J.Bio.Innov 9(5), pp: 701-710, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Subudhi et al.

https://doi.org/10.46344/JBINO.2020.v09i05.05

WATER AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT FOR TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM) CROP OF

NORTH CENTRAL PLATEAU ZONE OF ODISHA
P.Hembram*, C.R.Suibudhi** & R.Subudhi*
OUAT,BHUBANESWAR

(Received on Date: 18th May 2020 Date of Revision& Acceptance: 4th July 2020 Date of Publish: 1st September 2020)

Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT
The crop water requirement (CWR) and irrigation requirement (IR) of tomato crops were
calculated using a web based software. Relevant crop coefficients (Kc), duration of crops
and cropping pattern were used to calculate CWR from ETo. These coefficients present the
relationship between references (ETo) and crop evapotranspiration (ET crop) or ET crop = Kc
* ETo. The covered area of all crops (canopy cover) was collected. The Kc values were
taken from FAO. The CWR were calculated for the north central plateau zone of Odisha for
which climatic data were available and were applied to the nearest Research station. The
effective rainfall was calculated with web based software by using FAO conversion table.
The CWR and IR value was also calculated through this web based software Water
requirement and irrigation requirement of tomato, is 598 mm and 480 mm. respectively. By
using the software a farmer of this zone can find out the water requirement and irrigation
requirement by giving the crop name according to their season and duration of crop.

Keywords: water requirement, Irrigation Requirement, tomato.

No: of Tables: 02 No: of Figures: 02 No: of References: 06

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J.Bio.Innov 9(5), pp: 701-710, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Subudhi et al.,

INTRODUCTION water loss through evapotranspiration.

Abdelhadi et al. (2000) estimated the crop
India with its large population is water requirements (CWRs) of Acala
facing unique challenges of water cotton in the Gezira area of Sudan by
scarcity due to diverse geographical, taking recommended Penman-Monteith
climatic and geo-environmental reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0)
conditions apart from unequal spatio- with derived crop coefficients (Kc) from
temporal distribution of fresh water the phenomenological stages of Acala
resources. Therefore efficient and cotton. Beyazgu et al. (2000) studied an
effective water management strategies inter-comparison on evapotranspiration
are essential for meeting the increasing (ET), six methods for estimating the
water needs of agricultural, domestic, reference ET had been applied on a
industrial and environmental sectors. cotton field in the Gediz Basin, Turkey. Irmak
Considering the current water resources et al. (2003) compared the performances of
problems and rapid increase in its solar and net radiation based methods with
demand, the importance of effective other methods. The performance of the
utilization of water resources cannot be derived equations was evaluated for 6
underestimated if India has to remain years (1995-2000) including dry and wet
self-reliant in food production. Agriculture years, for the same site and for other humid
is the major user of water, improving locations in the Southeast United States.
agricultural water management is Yin et al. (2008) calibrated the empirical
essential. Generally, yield decreased by equation to estimate radiation by taking
50% due to water stress. Efficient observed solar radiation of 81
agricultural water management requires meteorological stations over China during
reliable estimation of crop water (1971-2000). Nazeer (2009) studied
requirement. Crop need available water CROPWAT simulation under irrigated and
sufficiently and at the right time during its rainfed conditions for maize crop in order
growth stages. However, irrigation to provide information necessary in taking
scheduling has been based on the decisions on irrigation management. The
predicted crop water requirements (CWR). model was used to calculate
Which is amount of water needed to evapotranspiration and crop water
supply its evapotranspiration needs from requirements for improved irrigation
planting to harvest for a given crop in a practices, planning of irrigation schedules
specific climate regime? When adequate under varying water supply conditions and
soil water is maintained by rainfall and/or the yield reduction under various
irrigation, it does not limit plant growth and conditions.
crop yield. CWR is calculated for a given The aim of present study is to
crop under the different climatic estimate the crop water and irrigation
conditions defined that CWR is the depth requirement of tomato crop by using a
(or amount) of water needed to meet the web based software. This software first
2020 September Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association
J.Bio.Innov 9(5), pp: 701-710, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Subudhi et al.,

calculates ETo value and effective rainfall Objectives of the study:

which is necessary for estimation of CWR To find out water requirement and
and IR. Espadafor et al. (2011) estimated irrigation requirement of Rice in North
reference evapotranspiration (ET0) by Central Plateau Zone of Odisha season
taking a data set consisting of observed wise and duration wise.
daily values of air temperature, relative MATERTIALS AND METHODS
humidity, sunshine duration and wind Study Area
speed from eight weather stations in
This experiment was conducted at
Andalusia and covering the period 1960–
College of Agricultural Engineering and
2005. Perez et al. (2015)finds that onion
Technology ,Odisha University of
seasonal water requirements are highly
Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar
variable depending on agroclimate,
during 2017 under the Dept of Soil and
location and season, as are the crop
water conservation Engineering for PG
coefficients (Kc) which range from 0.4 to
thesis work. North central plateau zone is
0.7 (initial stage), 0.85 to 1.05 (middle
taken as the study area for this study.
development) and 0.6 to 0.75 (final stage).
Which latitude is 22°01'07.84"N and
Esquiva et al. (2017) design and
longitude is 86°24'52.66"E with mean
developed a new web application with
annual rainfall 1535mm. This zone has 2
two different color segmentation
distrticts Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj.
techniques to estimate the percentage of
Research station of this zone is located at
green cover.
Keonjhar district(Fig.1).

Fig 1 Map of different Agro-climatic zones of Odisha

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J.Bio.Innov 9(5), pp: 701-710, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Subudhi et al.,

Calculation of ETo: tamu.edu/home/view/13292. T h e

c l i m a t i c d a t a i n c l u d e s maximum
For calculation of ETo Climatic data
and minimum temperature in (0C),Relative
maximum and minimum temperature,
Humidity data [in percentage],Average
relative humidity, sunshine duration and
Daily Wind speed data in (m/s), sunshine
wind speed are required.
duration in hours are taken.
The water needs for other crops are 2. Temperature data
directly linked to the climatic parameter. Mean Daily Maximum (Tmax,0C) and
For calculation of ETo , the Penman- Minimum Temperature (Tmin,0C),
Monteith Method was recommended. T = mean daily air temperature

The Penman-Monteith form of the

combination equation is 3. Net solar radiation Calculation (Rn):
The net radiation (Rn) is the difference
between the incoming net shortwave
ETo radiation (Rns)and the outgoing net
longwave radiation (Rnl):
=
Rn = Rns – Rnl
Where Rn,Rns, Rnl in the above equation
Where are expressed in MJ/m2/day.
ETo= reference 4. Calculation of incoming net shortwave
evapotranspiration(mm/day) radiation (Rns):
Rn = net radiation at the crop
surface(MJ/m2/day) WhereRns net solar or shortwave radiation
G = soil heat flux density (MJ/m2/day) [MJ/m2/day],
T = mean daily air temperature at 2m Rs the incoming solar radiation
height (0C) [MJ/m /day].
2

U2=wind speed (m/s)

= saturation vapour pressure (kPa)
Rs=shortwave radiation, [MJ/m2/day]
= actual vapour pressure (kPa)
Ra=extraterrestrial radiation, values of Ra
= saturation vapour pressure deficit
in(mm/day) calculated for different
(kPa) months and latitudes are given in Table a
Δ = slop vapour pressure curve[kPa °C-1] and b .
= psychometricconstant. [KPa °C-1] n/N is the ratio between actual
measured bright sunshine hours and
1. Climate Data Collection maximum possible sunshine hours. Values
In order to calculate ETo, the respective of N calculated for different months and
climatic data (1979-2002) was collected latitudes are given in Table c. Where n,
from the website http://global weather. actual measured bright sunshine hours
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J.Bio.Innov 9(5), pp: 701-710, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Subudhi et al.,

values are collected from climate data. Z=elevation above sea level (m)
Both n and N expressed in mean daily 8. Calculation of Slope vapour pressure
values, in hours. The value of Rs are curve :
calculated in mm/day. We have to
convert it to MJ/m2/day.
1 mm/day=2.45 MJ/m2/day
5. Calculation of outgoing net longwave Δ = slope vapour pressure curve [kPa °C-1]
radiation(Rnl): T =air temperature [°C],

9 Calculation of saturation vapour pressure

Where, deficit :
f(T)=Effect of temperature on long wave
radiation (Rnl),Table d.
f(ed)=Effect of vapor pressure on long
wave radiation (Rnl),Table e.
f(n/N)=Effect of the Ratio of actual and = saturation vapour pressure (kPa)
maximum bright sunshine hours on = actual vapour pressure (kPa)
longwave radiation (Rnl),Table f.
= saturation vapour pressure at
6. Soil heat flux (G) daily maximum temperature (kPa)
= saturation vapour pressure at
The soil heat flux, G, is the energy that is
daily minimum temperature (kPa),
utilized in heating the soil. G is positive
RH= Relative Humidity (%)
when the soil is warming and negative
when the soil is cooling. Although the soil
heat flux is small compared to Rn and may
often be ignored, the amount of energy
gained or lost by the soil in this process
should theoretically be subtracted or Calculation of Effective rainfall:
added to Rn when estimating
evapotranspiration. As the magnitude of The rainfall contributes to a greater or
the day or ten-day soil heat flux beneath lesser extent in satisfying CWR, depending
the grass reference surface isrelatively on the location. So how much amount of
small, it may be ignored Gday ≈ 0 rainfall effectively used by the crop after
rainfall losses due to surface run off and
7. Calculation of pshychromatic constant deep percolation was determined. The
: precipitation data were required for
software (daily, decade or
monthlyRainfall). For effective rainfall
calculation, rainfall data records from a
Where, P=atmospheric pressure (Kpa)
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J.Bio.Innov 9(5), pp: 701-710, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Subudhi et al.,

range of years (1979-2002) were collected transplanting, leaching etc. Crop Water
from nearest climatic research station. Requirement is
Monthly irrigation requirement of selected
crops has been calculated by deducting
ETc values from the effective precipitation.
Calculation of Irrigation Requirement:
Effective precipitation is obtained from the
rainfall values, following FAO conversion Irrigation requirement is the total quantity
table show in Table 3 of water applied to the land surface in
Calculation of ETcrop: supplement to the water supplied through
For crop water need of North Central rainfall and soil profile to meet the water
Plateau Zone of Odisha, information on the needs of crops for optimum
various crop characteristics data were growth. IR = CWR – (ER + S)
collected.
Crop data collected from the field: IR = Irrigation requirement
1. Crop and crop variety
CWR =CropWaterrequirement
2. Sowing and harvesting date.
3. Crop characteristics: ER =effective rainfall
 Length of individual growth
stages S= soil profile contribution including that
 Crop factors, relating crop from shallow water tables
evapotranspiration to
reference evapotranspiration. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
TheCrop duration is and crop stages Crop water requirement and Irrigation
are taken from Agril. hand book and Kc Requirement:
values of the selected crops are taken
from FAO 24, irrigation and drainage 4.2.1Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0)
paper. Crop co-efficient Kc is the ratio Estimation:
between evapotranspiration of crop (Etc)
For the estimation of water and irrigation
and reference evapotranspiration and
requirement of North Central Plateau Zone
expressed as
of Odisha, first calculation of ET0 was
necessary. Daily climatic data were
collected from 1979 to 2002. FAO-56
Calculation of Crop Water Requirement Penman-Monteith method used for ETo
(CWR) calculation. For calculation of ETo climatic
data like minimum and maximum air
Crop Water requirement (CWR) includes
temperature, mean relative humidity, wind
losses during the application of irrigation
speed and sunshine hour of that zone are
water to field (percolation, seepage, and
required. It was observed that daily mean
run off) and water required for special
ETo was maximum during may (6.89
operation such as land preparation,
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mm/day) and minimum during December 2002) were collected from nearest climatic
(3.12 mm/day) in North Central Plateau research station. Effective rainfall
Zone of Odisha and mean daily ETo value determination is always a top task. In this
over the year was 4.61 mm/day. study, rainfall is converted to effective
rainfall by following the rainfall effective
Effective rainfall Estimation:
rainfall relationship given in the website
For effective rainfall calculation, rainfall file:///E:/CHAPTER%203%20%20EFFECTIVE%2
data records from a range of years (1979- 0RAINFALL.html. The linear relation between
rainfall and effective rainfall is shown fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Relation between rainfall and effective rainfall.

Then values of effective rainfall are of the selected crops are taken from FAO
calculated from the graph. 24, irrigation and drainage paper.

Kc values of the tomato for different

ETcrop Value Calcualation season are shown in Table 1

The Crop duration is and crop stages are

taken from Agril. hand book and Kc values

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J.Bio.Innov 9(5), pp: 701-710, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Subudhi et al.,

Table 1: Kc Values of tomato:

CROPS TOTAL STAGES (IN DURATION) Kc VALUE FOR DIFFERENT

DURATI STAGES

ONS

Initial Crop Mid Late Initial Crop Mid Late

stage season stage season

Dev Stage Dev Stage

(I) (IV) (I) (IV)

(II) (III) (II) (III)

Tomato 145 30 40 45 30 0.60 1.10 1.15 0.80

Crop co-efficient Kc is the ratio field channel including evaporation and

between evapotranspiration of crop (Etc) for Vegetable crop taking ETcrop 84%, 7%
and reference evapotranspiration and presowing irrigation,4% conveyance
expressed as loss,5% nursery bed preparation.

Irrigation requirement is the total quantity

of water applied to the land surface in
CWR and IR estimation:
supplement to the water supplied through
Crop Waterrequirement (CWR) includes rainfall and soil profile to meet the water
losses during the application of irrigation needs of crops for optimum growth.
water to field (percolation, seepage, and
IR = CWR – (ER + S)
run off) and water required for special
operation such as land preparation, IR = Irrigation requirement
transplanting, leaching etc. Crop Water
Requirement is CWR =Crop Water requirement

ER =effective rainfall

Water needed for special operations are S= soil profile contribution including that
calculated as for tomato taking ETcrop from shallow water tables.
81%, 3% ETcrop for nursery preparation,
12% land preparation, 4% seepage loss in
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Water and irrigation requirement of all the Water requirement and irrigation
crop season wise requirement of tomato, is 598 mm and 480
mm. respectively.
In water and irrigation requirement of
tomato is given below Table 2, which were
calculated by using web based software.

Table 2 Effective rainfall, crop water and irrigation requirement of crops in summer

Crop Name Crop variety CWR, mm ER, mm IR, mm

Tomato145 Co-1 597.5 117.5 480

CONCLUSION Beyazgu M, Kayama Y, and Engelsman F

(2000). Estimation methods for crop water
Crop water and irrigation requirement of requirements in the Gediz Basin of western
crops were estimated by using this Turkey, Journal of Hydrology,229: 19–26.
Software. And following conclusions were
found out from the study Irmak A, Irmak S, and Martin DL (2008).
1. Water requirement and irrigation Reference and Crop Evapotranspiration in
requirement of tomato, is 598 mm South Central Nebraska. I: Comparison
and 480 mm. respectively. and Analysis of Grass and Alfalfa-
2. Software was developed for easily Reference Evapotranspiration,Journal of
getting CWR and IR of crops season irrigation and drainage engineering, 134
wise can be found. (6): 690-699.

REFERENCES Nazeer M (2009). Simulation of maize crop

under irrigated and rainfed conditions with
Abdelhadi A. W., Hata T., Tanakamaru H., CEROPWART model, ARPN Journal of
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of crop water requirements in arid region
using Penman-Monteith equation with Pérez O, M and Knox J W,(2015). Water
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Acala cotton in Sudan Gezira irrigated Onion (ALLIUM Cepa L.) : A Review of Yield
scheme, Agricultural Water Management, and Quality Impacts ,Experimental
45: 203-214. Agriculture, 51( 2): 210-231.

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J.Bio.Innov 9(5), pp: 701-710, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Subudhi et al.,

Yin Y, Wu S, Zhen D, Yang Q (2008).

Radiation calibration of FAO56 Penman-
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