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Mastering
Competencies
in Family Therapy
A Practical Approach to Theories and
Clinical Case Documentation
Third Edition
Dia ne R . Geha rt
California State University, Northridge
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Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017
Gianfranco Cecchin
Whose laughter, humility, and acceptance transformed me
Tom Andersen
Whose presence was angelic: the most “gentle” man I have ever met
Paul Watzlawick
Whose courage and kind words I shall never forget
Steve de Shazer
Whose brilliance dazzled me
Insoo Kim Berg

Whose energy and enthusiasm inspired the best in me
Michael White
Whose ideas opened new worlds for me
Jay Haley
Who taught me the logic of paradox
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
Who reminded me to focus on what really matters
Peggy Penn
Who taught me how putting pen to paper can transform the world
Brief Table of Contents
Foreword by Ronald J. Chenail, Ph.D. xix

Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxix
About the Author xxxi
Author’s Introduction: On Saying “Yes” and Falling in Love xxxiii
Part I Theoretical Foundations 1

1 Competency and Theory in Family Therapy 3
2 Research and Ethical Foundations
of Family Therapy Theories 19
3 Philosophical Foundations
Part II Couple and Family Therapy Theories 81

4 Systemic and Strategic Therapies 83
5 Structural Family Therapies 135
6 Experiential Family Therapies 197
7 Intergenerational and Psychoanalytic Family Therapies 263
8 Cognitive–Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based
Couple and Family Therapies 309
9 Solution-Based Therapies 377
10 Narrative and Collaborative Therapies 427
vi Brief Table of Contents
Part III Clinical Case Documentation 495

11 Case Conceptualization 497
12 Clinical Assessment 527
13 Treatment Planning 563
14 Evaluating Progress in Therapy 577
15 Document It: Progress Notes 591
Afterword Closing Thoughts: Where to Go from Here? 601
Appendix A: The Family Therapy Core Competencies 605
Appendix B: CACREP Competency-Based Standards 613
Appendix C: Psychology Benchmarks 615
Appendix D: Social Work 2015 Competencies 625
Index 631
Detailed Table
of Contents
Foreword by Ronald J. Chenail, Ph.D. xix

Preface xxiii
Acknowledgmentsxxix
About the Author xxxi
Author’s Introduction: On Saying “Yes” and Falling in Love xxxiii
Part I Theoretical Foundations 1
1 Competency and Theory in Family Therapy 3

The Secret to Competent Therapy 3
Mapping a Successful Therapeutic Journey 4
From Trainee to Seasoned Therapist 5
Competency and Theory: Why Theory Matters 5
Why All the Talk about Competency? 6
Competency and (Not) You 7
Common Threads of Competencies 7
Diversity and Competency 8
Research and Competency 9
Law, Ethics, and Competency 9
Person-of-the-Therapist and Competency 9
How This Book Is Different and What It Means to You 10
Lay of the Land 10
Anatomy of a Theory 11
Voice and Tone 13
Suggested Uses for This Text 14
Suggestions for Thinking about Family Therapy Theories 14
Suggestions for Using This Book to Learn Theories 14
Suggestions for Using This Book to Write Treatment Plans 15
Suggestions for Use in Internships and Clinical Practice 15
Suggestions for Studying for Licensing Exams 15
Suggestions for Faculty to Measure Competencies and Student Learning 16
Questions for Personal Reflection and Class Discussion 16
Online Resources for Students 17
Online Resources for Instructors 17
Resources for Professional Competencies 17
References 18
vii
viii Detailed Table of Contents
2 Research and Ethical Foundations

Lay of the Land 19
Research and the Evidence Base 20
The Minimum Standard of Practice: Evidence-Based Practice 20
Heart of the Matter: Common Factors Research 21
Lambert’s Common Factors Model 22
Wampold’s Common Factors Model 22
Client Factors 23
Therapeutic Relationship 24
Therapeutic Model: Theory-Specific Factors 24
Hope and the Placebo Effect: Expectancy 24
Diversity and the Common Factors 24
Do We Still Need Theory? 25
Show Me Proof: Evidence-Based Therapies 25
Empirically Supported Treatments and Their Kin:
Empirically Supported Treatment Criteria 25
Real-World Applications of ESTs and MASTs 26
Research in Perspective 27
Review of the MFT Evidence Base 27
2012 Journal of Marital and Family Therapy Review 28
2014 Journal of Family Therapy Review 28
Lebow’s Review of Evidence Base 29
Unified Protocol for Couples Therapy 30
Legal and Ethical Issues in Couple and Family Therapy 31
Lay of the Land: More than Just Rules 31
The Big Picture: Standards of Professional Practice 32
Specific Legal and Ethical Concerns in Couples and Family Work 34
Current Legal and Ethical Issues in Couples and Family Work 38
Conclusion 40
Online Resources for Research 41
Online Resources for Law and Ethics 41
References 42
3 Philosophical Foundations of Family Therapy Theories 45

Lay of the Land 45
Systemic Foundations 46
Rumor Has It: The People and Their Stories 46
Systemic Theoretical Concepts 48
Social Constructionist Foundations 54
Side by Side: Comparing Systemic and Social Constructionist Theories 54
Postmodern Theoretical Concepts 55
Tomm’s Interpersonal Patterns (IP) 58
Identify Interpersonal Patterns 59
Types of Interpersonal Patterns 60
Using Tomm’s IPscope to Compare Family Therapy Models 65
Contemporary Approach to Power, Gender,
and Culture in Family Therapy 65
Socioemotional Relationship Therapy 67
Rock–Paper–Scissors and Other Strategies for Choosing a Theory 70
Detailed Table of Contents ix
How to Choose: Dating versus Marrying 70

Defining Your Philosophy 70
Modernism 71
Humanism 72
Systemic Therapy 72
Postmodern Therapy 73
Online Resources 75
References 76
Part II Couple and Family Therapy Theories 81
4 Systemic and Strategic Therapies 83

Lay of the Land 84
Systemic–Strategic Family Therapy 84
In a Nutshell: The Least You Need to Know 84
The Juice: Significant Contributions to the Field 85
The Big Picture: Overview of Treatment 90
Making a Connection: The Therapeutic Relationship 91
The Viewing: Case Conceptualization and Assessment 93
Targeting Change: Goal Setting 97
The Doing: Language-Based Interventions 99
The Doing: Action-Oriented Interventions 101
Scope It Out: Cross-Theoretical Comparison 106
Putting It All Together: Systemic–Strategic Case Conceptualization
and Treatment Plan Templates 107
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Systemic–Strategic 107
Treatment Plan Template for Individual with Depression/Anxiety:
Systemic–Strategic 108
Treatment Plan Template for Couple/Family Conflict: Systemic–Strategic 109
Tapestry Weaving: Diversity Considerations 110
Ethnic, Racial, and Cultural Diversity 110
Sexual and Gender Identity Diversity 111
Clinical Spotlight: Multisystemic Therapy 113
Goals 114
Case Conceptualization 114
Principles of Intervention 114
Clinical Spotlight: Brief Strategic Family Therapy 115
Goals 115
Case Conceptualization 115
Principles of Intervention 116
Online Resources 117
References 117
Systemic Case Study: Adolescent Substance Use and Divorce 120
Strategic Systemic Case Conceptualization 121
Clinical Assessment 125
Treatment Plan 129
Progress Note 132
x Detailed Table of Contents
5 Structural Family Therapies 135

Lay of the Land 136
Structural Family Therapy 136
Making Connections: The Therapeutic Relationship 141
The Doing: Interventions 146
Putting It All Together: Structural Case Conceptualization
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Structural 149
Treatment Plan for Individual with Depression/Anxiety: Structural 150
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Structural 152
Tapestry Weaving: Working with Diverse Populations 153
Cultural, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Diversity 153
Research and the Evidence Base: Structural 155
Clinical Spotlight: Ecosystemic Structural Family Therapy (ESFT) 155
The Viewing: Case Conceptualization 157
Targeting Change: Goals 158
ESFT Supervision/Training Models 159
Clinical Spotlight: Intensive Structural Therapy 159
Measuring Outcomes 161
Functional Family Therapy (FFT) 162
Rumor Has It: People and Places 163
Putting It All Together: FFT Case Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Templates 173
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: FFT 173
Treatment Plan Template for Family: FFT 175
Research and the Evidence Base: FFT 177
References178
Structural Case Study: Teen Conduct Issues 181
Structural Case Conceptualization 182
Detailed Table of Contents xi
Treatment Plan 191

Progress Note 194
6 Experiential Family Therapies 197

Lay of the Land 198
Shared Assumptions and Practices in Experiential Approaches 198
Targeting Emotional Transactions 198
Warmth, Empathy, and the Therapist’s Use of Self 198
Individual and Family Focus 198
The Satir Model 199
Interventions for Special Populations 213
Putting It All Together: Satir Case Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Templates 214
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Satir 214
Treatment Plan Template for Individual with Depression/Anxiety: Satir 214
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Satir 216
Cultural, Ethnic, and Gender Diversity 217
Research and the Evidence Base: Satir Model 218
Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) 219
Making Connection: The Therapeutic Relationship 223
Putting It All Together: EFT Case Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Templates 233
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: EFT 233
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: EFT 234
Gender Identity Diversity 236
Research and the Evidence Base: EFT 237
Clinical Spotlight: Symbolic–Experiential Therapy 238
References243
xii Detailed Table of Contents
Experiential Case Study: Child Sexual Abuse 247

Satir Human Growth Model Case Conceptualization 248
Satir Treatment Plan 258
Progress Note 261
7 Intergenerational and Psychoanalytic

Family Therapies 263
Lay of the Land 264
Bowen Intergenerational Therapy 264
Interventions for Special Populations 274
Putting It All Together: Case Conceptualization
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Bowen 275
Treatment Plan Template for Individual with Depression/Anxiety: Bowen 276
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Bowen 277
Psychoanalytic Family Therapies 278
Putting It All Together: Case Conceptualization
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization:
Psychodynamic 286
Treatment Plan Template for Individual with Depression/Anxiety:
Psychodynamic 287
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Psychodynamic 288
Gender Diversity: The Women’s Project 289
Ethnicity and cultural Diversity 290
References 293
Intergenerational Case Study: Panic, Launching Children,
and an Adult Survivor of Sexual Abuse 295
Bowen Intergenerational Family Therapy Conceptualization 296
Detailed Table of Contents xiii
Treatment Plan 304

Progress Note 307
8 Cognitive–Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based

Couple and Family Therapies 309
Lay of the Land 310
Cognitive–Behavioral Family Therapies 310
The Doing: Behavioral Interventions 319
The Doing: Cognitive and Affective Interventions 324
Putting It All Together: Case Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Templates 327
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: CBFT 327
Treatment Plan for Individual with Depression/Anxiety: CBFT 329
Treatment Plan for Couples/Families in Conflict: CBFT 330
Clinical Spotlight: Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy 331
Clinical Spotlight: Gottman Method Couples
Therapy Approach 334
Evidence-Based Couple and Family Group Therapies 340
Lay of the Land 340
Psychoeducational Multifamily Groups for Severe Mental Illness 340
Groups for Intimate Partner Abuse 342
Relationship Enhancement Programs 344
Parent Training 345
Mindfulness-Based Therapies 346
A Brief History of Mindfulness in Mental Health 346
Mindfulness Basics 347
Specific Mindfulness Approaches 349
Mindfulness in Couple and Family Therapy 351
References357
Cognitive–Behavioral Case Study: ADHD and Blended Family 362
Cognitive–Behavioral Family Therapy Case Conceptualization 363
xiv Detailed Table of Contents

Treatment Plan 372
Progress Note 375
9 Solution-Based Therapies 377

Lay of the Land 378
Solution-Based Therapies 378
Common Solution-Based Therapy Myths 378
Interventions for Specific Problems 395
Putting It All Together: Case Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Templates 398
Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Solution-Based 398
Treatment Plan Template for Individuals with Sexual Abuse Trauma:
Solution-Based 399
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Solution-Based 400
Solution-Oriented Ericksonian Hypnosis 401
Difference from Traditional Hypnosis 402
References408
Solution-Based Therapy Case Study: Divorce 411
Solution-Focused Family Therapy Case Conceptualization 412
Treatment Plan 422
Progress Note 425
10 Narrative and Collaborative Therapies 427

Lay of the Land 428
Narrative Therapy 428
Interventions for Specific Problems 443
Detailed Table of Contents xv
Putting It All Together: Narrative Case Conceptualization and Treatment

Plan Templates 445
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Narrative 445
Treatment Plan Template for Individual with Depression/Anxiety: Narrative 446
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Narrative 447
Collaborative Therapy and Reflecting Teams 449
The Doing: Interventions and Ways of Promoting Change 457
Reflecting Teams and the Reflecting Process 461
Putting It All Together: Collaborative Case Conceptualization and Treatment
Plan Templates 464
Areas for Theory-Specific Case Conceptualization: Collaborative 464
Treatment Plan Template for Individual with Depression/Anxiety: Collaborative 464
Treatment Plan Template for Distressed Couple/Family: Collaborative 465
Clinical Spotlight: Open Dialogue, an Evidence-Based Approach to Psychosis 467
Applications with Native American, First Nations, and Aboriginals 468
Hispanic Youth 468
Multiracial/Ethnic Individuals and Couples 469
Research on Postmodern Therapies 472
Neurobiology of Narrative 473
References 475
Postmodern Case Study: Self-Harm, Depression, Lesbian Blended Family 480
Postmodern Therapy Case Conceptualization 481
Treatment Plan 490
Progress Note 493
Part Iii Clinical Case Documentation 495
11 Case Conceptualization 497

Step 1: Mapping the Territory 497
Case Conceptualization and the Art of Viewing 498
Overview of Cross-Theoretical Case Conceptualization 498
Introduction to Client and Significant Others 499
Presenting Concerns 499
Background Information 500
Client/Family Strengths and Social Location 501
Family Structure 505
Interaction Patterns 510
xvi Detailed Table of Contents
Intergenerational and Attachment Patterns 512

Solution-Based Assessment 515
Postmodern: Social Location and Dominant Discourses 516
Client Perspectives 518
Case Conceptualization, Diversity, and Sameness 519
References519
Cross-Theoretical Systemic Case Conceptualization Form 521
12 Clinical Assessment 527

Step 2: Identifying Oases and Obstacles 527
Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis 528
Purpose of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis 528
Diagnosis and Our Inescapable Cultural Lenses 529
Mental Health Diagnosis in Family Therapy 531
Contemporary Issues in Diagnosis 532
Dimensional Assessment: The Future of Diagnosis 532
The Recovery Model and Diagnosis 532
Parity and Nonparity Diagnoses 534
Introduction to the DSM-5 535
Title of the DSM-5 535
Manual Structure 535
Organization of Diagnostic Chapters 536
Diagnostic Codes and the ICD 536
New Diagnosis Format 537
Subtypes and Specifiers 539
Dimensional Assessment 539
NOS versus NEC Diagnosis 540
WHODAS 2.0 540
Cultural Formulation and Assessment 541
Conducting a Clinical Assessment 541
Diagnostic Interview and Mental Status Exam 541
Cross-Cutting Symptom Measures 544
Symptom Severity Scales 545
Early Development and Home Background 546
Other Possible Assessment Instruments 546
Making a Diagnosis 547
Documenting Clinical Assessment 547
Identifying Information 548
Presenting Problem 548
Mental Status Exam 548
Diagnosis 548
Medical Considerations and Medication 548
Risk Management 549
Safety and Safety Planning 550
Case Management 552
Communicating with Other Professionals 553
DSM-ese 553
Mental Status Terms 554
References557
Detailed Table of Contents xvii
13 Treatment Planning 563

Treatment 1 Plan 5 ? 563
Step 3: Selecting a Path 564
A Brief History of Mental Health Treatment Planning 564
Symptom-Based Treatment Plans 564
Theory-Based Treatment Plans 565
Clinical Treatment Plans 565
Treatment Plan 565
Writing Useful Client Goals 567
The Basic Steps 568
The Goal-Writing Process 570
Writing Useful Interventions 572
Writing Useful Therapeutic Tasks 573
Social Location and Diversity Considerations 573
Evidence-Based Practice 574
Client Perspectives 575
Do Plans Make a Difference? 575
References 576
14 Evaluating Progress in Therapy 577

Step 4: Evaluating Progress 577
Nonstandardized Evaluations 578
Pros and Cons 578
Strategies for Nonstandardized Assessment 579
Standardized Evaluations 579
Pros and Cons 580
Effects on the Therapeutic Relationship 580
Real-World Options for Standardized Evaluations of Progress 580
Guidelines for Using Standardized Measures in Everyday Practice 580
Ultrabrief Measures 581
Brief Measures 583
Couple Measures 586
Family Measures 586
Final Thoughts on Outcome 587
References 588
15 Document It: Progress Notes 591

Step 5: Documenting It: A Profession behind Closed Doors 591
Two Different Animals: Progress Notes versus Psychotherapy Notes 592
Progress Notes 592
Progress Note Ingredients 593
Progress Note Options 593
The All-Purpose HIPAA Form for Progress Notes 594
Progress Note Form 594
Completing a Progress Note Form 595
A Time and Place for Progress Notes 598
Electronic Record Keeping 598
xviii Detailed Table of Contents
Final Note on Notes 599

References 599
Afterword Closing Thoughts: Where to Go from Here? 601

Getting Started: Working with a Supervisor 601
Realistic Expectations 601
Asking for What You Need 602
Seeking Advanced Training 602
Belonging: Professional Organizations 602
Self-Supervision603
Last Words 603
Appendix A Family Therapy Core Competencies 605
Appendix B CACREP Competency-Based Standards 613
Appendix c Psychology Benchmarks 615
Appendix D Social Work 2015 Competencies 625
Index 631
Foreword by Ronald J. Chenail, Ph.D.
Becoming Competent
with Competencies, or
What I Have Learned
About Learning
Learning about Learning
xix
xx Becoming Competent with Competencies, or What I Have Learned About Learning
Being Competent with Competencies
then
Becoming Competent with Competencies, or What I Have Learned About Learning xxi
Courtesy of Ron Chenail
Ronald J. Chenail, Ph.D.

Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
REFERENCE
Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 33
Preface
The Purpose of This Book

Mastering Competencies in Family Therapy
Text Overview
active learning process
xxiii
xxiv Preface
What’s New in the Third Edition
● Video series:
■■ Systemic–strategic therapy:
■■ Structural therapy:
■■ Satir Human Growth Model:
■■ Emotionally focused couples/family therapy:
■■ Bowen Intergenerational:
■■ Cognitive–behavioral family therapy:
■■ Solution-based:
■■ Narrative therapy:
■■ Collaborative therapy with reflecting teams:
● MindTap version of text:
● Theory-specific case conceptualization forms:
● Cross-theoretical comparison:
● Cross-theoretical comparison table:
Preface xxv
● Revised treatment plan form:
■■
■■
■■
■■
● DSM-5 clinical assessment:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
● New theories:
● Gender and power in couples therapy:
● Expanded diversity sections:
● Expanded section on research and the evidence base:
● Try It Yourself:
● Questions for Personal Reflection and Class Discussion:
● Chapter reorganization:
Appropriate Courses
xxvi Preface
Assessing Student Learning and Competence
● Counseling:
● Marriage and family therapy:

● Psychology:
● Social work:
Organization
Part I: Theoretical Foundations
Part II: Couple and Family Therapy Theories

■■
■■
■■
■■
■■
■■
■■
Part III: Clinical Case Documentation
● In a Nutshell:
● The Juice:
● Rumor Has It:

● The Big Picture:
● Making a Connection:
Preface xxvii
● The Viewing:
● Targeting Change:
● The Doing:
● Scope It Out:
● Putting It All Together:
■■
■■
■■
● Tapestry Weaving:
■■
■■
● Research and Evidence Base

● Online Resources
● Reference List
● Case Example:
MindTap for Mastering Competencies
Instructor and Student Resources
xxviii Preface
REFERENCES
The complete marriage and family therapy core competency assess-
ment system: Eight outcome-based instruments for measuring student learning.
The complete counseling assessment system: Eight outcome-based in-

struments for measuring student learning.
Socio-emotional relationship therapy: Bridging emotion, societal

context, and couple interaction
Patterns in interpersonal in-

teractions: Inviting relational understandings for therapeutic change
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the following content experts who gave their time and energy to
ensure that the information in this textbook was accurate and current:
Interpersonal patterns:
Socioemotional relational therapy:
Systemic–strategic therapies:
Structural therapies:
Satir Model:
Symbolic–experiential therapy:
Bowen Intergenerational Therapy:
Psychodynamic:
Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy:
Integrated behavioral couples therapy:
Gottman’s Marriage Clinic approach:
Solution-based therapies:
Narrative therapy:
Collaborative therapy:
Emotionally focused therapy:
Functional family therapy:
Emotionally focused therapy case study:
Multifamily group therapy:
Outcome and session rating scales:
Outcome questionnaire:
Competencies and learning assessment:
Clinical forms:
The following reviewers provided invaluable feedback on making this book work for
faculty:
William F. Northey, Jr. (Bill Northey):
John K. Miller:
Joshua M. Gold:
Brent Taylor:
xxix
xxx Acknowledgments
Randall Lyle:
Cynthia T. Walley:
Graduate student research team for the third edition:
●
The following students and former students assisted in the development of the instruc-
tors’ manual for the first edition:
Brandy Lucus:
Tricia Lethcoe:
Karen Graber:
Julie Woodworth:
Alina Whitmore:
Instructor and student materials for the second edition were developed by:
Dana Stone:
Jessica Lopez:
Brooke Clarke:
Corie Loiselle:
The following students and colleagues assisted in researching and proofing the second
edition:
●
I would also like to thank the following people for their generous assistance:
Bill O’Hanlon:
Michael Bowers:
Marquita Flemming:
Seth Dobrin:
Guenther and Anna Gehart:
Michael and Alexander McNicholas:
About the Author
DR. DIANE R. GEHART
Theory and Treatment Planning in Counseling and Psychotherapy

Case Documentation in Counseling and Psychotherapy
Mindfulness and Acceptance in Couple and Family Therapy
Collaborative Therapy: Relationships and Conversations that Make
a Difference
Photo by Jones Photo Art
The Complete MFT Core Competency Assessment System

The Complete Counseling Assessment System
Theory-Based Treatment Planning for Marriage and Family Thera
pists
O Magazine Ladies Home

Journal
xxxi
Author’s Introduction:
On Saying “Yes” and
Falling in Love
xxxiii
xxxiv Author’s Introduction: On Saying “Yes” and Falling in Love
My Other Purpose: Falling in Love
What You Will Find
The Invitation
common factors
Diane R. Gehart, Ph.D.

Westlake Village, California
July 2016
Author’s Introduction: On Saying “Yes” and Falling in Love xxxv
REFERENCES
Collaborative therapy: Relationships and conversa-
tions that make a difference.
Journal of Systemic Ther-

apy, 18
Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 33,
Theory-based treatment planning for marriage

and family therapists: Integrating theory and practice
Part I
Theoretical
Foundations
Another random document with
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description of Paradise. This enchanting spot, as his verses
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A sylvan scene; and as the ranks ascend,
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Of stateliest view.”
The convent commands a most enchanting prospect down the

vale: above, the view is bounded by the dark forests on the
mountain-tops. A little stream tumbles in a fine cascade down the
sides of the mountain, into a deep dell between these steep heights
and the green lawn in which the convent is situated. Still higher up,
and overlooking the convent, stands a hermitage, called Paradisino,
perched, like an eagle’s nest, on a steep and projecting cliff. From
this point, the prospect is still more extensive than from the convent.
The eye traverses over a wide range of country towards the west.
Ridge after ridge of blue heights appear down the valley, till the
towers and domes of Florence strike the sight, at a distance, with the
Mediterranean in dim perspective, far beyond. Close at your feet are
the buildings of the convent, with a bright green lawn and a black
girdle of pine forest around them, the dell, the water-fall, and the
savage height of the Appenines clothed with woods to the top.
The inmates of the convent have no neighbors, for they live out of
the way of the world. No public road passes by their doors, and it is
not often that a visiter toils up the steep path that leads to their lonely
abode. A few farm-houses and hamlets are scattered here and there
in the valley below, but few inhabitants are to be seen. Those who
love retirement may find Vallombrosa a desirable summer residence;
but in winter, the snows and fogs confine the monks within doors. It
is even said that the woods abound in bears and wolves, which in
that season carry their depredations to the convent doors. Yet here,
in this wild solitude, at an almost inaccessible height, I found a
degree of splendor and luxury, which seemed not at all in unison with
the character of the spot. The chapel of the convent was adorned
with costly pillars of marble, paintings, and other ornaments, and the
monks entertained me with as rich a dinner as I could have found at
the Tremont House. It is very clear that their penances and
mortifications stop short of the stomach. I may add, that the worthy
friar, who did the honors of the house, had no scruple in pocketing a
crown, which I offered him, in payment for his civilities.
Highly gratified with this pleasant excursion to the beautiful “shady
vale,” I descended the mountain and reached the little town of
Pelago, at the foot of the steepest part of the road, just as a heavy
shower came on. I found a small inn here, the landlord of which was
very civil and communicative. He told me that much rain fell upon the
mountains, and advised me to put off my return to the city till the next
day; a counsel which I was prudent enough to accept. The rain
continued through the night, but the morning was clear, and I had a
delicious walk down the Arno to Florence. The reader may possibly
wonder that I ventured to travel about the country to such distances
on foot, and may have his head full of robbers and banditti. But the
truth is, a man is in no more danger of being robbed in Italy than in
the United States; and a pedestrian runs the least hazard, for a
robber would have small expectation of plunder from him.
It is interesting for a traveller to note down, not only what he sees,
but also what he does not see. I did not see such a thing as a
wheelbarrow, or a handcart, in all Tuscany; nor do I believe such
things were ever known there. The “animal of all work,” the donkey,
supplies the place of both. At Rome, indeed, they had some clumsy
things which they meant for wheelbarrows; but even these nobody
knew how to use. Heavy burthens are carried through the streets on
men’s heads. I never saw a pudding on the table in this country, and
though the Italians have heard of it, they know no more of the real
thing than we do of their favorite delicacy of fried toadstools. I do not
remember seeing any weathercocks, except on the saddles of the
carriage-horses at Naples, where I imagine they were meant rather
for ornament than use. The cheerfulness of an Italian does not
depend so much as ours on the direction of the wind, and he has not
occasion to look out his window every morning at the church steeple,
to know whether he is to be happy or miserable through the day.
Pumps are nowhere to be seen, with the exception of one at
Florence. Fountains are abundant at Rome and Naples, but in
Florence, Pisa and most other cities of the north, the inhabitants
depend for water on their wells. To this list of varieties may be added
another item that will sound oddly to the reader; namely, squalling
children—for in all my residence in this country, I do not remember to
have heard a child cry. This I explain by the fact, that young children,
from their very earliest age, are made to spend most of their time in
the open air: they have, consequently, better health, and their
attention is occupied and amused by a greater variety of objects than
is the case with those in our country, where constant confinement
within doors, makes them sickly and peevish. Nothing, indeed, is
more remarkable than the cheerfulness, vivacity and intelligence of
the little boys and girls in Italy, and the readiness they display to join
in the company of strangers. They are not frightened at a new face,
as we commonly expect children to be. The good behavior, too, of
the young lads about the streets, is worthy of note: they are never
seen at fisticuffs, or engaged in riotous or rude proceedings, but
address one another with a degree of politeness, which, to a
stranger, has almost an appearance of mock-gravity.
Florence is generally regarded the most agreeable city in Italy for
a constant residence. The climate is cooler than that of Rome, but I
think it warm enough to suit travellers from America. The police of
the country is strict, and there is sometimes embarrassment and
delay about passports, but, in general, every accommodation is
afforded to travellers; and the public officers are uniformly respectful
and obliging. All foreigners must take out a permit to reside in the
country, which is renewed from time to time; for this a slight fee is
charged, the amount of which goes to the poor.
Six or eight miles out of the city is a country seat of the grand
duke, called Pratolino, much visited by travellers on account of a
colossal statue in one of the gardens. The statue is of brick, and
hollow. I mounted into the head which is large enough to contain half
a dozen men; from this the size of the whole figure may be
estimated; though I should add that it is not quite erect, but in a
crouching posture. The environs of Florence offer a great variety of
objects, to occupy the time of a traveller, and I do not wonder that
foreigners generally give this spot the preference in their choice of a
residence in Italy.
We are accustomed to hear much of the beauty of Italian skies;
and as these descriptions come chiefly from the hands of the
English, who live in an atmosphere darkened by clouds and fogs, it
is no wonder that the bright sun and transparent air of Italy should fill
them with delight. The brightness of the skies, however, does not
surpass that of our own country, in the finest season, though it is
true, the fine season of Italy is much longer than that of New
England. In summer, the air in Italy is uniformly dry, and the sky clear
or occasionally diversified with clouds. There are no fogs, no sudden
changes from hot to cold, except in crossing the mountains. The
night dews do not threaten you with colds and coughs, and you may
generally sleep with the windows open. The moonlight and starlight
evenings are serenely beautiful, but not more so than with us. For
magnificent sunsets we far surpass the Italians. The sun there goes
down in a clear sky, with a rich golden tint in the west; but they have
nothing equal to our autumnal sunsets, when the sky is arrayed in
those gorgeous purple clouds which light up half the heavens with
their brilliant and dazzling flames. In thunder and lightning, moreover,
their sky never affords anything approaching to the grandeur and
sublimity of ours; at least, I witnessed nothing of the kind, during all
the summer and autumn which I passed in this country. I missed,
also, in my rambles about the country, the fresh and fragrant smell of
the woods, which is so grateful to the senses of the traveller in our
territories. Nowhere, excepting on the mountain-tops, and rarely
even there, do we see thick woods, or anything exhibiting the
wildness of nature and the freshness of a virgin soil. This, indeed, is
hardly to be expected in a country which has been inhabited, by
populous nations, for four thousand years, who have been all that
time cutting down the woods and building cities.
The grain mostly cultivated in Tuscany is wheat: other grains are
raised in small proportions, but wheaten bread constitutes the chief
food of the population. Some Indian corn is seen, but much less than
in Piedmont and Lombardy, where it grows so abundantly that I have
known cargoes brought down the Po and shipped from Venice to
Boston. This, however, was in 1836, when corn was above a dollar a
bushel. Potatoes are rarely seen in Italy, but the Italians always cook
them well. Next to bread, the most important article of food for the
common people, is faggioli, or horse-beans, of which they consume
immense quantities. They are not only raised in the country, but
imported by shiploads from Egypt. The Yankee white beans they
know nothing of. Garden vegetables are produced in great variety,
and their carrots are enormous in size. An apple tree I never saw
here, but the country affords them: the fruit, however, is not much
esteemed, nor worth esteeming. No other apples are equal to those
of America. I observed many times a singular article on the table, at
the dessert, namely, raw string-beans, which the Italians ate, pod
and all, with a great relish, but I thought them altogether unpalatable.
Boston, July 20th, 1842.
Mr. Merry:
The riddle in the June number of the Museum, sent by “Harriett”
of Newport, is one of the most ingenious I ever read. I have puzzled
over it a great deal, and at last I think I have found the solution, viz.,
Abracadabra. It will be seen that this mystic word answers to all the
conditions of the riddle. Will not your fair correspondent tell us who
the celebrated author of this clever puzzle is?
R. N.
A Melancholy Event.
I suppose all my young readers know that the name of the

present king of France is Louis Philippe. He was the son of the duke
of Orleans, a very wicked man, who lived in the time of the French
Revolution, and voted in the French Assembly for the death of his
relation, Louis XVI. This infamous man, who took the name of Mons.
Equality, to please the people, however took good care to educate
his children well, and for this purpose, he employed Mad. de Genlis,
the author of the Tales of the Castle, and other delightful books, to
be their teacher. Under her care, Louis Philippe grew up a well-
instructed and virtuous young man.
During the revolution he was obliged to fly from France for safety,
and for many years he wandered about in different lands. At one
time he came to this country, and in Switzerland he taught
mathematics to young people. Only think of it—this schoolmaster is
now a king! After Bonaparte was put down in 1815, the family of
Louis Philippe was restored to the throne, and he returned with them
to Paris. In 1830 another revolution broke out. To restore quiet and
good order, our friend La Fayette advised the people to make
schoolmaster Philippe their king. They took this advice, and he has
reigned in France since 1830. He is esteemed one of the most wise
and talented sovereigns of the whole world; and no doubt his good
education under Mad. de Genlis—his misfortunes in early life—the
course of events which compelled him to earn his own living—his
teaching school, thereby acquiring the habit of governing himself and
others—all together, have made him so good and great a king. If he
had been brought up like most other kings, indulged in everything—
spoiled by flattery and the habit of thinking himself a great deal better
than other people—no doubt he had been a far less wise and useful
man.
But I must now speak of Louis Philippe’s eldest son, the duke of
Orleans. He was a fine, amiable man, born about the year 1810,
married to a German princess, and having several young children.
He was heir to the throne of France, and being very amiable, was
not only dear to his parents and friends, but to the whole French
people. But alas! nothing can ensure safety in this world—not even
youth, and health, and wealth, and power, and high hopes, and a
nation’s love! On the 13th of June, the duke was going in a coach to
Neuilly, a few miles from Paris, to see his parents, and take leave of
them, for he was a soldier, and was about to go and review some
troops at St. Omer.
On the way to Neuilly the horses of the coach took fright and ran
away. The duke jumped out of the carriage, and falling heavily on the
ground, struck his head, and was so much injured as to die in a few
hours. The king, his father, and the queen, his mother, and princes,
and generals, and famous physicians came, but tears and prayers
and medicines could not save him. The whole French nation seemed
to be in mourning; for they loved the prince, and expected, on his
father’s death, that he would be their king.
The eldest son of the duke of Orleans, a boy about four years old,
is now heir to the throne of France, and when Louis Philippe dies, he
is to succeed him. If he should be still a boy, when the king dies, a
regent will be appointed to carry on the government in his name, till
he is a man.
“It was once in my power to shoot Gen. Washington,” said a
British soldier to an American. “Why, then, did you not shoot him?”
said the other; “you ought to have done so for the benefit of your
own countrymen.” “The death of Washington would not have been
for their benefit,” replied the Englishman; “for we depended upon him
to treat our prisoners kindly, and we’d sooner have killed an officer of
our army.”
THE HIPPOPOTAMUS.
MERRY’S MUSEUM.
V O L U M E I V . — N o . 4 .
SKETCHES OF BIBLE SCENES.
Bethesda.
This place was rendered very interesting to all Christians, by the

miracle performed there by our Saviour, which is recorded in the fifth
chapter of St. John. Multitudes of pilgrims and travellers have from
age to age, flocked to Jerusalem eager to see the place where Jesus
bid the impotent man, “rise, take up his bed and walk.”
The pool of Bethesda is described as a pool by the sheep market,
which is called Bethesda, having five porches; the word Bethesda
meaning the place where victims for sacrifice were purified; and it is
believed that the sheep for sacrifice were washed in Bethesda
before being led away to the temple; and as sacrifices were very
frequently offered, it is natural to suppose that both the sheep market
and the pool were near the temple. Another explanation is that it
signifies the “House of Mercy,” from the healing quality of its waters.
Within the present walls of Jerusalem are two fountains; the lower
one, into which the waters of the upper one flow, through a passage
cut in the rock, is the celebrated pool or fountain of Siloam. There
has always existed a tradition that the waters of Siloam flowed
irregularly; but Dr. Robinson, who first visited it, says “that as he was
standing on the lower step near the water, with one foot on a loose
stone lying near it, all at once he perceived the water coming into his
shoe, and, supposing the stone had rolled, he withdrew his foot to
the step, which, however, was now also covered with water. In less
than five minutes the water bubbled up from under the lower step,
and in five minutes it had risen nearly a foot in the basin, and it could
be heard gurgling off through the interior passage. In ten minutes it
ceased to flow, and the water was again reduced to its former level.
“Meanwhile, a woman came to wash at the fountain. She
frequented the place every day, and said that the water flowed at
irregular intervals, sometimes being quite dry, the men and flocks
dependent upon it suffering from thirst, when, all at once, the water
would boil up from under the steps, and flow in a copious stream.
The ignorant people say that a dragon lies within the fountain; when
he awakes, he stops the water; when he sleeps, it flows.”
In the scriptural account, we are told that “an angel went down, at
a certain season, into the pool, and troubled the waters,” and then,
whosoever first stepped in was made whole. Does not this “troubling
of the waters,” look like the irregular flow of the fountain just
described?
Jerusalem.
Jerusalem is the metropolis of the province of Judea, and one of

the most remarkable cities in the world. Manetho, an Egyptian
historian, says it was founded by the shepherds who once invaded
Egypt in great numbers; but who these shepherds were, is still a
mystery. The first we know of it, however, with any good degree of
certainty, is in the time of Melchizedeck, who lived in the days of
Abraham. It was then called Salem. Josephus says it was the capital
of Melchizedeck’s kingdom.
After this, it became the metropolis of the people called Jebusites.
Its name, at that time, was Jebus. When the Israelites, under
Joshua, attempted to take the city, they found the Jebusites too
strong for them, and could only take that part of it which was divided
between the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. David, however,
completely conquered it, and made it the capital of his own kingdom.
This is one reason why Jerusalem is sometimes called the “City of
David.”
Under David and his son Solomon, Jerusalem rose to a very high
degree of splendor. It is in thirty-one degrees fifty minutes north
latitude, and thirty-five degrees twenty minutes east longitude; being
about twenty-five miles west of the river Jordan, forty-two east of the
Mediterranean Sea, one hundred and two south of Damascus, and
one hundred and fifty north of the eastern branch of the Red Sea. It
was built on four hills: Zion, Acra, Moriah, and Bezetha; but Moriah,
on the east, and Zion, on the south-west, are the principal. It was
surrounded by a strong wall, forty or fifty feet high. The general form
of the city is at present nearly a heptagon, or figure with seven sides.
The glory of the city Jerusalem was its temple. The pattern of
building the temple was given by David to his son Solomon; David
himself not being permitted by God to erect it. He, however, made
great preparations for it. He and his princes made vast contributions
for the purpose; amounting, it is said, to more than one thousand
millions of pounds sterling. Solomon, who was the man selected by
divine appointment, employed one hundred eighty-four thousand
men—a number equal to all the grown men who are able to labor in
the whole state of Massachusetts—about seven years in completing
this mighty work. When completed, the temple occupied, within its
walls, about thirty-one acres of ground; and was unquestionably one
of the most costly edifices of its size, that the world ever saw. To it,
every male Jew was required to go twice a year to perform worship.
View of Jerusalem.
But the glory of this costly edifice lasted only thirty-four years; for,
during the reign of Rohoboam, the son and successor of Solomon,
Shishak, king of Egypt, seized and pillaged it, and carried away its
treasures. Indeed, the city of Jerusalem was several times taken,
during those early periods, and sometimes it was burnt; but it was as
often rebuilt.
About six hundred and two years before Christ, Nebuchadnezzar,
king of Egypt, invaded Palestine, and threatened the destruction of
the city and temple; but was prevented from effecting his object by
the submission of Jehoiakim, the king. Efforts being made, soon
after, however, to throw off the yoke, Nebuchadnezzar again
appeared with his army before the city, and, after a siege of fifteen or
sixteen months, took it, and laid both the temple and the whole city in
ashes. This was B. C. 590.
About B. C. 530, by permission of Cyrus, Jerusalem began to be
rebuilt under Nehemiah, and repeopled; but the walls were not
completed till B. C. 456. The temple was also rebuilt, by Zerubbabel;
but this last temple was never so splendid as the former.
The city itself was again destroyed, many years afterward, by
Ptolemy. It met with a similar fate still later, from Antiochus
Epiphanes, who slew forty thousand of the people, and made slaves
of as many more. It was rebuilt by Judas Maccabeus, and in the time
of our Savior was somewhat flourishing. But about A. D. 70, after a
dreadful siege of two years, by the Romans, during which the
inhabitants suffered so much from famine as to eat, in some
instances, the dead bodies of their friends, the city was taken, and,
according to the prediction of our Savior, nearly forty years before, it
was made a heap of ruins. The temple was completely destroyed, so
that not one stone lay upon another; and the ground where it had
stood, was ploughed up. Even the name of the city was changed.
Adrian, another Roman emperor, undertook afterwards to rebuild
the city, but his plan only partially succeeded. In the mean time, he
banished all the Jews, forbidding their return. Constantine the Great,
enlarged the city, and restored its ancient name.
Since that time the fate of Jerusalem has been various and
singular. In 614, the Persians captured it; and in the capture, ninety
thousand Christians were slain. In 637 it was seized by the
Saracens, who held it till 1079, when the Seljukian Turks got
possession of it. After the Crusades, the Ottoman Turks became its
masters; and these own it at the present day.
We have already represented Jerusalem as standing upon
several eminences, and surrounded by a wall, forty or fifty feet high.
Towers rose at various places on these walls, some of them to the
height of one hundred, or one hundred twenty feet. The length of the
wall, or circumference of the city, about the time of Christ, must have
been, according to the best accounts, about four miles and a half. It
was very thickly populated; containing, as some suppose, nearly
three million inhabitants. This may be too high an estimate; but the
population was certainly very large. One evidence of its great
population is the fact, that there were in it, at this time, nearly five
hundred Jewish synagogues. At present, Jerusalem contains five
synagogues, eleven mosques, and twenty monasteries.
But Jerusalem is very far from being now what it once was.
Instead of containing millions of inhabitants, as some suppose it
formerly did, it scarcely contains twenty thousand. Of these, perhaps
ten thousand are Mohammedans, six thousand are Jews, two
thousand are Greeks, one thousand five hundred Catholics, and five
hundred Armenians. Instead of being four and a half miles in
circumference, the city scarcely measures two miles and two thirds.
The following spirited account of Jerusalem, as it now is, is from the
“Modern Traveller.”
When seen from the valley of Jehoshaphat, Jerusalem presents
an inclined plane, descending from west to east. An embattled wall,
fortified with towers, and a Gothic castle, compasses the city all
round, excluding, however, a part of Mount Zion, which it formerly
enclosed. In the western quarter, and in the centre of the city, the
houses stand very close; but in the eastern part, along (towards) the
brook Kidron, you perceive vacant spaces.
The houses of Jerusalem are heavy, square masses, very low,
without chimneys or windows. They have flat terraces or domes on
the top, and look like prisons or sepulchres. The whole would appear
to the eye one uninterrupted level, did not the steeples of the
churches, the minarets of the mosques, and the summits of a few
cypresses, break the uniformity of the plan. On beholding these
stone buildings, in the midst of a stony country, you are ready to
inquire if they are not the confused monuments of a cemetery in the
midst of a desert.
Enter the city; and you will find nothing there to make amends for
the dulness of its exterior. You lose yourself among narrow, unpaved
streets, here going up hill, there down, from the inequality of the
ground, and you walk among clouds of dust, or loose stones.
Canvas stretched from house to house, increases the gloom.
Bazars, roofed over, and fraught with infection, completely exclude
the light from the desolate city. A few paltry shops expose nothing
but wretchedness to view; and even these are frequently shut from
apprehension of the passage of a cadi.
Not a creature is to be seen in the streets, not a creature at the
gates, except now and then a peasant gliding through the gloom,
concealing under his garments the fruits of his labor, lest he should
be robbed of his hard earnings by the rapacious soldier.
Aside, in a corner, the Arab butcher is slaughtering some animal,
suspended by the legs, from a wall in ruins. From his haggard and
ferocious look, and his bloody hands, you would suppose that he
had been cutting the throat of a fellow-creature, rather than killing a
lamb.
The only noise heard from time to time in the city, is the galloping
of the steed of the desert: it is the Janissary, who brings the head of
the Bedouin, or who returns from plundering the unhappy Fellah.
Here reside (that is, among the ruins of Jerusalem) communities
of Christian monks, whom nothing can compel to forsake the tomb of
Christ; neither plunder, nor personal ill-treatment, nor menaces of
death itself. Night and day they chant their hymns around the holy
sepulchre.
Driven by the cudgel and the sabre, women, children, flocks, and
herds, seek refuge in the cloisters of these recluses. What prevents
the armed oppressor from pursuing his prey, and overthrowing such
feeble ramparts? It is the charity of the monks; they deprive
themselves of the last resources of life, to ransom their supplicants.
Cast your eyes between the temple and Mount Zion. Behold
another petty tribe, (the Jews,) cut off from the rest of the inhabitants
of this city! These people bow their heads without murmuring; they
endure every kind of insult, without demanding justice; they sink
beneath repeated blows without sighing; if their head be required,
they present it to the cimeter. On the death of any member of this
proscribed community, his companion goes at night, and inters him,
by stealth, in the shadow of Solomon’s temple.
Enter the abodes of these people. You will find them, amidst the
most abject wretchedness, instructing their children to read a (to
them) mysterious book, which they in their turn will teach to their
offspring. What they did five thousand years ago, this people still
continue to do. Seventeen times have they witnessed the destruction
of Jerusalem, yet nothing can discourage them, nothing can prevent
them from turning their faces towards Zion.
To see the Jews scattered over the whole world, according to the
word of God, must, doubtless, excite surprise. But to be struck with
astonishment, you must view them at Jerusalem; you must behold
these rightful masters of Judea, living as slaves and strangers in
their own country; you must behold them expecting, under all
oppressions, a king who is to deliver them.
We will only mention, in conclusion of this article, that the most
ancient as well as most splendid edifice in the whole modern city of
Jerusalem, is the mosque of Omar. It stands on Mount Moriah,
precisely—it is supposed—where once stood the temple of Solomon.
It is one thousand four hundred eighty-nine feet—more than a
quarter of a mile!—long, and nine hundred ninety-five feet broad. It
was built A. D. 636, and has, therefore, stood exactly one thousand
two hundred years. It is, indeed, rather a collection of mosques, than
a single one. The whole is included in two grand divisions; the
Sakhara, in the centre, and the Akhsa, on the south side.
Valley of Jehoshaphat.
Jehoshaphat is a narrow valley or glen, which runs from north to

south, between the city of Jerusalem or Mount Moriah, on which it
stands, on the one side, and Gethsemane and the Mount of Olives,
on the other. The brook Kidron, or Cedron, runs through this valley;
on which account it was sometimes called the valley of Kidron. It had
also several other names, among which were “the Vale of Shevah,”
the “King’s Dale,” &c.
This glen received its more common name from the fact, that
Jehoshaphat, one of the kings of Judah, erected a most magnificent
tomb in it. It abounds with monuments, ancient and modern, and
appears to have served as a burying-place to the inhabitants of
Jerusalem for many ages. The Jews think so highly of being buried
there, that it is said they resort thither to die, from all parts of the
world; and, for such a privilege, sometimes pay to the merciless
Turks, who own the soil, almost its weight in gold.
There are three monuments pointed out here, which are of
particular interest; those of Absalom, Zechariah, and Jehoshaphat. A
traveller thus describes them.
“The first mentioned is a square mass of rock, hewn down into
form, and separated from the quarry out of which it was cut, by a
passage of twelve or fifteen feet on three of its sides; the fourth or
western front being open towards the valley, and to Mount Moriah;
the foot of which is only a few yards distant. This huge stone is eight
paces in length on each side, and about twenty high in the front and
ten feet high at the back; the hill on which it stands having a steep
ascent. It has four semi-columns cut out of the same rock, on each
of its faces, with a pilaster at each angle, all of a mixed Ionic order,
and ornamented in bad taste.
“In the immediate vicinity is the tomb of Jehoshaphat, a cavern
which is more commonly called the Grotto of the Disciples, from an
idea that the disciples of our Savior went frequently thither to be
taught by their Master. The front of this excavation has two Doric
pillars, of small size, but of just proportions. In the interior are three
chambers, all of them rude and irregular in their form, in one of which
were several grave-stones, removed, we may suppose, from the
open ground, for greater security.
“Opposite to this is the reputed tomb of Absalom, resembling
nearly, in the size, form, and description of its square base, that of
Zechariah. This is surmounted by a sharp conical dome, having
large mouldings running round its base, and on the summit
something like an imitation of flame.”
Here is also shown what is called the tomb of the Virgin Mary, and
the pit where the Jews say the sacred fire was hid during the
Babylonian captivity; together with many more objects which arrest
the attention of the traveller; and which, though they give no certain
information, serve greatly to interest him.
Joppa, or Jaffa.
This is one of the most ancient seaports in the world. It is situated

on a fine plain, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, forty-five
miles west of Jerusalem. It is believed to have existed before the
deluge; to be the city where Noah built his ark; whence Jonah
embarked from Tarshish, where he was thrown overboard and
swallowed by a whale. It was the port used by Solomon to receive
timber from Tyre for the building of the temple. It is now much
reduced in importance, being only a small Turkish town on the
shores of the Mediterranean, built on a little eminence projecting into
the sea, and containing a population of from ten to fifteen thousand
Turks, Arabs, Jews, and Christians. It has a fine climate, and a fine
country around it, and the orange gardens are the finest on the
shores of the Mediterranean. Although it is the seaport of Jerusalem,
its harbor has always been bad, and the vessels that anchor there
are often wrecked in the storms.
The modern city has nothing in its history to interest the traveller.
He must stand on the shore, and fill the little harbor with the
Tarshish; or, imagine Noah entering the ark with his family, by whom
the earth was to be repeopled; or wander through the narrow streets
to seek for the house of Tabitha, whom Peter raised from the dead,
or that of Simon, the tanner, where Peter tarried many days.

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Foreword by Ronald J. Chenail, Ph.D. xix

Part I Theoretical Foundations 1

Part II Couple and Family Therapy Theories 81

Part III Clinical Case Documentation 495

Afterword Closing Thoughts: Where to Go from Here? 601

Appendix A: The Family Therapy Core Competencies 605

Appendix B: CACREP Competency-Based Standards 613

Appendix C: Psychology Benchmarks 615

Appendix D: Social Work 2015 Competencies 625

Foreword by Ronald J. Chenail, Ph.D. xix

Part I Theoretical Foundations 1

1 Competency and Theory in Family Therapy 3

2 Research and Ethical Foundations

3 Philosophical Foundations of Family Therapy Theories 45

How to Choose: Dating versus Marrying 70

Part II Couple and Family Therapy Theories 81

4 Systemic and Strategic Therapies 83

5 Structural Family Therapies 135

Treatment Plan 191

6 Experiential Family Therapies 197

Experiential Case Study: Child Sexual Abuse 247

7 Intergenerational and Psychoanalytic

Treatment Plan 304

8 Cognitive–Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based

Clinical Assessment 368

9 Solution-Based Therapies 377

10 Narrative and Collaborative Therapies 427

Putting It All Together: Narrative Case Conceptualization and Treatment

Part Iii Clinical Case Documentation 495

11 Case Conceptualization 497

Intergenerational and Attachment Patterns 512

12 Clinical Assessment 527

13 Treatment Planning 563

14 Evaluating Progress in Therapy 577

15 Document It: Progress Notes 591

Final Note on Notes 599

Afterword Closing Thoughts: Where to Go from Here? 601

Appendix A Family Therapy Core Competencies 605

Part III Clinical Case Documentation 495

Afterword Closing Thoughts: Where to Go from Here? 601

Appendix A: The Family Therapy Core Competencies 605

Appendix B: CACREP Competency-Based Standards 613

Appendix C: Psychology Benchmarks 615

Appendix D: Social Work 2015 Competencies 625

Experiential Case Study: Child Sexual Abuse 247

Afterword Closing Thoughts: Where to Go from Here? 601

Appendix A Family Therapy Core Competencies 605

Appendix B CACREP Competency-Based Standards 613

Appendix c Psychology Benchmarks 615

Appendix D Social Work 2015 Competencies 625

Part I: Theoretical Foundations

Part III: Clinical Case Documentation