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Class 10 - Science
Sample Paper - 02 (2023-24)

Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

i. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections.

ii. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A student is expected to attempt
only one of these questions.
iii. Section A consists of 20 objective-type questions carrying 1 mark each.
iv. Section B consists of 6 Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each. Answers to these questions should be in the range of
30 to 50 words.
v. Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each. Answers to these questions should be in the
range of 50 to 80 words.
vi. Section D consists of 3 Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each. Answers to these questions should be in the
range of 80 to 120 words.
vii. Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks each with sub-parts.

Section A
1. On adding zinc granules to freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution, a student observes that

a) a dull brown coating is formed

b) a greyish black coating is formed
c) a white coating is formed
d) no coating is formed
2. Identify a reaction which is not an oxidation reaction:
a) Corrosion
b) Rancidity
c) Combination
d) Double displacement
3. Identify the correct representation of reaction occurring during chloralkali process
a) 2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O(aq) → 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)
b) 2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2 (aq) + H2 (aq)
c) 2NaCl (l) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(l) + C12 (g) + H2 (g)
d) 2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)
4. Which of the following is the correct representation of the electron dot structure of nitrogen?
⋅ ⋅

a) : N : :N :
⋅⋅ ⋅

b) :N ⋮ N:

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c) :N⋮⋮N:
⋅⋅ ⋅⋅

d) : N : N :
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5. An iron nail is suspended in CuSO4 solution and kept for a while. The solution:

a) Turns green and no coating will be formed on the nail.

b) Turns green and a coating will be formed on the nail
c) Remains blue and a coating is found on the nail
d) Remain blue and no coating will be formed on the nail.
6. If copper is kept open in air, it slowly loses its shining brown surface and gains a green coating. It is due to the formation
of
a) CuCO3
b)

CuO

c) CuSO4
d) Cu(NO3)2
7. Diamond is not a good conductor of electricity because:
a) It is not soluble in water
b) It is very hard
c) It has no free electrons to conduct electric current
d) Its structure is very compact
8. In the following diagram of the stomatal apparatus, which parts are incorrectly labelled ?

a) II and III
b) I and V
c) I and IV
d) IV and V
9. How are the two strands in a DNA molecule held together?
a) Covalent bond
b) Ionic bond
c) Hydrogen bond
d) Phosphate band
10. Reproduction is essential for living organisms in order to
a) maintain growth

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b) continue the species generation after generation
c) keep the individual organism alive
d) fulfill their energy requirement
11. Name the chromosomes that possess the gene for maleness and femaleness in humans.
a) Sex chromosomes
b) None of these
c) Somatic ctromosomes
d) Autosomes
12. The final product of glycolsis is
a) Glucose
b) Acetyl COA
c) Malic acid
d) Pyruvic acid
13. Figure shows the magnetic field lines between the two faces A and B of two magnets.

a) One direction at any point in space

b) Both faces A and B of two bar magnets are North pole.
c) Face A is south pole while face B is north pole.
d) Both faces A and B of two bar magnets are South pole.
14. Wire ‘A’ has a length of 1 m and a radius of 1 cm. Wire ‘B’ has a length of 1 cm and a radius of 1 m. Both are made of
the same material. Which has the higher resistance?
a) Wire ‘A’
b) Depends on the voltage applied across them
c) Wire ‘B’
d) Both have the same resistance
15. Habitat is the special environment of an organism in which:
A. It lives
B. It grows
C. It breeds
D. It gets food
a) All of these
b) A and B
c) A and C
d) A, B and C
16. Which of the following organisms belong to fourth trophic levels in the food chain ?
a) Plants
b) Rats
c) Hawks
d) Snakes
17. Assertion (A): Sodium metal is stored under Kerosene.
Reason (R): Metallic sodium melts when exposed to air.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

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18. Assertion (A) : XX chromosome give rise to female child whereas XY give rise to male child.
Reason (R) : The Y chromosome in males is small than X chromosome.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
19. Assertion (A): Galvanometer is used to measure polarity.
Reason (R): Galvanometer is an instrument which is used to detect current in any circuit.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
20. Assertion (A): Garden is an artificial ecosystem.
Reason (R): Biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem are manipulated by humans.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Section B
21. Write the IUPAC name of the following:

i.

ii. CH3COOC2H5
22. We hear and read about female foeticide, which is really a wrong practice. In some families, be it rural or urban, females
are tortured for giving birth to a girl child. They do not seem to understand the scientific reason behind the birth of a boy
or a girl. In your opinion, the approach of the society towards mother in this regard is correct or not? Explain the
scientific reason.
23. It is said that a working dialysis machine is similar to a normal healthy kidney. How?

OR

What happens to the rate of breathing during vigorous exercise and why?
24. The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than the object. where should be the
position of object ?Justify your answer .
25. Rearrange the following according to their ascending trophic levels in a food chain.
Hawk, grass, snake, frog, grasshopper.

OR

Why does the food chain consists of few steps only?

26. The minimum power of the eye lens is 40 D. If the far point of the normal eye is infinity, find the size of the eyeball.
Section C
27. Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by inverting a test tube over it, as
shown in figure below.
a. What will be the action of gas on

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i. dry litmus paper?
ii. moist litmus paper?
b. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.

28. A metal M which is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity used in making electric wires is found in nature as
sulphide ore M2S?
i. Name the metal M.
ii. Which process will be suitable for extraction of this metal M from its ore M2S?
iii. Write the balanced chemical reactions involved in the process of extraction.
iv. With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the process of electrolytic refining of the metal.

OR

What is the cause of the inertness of noble gas elements?

29. Write a note on lymphatic system in human beings stating two major functions of lymph.
30. i. In humans, if gene B gives brown eyes and gene b gives blue eyes, what will be the colour of eyes of the persons
having the following combination of genes? (a) Bb (b) bb (c) BB
ii. What do you class this trait of eye colour in human? Explain.
31. One-half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper. Will this lens produce a complete image of the object? Verify
your answer experimentally. Explain your observations.
32. Calculate the total cost of running the following electrical devices in the month of September, if the rate of 1 unit of
electricity is Rs. 6.00.
i. Electric heater of 1000 W for 5 hours daily.
ii. Electric refrigerator of 400 W for 10 hours daily.
33. i. An electrical bulb is rated 40 W, 220 V. How many bulbs can be connected in parallel with each other across the two
wires of 220 V line, if the maximum allowable current is 6 A?
ii. Which uses more energy, a 250 W TV set for 1 hour or a 1,200 W toaster for 10 minutes ?
Section D
34. i. State the litmus test to distinguish between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
ii. Give the equation for the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol. State the condition for the reaction and name
the product formed. What is this reaction known as?
iii. Write a reaction which is reverse of this reaction? Mention the conditions required for the reaction. Name and write
the use of this reaction.

OR

a. You have three unlabelled test tubes containing ethanol, ethanoic acid and soap solution. Explain the method you
would use to identify the compounds in different test tubes by chemical tests using litmus paper and sodium metal.
b. Give the reason for the formation of scum when soaps are used with hard water.

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35.

i. Identify the organisms A and B and the mode of asexual reproduction exhibited by them.
ii. How will an organism be benefited if it reproduces through spores?
iii. Mention the two asexual methods by which Hydra can reproduce. Explain briefly any one such method.

OR

Following are the two examples of plant movement. One is drooping of leaves in touch-me-not plant and second is
attaching of pea plant to a support with the help of tendrils.
i. What is the stimulus which is common for movement in both the cases?
ii. What is the difference in movement in both the plants? Explain.
iii. Give appropriate scientific terms for the movements described in both cases.
36. An object 4.0 cm in size, is placed 25.0 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15.0 cm.
i. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image?
ii. Find the size of the image.
iii. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of an image in this case.

OR

A student has three concave mirrors A, B and C of focal lengths 20 cm, 15 cm and 10 cm, respectively. For each concave
mirror, he performs the experiment of image formation for three values of object distance of 30 cm, 10 cm and 20 cm.
Give reasons for the following:
i. For the three object distances, identify the mirror which will form an image equal in size to that of object. Find at
least one value of object distance.
ii. Out of the three mirrors, identify the mirror which would be preferred to be used for shaving purpose.
iii. For the mirror B, draw ray diagram for image formation for any two given values of object distance.
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Section E
37. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
The strength of acid and base depends on the number of H+ and the number of OH- respectively. If we take hydrochloric
acid and acetic acid of the same concentration, say one molar, then these produce different amounts of hydrogen ions.
Acids that give rise to more H+ ions are said to be strong acids, and acids that give less H+ ions are said to be weak
acids. Can you now say what weak and strong bases are?

i. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns into curd?
ii. Is Gastric juice a weak acid?

OR

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Milk of magnesia is an acid or base? For what purpose it can be used?
38. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Fill a conical flask with water. Cover the neck of the flask with a wire mesh. keep two or three freshly germinated bean
seeds on the wire mesh. Take a cardboard box which is open from one side. Keep the flask a wire mesh. Kin the box in
such a manner that the open side of the box faces light coming from a window as shown in the given figure. After two or
three days, you will notice that the shoots bend towards light and roots away from light. Now turn the flask so that the
shoots are away from light and the roots towards the light. Leave it undisturbed in this condition for a few days. Plants
show tropism in response to other stimuli as well. The roots of a plant always grow downwards while the shoots usually
grow upwards and away from the earth. This upward and downward growth of shoots and roots, respectively, in response
to the pull of earth or gravity, is obviously, geotropism.

i. What has represented by the given activities?

ii. Do old parts of the shoot and root change direction? Is there any difference in the direction of the new growth?
iii. What can we conclude from this activity?

OR

What is geotropism?
39. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A magnetic field is described by drawing the magnetic field lines. When a small north magnetic pole is placed in the
magnetic field created by a magnet, it will experience a force. And if the north pole is free, it will move under the
influence of the magnetic field. The path traced by a north magnetic pole free to move under the influence of a magnetic
field is called a magnetic field line.

Since the direction of the magnetic field line is the direction of the force on a north pole, so the magnetic field lines
always begin from the N-pole of a magnet and end on the S-pole of the magnet. Inside the magnet, however, the
direction of magnetic field lines is from the S-pole of the magnet to the N-pole of the magnet. Thus, the magnetic field
lines are closed curves. When a small compass is moved along a magnetic field line, the compass needle always sets
itself along the line tangential to it. So, a line drawn from the south pole of the compass needle to its north pole indicates
the direction of the magnetic field at that point.
i. Do the magnetic field lines intersect? if not why?
ii. A strong bar magnet is placed vertically above a horizontal wooden board. What would be the magnetic lines of
force?

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iii. The figure shows the magnetic field lines in a magnetic field. A, B., and C are three points in this field. At what
point is the magnetic field strength?

OR

Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines for a bar magnet.

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Class 10 - Science
Sample Paper - 02 (2023-24)

Solution

Section A
1. (b) a greyish black coating is formed
Explanation: The colour of the coating is grayish black. When Zinc Reacts with ferrous sulphate zinc displaces iron
forming zinc sulphate and iron metal is precipitated and settles on the surface of zinc granules. This is because zinc is
more electropositive than iron so it can displace iron from its solution. Also, the solution turns colourless from light
green.
F eS O4 (aq) + Zn (s) → ZnS O4 (aq) + F e (s)
Black

2. (d) Double displacement

Explanation: Double displacement reactions are not redox reactions, as they do not involve a change in the oxidation
number of either of the reactant.
3. (d) 2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)
Explanation: 2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)
Chloralkali is a process used in industries to produce chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda). This happens
because of the electrolysis of NaCl (commonly known as brine).
4. (c) :N⋮⋮N:
Explanation: In Nitrogen molecule, each nitrogen atom has 5 valence electrons and there is a triple bond between
the two nitrogen atoms. Thus, the correct electron dot structure is, :N⋮⋮N:
5. (b) Turns green and a coating will be formed on the nail
Explanation: The solution will turn green due to the formation of iron sulphate. A coating of copper is formed on the
nail. Iron is more reactive than copper and displaces it from its solution.
CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
6. (a) CuCO3
Explanation: Copper gets green coating due to the basic copper carbonate formation and is a mixture of copper
carbonate and copper hydroxide when it reacts with carbon dioxide gas and moisture present in the air. This is called
tarnishing of copper.
The reaction is as follows:
2Cu + H2O + CO2 + O2 → Cu(OH)2 + CuCO3
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7. (c) It has no free electrons to conduct electric current
Explanation: Diamond is not a good conductor of electricity because it has no free electrons in its structure (like
graphite) to conduct electric current.
8. (a) II and III
Explanation: Except these parts, other labeling are correct.

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9. (c) Hydrogen bond

Explanation: Each DNA molecule consists of two twisted strands of bases that form a shape called a double helix. The
two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases.
10. (b) continue the species generation after generation
Explanation: Reproduction is essential to continue the species forever generations after generations. It is essential for
the survival of a species.
11. (a) Sex chromosomes
Explanation: Sex chromosomes possess the gene for maleness and femaleness in humans.
In humans, the sex chromosomes comprise one pair of a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes. The other 22 pairs of
chromosomes are called autosomes.
Individuals having two X chromosomes (XX) are females; individuals having one X chromosome and one Y
chromosome (XY) are males.
12. (d) Pyruvic acid
Explanation: Glycolysis involves the breaking down of sugar (generally glucose, although fructose and other sugars
may be used) into more manageable compounds in order to produce energy. The net end products of glycolysis are two
Pyruvate, two NADH, and two ATP.
13. (a) One direction at any point in space
Explanation: Because magnetic field lines are directed from north to south .Which implies face of A is north and that of
B is south and If field lines ever intersect at any point, there will be two tangents to the field line curve at that point,
which is contradictory, as there can only be one net magnetic field vector having only one direction at any point in space.
14. (a) Wire ‘A’
Explanation: Resistance is directly proportional to length and inversely to CSA.
15. (a) All of these
Explanation: A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of organism. The
term refers to the special environment in which an organism lives and breeds and where it can find food, shelter,
and protection.
16. (c) Hawks
Explanation: Hawks belong to fourth trophic level.
17. (c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: A is true but R is false.
18. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Smaller Y chromosome, does not decide the gender of the child. Its presence is important not the size.
Thus both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
19. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both the statements are correct, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. In testing purposes
galvanometer is used to measure polarity. There is a torque acting on a current carrying coil suspended in a magnetic
field which produces deflection.
Deflection is directly proportional to current flowing through the galvanometer coil.
20. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

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Section B
21. i.

Propan -2-ol
ii. CH3COOC2H5 Ethyl enthanoate
22. No, it is not correct. Mother should not be blamed for this. There is no difference between a male and female child, both
are equal. A female is born if it receives the X bearing sperms from father as father carries both X and Y chromosomes
and mother carries only X chromosomes.
23. Kidney and dialysis machine acts in the similar way by regulating normal concentration of the blood, filtering the
blood..Urea and excess mineral salts in the body diffuses from patients blood . These waste products get seprated
through the selectively permeable walls to the dialysis fluid.

OR

During vigorous exercise rate of breathing increases by about 20-25 times per minute from 15 to 18 times per minute of
normal breathing. It is because the demand for oxygen increases.
24. When the image formed is virtual, erect and enlarged then object should be placed between focus and pole of the
concave mirror.

25. Grass → grasshopper → frog → snake → hawk.

A food chain always start with producers and ends with top consumers.

OR

Food chain is the process of food transfer from source in plants through a series of organisms with repeated eating and
being eaten. At each transfer, a lot of energy is lost from food in the form of heat. Thus number of steps involved in any
food chain is confined to four or five.
26. Power of eye lens = P
P = 40 D
Focal length = f
f = in meters
1

f= 1

40
= 0.025 m
= 2.5 cm
Radius of curvature = 2f = 5 cm
The eyeball has a radius of 5 cm.
Section C
27. a.
i. No action.
ii. it turns moist litmus paper red and then bleaches it.
b. S + O2= SO2
28. i. Metal M is Copper(Cu).
ii. It is concentrated by the Froth-Floatation process. Impure copper is purified by electrolytic refining.

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iii. Reaction involve in the process of extraction:
Roasting: 2Cu2S + 3O2 ⟶ 2Cu2O + 2SO2
Basemerisation: Cu2S + 2Cu2O ⟶ 6Cu + SO2
iv. Impure metal is taken as anode whereas pure metal is taken as cathode. Soluble salt of metal is taken as electrolyte.
When an electric current is passed, impure metal changes to ions which gain electrons at the cathode and change into
pure metal. Impurities are left behind as anode mud.

OR

The inertness or reluctance of the members of the noble gas family is linked with their structure. The first member
helium (He) has two electrons in the only shell which is the K-shell. The atoms of all other members have eight electrons
in their outermost shell, also called valence shell. The electronic configuration of the members of the family are as
follows:
Noble gas element Symbol Atomic No. (Z) Electronic Configuration No. of electrons in outermost shell
Helium He 2 2 2
Neon Ne 10 2, 8 8
Argon Ar 18 2, 8, 8 8
Krypton Kr 36 2, 8, 18, 8 8
Xenon Xe 54 2, 8, 18, 18, 8 8
Radon Rn 86 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 8
This is the maximum number of electrons which the atoms of these elements can have in their outermost shell. They
have, therefore, no tendency to either lose or gain one or more electrons. In other words, these atoms are fully satisfied.
The members of the family are called inert gases or noble gases.

29.

Lymphatic system - The lymphatic system comprises colourless fluid, the lymph; a network of fine channels, the
lymphatic capillaries; tubes of varied sizes, the lymphatic vessels; and the lymph nodes. Tissue or interstitial fluid
present in the spaces between tissue cells is formed by filtration of protein-free fluid from the blood. Tissue fluid passes

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into lymphatic capillaries to form lymph. The latter is carried by lymphatic vessels to the veins. Lymphatic vessels have
lymph nodes which filter lymph, removing microorganisms and cellular debris and adding lymphocytes.
30. i. Bb will have brown eyes.
bb will have blue eyes.
BB will have brown eyes.
ii. Eye colour in humans is an inherited trait. These are traits that are present in the DNA of an organism and are passed
on to their progeny.

31.

Yes, even when one-half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper, the lens will produce a complete image.
Take a live candle, keep it in front of a convex lens mounted on an optical bench.
Move the candle along the axis of bench and take its full image on a screen. Now cover the lower half of lens with a
black paper without changing the positions of candle, lens and screen.
You will observe that full image of candle is still seen on the screen, but the intensity of image is reduced. The reason is
that a large number of rays incident on the lens are blocked. In the case of covered lower half of lens with black paper,
the rays that are emerging from candle and incident on lens are refracted from upper part only and form the full image.
32. P1 = = 1kW
1000W

1000

t1 = 5 h
P2= = 0.4 kW
400W

1000

t2 = 10 h
No. of days n = 30
Energy consumed by heater:
E1 = P1 × t1 × n = 1 kW × 5 h × 30 = 150 kWh
Energy consumed by refrigerator:
E2 = P2 × t2 × n = 0.4 kW × 10 h × 30 = 120 kWh
Total energy = (150 + 120) kWh = 270 kWh
We know that 1kWh = 1unit, so
270 kWh = 270 units
Cost of 1 unit is Rs. 6.00
Total cost = 270 × 6 = Rs. 1620
33. 1. Given, P = 40 W, V = 220 V, I = 6 A
2
(V )
We know that, R = P

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2
(220)
= 40
220
= 220 ×
40

= 1210Ω
48400
=
40

Now, V = IReq
⇒ Req = V
= 220

6
= 36.66Ω
I

Let x bulbs are connected in parallel. So,

1 x
=
36.66 1210

= 33.066 = 33
1210
∴ x =
36.66

2. Energy consumed E1 = P1t1 = 250 W × 1h = 250 × 3600s

J

E1 = 900000J
E2 = P2t2 = 12000W × 10 min
E2 = 1200 × 600s
J

E2 = 720000J
∴ 250Ω TV set consumes more energy.
Section D
34. i. Alcohols and carboxylic acids can be distinguished by litmus test. Alcohol will have no effect on the litmus paper.
Carboxylic acid will change blue litmus paper into red.
ii. When ethanol (an alcohol) reacts with acetic acid (a carboxylic acid), a fruity smelling liquid called ester is obtained.
This reaction is called esterification.
C onc.H2 SO4

C H3 C OOH + C H3 C H2 OH −−−−−−−→ C H3 − C − O − C H2 C H3 + H2 O
Ethanol Acid Alcohol H2 O ||
O
Ester

iii. The reverse of esterification is saponification. In this, ester is converted back to alcohol and salt of carboxylic acid by
treating the ester with an alkali.
C H3 C OOC2 H5 + N aOH → C2 H5 OH + C H3 C OON a

The above reaction is used in the preparation of soap.

OR

a. With litmus paper;

Ethanol: No change in colour
Ethanoic acid: Blue litmus turns red
Soap solution: Red litmus turns blue
The ethanol solution will release hydrogen when sodium is added to it. The hydrogen gas can be tested by bringing a
lighted matchstick near it. It will burn with a 'pop' sound.
b. Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. When soap is added to hard water, calcium and magnesium
ions present in water displace sodium or potassium ions from the soap molecules forming an insoluble substance
called scum.
35. i. A- Bryophyllum - Via Budding type of Vegetative propagation (Asexual reproduction). B- Plasmodium - Multiple
fission
ii. Spore formation benefits are that spore can survive under unfavourable condition because of protective covering.
Also, interaction between 2 parents are not needed. And importantly, it is so light weighted that possibility of
dispersion by other agents are increased.
iii. Budding and regeneration.
Budding is a process in which a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell divisions at a specific site. This
bud develops, gets matured and detaches from the parent cell to become a new individual.

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Regeneration: It takes place as specialised cells divide to form large number of cells, undergo differentiation to
become various cell types and tissues.

OR

i. Touch is the stimulus which is common for movement in both the cases.
ii. Drooping of leaves in touch-me-not plant is an example of growth-independent movement which occurs due to
change in turgour pressure of the cells. But attaching of pea plant to a support with help of tendrils is a growth
dependent movement. The pea plants develop tendrils which are sensitive to touch. When they come in contact with
a support they encircle the support and clings to them. Auxin hormone plays an important role. Auxin synthesized at
the tip diffuses to parts away from the support, so those parts away from support grow faster than those parts in
contact. So the tendrils encircle the support.
iii. Drooping of leaves in touch-me-not plant is an example of seismonastic movement whereas attaching of pea plant to
a support with the help of tendrils is an example of curvature movement.
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36. Given: Height of object (ho) = 4 cm
Object distance (u) = -25 cm(-ve as it is in front of mirror)
Focal length (f) = -15 cm
i. Applying mirror formula and substituting the values,
1 1 1
+ =
v u f

1 1 1
= −
v −15 −25
1 −5+3
=
v 75
−75
v= 2
= -37.5 cm
The negative sign indicates that the image is in front of the mirror.
Therefore, the screen must be placed in front of the mirror at a distance of 37.5 cm.
ii. Applying the magnification formula and substituting the values,
hi
m=
−v
=
u ho
−75
−( )
2 hi
=
−25 4

hi = = -6 cm
−75
× 4
2×25

The image will be 6cm high and it will be inverted.

iii. The ray diagram showing the formation of image in this case is,

OR

i. When an object is placed at the centre of curvature of concave mirror, the image formed is equal in size to that of
object. So, for object distance 20 cm, the mirror C with focal length 10 cm is used as
u = R = 2f = 2 × 10cm = 20cm.

ii. For shaving purpose, mirror B (f = 15 cm) would be preferred (object distance is 10 cm) Also mirror A( f=20 cm)
would be used (object distance is10 cm) .

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iii.
a. For u = 30 cm

b. For u = 10 cm

Section E
37. i. The pH of milk is 6. As it changes to curd, the pH will reduce because curd is acidic in nature. The acids present
in it decrease the pH.
ii. Yes, gastric juice is a weak acid.

OR

Milk of magnesia is a base and it can be used as an antacid.

38. i. These activities show tropic movements in plants due to their growth.
ii. Yes, old parts of the shoot and root change direction and there is a difference in the direction of new growth.
iii. Movement is related to stimulus i.e. plant organs either move towards the source of stimulus or away from it.
Stimuli that cause movements in plants are gravity, light, touch, water, and chemical substances.

OR

Movements in the organs of a plant due to gravity are known as geotropism. This causes the roots to bend down
towards the soil.
39. i. No two magnetic field lines are found to cross each other. If two field lines crossed each other, it would mean
that at the point of intersection, the compass needle would point in two directions at the same time, which is not
possible.
ii. The magnetic field and hence the magnetic line of force exist in all the planes all around the magnet.
iii. The magnetic lines of force are uniform and strong at point C and they diverge as they move towards points A
and B and the distance between the lines increases. Eventually, the strength of the magnetic field is strong
where the lines are closer and they weaken as the closeness decreases i.e., at point C.

OR

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