WATER RESOURCES

SONA.S.S
 “WATER, WATER EVERY WHERE NOR A DROP TO DRINK”

¾ of the earth’s surface is covered with water.

96% of the total volume of worlds water is in
ocean.
2.5% is fresh water.
70% of this fresh water occurs as ice sheets and
glaciers.
Less than 30% is stored as Ground water.
Oceans
GLACIER
Ice capps
 AQUIFER
• An aquifer is an underground layer of water
bearing permeable rock
 Ground water
• It is located in the subsurface pore space of
soil and rocks
 It is predicted that by 2025 ,nealy 2 billion people
will live in absolute water scarcity

Water Scarcity: the lack of fresh water resources

to meet the standard water demand.
 CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY
• Growing Population
• Over Exploitation
• Deforestation
• Industrialisation
• Climatic change-altered weather patterns
(including droughts or floods)
• Increased pollution
• Wastage of water
• Unequl distribution
 Growing population
• Domestic use
• Produce more food
Over irrigation
 Over Irrigation
• To facilitate high food –grain production
• Increased number of wells and tube wells
• To irrigate areas of dry season agriculture
• Irrigated agriculture is the largest consumer of
water……………………
Falling ground water level
Deforestation
 Deforeststion

• Deforestation affects the water cycle leading

to decrease in rainfall.
• The decrease in rainfall lowers the ground
water level and could cause drought.
• The forest trees put a lot of
groundwater,sucked through their roots into
the atmosphere as water vapour by the
process of transpiration.This water vapour
helps in bringing rain in that area.
Industrialisation
 Idustrialisation
• Discarding industrial wastes
comprising dense metals
harmful elements
by products
oil and organic pollutants ….into the
adjacent source of water
 Climatic changes
Drought
Long –lasting droughts also contribute to
water scarcity with little or no rain on the
horizon,rivers,streams and lakes qiuckly dry
up.
Drought
 Flood
It is a natural event or occurrence where a
piece of land or area that is usually dry land
suddenly gets submerged under water.
Flood
Pollution
Wastage of water
Wastage
Unequal access
Need of the hour is to conserve and manage our
water resources
• To safeguard ourselves from health hazards
• To ensure food security
• To continue our livelihoods and productive
activities
• To prevent degradation of our natural eco
systems
 MULTI-PURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS AND INTEGRATED
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

• In the first century B.C.,Sringaverapura near

Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system
channeling the flood water of the river Ganga
During the time of Chandragupta Maurya,dams ,lakes
and irrigation systems were extensively built
Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also
been found in
Kalinga,Nagarjunakonda,Bennur,Kolhapur,etc.
In the 11th Century,Bhopal lake,one of the largest
artificial lakes of its time was built
 In the 14th Century,the tank in Hauz Khas,Delhi
wasconstructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort
area.
 Dams as the “temples of modern
India”-Jawaharlal Nehru
It would integrate development of agriculture
and the village economy with rapid
industrialisation and growth of the urban
economy.
 DAM
Dam is a barrier across flowing water that
obstructs ,directs or retards the flow,often
creating a reservoir,lake or impoundment.
DAM
 CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS

• Based on height-low dams ,medium height

dams,high dams
• Based on materials used-timber
dams,embankment dams or masonry dams
DAM
 USES OF DAMS
Irrigation
Electricity generation
Water supply for domestic and industrial uses
Flood control
Recreation
Inland navigation
Fish breeding
 LIMITATIONS OF DAMS
• Restricts the natural flow of river
• Sedimentation
• Rockier stream beds
• Poorer habitats for river aquatic life
• Stops the migration of aquatic fauna
• Submerge the vegetation
• Soil decomposition
• Displacement of local communities
Dams and Rivers
 IRONICAL SITUATION
• Constructed to control floods have triggered
floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir
• Mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods
at the time of excessive rainfall
• Extensive soil erosion
• Land degradation
• Induced Earthquakes
• Caused Water-borne diseases
 RAINWATER HARVESTING
• Rain water harvesting is one of the most
effective methods of water management and
water conservation.
• It is the term used to indicate the collection
and storage of rain water used for human,
animals and plant needs.
It involves collection and storage of rain
water at surface or in sub-surface aquifer,
before it is lost as surface run off. The
augmented resource can be harvested in
the time of need.
• Artificial recharge to ground water is a process
by the ground water reservoir is augmented at a
rate exceeding that under natural conditions of
replenishment.
• The collected water is stored and pumped in a
separate pipe distribution.
• This is a very useful method for a developing
country like India in reducing the cost and the
demand of treated water and also economising
the treatment plants operation, maintenance and
distribution costs
NEED OF RAINWATER HARVESTING
• To overcome the inadequacy of surface water
to meet our demands.
• To arrest decline in ground water levels.
• To enhance availability of ground water at
specific place and time and utilize rain water
for sustainable development.
 METHODS TO HARVEST RAINWATER

• In hill and mountainous regions ,regions

,people built diversion channels like the
‘guls’or ‘kuls’
Rooftop rainwater harvesting
 Rooftop rainwater harvesting
• Rooftop rainwater is collected using a PVC
pipe
• Filtered using sand and bricks
• Underground pipe takes water to sump for
immediate usage
• Excess water from the sump is taken to the
well
• Water from the well recharges the
underground
• Take water from the well.
 Inundation channels
Inundation channels are channels meant
to carry overflow of water from rivers and
other water bodies to fields for irrigation.
Such channels have been a traditional
means of water harvesting in India.
Inundation channels
 Underground Tankas
• Arid and semi arid regions of Rajasthan
• Traditionally had underground tanks or
tankas
• Tanks large as room
• 6.1m deep,4.2m long,2.44m wide
• Tankas part of well developed roof top
rainwater harvesting
• Rain falling on roof stored in these
underground tankas
 KHADINS OR JOHADS

Agricultural fields converted into rainfed storage

structures that allowed the water to stand and
moisten the soil.
JOHADS
Bamboo Drip Irrigation system
 NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN
• Narmada Bachao Andolan is an Indian social
movement spearheaded by native tribals,
farmers, environmentalists and human rights
activists against a number of large dam
projects across river Narmada, which flows
through the states of Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh and Maharashtra
NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN