Agromet 37 (1): 1-11, 2023

The Optimum Planting Time and Cropping Pattern of Potatoes and Other
Horticultural Commodities based on Water Balance in Solok, Indonesia

Via Yulianti1,2, Impron1, Aris Pramudia3

1Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Dramaga Campus,
Bogor, Indonesia 16680
2West Sumatera Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology, Solok, West Sumatera, Indonesia 27365

3National Research and Innovation Agency, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia 10340

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Many mountainous regions in Indonesia have been utilized for potato
Received
16 October 2022
cultivation. But location for the cultivation is mainly a rainfed agriculture,
which greatly depend on the weather condition. Lembah Gumanti in Solok,
Revised West Sumatra is a rainfed main potato-growing area, which faced a low
27 November 2022 productivity during dry season. Therefore, efforts to optimize potato
Accepted for Publication
production in rainfed area remains research challenge. This study aims to
16 December 2022 identify the optimum cropping calendar for potato and other horticultural
commodities in Lembah Gumanti for 2018-2021. We used the water balance
Published approach to derive daily water availability at field level. The approach was
09 February 2023
used to identify the planting time and pattern of potato and other
doi: 10.29244/j.agromet.37.1.1-11 horticultural commodities for 2018-2023 at dekadal (10-day) interval. The
results showed that the most suitable planting time and cropping pattern
varied annually. In 2018-2019, the cropping calendar was potato (in October
Correspondence:
1st 10-day) – shallots (in April 1st 10-day) – chilies (in July 3rd 10-day). For
Via Yulianti
Department of Geophysics and 2020-2021, the best cropping calendar was shallots (in November 3rd 10-day)
Meteorology, Faculty of Mathematics – potato (in March 3rd 10-day) – shallots (in August 1st 10-day). The findings
and Natural Sciences, IPB University, reveal that water availability determined the cropping calendar of each
Dramaga Campus, Bogor, Indonesia
16680
commodity.
Email: [email protected]

This is an open-access article distributed

under the CC BY License. KEYWORDS
© 2023 The Authors. Agromet. cropping calendar, dekadal interval, farming analysis, rainfed agriculture, water
availability

INTRODUCTION
up to 10-30 tons per hectare, with an average of 26.5
Potato is one of the main horticultural commodi- tons per hectare (Indonesian Vegetable Research
ties in West Sumatra, especially in Solok Regency Institute, 2021). Therefore, there is a likelihood of
(Governor Regulation of West Sumatra, 2019). In 2020, increasing the yield by 4-6 tons for each growing
from 700 hectares of potatoes in Solok Regency, it season. To increase potato production, several options
produced 14,283 tons of potatoes, which showed an are available, such as expanding the crop area,
increased production by 16.7% (Statistics Indonesia for streamlining cultivation management, or increasing
West Sumatra Province, 2020). Yet, the production is the planting frequency. Nowadays, based on Solok
still not sufficient to meet potato demand in West District Agriculture Office (2020), the potato planting
Sumatra (~33,672 tons). index in Solok is 100. This value indicates that potato
Granola L. is a potato variety, which is widely cultivation is only performed in one growing season
planted in Solok. The yield potential for this variety is on the same land within a year. Yet, the potato

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 Yulianti et al./Agromet 37 (1): 1-11, 2023

planting index had a prospect up to 300, which means and minimum air temperature from 2019-2021 and
more space to increase its production. humidity, radiation also wind speed data from 2018-
According to Nasir and Toth (2022), potatoes are 2021, which were the input for potential
highly sensitive to water stress. Water stress may lead evapotranspiration (ETp) calculations was obtained
to decrease in tuber yield and quality (Wagg et al., from NASA Power (https://power.larc. nasa.gov/data-
2021). To obtain an optimum yield, the total available access-viewer/).
moisture content should be preserved by more than Climate projection data of rainfall and
50% (Zhang et al., 2021). In rainfed fields, it is crucial temperature from 2022-2023 was obtained from
to match the potato cultivation according to the crop CMIP5 with output model MIROC5, using scenario of
calendar to minimize the risk of decreasing production. RCP 4.5 (https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/esgf-llnl/).
The Ministry of Agriculture Republic Indonesia, The rain projection data was bias corrected, using the
through the Agricultural Research and Development method described by Weiland et al., (2010), so it can
Agency has developed an information system of crop be used as input in the calculation of the water balance.
calendar for rice, maize, and soybean since 2014. In Crop coefficients during all growth phases was
2016, the Center for Horticultural Research and obtained from FAO (Allen et al., 1998). Data of pF curve
Development began constructing a crop calendar for in 2022 was obtained from laboratory analysis results.
horticultural crops mainly focusing on shallots (Sarvina, Lastly, total planted area, harvested area, and potato
2019; Pramudia and Puspita, 2017). Therefore, there is production from 2019-2021 were obtained from Solok
an opportunity for developing crop calendar for other Agricultural Office.
horticultural commodities, such as potatoes.
Farmers Survey
Adjustments to the time and pattern of potato
Survey on the existing cropping system
planting can be calculated using the water balance
management was carried out by structured interviews
method (Thornthwaite and Mather, 1957). This
with a purposive sampling. As many as 50 respondents
method utilized climatic variables including rainfall
from three villages in Lembah Gumanti were assigned
and temperature information per ten-days (dekadal).
to the areas with the largest potato planting area.
This information is required to calculate the availability
Descriptive analysis was then performed to construct
of soil water content in the soil, during surplus and
existing crop calendar and cropping patterns at the
deficit conditions. Water balance method has been
research site.
widely used for calculating domestic water demand in
watershed areas (Putri and Perdinan, 2018), identifying Water Balance Analysis
root macroscopic parameter (Hupet et al., 2002), The determination of potato planting time
analyzing land water balance (Widodo and Dasanto, utilized water balance analysis and crop water
2010), as well as analyzing crop water requirements requirements in each growth phase. The initial phase
based on their growth phase (Sirait et al., 2020; of each commodity lasts for approximately ten to
Setiobudi and Sembiring, 2009). After the calculation, twenty days (Danielescu et al., 2022; Salwati, 2015;
the result is used as the basis for determining the Supriadi et al., 2018), and this condition becomes the
optimum planting time and cropping pattern to basis for calculations in ten-days (dekadal) period. The
achieve maximum potato production. This study aims water balance analysis was based on the climate
to determine the most suitable planting time for variables, Thornthwaite and Mather method.
potato field and other horticultural commodity based To carry out the analysis, information was req-
on water balance to achieve optimum production. uired including the mean air temperature and average
dekadal rainfall. Soil properties such as water holding
RESEARCH METHODS capacity was obtained from soil layers at 15 and 30 cm
depth from the depth of soil section, field capacity and
Data Source
permanent wilting point was derived to identify the
The research was conducted from October 2021
water holding capacity. Water holding capacity was
to July 2022 in the main potato-growing area in
calculated using Equation 1 (Hengl et al., 2014;
Lembah Gumanti District, Solok Regency. The data
Monteiro et al., 2018).
employed in this research consisted of primary data
and secondary data from several sources. Water WHC = ∑ni=1( FCi − PWPi ) × Zi (1)
balance analysis and validation of the crop calendar
Afterwards, the water balance analysis procedure
utilized data from Solok Agricultural Office. Rainfall
in Microsoft Excels was performed as follows:
data from 2007-2021 was obtained from Kembar Lake
1. Column 1: Dekadal rainfall.
Station from Water Resources Management Office of
2. Column 2: Plant growth phase.
West Sumatra. Reanalysis data of mean, maximum,

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 Yulianti et al./Agromet 37 (1): 1-11, 2023

3. Column-3: Potential evapotranspiration (ETp) was culated using Equation 5.

calculated using Penman-Monteith (Allen et al., 1.073807306 |APWL|
AWC = WHC × (1.0004124 − ) (5)
1998) method with formula showed in Equation 2. WHC

0.408∆(Rn −G)+γ(
900
)u (e −ea ) 9. Column 9: Available water capacity change (DAWC)
ETp = T+273 2 s
(2) was calculated using Equation 6.
∆+γ(1+0.34u2 )

4. Column 4: Crop coefficient (Kc) referred to FAO DAWC = AWCi − AWCi−1 (6)
Article No. 33 (Doorenbos and Kassam, 1979).
10. Column 10: Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was
5. Column 5: Crop evapotranspiration (ETc), which
calculated using Equation 7.
was equivalent to crop water requirement was
calculated using Equation 3. = ETc , if rf > ETc
ETa = { (7)
= rf − DAWC, if rf < ETc
ETc = Kc × ETp (3)
11. Column 11: Soil Water deficit was calculated using
6. Column 6: Difference between rainfall and ETc. Equation 8.
7. Column.7: Accumulated potential water loss
Defisit = ETc − ETa (8)
(APWL) was calculated using Equation 4.
=0 , if rf − ETc ≥ 0 12. Column 12: Soil Water surplus was calculated using
APWL = { ∑|rf − ETc| , if rf − ETc ≤ 0 (4) Equation 9.
neg
=0 , if rf − ETc < 0
Surplus = { (9)
8. Column 8: Available water capacity (AWC) was cal- = rf − ETc − DAWC, if rf − ETc > 0
Table 1. Acronym description.
Acronym Explanation Unit
WHC water holding capacity mm
FC Soil suction volume at field capacity mm/10days
PWP Soil suction volume at permanent wilting point mm/10days
i The number of soil layers
n Total soil layer
Zi Depth of soil layer cm
Rn Net radiation MJ/m2/day
G Ground heat flux density MJ/m2/day
Q Average daily air temperature at 2 m height 0
C
u2 Wind speed at 2 m m/s
es Saturated vapor pressure kPa
ea Actual vapor pressure kPa
es − ea Saturated vapor pressure deficit kPa
∆ Vapor pressure slope curve kPa/0C
γ Psychometric constant kPa/0C
ETo Reference evapotranspiration mm/day
ETc Crop evapotranspiration mm/day
ETp Potential evapotranspiration mm/day
Kc Crop coefficient value
rf Rainfall mm
Profits obtained by farming households after applying the planting calendar for
π IDR
cultivating potatoes, shallots and chilies in one growing season
Total income earned by farming households after applying the planting calendar for
TR IDR
cultivating potatoes, shallots and chilies in one growing season
Total costs incurred by farmers in cultivating potatoes/shallots/chili peppers in one
tc IDR
growing season
P Commodity prices at the producer level at the time of harvest IDR/Kg
Q Total production of planted commodities Kg
Total Fixed Cost, namely costs incurred by farmers that do not affect output/production
TFC IDR
results
Total Variable Cost, namely costs whose magnitude changes in the direction of changes
TVC IDR
in the amount of output produced

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The potato planting time was based on a increases peak conditions until situation where soil
graphical analysis from rainfall, soil water availability, water content dropped to PWP. Therefore, during this
actual evapotranspiration, and soil water deficit and period if the intensity of rainfall was lower it will cause
surplus. Also, it was determined based on the initial deficit in soil water content.
period when field capacity and crop water
Existing Potato and Other Horticultural
requirements were met within the growth period.
Commodity Planting Calendar
Planting time validation was carried out by
Generally, the land in Lembah Gumanti is far from
comparing existing crop calendar at the farmers level
water sources so that rainfall greatly important in every
with the planting time from water balance. The
growth phase. The farmers in this area had a cropping
parameters used for validation were planting schedule,
pattern, which was sequentially potatoes - shallots -
planting area, harvested area, yield and farming
other vegetables (chili, tomatoes, cabbage, shallots,
analysis. The planting schedule, planting area,
potatoes, and celery) and it periodically practice
harvested area and yield were used to identify any
annually. Based on the survey results, the existing
decrease in the initial planting area compared to the
cropping pattern on farmer's land can be seen in
harvested area. Farming analysis was important to find
Figure 2. The cropping pattern in 2019 was potatoes –
the most suitable planting time and cropping pattern,
shallots – chilies and potatoes – shallots – shallots for
that can provide optimal profit for farmer households.
2020-2021. This pattern followed the previous crop-
The farming analysis was using Equation 10-13
ping pattern with consideration of market demand.
(Soekartawi, 1995).
During survey period, the average productivity
π = TR − TC (10) data for each commodity were 16 – 22 tonnes/ha
R TR (potatoes), 11 – 18 tonnes/ha (shallots), and 4.34 –
= (11) 25.27 tonnes/ha (chili). These three productivities
C TC
seem to fluctuate year by year. The better fluctuations
TR = P × Q (12)
in potatoes and shallots productions indicated that
TC = TFC + TVC (13) both commodities have adapted well to the climatic
The R/C (Return Cost Ratio) was a comparison of conditions during growth period. Meanwhile, the
total revenue to total expenditure (cost). The R/C fluctuation of chili production was quite high, likely
analysis was an analytical tool aimed to measure the because this commodity was not sufficiently adapted
efficiency of a farming practices. The R/C value of to climatic conditions, which were quite dry in certain
horticultural crop cultivation in this analysis was the planting months.
efficiency of crop cultivation in each growing season. Planting Calendar of Potatoes and Other
If the value of R/C > 1, the farming practices was Horticultural Commodities Based on Water
considered efficient. On the other hand, if the R/C Balance Analysis
value < 1, then farming was inefficient or detrimental The water balance calculation utilized rainfall,
(Soekartawi, 1995; Zulkarnain et al., 2022). Description evapotranspiration, and soil water fluctuations data so
of the acronyms used in the equation were in Table 1. it can be an alternative in adjusting the time
and pattern of planting in rainfed land. In addition to
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the weather and soil water factors, the physical
Climate Characteristics in Lembah Gumanti District properties of the soil also influenced the rainfed land.
The rainfall pattern in Lembah Gumanti District is In this research location, the land had a dominant
an equatorial type (Salmayenti et al., 2017), with the texture of silt with an average pF of 2.5 (field capacity)
wet period > 200 mm/month occurring for four mon- of 53.2% and an average pF of 4.2 (permanent wilting
ths. The peak of rainfall is recorded in December and point) of 36.8%. So that the soil water availability was
April, while the lowest rainfall period lasts three 49.05 mm. The water balance analysis of potato,
months from July until September (Figure 1a). shallot, and chili cropland in 2018-2023 (Figure A2).
The average potential evapotranspiration (ETp) The results of the water balance analysis and the
data in 2006-2021 (Figure 1b) based on the Penman- cropping calendar in the potatoes, shallots and chilies
Monteith calculations show that the highest ETp were plantations in 2018-2023 showed that most of the soil
recorded in March and October. The ETp in Lembah water condition was in a surplus of water, except in
Gumanti had the same pattern as the ETp in Sukarami, November I-II 2018, March I – April I 2019, August III -
where the highest range occurs in the January-April September III 2019 , October I – November I 2019,
and September-December (Nugroho et al., 2019). March I-II 2020, July III – August I 2020, December I-II
Under adequate water supply, evapotranspiration 2020, January III – February III 2021, October I – Nov-

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(a) (b)

Figure 1. Average monthly: (a) rainfall (mm), (b) potential evapotranspiration (mm) of Lembah Gumanti District
2006-2021. A red horizontal line in part (a) indicates a threshold for wet period.
-ember I 2019, March I-II 2020, July III – August I 2020, March I – April I 2019, August III - September III 2019,
December I-II 2020, January III – February III 2021, October I – November I 2019, March I-II 2020, July III –
October I-II 2021, and November III – December I August I 2020, December I-II 2020, January III –
2021. This happened because during that period the February III 2021, October I- II 2021 and November III
available soil water were in deficit condition as – December I 2021 (Figure A2).
indicated by the average ten-day rainfall, which was However, farmers can continue planting during
lower than the average ten-day ETp, as shown in Table these times as long as they can provide more
1. Between these planting periods, the longest (around maintenance efforts, such as watering the plants.
forty days) soil water deficit occurred in the period Meanwhile for temperate climates, the best cropping
March I – April I 2019, August III – September III 2019, pattern was paddy – fallow – pulses. In addition to
October I – November I 2019, and January III – determining cropping patterns, the past research in
February III 2021. East Java by Tsuchihashi and Goto (2008), it is possible
This condition caused a decrease in available soil to produce sweet sorghum throughout the year, but
water content that closed to the permanent wilting also partially by ratooning during the most severe
point for potato, shallot and chili plants as shown in drought period of the dry season (August and
Figure A2. In the condition, it was necessary to add September). In the dry season on dry land, it was
irrigation water to prevent disturbance on the plant necessary to carry out integrated planting
growth and development processes (Steduto et al., (polyculture) in order to minimize losses to farmers
2012). In the 2018-2020 planting year, it was necessary (Furqan et al., 2019).
to plant them in a polyculture way to avoid dying, After validation by adding farming parameters
because prolonged deficit periods. the optimum planting calendar recommendations
In dry conditions, the polyculture cropping were obtained as shown in Figure A1. It can be seen
system was better because it was more profitable for that by following the adjustment to the results of the
farmers, as practiced by Lombok farmers (Akhmad, water balance, especially during dry period, shifts in
2021). Potatoes planted in the intercropping system time and cropping patterns, can reduce the decrease
may obtain better profits compared to monocultures in harvested area and increase profits for farmers in
on the same area, such as in the Bandung area the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 planting periods. The
(Tinaprilla and Nugraheni, 2022). Meanwhile, in the R/C values for the past two years were higher than the
2019–2021 period, plants can be grown both in existing patterns by farmers, namely 3.3 and 3.4
monoculture or polyculture (Figure 2). Therefore, the respectively. However, in wet periods such as 2020-
recommended planting calendar based on water 2021 and 2021-2022, the calculation of the water
balance calculations (Figure A1). balance had not shown an improvement in production,
Based on the planting calendar farmers were yet the R/C value was higher than the existing pattern,
given the choice to plant based on the availability of namely 3.4 and 2.6.
soil water, either in monoculture or polyculture ways. In the 2021-2022 period it would be better if
In 2018-2021, the condition of the land were suitable planting was carried out in a polyculture way as was
for growing potatoes, shallots, and chilies all year the case with the existing farmers patterns. Thus, the
around, except on periods of soil water deficit when recommendations for the best planting schedule in
water availability decreases by more than 50% the 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 periods were shallots
permanent wilting point, such in November I-II 2018, (December I) – potatoes (April II) – shallots (August III)

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Figure 2. Diagram of the existing planting calendar for potatoes, shallots and chilies for 2019-2021.

Table 2. The average amount of rainfall and ETp based potatoes (October I) – shallots (April I) – chili (July III) in
on the deficit period 2018-2021 planting year. 2018-2019; potatoes (March III) – chilies (July II) –
Planting Rainfall ETp (mm/10 shallots (July III) in 2019-2020; shallots (November III) –
Period (mm/10 days) days) potatoes (March III) – shallots (August I) in 2020-2021;
2018-2019 0,5 - 15 39,1 – 40,7 shallots (December I) – potatoes (April II) – shallots
2019-2020 5 – 13 36,4 – 39,8 (August III) in 2021-2022; and shallots (December III) –
2020-2021 0 - 25 31,4 – 41,2 potatoes (April III) – shallots (September I-II) in 2022-
2021-2022 6,5 – 15,5 36,7 – 38,3 2023, both monoculture and polyculture. Shifting plan-
ting schedules and cropping pattern adjustments need
respectively, followed by the shallot planting pattern
to be made so that farmers can get the highest benefits.
(December III) – potatoes (April II) – shallots
In addition to considering the needs adequacy of water,
(September I-II), with monoculture planting. Based on
as well as the commodities selection in crop rotation, it
the water balance, it was predicted that 2023 will still
is also necessary to consider aspects of economic
be a wet period, so it was recommended to plant in
benefits, market demand, or government policies.
polyculture by integrating chili and shallots while
potatoes were planted in monoculture. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The results of this RC analysis were in line with the
results of research by (Saputra et al., 2017), which The authors would like to thank the Agency for
reported that planting red potatoes in Sungai Nanam, Agricultural Research and Development, Ministry of
Solok Regency in the middle of the rainy season Agriculture as the funder during the study period
(January - February) provides a 196% profit. In this case, (contract: 51/KPTS/Kp.320/A/01/2019).
it can be concluded that the basis for selecting
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plant growth, yield and tuber quality.

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ANNEX
Figure A1. Planting calendar from water balance analysis results for 2018-2023

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 Yulianti et al./Agromet 37 (1): 1-11, 2023

Figure A2. Decreased soil water content availability of potatoes, shallots, and chilies in: (a )2018-2019, (b) 2019-
2020, (c) 2020-2021, (d) 2021-2022, (e) 2022-2023

(a)
Soil Water (mm/10 days)

(b)
Soil Water (mm/10 days)

(c)
Soil Water (mm/10 days)

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(d)

Soil Water (mm/10 days)

(e)
Soil Water (mm/10 days)

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