REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
S.Y. 2022 - 2023
ROSARIO INTEGRATED SCHOOL

Earth and Life Science

Module 4:
Metamorphism and
Types of Igneous Rocks

Prepared by:
Ms. Jasmine D. Colcol
SHS Teacher
Learning Competencies:
1. describe the changes in mineral components
and texture of rocks due to changes in
pressure and temperature (metamorphism)
(S11/12ES-Ic-17); and
2. compare and contrast the formation of the
different types of igneous rocks (S11/12ES-Ic-
18)
Cooling
Heat and Pressure
Compaction and
Cementation
Melting
Weathering
 The
Rock
Cycle
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

HEAT and PRESSURE

 METAMORPHISM

Contact Metamorphism

-Rocks are heated by nearby

magma which result
to a change in
composition.
 METAMORPHISM
Regional Metamorphism

-Large pieces of
the Earth’s crust
collide and the
rock is deformed
and chemically
changed by heat
and pressure
4 Factors that affect Metamorphism
1. Temperature
2. Pressure
3. Fluid phase
4. Time
IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling
and solidification of magma or lava.

Extrusive (Volcanic) Intrusive (Plutonic)

-When molten rock solidifies -When magma solidifies at

at the surface depth
-Example: Basalt -Example: Granite
ROCK
DEFORMATION
 DEFORMATION
Changes in the shape or
position of a rock in
response to stress.
 STRESS
A force that acts on a rock
unit to change its
shape/volume or position.
STRESS
It is a force applied per
unit area that is placed
on any given material.
 TYPES OF STRESS

CONFINING DIFFERENTIAL
STRESS STRESS
Uniform stress in all Unequal stress in all
directions directions
 DIFFERENTIAL STRESS

Tensional Shear
Stress Stress
Pull apart Twist apart
Compressional
Stress Push together
 COMPRESSION
Squeezing the rock. As
crustal rocks are
compresses, they are
pushed both higher
and deeper down.
 TENSION

- Pulling rocks apart.

- It becomes thin in
the middle.
 SHEARING
- It pushes crustal rock
in two opposite,
horizontal directions.
- They break or bend
apart.
3 Kinds of Differential Stress
STRAIN
is a change in size, shape or volume of a
material rock - rock deformation in response to
stress
Rock responds to stress differently depending
on the pressure and temperature (depth in
Earth) and mineralogic composition of the rock.
 STRESS

FOLD FAULT

JOINTS
FOLDS
➢produced by the deformation of
ductile materials.
➢ are contortions of rock layers
forming wave-like curves.
 FOLD
- Bend in a rock
ANTICLINE
- Upward fold in a rock
SYNCLINE
- downward fold in a rock
 JOINTS
- Fracture or
crack in the
crustal rock
 FAULT
- A break or crack along
which rocks move. The NORMAL FAULT
rocks on one side of the
fault slide past the rocks REVERSE FAULT
on the other side of the THRUST FAULT
fault.
- are inclined structures along
which rocks above the fault
plane (i.e. in the hanging wall)
are displaced down the fault
with respect to rocks beneath
the fault plane.
faults
 REVERSE FAULT
- are moderately inclined
structures along which the
hanging wall is displaced
up the footwall.
faults
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
- Faults along which
there has been lateral,
sub-horizontal
displacement.
 San Andreas Fault

The fault extends more than 800 miles northwestward from

the Gulf of California through the state and into parts of the
Pacific Ocean.
 STRATIFICATION OF
ROCKS AND HOW IT IS
USED TO DETERMINE
THE AGE OF THE EARTH
 LESSON 5: RELATIVE
AND ABSOLUTE DATING
 Methods to
Determine the Age of
Stratified Rocks
RELATIVE DATING ABSOLUTE DATING
Relative and Absolute Dating
 What is Dating?

When geologists date rocks, they are

Two ways to do this:
determining how long ago they formed.

Relative Dating Absolute Dating

Relative Dating
Relative dating cannot provide actual
numerical dates of rocks. It only tells that
one rock is older than the other but does
not tell how old each of the rock is.
 Relative Dating is when you give the
age of a rock or fossil compared to
another rock or fossil.

Relative Example: Rock A is

Dating OLDER than Rock B.
An actual age in years
is not determined.
The Geologic Column
an ideal sequence of rock layers that contains all the known fossils and
rock formations on Earth, arranged from oldest to youngest.

Geologists use the

geologic column to:
1. Interpret rock sequences
2. Identify the layers in
puzzling rock sequences.
Principles of Relative Dating

Law of Superposition
The law of superposition states
that, in any sequence of layered
sedimentary rocks, the top layer
is younger than the bottom
layer.
Principle that states that
younger rocks lie above
older rocks, if the layers
have not been disturbed.
Disturbed Rock Layers
Geologists often find features that cut across existing layers of
rock. They assign relative ages to the features and the layers.
The features must be younger than the rock layers because
the rock layers had to be present before the features
could cut across them.

intrusion
fault
Events That Disturb Rock Layers
Geologists assume that the way sediment is deposited to form rock layers — in horizontal layers
— has not changed over time.

If rock layers are not horizontal

◦ something must have disturbed them after they formed.

Four ways that rock layers may become disturbed.

1.FAULTING
◦ break in the Earth’s crust along which blocks of the crust slide relative to one
another.

2.INTRUSION
◦ molten rock from the Earth’s interior that squeezes into existing rock and
cools.
3.FOLDING
◦ occurs when rock layers bend and buckle from Earth’s internal forces.

4.TILTING
◦ occurs when internal forces in the Earth slant rock layers.
Principles of Relative Dating

Law of Original Horizontality

The law of original
horizontality states that most
sediments were originally laid
down horizontally. However, many
layered rocks are no longer
horizontal.
Based on the law of original
horizontality, the rocks that were
tilted may be due to later events
such as tilting episodes of
mountain building.
Principles of Relative Dating

Law of Lateral Continuity

The law of lateral
continuity states that rock
layers extend laterally or out to
the sides. These layers may
cover broad surfaces.
Erosion may have worn away
some parts of the rock, but the
layers on either side of the
eroded areas still match.
Principles of Relative Dating

Law of Cross-Cutting Relationship

The law of cross-cutting

relationship states that
fault lines and igneous
rocks are younger
features that cut through
older features of rocks.
Gaps in the Record -- Unconformities
Missing Evidence
◦ Sometimes, layers of rock are missing, creating a gap in the geologic record.

Unconformity
◦ break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or
when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time.
Rock-Layer Puzzles
Rock-layer sequences often have been affected by more than
one geological event or feature.
For example, intrusions may squeeze into
rock layers that contain an unconformity

Determining the order events

◦ is like solving a jigsaw puzzle.
◦ piece together the history of the Earth.
 Absolute Dating
Absolute dating or radiometric dating is a method
used to determine the age of rocks by measuring
its radioactive decay.
Absolute Dating
Absolute dating any method of measuring the age of
an event or object in years.
To determine the absolute ages of fossils and rocks,
scientists analyze isotopes of radioactive elements.
Radioactive Decay

ISOTOPES
atoms of the same
element that have the
same number of
protons but different
numbers of neutrons.
Most isotopes are stable, meaning that they stay in their original form.
Other isotopes are unstable. Scientists call unstable isotopes radioactive.
Radioactive decay
◦ Radioactive isotopes tend to break down into stable isotopes of the same or other elements.
Because radioactive decay occurs at a steady rate,
◦ Scientists can use the relative amounts of stable and unstable isotopes present
in an object to determine the object’s age.

Dating Rocks — How Does It Work?

◦ In radioactive decay, an unstable radioactive isotope of one element breaks
down into a stable isotope.
◦ The stable isotope may be of the same element or of a different element.

Parent isotope
◦ The unstable radioactive isotope.

Daughter isotope
◦ The stable isotope produced by the radioactive decay of the parent isotope.
The rate of radioactive decay is constant
◦ so scientists can compare the amount of parent material with the amount of daughter
material to date rock.
The more daughter material there is the older the rock is.
Radiometric dating
◦ Determining the absolute age of a sample, based on the ratio of parent material to daughter material.

If you know the rate of decay for a radioactive element in a rock,

you can figure out the absolute age of the rock.
Half-life
◦ the time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay.

After every half-life, the amount of parent material decrease by one-half.

• HALF-LIFE OF SOME ELEMENTS

• Carbon-14 – 5730 years

• K-Ar dating - 1.3 billion years
• U-Pb dating – 4.5 billion years
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A parent isotope has a half-life of
1 million years. If a rock contained
20 mg of the parent isotope when
it formed, how much parent
isotope would be left after 2
million years?
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A parent isotope has a half-life of
1 million years. If a rock contained
20 mg of the parent isotope when
it formed, how much parent
isotope would be left after 2
million years? 5 mg
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A parent isotope has a half-life of 1 million years. If a rock
contained 20 mg of the parent isotope when it formed, how
much parent isotope would be left after 2 million years?

After 1 million years, there would be (1/2) X (20

mg) = 10 mg of parent isotope remaining. After 2
million years, (1/2) X (1/2) X (20 mg) = 5 mg of
parent isotope would remain.
ACTIVITY:
ACTIVITY:

A
B
D
E
C
2. If an original sample of
radioactive uranium-238 had a
mass of 400 grams, what is the
total amount of the uranium-238
sample that would be left after 9
billion years? Show your solution.
U-Pb dating – 4.5 billion years
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
C-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years. You begin with
600 grams.

a. At the end of the first half-life, how much of

the parent isotope is left?
b. After 4 half-lives, how much would remain as
parent isotope?
Let’s Practice!
Let’s Practice!
Tell whether the statement is RELATIVE or ABSOLUTE.
1) Mary is 23 years old.
2) Jose is older than Frederick.
3) Rock A is the oldest layer.
4) Rock B is 5760 years old.
5) Rock D is younger than Rock A.
GEOLOGIC
TIME SCALE
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
The geologic time scale is a record of the geologic
history of the Earth. It is made up of time units that
divide Earth’s history based on the appearance or
disappearance of life forms (supported by fossil
remains) in specific times. This scale helps us to study
and interpret the history of life on Earth.
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
The 4.6 billion years of Earth’s history was divided
into span of time to better explain the major events
that took place. In the geologic time scale, Eons
have the biggest spans of time. Eons are divided
into smaller units called eras. Eras are subdivided
into periods. Periods are subdivided into even
smaller time spans called epoch.
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
When plants and animals die, their remains and
imprints are buried in rocks or sediments. These
preserved remains or traces are called fossils.
FOSSILS
Fossils are remains of plants and animals of past ages.
Fossils are classified into two major types:

BODY FOSSILS TRACE FOSSILS

BODY FOSSILS
- are true form fossils, which are
preserved remains where an
organism's body tissue, or parts
thereof, become fossilized in an
altered or actual state. The
most common body fossils
found are from the hard parts
of the body, including bones,
claws and teeth. More rarely,
fossils have been found of
softer body tissues.
TRACE FOSSILS
- Are geological records
of biological activity.
Examples of trace fossils
are animal tracks, trails,
burrows, borings,
impressions, molds and
casts.
 COPROLITES

fossilized excrement from an animal

 INDEX FOSSILS
- also known as guide fossils.
- It is a fossil of a plant or an animal that existed for a
relatively short period of time. It helps geologists
distinguish between rock strata from different time periods.

For a fossil to be considered as a guide, it should be

common, can easily be identified at the species level, and
should be distributed at many locations on the Earth. Also,
the shorter the life period of a fossil, the greater the chances
of correlating it with different sediments.
INDEX FOSSILS

Example: Example:
TRILOBITE AMMONITE
MAJOR EVENTS IN
THE GEOLOGIC
TIME SCALE
 PRECAMBRIAN
Eon of Hidden Life
The Precambrian
accounts 80% of
earth’s history
starting with the
formation of
earth.
HADEAN EON : CHAOTIC EON
➢It lasted for 800 million
years. (4.6 bya – 3.8 bya)
➢Earth was bombarded with
meteorites and there were
severe volcanism.
➢Atmosphere contains
methane and little to no
oxygen
➢Most of the Earth was
covered with ocean
ARCHEAN EON
➢3.8 bya – 2.5 bya
➢Continents began to form
➢ Anaerobic (lack of oxygen)
➢No Ozone
➢Photosynthetic prokaryotes
(blue green algae) emerged
and started releasing oxygen
to the atmosphere
➢Life forms still limited to
single celled organisms
without a nucleus
(prokaryotes) until 2.7 Ga
when Eukaryotes emerged.
PROTEROZOIC EON
➢It lasted for 1.9 billion years.
(2.5 bya – 542 mya)
➢It was the time of great
changes:
➢Oxygenation of the
atmosphere
➢Origin and diversification
of eukaryotic life
➢Appearance of
multicellular animal life
(soft – bodied animals)
➢Motion of the continental
drift
PHANEROZOIC EON
Eon of “visible life”
The eon during the
plant and animals have
existed.
PALEOZOIC ERA
‘’TIME OF ANCIENT LIFE’’
- Oldest era
- The most common life forms early in
this era were INVERTEBRATES
(animals without backbones)
ex. Trilobites, brachiopods
Six periods:
Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian,
Carboniferous, and Permian
MESOZOIC ERA
“Age of the Reptiles/Dinosaurs”
Pangaea began to break apart
Description:
Evolution & extinction of
dinosaurs, first birds and
flowering plants, evolution of
ferns, cycads & mammals
 CENOZOIC ERA
Age Of Recent Life or Age Of Mammals
Most recent, currently still underway
Description:
Evolution of primates, diversification of
mammals, flowering plants & continues
today
GEOLOGIC
PROCESS
AND
HAZARDS
Geologic processes and hazards are
events which occur irregularly in time and
space and cause negative impact on man
and the environment.

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,

tsunamis (tidal waves), and landslides
are the geologic hazards.
Earthquake
An earthquake is a sudden and violent
shaking of the Earth's surface caused by
the movement of tectonic plates beneath
the Earth's crust.

It is a natural phenomenon resulting from

the release of accumulated stress along
fault lines. Earthquakes can occur along
plate boundaries, where tectonic plates
interact, or within the interior of tectonic
plates.
 What to do?
Stay informed about the latest updates
Be prepared for aftershocks and continue
and information from local authorities
to follow the "Drop, Cover, and Hold On"
regarding the earthquake and potential
technique.
aftershocks.

If you are indoors, stay there. Avoid

Keep away from potential hazards, such
running outside during the shaking, as
as tall furniture, bookshelves, or cabinets
falling debris or broken glass may pose a
that could topple over.
risk.
 Eruption
A volcanic eruption is a natural
phenomenon in which molten rock, gas,
and other materials are ejected from a
volcano's vent or fissure onto the Earth's
surface or into the atmosphere.

Volcanic eruptions are a result of the

buildup of pressure within the Earth's
crust, often associated with the
movement of tectonic plates.
 What to do?
Listen to local news, authorities, and Avoid rivers and low-lying areas that can
volcanic monitoring agencies for updates be prone to lahars (volcanic mudflows)
on the volcanic activity and any warnings caused by the melting of volcanic ice and
or evacuation orders. snow.

Listen for and heed warnings of

Stay indoors, if possible, to avoid
pyroclastic flows, fast-moving hot ash
exposure to volcanic ash, gases, and
and debris clouds that can travel down
other hazardous materials.
the volcano's slopes.
Hydrometeorological
Phenomena
and
Hazards
Hydrometeorological hazards are processes of
atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature
that may cause the loss of life or injury, property
damage, social and economic disruption or
environmental degradation. Examples of this are
tropical cyclones, monsoon rains (like habagat and
amihan), tornado, ipo-ipo and thunderstorms, floods,
drought, wildfire and storm surges
TROPICAL CYCLONES
Tropical cyclones are known in
various names depending on the
country where you live. In the
Western North Pacific around the
Philippines, Japan, and China the
storms are known as typhoons,
while in the North Atlantic Ocean
and the Eastern North Pacific they
are referred to as hurricanes.
TROPICAL CYCLONES
All typhoons entering the Philippine
Area of Responsibility (PAR) are given a
local name by the Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical, and
Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA) an agency that monitors and
disseminates information about
weather disturbances.
 MONSOONS
A monsoon is a seasonal wind and rain pattern, and the word
“monsoon” is believed to have originated from the Arabic
word mawsim (season), via Portuguese and the Dutch
monsun.
There are two known monsoons in the Philippines that occur
every year:
1. Amihan: brings cloudless skies and nippy mornings during
the dry season (October to late March)
2. Habagat: brings heavy rains and some deadly typhoons
(June to September)
 What to do?
Listen to local news and weather updates If authorities issue an evacuation order,
for information about the hurricane's follow it promptly. Prepare a "go bag"
path, intensity, and any evacuation with essential items and important
orders or warnings. documents to take with you.

Have emergency supplies ready, Stay indoors and away from windows
including non-perishable food, water, during the storm. Seek shelter in a small,
flashlights, batteries, a first aid kit, and a windowless interior room on the lowest
battery-powered radio. level of your home.
 Flood
Flood is an abnormal
progressive rise in the water
level of a stream that may
result in the overflow by the
water of the normal
confines of the stream. A
flood can vary in size, speed
of water, and duration.
 What to do?
Move to higher ground if you are in a low-
Follow instructions and guidance
lying area or if floodwaters are rising.
provided by local authorities, including
Head to higher elevation where you can
evacuation routes or shelter locations.
stay safe.

Have emergency supplies ready,

Listen to local news and weather updates
including non-perishable food, water,
for information about the flood situation,
flashlights, batteries, a first aid kit, and a
evacuation orders, and safety advisories.
battery-powered radio.
 Tornado
A tornado is a violent and rapidly rotating
column of air that is in contact with both
the surface of the Earth and a
cumulonimbus cloud (thunderstorm
cloud).

Tornadoes are characterized by a funnel-

shaped cloud extending downward from
the thunderstorm, often accompanied by
a visible condensation funnel or debris
cloud.
 What to do?
Move to a small, windowless, and sturdy
Listen to local weather updates and
interior room on the lowest level of your
warnings through a battery-powered
home, such as a basement or storm
weather radio or smartphone app.
cellar.

Regularly practice tornado drills with your Cover your head and neck with your
family or classmates to ensure everyone arms or a sturdy object to protect against
knows what to do during a tornado. flying debris.
 OTHER
NATURAL
HAZARDS
 Landslide
A landslide refers to the downward
movement of a mass of soil, rocks, or
debris along a slope. It is a geological
phenomenon that can occur due to
various factors such as gravity, heavy
rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, or
human activities.

Landslides can cause significant damage

to infrastructure and pose risks to human
lives and the environment.
 Tsunami
A tsunami is a series of ocean waves
triggered by a significant disturbance,
usually associated with underwater
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or
landslides.

Tsunamis can travel across vast

distances across the ocean and
cause devastating damage and loss
of life when they reach coastal areas.
 Drought
Drought is a prolonged period of
abnormally low precipitation, resulting
in a shortage of water supply that
significantly impacts ecosystems,
agriculture, and human activities.

It is a natural disaster that can occur in

various regions around the world,
leading to significant socioeconomic
and environmental consequences.
Being ready is our secret power,
guiding us through tough times
with courage.
Marine and Coastal
Processes
 Coastal Processes
Coastal processes are activities or events
happening in the marine environment. These
are driven by the different environmental
factors such as atmospheric pressure,
temperature, movement of the Earth, moon,
and other dynamic changes in the ocean.
Coastal processes include waves, tides, sea level
change, crustal movement, and storm surge.
 Performance task
BY PAIR:
Choose one natural hazard and make an
infographic about it:

The infographic should include: (A4)

1. Definition of terms about the hazard
2. How to prepare?
3. Some Trivia about the hazard

Deadline: Tuesday, Oct. 24, 2023