SNRG 154 04
SNRG 154 04
SNRG 154 04
Equipment Sizing
SNRG 154 – Building Systems
Sustainable Energy and Building Technology Program
Humber College – School of Applied Technology
Purpose:
•Determine accurate cooling and heating requirements
•Optimize load requirements
•Select most economical equipment
•Use most efficient distribution system
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Heat Gain / Loss
A load estimate may be utilized during preliminary
design.
Detailed calculation should follow at a later point.
These values will be used for the sizing of all mechanical
equipment (packaged rooftop units and split systems,
and/or chillers, boilers and air handlers) along with the
distribution systems and terminal devices.
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Load Estimate vs Load Calculation
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Load Estimate vs Load Calculation
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Rules of Thumb
Cooling needs:
building gross area * cooling sq. ft./ton
Electrical space load component:
building gross area * (lights + equipment watts)/sq. ft.
Outdoor air requirement:
building gross area / (sq. ft./person) * (ventilation
cfm/person).
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Space, Zone and Block Loads
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
External Space Loads
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Solar Heat Gain through Glazing
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Heat Transmission
If a temperature difference exists between the inside and
outside surfaces, heat will flow by conduction to the
cooler side.
Conduction heat transmission is effected by the
equivalent temperature difference.
Equivalent temperature difference is used to account for
the impact of solar loading on walls and roofs.
Transmission calculations are performed using the ‘U’
factor.
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Heat Transmission
Can be expressed as:
q = U A dt
Where:
q = heat loss/gain (Btu/h, W)
U = "U-factor" (Btu/hr ft2 oF, W/m2K)
A = wall area (ft2, m2)
dt = temperature difference (oF, K)
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
U Factor – thermal conductance
Thermal Conductivity - k: property of materials
indicating their ability to conduct heat.
Definition:
U-value (or U-factor) is a measure of the rate of heat loss or gain
through a construction of materials
Unit of measurement:
British thermal units per hour (Btu/h) for one square foot of surface for
one deg F difference in temperature between the two sides
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
U Factor
U-Factor is the reverse of R-Value:
U=1/R
where
R = "R-value" - the resistance to heat flow
(hr sq.ft °F /Btu)
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Example – U Factor
Non-homogeneous wall:
4” common brick
½” plywood
6” fibreglass pink
- Vapour barrier (plastic)
½” drywall
- Air seal inside
outside
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Example – Heat Flow
Same non-homogeneous wall
Area = 1,000 sq.ft.
Inside design temperature = 72 °F
Location – Toronto, Ontario
q summer = ?
q winter = ?
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Infiltration
Infiltration refers to the fact that outside wind pressure
causes air to enter (infiltrate) the windward side of the
building and leave (exfiltrate) the leeward side of the
building.
As this outside air is non-conditioned air the effect of the
quantity of air must be taken in consideration.
It adds both sensible and latent loads in calculations.
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Ventilation
Ventilation air refers to the required outside air that must be
introduced into the building to ensure the Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ)
The amount of air is governed by the requirements of
ASHRAE standard 62. This outside air must be conditioned to
the space design requirements and therefore adds both
sensible and latent loads to the calculations.
Simple rule of thumb would require 15 cfm/person
(this value will change for the various types of occupancies)
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Internal Space Loads
Lighting
Building occupants
Equipment
Plug loads
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Lighting
Lighting generates sensible heat by the conversion of
electrical energy into light and heat. Energy is dissipated
through radiation, conduction and convection.
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Building Occupants
People generate heat by oxidation – known as metabolic
rate.
Heat is carried to the body’s surface and dissipated
through:
o Conduction – items person touches and surrounding air
o Convection – from the body and respiration
o Radiation – from the body to colder surfaces
o Evaporation – from the body surface and respiration
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Equipment and Plug Loads
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Equipment Sizing Considerations
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SNRG 311 – MECHANICAL SYSTEM
End of Module 4
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