Water Resources - COMPLETE

WATER
RESOURCES
WHAT CAUSES WATER SCARCITY? (EQQUAL)
• E - OVER EXPLOITATION
• Q - POOR QUALITY
• Q - LESS QUANTITY
• U - UNEQUAL ACCESS TO WATER
• A – AVAILABILITY OF WATER RESOURCES OVER SPACE AND
TIME DUE TO VARIATION IN SEASONAL AND ANNUAL
PRECIPITATION
• L - LARGE POPULATION
JAL JEEVAN MISSION
• Government of India has accorded highest priority to improve the quality of life and enhance
ease of living of people especially those living in rural areas by announcing the Jal Jeevan
Mission (JJM).
• The goal of JJM is to enable every rural household get assured supply of potable piped water at a
service level of 55 litres per capita per day regularly on
WHEN IS A PLACE UNDER WATER
STRESS/SCARCITY
• One of the most commonly used measures of water scarcity is the ‘falkenmark
indicator’ or ‘water stress index’.
• This method defines water scarcity in terms of the total water resources that are
available to the population of a region; measuring scarcity as the amount of
renewable freshwater that is available for each person each year.
• If the amount of renewable water in a country is below 1,700 m 3 per person per
year, that country is said to be experiencing water stress; below 1,000 m 3 it is said
to be experiencing water scarcity; and below 500 m3, absolute water scarcity.
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES IN ANCIENT
INDIA
• In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near
Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system
channeling the flood water of the river ganga.
• During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes
and irrigation systems were extensively built.
• Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been
found in kalinga, (odisha), nagarjunakonda (andhra
pradesh), bennur (karnataka), kolhapur (maharashtra), etc.
• 11TH century - Bhopal Lake
• 14TH century – Tank in Hauz Khaz, Delhi ( picture on the
side) built by Iltutmish
DAM
• A barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or
retards the flow often creating a reservoir ,lake or
impoundment
• Dam refers to reservoir than the structure
• Spill way or weir –water will flow through this section
continuously
• Dams can be classified according to their
A) STRUCTURE
B) INTENDED PURPOSE
C) HEIGHT
• Nehru – Dams are temples of modern India
• Integrate development of agriculture & village economy
• Help in rapid industrialization &growth of urban economy
• Main source of power generation they generate electricity which
is the backbone of industry and agriculture.
• Dams control the floods because water can be stored in dams.
DAMS – MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
ADVANTAGES
• Impound rivers and rainwater to be used later for irrigation
• Electricity generation
• Water supply for domestic &industrial purpose
• Flood control
• Recreation
• Inland navigation
• Fish breeding
• In the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra – Nangal project water is used both for hydel
power production and irrigation.
• The Hirakud project in Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control.
DAMS - DISADVANTAGES
• Regulating &damming of rivers affect natural flow causing

poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at bottom of
reservoir
• Dams fragment rivers –difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate
specially for spawning
• Large scale displacement of local communities
• Inter state water disputes
• Multi purpose projects induces earth quakes
• Water borne diseases and pests
SARDAR SAROVAR DAM
• Sardar Sarovar dam has been built over the Narmada river in Gujarat. This is one of the largest water resource
projects of India covering four states - Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan. The Sardar Sarovar
project would meet the requirement of water in drought-prone and desert areas of Gujarat (9,490 villages and 173
towns) and Rajasthan (124 villages).
• Narmada Bachao Andolan or save Narmada movement is a nongovernmental organisation (NGO) that mobilised
tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against the Sardar Sarovar dam being built
across the Narmada river in Gujarat.
• It originally focused on the environmental issues related to trees that would be submerged under the dam water.
Recently it has re-focused the aim to enable poor citizens, especially the oustees (displaced people) to get full
rehabilitation facilities from the government.
KRISHNA-GODAVARI DISPUTE
• This issue relates to the objections raised by Karnataka and Andhra

Pradesh governments.
• It is regarding the diversion of more water at Koyna by the
Maharashtra government for a multipurpose project which would
reduce downstream flow in their states with adverse consequences for
agriculture and industry.
TECHNIQUES USED TO HARVEST RAINWATER,
GROUNDWATER, RIVER WATER AND FLOOD
WATER
• In hill and mountainous regions, people-built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of
the Western Himalayas for agriculture.
• ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly
in Rajasthan.
• In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
• In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage
structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer
and ‘johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
TANKAS OF RAJASTHAN
• In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner,
Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had
underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water.
• Underground tanks, inside main house or courtyard – a big room.
• Connected to sloping roofs of houses through pipe
• First spell of rain not collected – it is used to clean roofs and
pipes, rest collected.
• Rainwater, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts,
is considered the purest form of natural water
ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING IN MEGHALAYA
• Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common practice in

Shillong, Meghalaya. It is interesting because Cherapunjee and
Mawsynram situated at 55 km. from Shillong receive the highest
rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute
shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop
rainwater harvesting structure.
STEPS – ROOF TOP RAINWATER
HARVESTING
• Rainwater is collected in the roof top and brought down using PVC pipe
• It is filtered using sand and bricks.
• Underground pipe takes water to sump for immediate use
• Excess water from sump is taken to wells.
• Water from well recharges the underground.
• Water is taken from the well later.
• Tamil Nādu has made it strict by law to have roof top rainwater
harvesting structures in every house built. Defaulters are punished
• Every house in Gendathur village in Mysore, Karnataka does rainwater
harvesting and collects 50,000 litres of water annually.
INFORMATION
• Rajasthan canal – now known as Indira
Gandhi canal (1984) –biggest canal in India
• 650 kms in length to irrigate Rajasthan
• Starts from confluence of Sutlej and Beas
• Flows through Punjab, Haryana &
Rajasthan
• Perennial source of water
BAMBOO DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
• Meghalaya – 200 yrs old system

• Tapping stream & spring water using bamboo pipes
• Divert perennial springs on hilltops to lower reaches by gravity with the help of bamboo
pipes
• 18 – 20 lts. of water gets transported over hundreds of metres and reduces to 20-80 drops
per minute at site.
• Flow of water is controlled by manipulating the pipe’s position
• When pipe passes a road ,it is taken above the land
• Reduced channel sections & diversion units are used at last stage
• Last channel section enables water to be dropped near the roots of the plant

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Water Resources - COMPLETE

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WATER

• Regulating &damming of rivers affect natural flow causing

• This issue relates to the objections raised by Karnataka and Andhra

• Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common practice in

• Meghalaya – 200 yrs old system

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