and Theory in Family Therapy 3
2 Research and Ethical Foundations
of Family Therapy Theories 19
3 Philosophical Foundations
Part II Couple and Family Therapy Theories 81

4 Systemic and Strategic Therapies 83
5 Structural Family Therapies 135
6 Experiential Family Therapies 197
7 Intergenerational and Psychoanalytic Family Therapies 263
8 Cognitive–Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based
Couple and Family Therapies 309
9 Solution-Based Therapies 377
10 Narrative and Collaborative Therapies 427
vi Brief Table of Contents
Part III Clinical Case Documentation 495

11 Case Conceptualization 497
12 Clinical Assessment 527
13 Treatment Planning 563
14 Evaluating Progress in Therapy 577
15 Document It: Progress Notes 591
Afterword Closing Thoughts: Where to Go from Here? 601
Appendix A: The Family Therapy Core Competencies 605
Appendix B: CACREP Competency-Based Standards 613
Appendix C: Psychology Benchmarks 615
Appendix D: Social Work 2015 Competencies 625
Index 631
Detailed Table
of Contents
Foreword by Ronald J. Chenail, Ph.D. xix

Preface xxiii
Acknowledgmentsxxix
About the Author xxxi
Author’s Introduction: On Saying “Yes” and Falling in Love xxxiii
Part I Theoretical Foundations 1
1 Competency and Theory in Family Therapy 3

The Secret to Competent Therapy 3
Mapping a Successful Therapeutic Journey 4
From Trainee to Seasoned Therapist 5
Competency and Theory: Why Theory Matters 5
Why All the Talk about Competency? 6
Competency and (Not) You 7
Common Threads of Competencies 7
Diversity and Competency 8
Research and Competency 9
Law, Ethics, and Competency 9
Person-of-the-Therapist and Competency 9
How This Book Is Different and What It Means to You 10
Lay of the Land 10
Anatomy of a Theory 11
Voice and Tone 13
Suggested Uses for This Text 14
Suggestions for Thinking about Family Therapy Theories 14
Suggestions for Using This Book to Learn Theories 14
Suggestions for Using This Book to Write Treatment Plans 15
Suggestions for Use in Internships and Clinical Practice 15
Suggestions for Studying for Licensing Exams 15
Suggestions for Faculty to Measure Competencies and Student Learning 16
Questions for Personal Reflection and Class Discussion 16
Online Resources for Students 17
Online Resources for Instructors 17
Resources for Professional Competencies 17
References 18
vii
viii Detailed Table of Contents
2 Research and Ethical Foundations

Lay of the Land 19
Research and the Evidence Base 20
The Minimum Standard of Practice: Evidence-Based Practice 20
Heart of the Matter: Common Factors Research 21
Lambert’s Common Factors Model 22
Wampold’s Common Factors Model 22
Client Factors 23
Therapeutic Relationship 24
Therapeutic Model: Theory-Specific Factors 24
Hope and the Placebo Effect: Expectancy 24
Diversity and the Common Factors 24
Do We Still Need Theory? 25
Show Me Proof: Evidence-Based Therapies 25
Empirically Supported Treatments and Their Kin:
Empirically Supported Treatment Criteria 25
Real-World Applications of ESTs and MASTs 26
Research in Perspective 27
Review of the MFT Evidence Base 27
2012 Journal of Marital and Family Therapy Review 28
2014 Journal of Family Therapy Review 28
Lebow’s Review of Evidence Base 29
Unified Protocol for Couples Therapy 30
Legal and Ethical Issues in Couple and Family Therapy 31
Lay of the Land: More than Just Rules 31
The Big Picture: Standards of Professional Practice 32
Specific Legal and Ethical Concerns in Couples and Family Work 34
Current Legal and Ethical Issues in Couples and Family Work 38
Conclusion 40
Online Resources for Research 41
Online Resources for Law and Ethics 41
References 42
3 Philosophical Foundations of Family Therapy Theories 45

Lay of the Land 45
Systemic Foundations 46
Rumor Has It: The People and Their Stories 46
Systemic Theoretical Concepts 48
Social Constructionist Foundations 54
Side by Side: Comparing Systemic and Social Constructionist Theories 54
Postmodern Theoretical Concepts 55
Tomm’s Interpersonal Patterns (IP) 58
Identify Interpersonal Patterns 59
Types of Interpersonal Patterns 60
Using Tomm’s IPscope to Compare Family Therapy Models 65
Contemporary Approach to Power, Gender,
and Culture in Family Therapy 65
Socioemotional Relationship Therapy 67
Rock–Paper–Scissors and Other Strategies for Choosing a Theory 70
Detailed Table of Contents ix
How to Choose: Dating versus Marrying 70

Defining Your Philosophy 70
Modernism 71
Humanism 72
Systemic Therapy 72
Postmodern Therapy 73
Online Resources 75
References 76
Part II Couple and Family Therapy Theories 81
4 Systemic and Strategic Therapies 83

Lay of the Land 84
Systemic–Strategic Family Therapy 84
In a Nutshell: The Least You Need to Know 84
The Juice: Significant Contributions to the Field 85
The Big Picture: Overview of Treatment 90
Making a Connection: The Therapeutic Relationship 91
The Viewing: Case Conceptualization and Assessment 93
Targeting Change: Goal Setting 97
The Doing: Language-Based Interventions 99
The Doing: Action-Oriented Interventions 101
Scope It Out: Cross-Theoretical Comparison 106
Putting It All Together: Systemic–Strategic Case Conceptualization
and Treatment Plan Templates 107
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Systemic–Strategic 107
Treatment Plan Template for Individual with Depression/Anxiety:
Systemic–Strategic 108
Treatment Plan Template for Couple/Family Conflict: Systemic–Strategic 109
Tapestry Weaving: Diversity Considerations 110
Ethnic, Racial, and Cultural Diversity 110
Sexual and Gender Identity Diversity 111
Clinical Spotlight: Multisystemic Therapy 113
Goals 114
Case Conceptualization 114
Principles of Intervention 114
Clinical Spotlight: Brief Strategic Family Therapy 115
Goals 115
Case Conceptualization 115
Principles of Intervention 116
Online Resources 117
References 117
Systemic Case Study: Adolescent Substance Use and Divorce 120
Strategic Systemic Case Conceptualization 121
Clinical Assessment 125
Treatment Plan 129
Progress Note 132
x Detailed Table of Contents
5 Structural Family Therapies 135

Lay of the Land 136
Structural Family Therapy 136
Making Connections: The Therapeutic Relationship 141
The Doing: Interventions 146
Putting It All Together: Structural Case Conceptualization
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Structural 149
Treatment Plan for Individual with Depression/Anxiety: Structural 150
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Structural 152
Tapestry Weaving: Working with Diverse Populations 153
Cultural, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Diversity 153
Research and the Evidence Base: Structural 155
Clinical Spotlight: Ecosystemic Structural Family Therapy (ESFT) 155
The Viewing: Case Conceptualization 157
Targeting Change: Goals 158
ESFT Supervision/Training Models 159
Clinical Spotlight: Intensive Structural Therapy 159
Measuring Outcomes 161
Functional Family Therapy (FFT) 162
Rumor Has It: People and Places 163
Putting It All Together: FFT Case Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Templates 173
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: FFT 173
Treatment Plan Template for Family: FFT 175
Research and the Evidence Base: FFT 177
References178
Structural Case Study: Teen Conduct Issues 181
Structural Case Conceptualization 182
Detailed Table of Contents xi
Treatment Plan 191

Progress Note 194
6 Experiential Family Therapies 197

Lay of the Land 198
Shared Assumptions and Practices in Experiential Approaches 198
Targeting Emotional Transactions 198
Warmth, Empathy, and the Therapist’s Use of Self 198
Individual and Family Focus 198
The Satir Model 199
Interventions for Special Populations 213
Putting It All Together: Satir Case Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Templates 214
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Satir 214
Treatment Plan Template for Individual with Depression/Anxiety: Satir 214
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Satir 216
Cultural, Ethnic, and Gender Diversity 217
Research and the Evidence Base: Satir Model 218
Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) 219
Making Connection: The Therapeutic Relationship 223
Putting It All Together: EFT Case Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Templates 233
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: EFT 233
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: EFT 234
Gender Identity Diversity 236
Research and the Evidence Base: EFT 237
Clinical Spotlight: Symbolic–Experiential Therapy 238
References243
xii Detailed Table of Contents
Experiential Case Study: Child Sexual Abuse 247

Satir Human Growth Model Case Conceptualization 248
Satir Treatment Plan 258
Progress Note 261
7 Intergenerational and Psychoanalytic

Family Therapies 263
Lay of the Land 264
Bowen Intergenerational Therapy 264
Interventions for Special Populations 274
Putting It All Together: Case Conceptualization
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Bowen 275
Treatment Plan Template for Individual with Depression/Anxiety: Bowen 276
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Bowen 277
Psychoanalytic Family Therapies 278
Putting It All Together: Case Conceptualization
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization:
Psychodynamic 286
Treatment Plan Template for Individual with Depression/Anxiety:
Psychodynamic 287
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Psychodynamic 288
Gender Diversity: The Women’s Project 289
Ethnicity and cultural Diversity 290
References 293
Intergenerational Case Study: Panic, Launching Children,
and an Adult Survivor of Sexual Abuse 295
Bowen Intergenerational Family Therapy Conceptualization 296
Detailed Table of Contents xiii
Treatment Plan 304

Progress Note 307
8 Cognitive–Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based

Couple and Family Therapies 309
Lay of the Land 310
Cognitive–Behavioral Family Therapies 310
The Doing: Behavioral Interventions 319
The Doing: Cognitive and Affective Interventions 324
Putting It All Together: Case Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Templates 327
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: CBFT 327
Treatment Plan for Individual with Depression/Anxiety: CBFT 329
Treatment Plan for Couples/Families in Conflict: CBFT 330
Clinical Spotlight: Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy 331
Clinical Spotlight: Gottman Method Couples
Therapy Approach 334
Evidence-Based Couple and Family Group Therapies 340
Lay of the Land 340
Psychoeducational Multifamily Groups for Severe Mental Illness 340
Groups for Intimate Partner Abuse 342
Relationship Enhancement Programs 344
Parent Training 345
Mindfulness-Based Therapies 346
A Brief History of Mindfulness in Mental Health 346
Mindfulness Basics 347
Specific Mindfulness Approaches 349
Mindfulness in Couple and Family Therapy 351
References357
Cognitive–Behavioral Case Study: ADHD and Blended Family 362
Cognitive–Behavioral Family Therapy Case Conceptualization 363
xiv Detailed Table of Contents

Treatment Plan 372
Progress Note 375
9 Solution-Based Therapies 377

Lay of the Land 378
Solution-Based Therapies 378
Common Solution-Based Therapy Myths 378
Interventions for Specific Problems 395
Putting It All Together: Case Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Templates 398
Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Solution-Based 398
Treatment Plan Template for Individuals with Sexual Abuse Trauma:
Solution-Based 399
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Solution-Based 400
Solution-Oriented Ericksonian Hypnosis 401
Difference from Traditional Hypnosis 402
References408
Solution-Based Therapy Case Study: Divorce 411
Solution-Focused Family Therapy Case Conceptualization 412
Treatment Plan 422
Progress Note 425
10 Narrative and Collaborative Therapies 427

Lay of the Land 428
Narrative Therapy 428
Interventions for Specific Problems 443
Detailed Table of Contents xv
Putting It All Together: Narrative Case Conceptualization and Treatment

Plan Templates 445
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Narrative 445
Treatment Plan Template for Individual with Depression/Anxiety: Narrative 446
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Narrative 447
Collaborative Therapy and Reflecting Teams 449
The Doing: Interventions and Ways of Promoting Change 457
Reflecting Teams and the Reflecting Process 461
Putting It All Together: Collaborative Case Conceptualization and Treatment
Plan Templates 464
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Collaborative 464
Treatment Plan Template for Individual with Depression/Anxiety: Collaborative 464
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Collaborative 465
Clinical Spotlight: Open Dialogue, an Evidence-Based Approach to Psychosis 467
Applications with Native American, First Nations, and Aboriginals 468
Hispanic Youth 468
Multiracial/Ethnic Individuals and Couples 469
Research on Postmodern Therapies 472
Neurobiology of Narrative 473
References 475
Postmodern Case Study: Self-Harm, Depression, Lesbian Blended Family 480
Postmodern Therapy Case Conceptualization 481
Treatment Plan 490
Progress Note 493
Part Iii Clinical Case Documentation 495
11 Case Conceptualization 497

Step 1: Mapping the Territory 497
Case Conceptualization and the Art of Viewing 498
Overview of Cross-Theoretical Case Conceptualization 498
Introduction to Client and Significant Others 499
Presenting Concerns 499
Background Information 500
Client/Family Strengths and Social Location 501
Family Structure 505
Interaction Patterns 510
xvi Detailed Table of Contents
Intergenerational and Attachment Patterns 512

Solution-Based Assessment 515
Postmodern: Social Location and Dominant Discourses 516
Client Perspectives 518
Case Conceptualization, Diversity, and Sameness 519
References519
Cross-Theoretical Systemic Case Conceptualization Form 521
12 Clinical Assessment 527

Step 2: Identifying Oases and Obstacles 527
Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis 528
Purpose of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis 528
Diagnosis and Our Inescapable Cultural Lenses 529
Mental Health Diagnosis in Family Therapy 531
Contemporary Issues in Diagnosis 532
Dimensional Assessment: The Future of Diagnosis 532
The Recovery Model and Diagnosis 532
Parity and Nonparity Diagnoses 534
Introduction to the DSM-5 535
Title of the DSM-5 535
Manual Structure 535
Organization of Diagnostic Chapters 536
Diagnostic Codes and the ICD 536
New Diagnosis Format 537
Subtypes and Specifiers 539
Dimensional Assessment 539
NOS versus NEC Diagnosis 540
WHODAS 2.0 540
Cultural Formulation and Assessment 541
Conducting a Clinical Assessment 541
Diagnostic Interview and Mental Status Exam 541
Cross-Cutting Symptom Measures 544
Symptom Severity Scales 545
Early Development and Home Background 546
Other Possible Assessment Instruments 546
Making a Diagnosis 547
Documenting Clinical Assessment 547
Identifying Information 548
Presenting Problem 548
Mental Status Exam 548
Diagnosis 548
Medical Considerations and Medication 548
Risk Management 549
Safety and Safety Planning 550
Case Management 552
Communicating with Other Professionals 553
DSM-ese 553
Mental Status Terms 554
References557
Detailed Table of Contents xvii
13 Treatment Planning 563

Treatment 1 Plan 5 ? 563
Step 3: Selecting a Path 564
A Brief History of Mental Health Treatment Planning 564
Symptom-Based Treatment Plans 564
Theory-Based Treatment Plans 565
Clinical Treatment Plans 565
Treatment Plan 565
Writing Useful Client Goals 567
The Basic Steps 568
The Goal-Writing Process 570
Writing Useful Interventions 572
Writing Useful Therapeutic Tasks 573
Social Location and Diversity Considerations 573
Evidence-Based Practice 574
Client Perspectives 575
Do Plans Make a Difference? 575
References 576
14 Evaluating Progress in Therapy 577

Step 4: Evaluating Progress 577
Nonstandardized Evaluations 578
Pros and Cons 578
Strategies for Nonstandardized Assessment 579
Standardized Evaluations 579
Pros and Cons 580
Effects on the Therapeutic Relationship 580
Real-World Options for Standardized Evaluations of Progress 580
Guidelines for Using Standardized Measures in Everyday Practice 580
Ultrabrief Measures 581
Brief Measures 583
Couple Measures 586
Family Measures 586
Final Thoughts on Outcome 587
References 588
15 Document It: Progress Notes 591

Step 5: Documenting It: A Profession behind Closed Doors 591
Two Different Animals: Progress Notes versus Psychotherapy Notes 592
Progress Notes 592
Progress Note Ingredients 593
Progress Note Options 593
The All-Purpose HIPAA Form for Progress Notes 594
Progress Note Form 594
Completing a Progress Note Form 595
A Time and Place for Progress Notes 598
Electronic Record Keeping 598
xviii Detailed Table of Contents
Final Note on Notes 599

References 599
Afterword Closing Thoughts: Where to Go from Here? 601

Getting Started: Working with a Supervisor 601
Realistic Expectations 601
Asking for What You Need 602
Seeking Advanced Training 602
Belonging: Professional Organizations 602
Self-Supervision603
Last Words 603
Appendix A Family Therapy Core Competencies 605
Appendix B CACREP Competency-Based Standards 613
Appendix c Psychology Benchmarks 615
Appendix D Social Work 2015 Competencies 625
Index 631
Foreword by Ronald J. Chenail, Ph.D.
Becoming Competent
with Competencies, or
What I Have Learned
About Learning
Learning about Learning
xix
xx Becoming Competent with Competencies, or What I Have Learned About Learning
Being Competent with Competencies
then
Becoming Competent with Competencies, or What I Have Learned About Learning xxi
Courtesy of Ron Chenail
Ronald J. Chenail, Ph.D.

Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
REFERENCE
Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 33
Preface
The Purpose of This Book

Mastering Competencies in Family Therapy
Text Overview
active learning process
xxiii
xxiv Preface
What’s New in the Third Edition
● Video series:
■■ Systemic–strategic therapy:
■■ Structural therapy:
■■ Satir Human Growth Model:
■■ Emotionally focused couples/family therapy:
■■ Bowen Intergenerational:
■■ Cognitive–behavioral family therapy:
■■ Solution-based:
■■ Narrative therapy:
■■ Collaborative therapy with reflecting teams:
● MindTap version of text:
● Theory-specific case conceptualization forms:
● Cross-theoretical comparison:
● Cross-theoretical comparison table:
Preface xxv
● Revised treatment plan form:
■■
■■
■■
■■
● DSM-5 clinical assessment:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
● New theories:
● Gender and power in couples therapy:
● Expanded diversity sections:
● Expanded section on research and the evidence base:
● Try It Yourself:
● Questions for Personal Reflection and Class Discussion:
● Chapter reorganization:
Appropriate Courses
xxvi Preface
Assessing Student Learning and Competence
● Counseling:
● Marriage and family therapy:

● Psychology:
● Social work:
Organization
Part I: Theoretical Foundations
Part II: Couple and Family Therapy Theories

■■
■■
■■
■■
■■
■■
■■
Part III: Clinical Case Documentation
● In a Nutshell:
● The Juice:
● Rumor Has It:

● The Big Picture:
● Making a Connection:
Preface xxvii
● The Viewing:
● Targeting Change:
● The Doing:
● Scope It Out:
● Putting It All Together:
■■
■■
■■
● Tapestry Weaving:
■■
■■
● Research and Evidence Base

● Online Resources
● Reference List
● Case Example:
MindTap for Mastering Competencies
Instructor and Student Resources
Another random document with
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Palm-bark, represented by Ninevite sculptors, i. 202.
Palmyra, i. 349; ii. 374.
Pamir, i. 21.
Paradise (or Park), ii. 51.
Parasol, ii. 203.
Parthians, succeeded by the Sassanids, i. 57.
Paving, three systems of, i. 238.
Pediment, i. 394.
Péretié, his bronze plaque, i. 349.
Percy, Dr., ii. 312.
Pergamus, ii. 286.
Pericles, ii. 382.
Περὶ φύσεως, the Greek philosophic poems of the sixth century,
ii. 397.
Perrot and Chipiez, Art in Ancient Egypt quoted, i. 13, 23, 61,
86, 208, 213, 222, 234, 246, 248, 268, 322; ii. 131–135.
Persepolis, i. 88.
Phidias, i. 58; ii. 286.
Philostratus quoted, i. 299, 379.
Phœnicia, ii. 172.
Phœnicians, their invention of the alphabet, i. 23.
Pictography, i. 31.
Piers, their restricted use, i. 132.
Pigments, ii. 294.
Pilasters, i. 216.
Pinches, T. G., i. 195;
quoted, ii. 213.
Pivots (door-pivots), i. 240.
Place, Victor, quoted, i. 116, 118, 138;
his discovery of a cedar beam at Khorsabad, 140, 148;
his opinion on the roofing question, 163;
statement as to the timber found in the excavations, 164;
his discovery of fragmentary vaulted ceilings among the ruins,
165, 173, 183, 186–189, 191, 192, 202, 208, 224, 243,
248, 266;
loss of his collections in the Tigris, 285;
on the plan of Sargon’s palace at Khorsabad, ii. 32;
his description of the French consulate at Mossoul, ii. 71;
his opinion as to the use of colour in Assyrian architecture,
246.
Planisphere, fragments found at Kouyundjik, i. 72.
Plans, peculiarities of Mesopotamian, i. 328.
Plato, ii. 397.
Plautus, ii. 364.
Plinth, painted black at Khorsabad, i. 272, 291.
Pliny, quoted by Rawlinson, i. 4;
calls the whole of Mesopotamia Assyria, 5, 71;
quoted, ii. 364.
Plutarch (pseudo), treatise on Isis and Osiris, i. 58.
Polychromy, ii. 243;
traces of colour still perceptible on the sculptures in the
Louvre and the British Museum, 248;
“natural polychromy,” 249.
Polydemonism, i. 62.
Polytheism, a development from the worship of stars and
planets, i. 75.
Pompeii, i. 139.
Pongnon, ii. 61, 226.
Population, elements of the P. in Mesopotamia, i. 13.
Porches, i. 218.
Porphyrius, i. 71.
Portes ornées, Khorsabad, i. 217, 227.
Pottery, ii. 298.
Praxiteles, i. 58; ii. 286.
Prisse d’Avennes quoted, i. 305.
Proportions of early Assyrian figures, ii. 203.
Prostitutions, religious, at Babylon, i. 89, 377.
Ptah, i. 78, 79.
Ptolemy, quoted by Rawlinson, i. 4;
his astronomical canon, i. 71.
Pyrgoteles, ii. 263.
R
Racine, ii. 71.
Raman, i. 75; ii. 89.
Rassam, H., his discovery of a metal threshold at Borsippa, i.
241, 256;
his explorations under Sir H. Rawlinson’s surveillance, ii. 7;
excavations at Kouyundjik, 48, 118.
Rawlinson, Prof., his description of the physical characteristics
of Chaldæa, i. 2, 47, 71, 80, 211, 277;
quoted, ii. 1;
quoted in connection with Semiramis, and her possible
identification with Sammouramit, 218;
on the question of polychromy, 247.
Rawlinson, Sir Henry, quoted, i. 22, 156;
his explorations, ii. 7.
Rehoboth, i. 14.
Rennell, his Herodotus quoted, i. 281.
Repoussé work, ii. 116.
Resen, i. 14, 122.
Rhea, i. 374.
Rhind, H., i. 279.
Rhodes, ii. 286.
Rich, his observations, on the construction of vaults by the
native builders of Mesopotamia, i. 167, 261;
colours used in decoration, 280.
Roads, for military purposes, ii. 74;
used by Mesopotamian commerce, 374.
Rollin, i. 33.
Rome, ii. 286.
Roofs, discussion as to how Mesopotamian buildings were
roofed, i. 160.
Ross, his geological explorations, i. 4, n2.
Rouet, M., ii. 225.
Ruelle, Ch. E., i. 58.
Ruth quoted, ii. 70.
S
Sacred tree, i. 212.
Sacrifices, human, asserted allusions to them on the cylinders,
ii. 268.
Sagaraktyas, i. 315.
Saïd-Hassan, ii. 174.
Samarah, i. 3.
Samas, i. 83;
tablet of Sippara, 200; ii. 90, 193, 266.
Samas-Vul II., stele of, ii. 209, 354.
Sammouramit (? Semiramis), ii. 217.
Samsibin, i. 39.
Sandals, in the reliefs, ii. 247.
Sarbistan, i. 169, 186.
Sardanapalus, i. 43;
the Greek myth, 52, 187; ii. 59.
Sargon, i. 43, 105;
stele of, found near Larnaca, ii. 219.
Saryoukin, see Sargon.
Sarzec, M. de, his discoveries at Tello, i. 24, 279;
quoted, 382; ii. 33, 141.
Sassanids, successors of the Parthians, i. 57.
Sayce, A. H., quoted, i. 33, 69; ii. 263, 346.
Scabbard, ii. 164, 345.
Sceptres, how coloured in the reliefs, ii. 247.
Schenafieh, ii. 176.
Schlumberger, G., his fragments of the Balawat gates, i. 242; ii.
213.
Schulze, ii. 232.
Screw of Archimedes, its asserted use at Babylon, ii. 31.
Sculpture, absence of women from the reliefs, i. 111;
practically confined to war and hunting, 111;
its principal themes, ii. 78;
its fondness for fantastic animals, 79;
treatment of the nude, 92;
the absence of nude figures from the reliefs, 98;
documentary character of Assyrian sculpture, 101;
epic or newspaper? 103;
want of variety in the composition of the reliefs, 104;
its appearance of improvisation, 104;
materials used, 109;
use of clay, 113;
terra-cotta statuettes, 114;
its principal conventions, 125;
statue of Nebo, 126;
of Assurnazirpal, 126;
the principles of the bas-reliefs, 128;
peculiarities of Assyrian statues and figures in relief, 130;
the Assyrian type, 135;
are the Assyrian statues Iconic? 138;
representations of animals, 142;
proportions of early Assyrian figures, 203;
its power of selection, 207;
in the reign of Sargon, 219;
picturesque details introduced in the time of Sennacherib,
223;
Egyptian and Assyrian contrasted, 281;
do. 385.
Scythians, their invasion of Western Asia, i. 49.
Seal, in universal use in Babylonia, ii. 251.
Seistan, i. 2.
Sekhet, i. 78.
Seleucia, i. 54, 93, 223.
Seleucidæ, i. 5, 157.
Seleucus Nicator, i. 54.
Seljukian period, carved lions from, i. 262.
Semi-domes, i. 173.
Semiramis, i. 33;
represented on the walls of Babylon according to Ctesias,
283, 361;
her palaces, ii. 34, 217.
Semnat, ii. 394.
Senkereh (or Larsam), i. 38.
Sennacherib, i. 43;
his death, 103, 105;
state of sculpture during his reign, ii. 223;
his appearance in the Bavian sculptures, ii. 229.
Seraglio, at Khorsabad, ii. 16.
Serdabs, i. 139, 383.
Sesostris, i. 33.
Seti, ii. 395.
Sewers, system of, in palaces, i. 227.
Sexagesimal system, the, of the Babylonians, ii. 398.
Shah-Nameh, the, i. 20.
Shalmaneser II., i. 43, 105;
the gates made for him, 242; ii. 40;
his obelisk, ii. 110.
Sharezer, i. 103.
Shat-el-Arab, i. 7.
Shat-el-Hai, ii. 174.
Shem, i. 15.
Shield, votive, from Lake Van, ii. 347.
Shinar, i. 14, 18.
Sidon, i. 16.
Silius Italicus, ii. 364.
Sills, i. 239.
Silver, i. 299.
Simplicius, his statement as to Babylonian astronomy, i. 71.
Sin, Assyrian god, i. 201.
Sinjar, i. 178; ii. 110.
Sippara, i. 38, 53, 200; ii. 90.
Sirtella, see Tello.
Sittacenia, i. 177.
Smith, George, quoted, i. 36;
his recognition of the true characters of the Cypriot alphabet,
44;
translator of texts from Assurbanipal’s library, 48, 71;
his discovery of limestone bases in the palace of
Assurbanipal, 220, 237, 276;
enamelled brick found by him at Nimroud, 293;
his discovery of an account of Istar’s descent into limbo, 344;
his explorations, ii. 7;
résumé of the monumental history of Calah (Nimroud), 37;
his description of the site of Arbela, 48;
his discovery of a small model bull at Nimroud, 115.
Sockets, granite, &c., for the door-pivots, i. 242;
from Balawat, 243.
Sodom, i. 199.
Soldi, E., ii. 253;
his description of the process of gem engraving quoted, 259.
Somalis, ii. 373.
Sorcery, Chaldæan belief in, i. 65.
Soury, ii. 397.
Spoons, metal, ii. 351.
Staged-towers, difficulty of restoring them accurately, i. 364;
their monotonous appearance, 366;
their resemblance to a stepped pyramid, 366;
description of temple of Bel by Herodotus, 366;
their various types restored, 370–382;
their ruins discussed, 382–391.
Staircases, i. 189–192.
Steatite, ii. 190.
Steles, their characteristic forms, i. 236;
fluted S. with palmette, 258;
rock-cut S. at Kouyundjik, 259.
Stone, no dressed S. to be found at Babylon, i. 120;
bridge at B. said to have been built of stone, 120.
Strabo, quoted by Rawlinson, i. 4;
carries western frontier of Assyria up to Syria, 5, 54;
height of temple of Bel, 130;
ruined state of the temple in his time, 137;
his statement as to the prevalence of vaults in Babylon, 169,
176; ii. 251.
Stylus, for cutting the wedges, i. 28.
Styx, i. 354.
Sully-Prudhomme, his lines to the Venus of Milo quoted, ii. 249.
Sumer, i. 21, 59.
Sumerian system, the, i. 29.
Surface decoration in Chaldæa, i. 245.
Susa, date of its capture by Assurbanipal, i. 36, 52;
its palace intrigues, 96.
Susiana, i. 17.
Sybel, L. von, ii. 285.
Syene, i. 94.
Syllabaries, Assyrian, i. 23.
Syncellus, Georgius, i. 51.
Syria, ii. 172.
Syriac, the dominant language in the early centuries of our era,
i. 18.
Tablets of gold, silver, antimony, copper, and lead, found at

Khorsabad, i. 319.
Tacitus, i. 5.
Tadmor, see Palmyra.
Takht-i-Khosro, i. 170, 185.
Tammouz, i. 344.
Tardieu, Amédée, i. 177.
Tartan, or Grand Vizer, i. 96.
Tauthé, i. 83.
Taylor, J. E., quoted, i. 39, 118, 155;
his explorations of the mounds near the Persian Gulf, 158,
200, 222, 279, 281;
his explorations at Abou-Sharein, 371; ii. 256.
Teheran, i. 289.
Tell-Amran (or, Tell-Amran-ibn-Ali), ii. 35.
Tello, i. 24, 279, 312;
angle-stones and foundation talismans found at T., i. 316,
383; ii. 33, 163;
the discoveries made by M. de Sarzec described, 174;
subjects of the reliefs, 177.
Temenos, i. 128.
Temple, subordinate types of, i. 391–6.
(see also Staged towers).
Tents, their forms, i. 175.
Teradas, i. 10.
Terah, i. 15.
Terra-cotta statuettes, early Chaldæan, ii. 195.
Tête-de-pont, on the Balawat gates, ii. 214.
Texier quoted, i. 122;
description of the great mosque at Ispahan, 287.
Textiles, ii. 363.
Thapsacus, ii. 374.
Thebes, i. 56.
Thomas, Felix, his opinion on the roofing question, i. 163, 224.
Thothmes III., ii. 284.
Thresholds, i. 239;
sometimes of metal, 241.
Thunderbolt, origin of the classic form of, i. 75.
Tidjaris, ii. 312.
Tiele, his Manuel des Religions quoted, i. 60, 86, 89.
Tiglath-Pileser I., i. 39; ii. 203.
Tiglath-Pileser II., i. 43; ii. 101, 218.
Tigris, its inundations, i. 9.
Tiles, glazed; the manufacture not extinct in India (note by
editor), i. 287;
with central boss, 294.
Toilet, articles of, ii. 349.
Tomb, comparison between the Egyptian and Mesopotamian T.,
i. 336;
absence of funerary inscriptions, 336;
no Assyrian tombs yet discovered, 336;
conjectures as to how the Assyrians disposed of their dead,
337;
Loftus’s explanation perhaps the best, 338;
the principle of the Chaldæan tomb similar to that of the
Mastaba, 355;
its shape, 356–360;
its situation, 360–364.
Transliteration, difficulties of, i. 17.
Trees, how indicated in the reliefs, ii. 207, 223.
Tree of Life, i. 212.
Tripods, ii. 323.
Tunica talaria, ii. 94.
Turanians, said to form part of the early population of Chaldæa,
i. 19;
etymology of the word, 20, 22.
Turkish compared to the tongue of early Chaldæa, i. 19.
Turks, their bad administration, i. 11.
Tyre, i. 16.
Ulbar, temple of, its angle-stone, i. 315.

Unicorn, the, in Assyrian sculpture, ii. 164.
Ur, i. 1, 15, 38, 47; ii. 265.
Uroukh (or Erech), i. 38;
the stones worshipped in its chief temple, 62.
Van, Lake, i. 395; ii. 213;

remains of furniture found there, 314.
Vaults, their common use in Mesopotamia, i. 144;
their construction without centres, 167;
their prevalence in Babylon according to Strabo, 169;
at Firouz-Abad, 169;
at Sarbistan, 169;
of Sargon’s gateways, 224.
Vegetation, marsh, ii. 223.
Ventilating pipes in Chaldæan buildings, i. 157.
Virgil quoted, i. 64.
Vitruvius quoted, i. 116.
Voguë, de M., ii. 314.
Volcanoes in the valley of the Khabour, i. 121.
Volutes, i. 205, 209.
Vulnirari III., ii. 40.
Vulush III., ii. 217.
W
Walls, construction of, i. 147;
height of W. at Khorsabad, 151;
ornamentation of W. at Khorsabad, 151;
of Babylon, as described by Diodorus after Ctesias, 282;
of Dour-Saryoukin, their good preservation, 282;
height of the W. of Babylon, ii. 63.
Warka (the ancient Erech), i. 24, 38, 245, 272;
palace at, ii. 33, 256, 306, 308.
Wedges, the, i. 21;
compared with the hieroglyphs and Chinese characters, 21;
original constitution of, 23;
originally perhaps cut on bark of trees, 27;
terra-cotta peculiarly well adapted for them, 28;
their ideographic origin, 29.
Weights, Mesopotamian, ii. 220.
Wheat, the origin of its cultivation, ii. 399.
Windows, i. 236.
Winged bulls, their height, i. 268;
small model bull from Nimroud, ii. 113.
Wuswas, i. 245, 272, 371; ii. 33.
X
Xenephon, i. 112, 151;

his Anabasis quoted, ii. 59.
Xerxes, ii. 201.
Xisouthros, the Chaldæan Noah, i. 36, 315.
Yang-tse-kiang, ii. 375.

Yezidis, their houses, i. 178;
their religious beliefs, ib.; ii. 71.
Zab, the great, i. 6; ii. 225.

Zagros, i. 6, 39.
Zalalu, i. 345.
Zarpanitu, see Istar.
Zebu, ii. 373.
Zend, the study of, a preparation for deciphering the wedges, ii.
4.
Zephaniah, quoted, i. 302.
Zeus, i. 369, 374.
Zigguratt, see Staged towers.
Zodiac, signs of, origin of, i. 70.
THE END.
LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS.

FOOTNOTES:
[1] Rawlinson The Five Great Monarchies, &c., (4th edition),
vol. i. p. 278.
[2] Millin, Monuments inedits, vol. i. plates 8 and 9.
[3] Rheinisches Museum, 1829, p. 41. This passage will be
found in a note appended by the illustrious historian to a paper by
Ottfried Müller, entitled Sandon und Sardanapal.
[4] Traces of the excitement caused by these discoveries may
be found in an article written by M. de Longperier in 1845, in
which, before having seen the monuments, he points out the
interest and importance of the discoveries with rare sagacity. The
paper in question is entitled Ninive et Khorsabad. It has lately
been reprinted in the first volume (page 34) of his collected works
(A. de Longperier, Œuvres, 5 vols. 8vo. Leroux). This first
volume bears for sub-title: Archéologie orientale: Monuments
arabes.
[5] Lettre à M. Isidore de Lowenstern sur les Inscriptions
cunéiformes de l’Assyrie (Œuvres, vol. i. p. 109). M. de
Lowenstern had already by a kind of happy intuition hit upon the
name, but without being able to give a reason for his
transliteration.
[6] This latter hypothesis was sustained, with more erudition,
perhaps, than tact or taste, by Dr. Hœfer. A skilful historian of
chemistry, he was by no means an archæologist. He had no
feeling for the differences between one style and another. See the
Memoires sur les Ruines de Ninive, addressés à l’Académie des
Inscriptions, par Ferd. Hœfer [20th February and 24th May,
1850]; see especially the second paper: De l’Âge et du Caractère
des Monuments découverts à Khorsabad, à Nimroud, à
Kouioundjik, à Karamles et à Kaleh-Shergat, Paris, Didot, 1850.
His assertions were refuted by de Longperier in the first part of his
paper entitled: Antiquités assyriénnes, published in 1850, in the
Revue archéologique, (Œuvrcs, vol. i. p. 139).
[7] Art in Ancient Egypt, vol. i. chapter xi. § 2.
[8] Place, Ninive, vol. i. p. 38, Esarhaddon was the chief
offender in this respect.
[9] See G. Perrot, Souvenirs d’un Voyage en Asia Mineure,
p. 50.
[10] This preconceived notion explains the erroneous title he
gave to his great work: Monument de Ninive, découvert et décrit
par P. E. Botta, mesuré et dessiné par E. Flandin, published at
the expense of the state at the Imprimerie nationale, Paris, 1849,
5 vols, folio (1 volume of text, 4 of plates).
[11] The palace platform was not quite in the centre of the
north-western face. The Assyrians were no fonder of a rigid
symmetry than the Egyptians.
[12] Place, Ninive, vol. iii. plate 7.
[13] In this plan the darkest parts are those discovered by M.
Botta; the more lightly shaded lines show the rooms and courts
excavated by his successor.
[14] Place, Ninive, vol. iii. plate 18 bis.
[15] Rawlinson (The Five Great Monarchies, vol. i. p. 286),
and Lenormant (Historie ancienne, vol. ii. p. 196) make the two
parts of the platform—the arms of the T and its shank—different
in height. In doing so they have borrowed a mistake from Botta.
The mistake is easily understood in the case of Rawlinson, whose
fourth edition, although published in 1879, reproduces the plans
compiled by Fergusson after Botta. We are more surprised at
Lenormant falling into the same error, as he gives an excellent
résumé of Place’s discoveries. Botta seems to have thought the
two parts of the palace had different levels in consequence of an
inequality in the distribution of the fallen materials. In the
neighbourhood of the latter buildings, such as the so-called
Observatory, and where the open spaces were fewer and less
ample, there was, of course, a thicker bed of rubbish than where
the buildings were lower and the walls farther apart. But wherever
the original surface of the mound was reached, Place ascertained
that its level never varied. In none of his plans is there the
slightest trace of any slope or staircase leading from one level to
the other, so far as the summit of the platform is concerned.
[16] Layard, Monuments, 2nd series, plates 14 and 15.
[17] Thomas placed this ramp at the south-east rather than at
the south-west because it seemed better to make it lead direct to
H, the forecourt of the sélamlik, than to break in upon the privacy
of the harem at the opposite corner.
[18] This court was about 206 feet wide, by 366 feet long.
[19] The letters on our plan signify courts, or rooms—like
some of those in the harem—that were only partially roofed in.
[20] Place, Ninive, vol. i. p. 57.
[21] Lenormant, Manuel d’Histoire ancienne, vol. ii. p. 197.
[22] See Vol. I. page 392.
[23] Oppert, Expédition scientitique, vol. ii. p. 242.
[24] The doorway beside which these artificial palms are
raised is that which leads from the court U to the hall marked Y on
the plan. As to the elements made use of in our restoration, see
Place, vol. i. pp. 114–127, and vol. ii. p. 35. We have already
noticed the discovery of the metal-sheathed poles (p. 202, and
fig. 72).
[25] Place, Ninive, vol. iii. plate 25, fig. 4.
[26] See the Book of Esther.
[27] This room corresponds to the apartment in the richer
houses of Mossoul and Bagdad, that goes by the name of iwan or
pichkaneh. It is a kind of summer hall, open on one side (Oppert,
Expédition scientifique, vol. i. p. 90).
[28] A minute description of all these offices will be found in
Place (Ninive, vol. iii. pp. 76–105).
[29] Place, Ninive, vol. i. pp. 99 and 274.
[30] Oppert, Les Inscriptions des Sargonides, p. 52.
[31] So far as I know, Place alone has given this problem a
moment’s attention (Ninive, vol. i. p. 279), but nothing could be
more improbable than the hypothesis by which he attempts to
solve it. He suggests that one of the drains of which we have
already spoken may have been a conduit or siphon in
communication with some subterranean reservoir and provided
with pumping apparatus at its summit. We have no evidence
whatever that the principle of the suction-pump was known to the
Assyrians.
[32] Strabo (xvi. i. 5) pretends that the hanging gardens of
Babylon were watered by means of the screw of Archimedes
(κοχλίας or κόχλος). If it be true that this invention was known to
the Chaldæans, it may also have been used to raise water to the
platforms of the Assyrian palaces. The discovery, however, is
usually attributed to the Sicilian mathematician, and Strabo’s
evidence is too isolated and too recent to allow us to accept it
without question.
[33] Place, Ninive, vol. ii. p. 197.
[34] Loftus, Travels and Researches, chapter xvi. and
especially page 179.
[35] Diodorus, ii. viii. 3–4.
[36] Diodorus, ii. viii. 7.
[37] Oppert, Expédition scientifique de Mésopotamie, vol. i. p.
150. See also Layard, Discoveries, p. 508, upon the tradition of
the Arabs relating to the tall tamarisk, the only tree that grows on
the summit of the mound.
[38] J. Ménant, Babylon et la Chaldée (1 vol. 8vo. 1875), p.
181.
[39] Diodorus (ii. 10), speaks of λίθιναι δοκοί, or stone
beams, to which he attributes a length of sixteen feet, and a width
of four; Strabo (xvii. i. 5) makes use of the expression,
ψαλιδώματα καμαρωτά, which means vaulted arcades. Both
writers agree that there were several terraces one above another.
Diodorus says that the whole—as seen from the Euphrates no
doubt—looked like a theatre. Both give the same measurements
to these hanging gardens; they tell us they made a square of from
three to four plethra each way (410 feet). The mound of Tell-
Amran is much larger than this, and if it really be on the site of the
famous gardens, it must include the ruins of other buildings
besides, pleasure houses, chapels and kiosks, like those figured
in the reliefs, to which we have already had frequent occasion to
allude.
[40] Layard believes himself to have ascertained that the
buildings on one part of the Nimroud mound were ruined and
covered with earth, when those upon another part of the platform
were founded. The paved floor of the north-western palace is on a
level with the upper part of the walls of the north-eastern and
central palaces (Nineveh, vol. iii. p. 202).
[41] George Smith, Assyrian Discoveries, (pp. 71–73), gives
the following résumé of the monumental history of Calah, from the
inscriptions found at Nimroud. “A city was built on this spot by
Shalmaneser I., King of Assyria, b.c. 1300, but this afterwards fell
into decay, and was destroyed during the subsequent troubles
which came on the Assyrian Empire. Assurnazirpal, who
ascended the Assyrian throne b.c. 885, resolved to rebuild the
city; and bringing numbers of captives taken during his wars, he
set them to work to rebuild Calah, and then settled there to inhabit
it. The north-west palace and the temples near the tower were the
work of this king, and from these came most of the fine Nimroud
sculptures in the British Museum. Shalmaneser II., King of
Assyria, succeeded his father Assurnazirpal, b.c. 860. He built
the centre palace, and the base at least of the south-eastern
palace. Vulnirari III., his grandson, b.c. 812, built the upper
chambers and the temple of Nebo; and Tiglath-pileser II., b.c.
745, rebuilt the centre palace. Sargon, King of Assyria, b.c. 722,
restored the north-west palace, and his grandson, Esarhaddon,
b.c. 681, built the south-west palace. Lastly the grandson of
Esarhaddon, Assur-ebil-ili, the last King of Assyria, rebuilt the
temple of Nebo just before the destruction of the Assyrian
Empire.” A general description of the platform and the buildings
upon it will be found in Layard, Discoveries, pp. 653–656.
[42] This idea is favoured by Layard (Discoveries, p. 654).
[43] The central palace was partly destroyed even in the days
of the Assyrians, by a king who wished to make use of its
materials. Layard (Nineveh, ii. p. 19) found more than a hundred
sculptured slabs stacked against each other, as if in a warehouse.
The architect of Esarhaddon, the author of this spoliation, had not
finished his work when it was suddenly interrupted. For a full
account of the discoveries in the south-eastern palace, see
Layard, Nineveh, ii. pp. 38–40.
[44] Especially from the central palace (Layard, Discoveries,
p. 656). The small rectangles shown on our plan at each side of
the wall dividing the rooms marked 2 and 3 from each other,
represent slabs lying on the ground at the foot of the wall for
whose decoration they were intended. They were never put in
place. The bases of circular pedestals, standing very slightly
above the ground, are also marked. Sir H. Layard could not divine
their use.
[45] Layard, Nineveh, vol. ii. pp. 25, 26, and 29.
[46] For an account of the excavations see Layard, Nineveh,
vol. i. pp. 34, 39, 46, 59–62, 347–350; vol. ii. pp. 25–36.
[47] Layard, Nineveh, vol. ii. pp. 14–16.
[48] All the passages by ancient writers bearing on the subject
will be found collected in the first of those articles of Hœfer, of
which we have already had occasion to speak. Its title is: Textes
anciens sur l’Histoire et la Position de Ninive. It is certain that
even in the Roman period its site was not positively known.
Lucian, who was born at Samosata, less than a hundred leagues
from Nineveh, says: “Nineveh has perished; no trace of it
remains, and we cannot say where it stood” (Charon, c. xxiii).
[49] Layard, Discoveries, p. 137.
[50] The plan in which Layard shows the results of his two
digging campaigns will be found in the Discoveries, facing page
67. For the excavations at Kouyundjik see also his Nineveh, vol.
ii. chapter xiv, and Discoveries, pp. 67–76, 102–120, 135–161,
228–233, 337–347, 438–463, 582–588, and 645–652. Layard
attempts to give a general idea of the palace and of its
decorations. There is also much detailed information regarding
this building in Rawlinson’s Five Great Monarchies, vol. ii. pp.
178–133.
[51] The only details that have been given, so far as we know,
of the discovery and exhumation of Assurbanipal’s palace, are to
be found in an article by Mr. Rassam entitled: Excavations and
Discoveries in Assyria (Transactions of the Society of Biblical
Archæology, vol. vii. pp. 37–58). This paper contains a plan of the
northern palace (p. 40).
[52] “Ervil is the site of the Assyrian city of Arbela, and in the
plains outside it was fought the great battle between Alexander
and Darius. I had no time to examine the place, but I saw in
passing that there were mounds rivalling in size those of the
Assyrian capital. Over the principal mound a Turkish fortress is
built, which would make it difficult to excavate here; but as Arbela
was a great city, much may be expected here whenever it is
explored.” George Smith, Assyrian Discoveries, p. 67.
[53] See the article by Mr. Rassam quoted on the last page.
The plan (p. 52) he gives does not tell us much.
[54] See Layard, Nineveh, vol. ii. pp. 45–63; and Discoveries,
p. 581.
[55] See Place, Ninive, vol. ii. p. 169.
[56] It is in chapters xi. to xiv. of his second work (Discoveries,
&c.) that Layard tells the story of his discoveries in that valley of
the Chaboras from which the writings of Ezekiel were dated.
[57] See page 145.
[58] We have noticed at pages 176 and 177 of our first volume
the two passages in which Strabo discusses the houses of
Susiana and Chaldæa. As to the villages in the Euphrates valley,
in which domes are still used, see Oppert, Expédition
scientifique, vol. i. p. 46.
[59] Herodotus, i. 180.
[60] Diodorus, ii. viii. 4, 5.
[61] G. Smith, Assyrian Discoveries, pp. 55, 56. M. Oppert
also admits that this is the only city that has left traces that cannot
easily be mistaken. (Expedition scientifique, vol. i. pp. 194, 195.)
[63] Diodorus, ii. vii. 3. The following passage has been
quoted from Aristotle’s Politics (iii. 1), as supporting the
assertion of Diodorus: “It is obvious that a town is not made by a
wall; one might, if that were so, make the Peloponnesus into a
town, Babylon, perhaps, and some other towns belong to this
class, their enceinte inclosing towns rather than cities.” The text of
Aristotle seems to me to prove nothing more than that the
philosopher was acquainted with the descriptions of Diodorus and
Ctesias. He says nothing as to their exactness; he merely
borrows an illustration from them, by which he attempts to make
his thought more clear, and to explain the difference between a
real city with an organic life of its own, and a mere space
surrounded by walls, in which men might live in close
neighbourhood with each other, but with nothing that could be
called civic life. All the texts relating to the ancient boundaries of
Babylon will be found united in M. Oppert’s examination of this
question.
[64] Even now the wall of the Royal City stands up more than
thirty feet above the level of the plain.
[65] Herodotus says nothing of the tunnel; Diodorus alone
mentions it (ii. ix. 2). See Oppert on this subject. He believes in
its existence (Expédition scientifique, vol. i. p. 193).
[66] Herodotus, i. 186; Diodorus, ii. viii. 2. Diodorus,
following Ctesias, greatly exaggerates the length of the bridge
when he puts it at fifty-five stades (3,032 feet). Even if we admit
that the Euphrates, which in ancient times lost less of its waters in
the adjoining marshes than it does now, was then considerably
wider than at present, we can hardly account for such a
difference. On the subject of this bridge see Oppert, Expédition
&c., vol. i. pp. 191–193.
[67] Layard, Discoveries, p. 489.
[68] See Oppert, Expédition &c., vol. i. pp. 184, 185.
Herodotus mentions these quays (ii. 180, 186). Diodorus (ii.
viii. 3), gives them a length of 160 stades (nearly 18½ miles),
which seems a great exaggeration.
[70] And this makes us think that the streets were narrow, a
conjecture confirmed by the words of Herodotus. In speaking of
the doors above mentioned by which the river was reached, he
does not use the word πύλαι, but πυλίδες, its diminutive. If these
doors were so small, the streets must have been lanes.
[71] This we gather from more than one phrase of the historian
(ii. 183 and 196).
[72] Diodorus, ii. viii, 3
[73] All that he says is that it was on the Tigris (i. 193), that it
had a king called Sardanapalus (ii. 150), and that it was taken by
the Medes (i. 103, 106).
[74] Anabasis, iii. 4.
[75] Diodorus, ii. iii. 2, 3.
[76] Line 35 of the Cylinder of Bellino, after Pongnon
(l’Inscription de Bavian, p. 25, in the Bibliothèque de l’École des
Hautes-Études).
[77] M. Oppert also considers the evidence of Ctesias as
worthless (Expédition scientifique, vol. i. p. 292). Sir Henry
Layard on the other hand believes in the great Nineveh of that
writer (Nineveh, vol. ii. p. 243). He is chiefly influenced by the
often quoted verses of the Book of Jonah, in which it is declared:
“Now Nineveh was an exceeding great city of three days’
journey,” and that there were in it “more than six-score thousand
persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left
hand,” which, with the ordinary proportion of children to adults,
would give a total population of about 800,000. We shall not
waste time in explaining that all these expressions are but poetic

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Mastering Competencies in Family

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Foreword by Ronald J. Chenail, Ph.D. xix

Part I Theoretical Foundations 1

Part II Couple and Family Therapy Theories 81

Part III Clinical Case Documentation 495

Afterword Closing Thoughts: Where to Go from Here? 601

Appendix A: The Family Therapy Core Competencies 605

Appendix B: CACREP Competency-Based Standards 613

Appendix C: Psychology Benchmarks 615

Appendix D: Social Work 2015 Competencies 625

Foreword by Ronald J. Chenail, Ph.D. xix

Part I Theoretical Foundations 1

1 Competency and Theory in Family Therapy 3

2 Research and Ethical Foundations

3 Philosophical Foundations of Family Therapy Theories 45

How to Choose: Dating versus Marrying 70

Part II Couple and Family Therapy Theories 81

4 Systemic and Strategic Therapies 83

5 Structural Family Therapies 135

Treatment Plan 191

6 Experiential Family Therapies 197

Experiential Case Study: Child Sexual Abuse 247

7 Intergenerational and Psychoanalytic

Treatment Plan 304

8 Cognitive–Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based

Clinical Assessment 368

9 Solution-Based Therapies 377

10 Narrative and Collaborative Therapies 427

Putting It All Together: Narrative Case Conceptualization and Treatment

Part Iii Clinical Case Documentation 495

11 Case Conceptualization 497

Intergenerational and Attachment Patterns 512

12 Clinical Assessment 527

13 Treatment Planning 563

14 Evaluating Progress in Therapy 577

15 Document It: Progress Notes 591

Final Note on Notes 599

Afterword Closing Thoughts: Where to Go from Here? 601

Appendix A Family Therapy Core Competencies 605

Appendix B CACREP Competency-Based Standards 613

Appendix c Psychology Benchmarks 615

Part III Clinical Case Documentation 495

Afterword Closing Thoughts: Where to Go from Here? 601

Appendix A: The Family Therapy Core Competencies 605

Appendix B: CACREP Competency-Based Standards 613

Appendix C: Psychology Benchmarks 615

Appendix D: Social Work 2015 Competencies 625

Experiential Case Study: Child Sexual Abuse 247

Afterword Closing Thoughts: Where to Go from Here? 601

Appendix A Family Therapy Core Competencies 605

Appendix B CACREP Competency-Based Standards 613

Appendix c Psychology Benchmarks 615

Appendix D Social Work 2015 Competencies 625

Part I: Theoretical Foundations

Part III: Clinical Case Documentation