Job 5.1

JOB – 5.
AIM: - Comprehensive Guide to PC Troubleshooting and Maintenance.
BOOTING PROCESS:
Definition- Booting is basically the process of starting the computer. When the CPU is first switched on it
has nothing inside the Memory. In order to start the Computer, load the Operating System into the Main
Memory and then Computer is ready to take commands from the User. Learn the types of booting.
Steps of booting
1. The Startup
It is the first step that involves switching the power ON. It supplies electricity to the main components like
BIOS and processor.
2. BIOS: Power On Self-Test
It is an initial test performed by the BIOS. Further, this test performs an initial check on the input/output
devices, computer’s main memory, disk drives, etc. Moreover, if any error occurs, the system produces a
beep sound.
Power-On Self Test (POST) in Computers
The Power-On Self Test (POST) is a crucial process that your computer undergoes every
time you turn it on. It's essentially a system health check, ensuring all hardware components
are functioning correctly before the operating system loads.
How it works:
1. When you press the power button, the power supply unit (PSU) sends
electricity to the various components.
2. : The BIOS, a firmware chip on the motherboard, takes control and
initiates the POST.
3. : The BIOS performs individual tests on each hardware
component, checking for faults or errors.
4. : Depending on the system configuration, the POST results might be
displayed on the screen as text messages, progress bars, or manufacturer logos. In
modern systems, these visuals are often minimal or hidden unless an error occurs.
5. : If everything passes the tests, the POST signals the successful
completion and hands over control to the boot loader, which then attempts to load the
operating system. If an error is detected, the POST might display an error message
or emit a series of beep codes (depending on the BIOS and error type) to indicate the
issue.
Importance of POST:
SANJAY ECE – B 23DOECBTEC000131

• Early detection of hardware problems: POST helps identify potential hardware
failures before they cause major issues or system crashes.
• Troubleshooting aid: The error messages or beep codes displayed during a failed
POST can be valuable clues for troubleshooting hardware problems.
3. Loading of OS
In this step, the operating system is loaded into the main memory. The operating system starts working and
executes all the initial files and instructions.
4. System Configuration
In this step, the drivers are loaded into the main memory. Drivers are programs that help in the functioning
of the peripheral devices.
5. Loading System Utilities
System utilities are basic functioning programs, for example, volume control, antivirus, etc. In this step,
system utilities are loaded into the memory.
6. User Authentication
If any password has been set up in the computer system, the system checks for user authentication.
Once the user enters the login Id and password correctly the system finally starts.
Fig.01 - Errors showing during booting on screen

BEEP CODE ERROR
BEEP CODE ERRORS:
Fig. 02- Ways to improve software maintenance

BIOS POWER SUPPLY UNITS(PSU) :- Power supply unit is a hardware component of every
computer system its main function is to convert external electrical power into the specific voltage and
current required by various components within the computer, in short, it is the heart of the system
responsible for stable and reliable power delivery which is important for the seamless operation of
the entire computing infrastructure.
ERRORS IN PSU :- Common power supply unit (PSU) errors include:
1.Voltage Fluctuations:- Inconsistent voltage output can cause system instability. Use a
multimeter to check if the PSU is providing the correct voltages .
2.Overheating:- Excessive heat can lead to PSU failure. Ensure proper ventilation and cooling for
the PSU, and clean any dust accumulation.
3.Fan Failure:- If the PSU fan is not functioning, overheating may occur. Check and replace the
fan if necessary.
4.Capacitor Issues:- Bulging or leaking capacitors can result in power delivery problems. Visually
inspect the capacitors on the PSU for any signs of damage.
5.Overloading:- PSU overload can lead to shutdowns or damage. Verify that the power supply is
sufficient for the system's requirements .
6.Short Circuits:- Inspect for any exposed wires or damaged components that may cause
short circuits.
If you encounter issues, it's advisable to consult with a professional or replace the PSU if
necessary.

Fig. 03 – Main power connector
ERROR IN MOTHERBOARD :- Motherboard errors can vary, ranging from hardware issues
like faulty components to software-related problems. Common signs include system crashes,
boot failures, or peripherals not working. To diagnose, check connections, update drivers, and
run hardware diagnostics. If issues persist, consult manufacturer support or seek professional
help.
1.Overheating:- Inadequate cooling can cause the processor to overheat, leading to instability.
Ensure proper cooling solutions and monitor temperatures.
2.Software Conflicts:- Incompatible or outdated software can cause processor errors. Update
BIOS, drivers, and operating system to resolve compatibility issues.
3.Voltage Issues:- Incorrect voltage settings may impact the processor's stability. Check BIOS
settings for proper voltage configurations.
4.Hardware Malfunction:- A damaged or faulty processor can result in errors. Test the
processor on another compatible system or replace it if necessary.
5.Stress Testing:- Run stress tests to assess the processor's stability under heavy loads. This
can help identify issues related to performance.
6.Malware or Virus:- Infections can affect processor performance. Regularly scan your
system for malware and viruses using reliable security software.
7.Motherboard Compatibility:- Ensure that the motherboard is compatible with the
processor. Check for BIOS updates that support the specific processor model.
8.Power Supply Issues:- Inadequate or unstable power supply can impact the processor. Verify
that the power supply meets the system requirements.
9.External Factors:- Environmental conditions such as excessive dust or improper

Fig.04 – Led glowing due to error in Motherboard
ERROR IN RAM :- RAM errors can lead to system instability and crashes. Symptoms include
frequent blue screens, application crashes, or system freezes. To address RAM issues, try
reseating the modules, testing one stick at a time, and running a memory diagnostic tool. If
problems persist, faulty RAM or motherboard slots may be the cause, requiring replacement or
professional assistance.
CAUSE OF ERRORS :-
ELECTRICAL INTERFERENCE :- Voltage fluctuations or electromagnetic interference
COSMIC RAYS :- High-energy particles from space that can flip bits.
OVERHEATING : -Excessive heat can degrade RAM over time
AGING :- Gradual deterioration due to usage over time
Fig.05- Error in RAM

ERROR IN PROCESSOR :-
1.Overheating:- Inadequate cooling can cause the processor to overheat, leading to instability.
Ensure proper cooling solutions and monitor temperatures.
2.Software Conflicts:- Incompatible or outdated software can cause processor errors. Update
BIOS, drivers, and operating system to resolve compatibility issues.
3.Voltage Issues:- Incorrect voltage settings may impact the processor's stability. Check BIOS
settings for proper voltage configurations.
4.Hardware Malfunction:- A damaged or faulty processor can result in errors. Test the
processor on another compatible system or replace it if necessary.
5.Stress Testing:- Run stress tests to assess the processor's stability under heavy loads. This
can help identify issues related to performance.
6.Malware or Virus:- Infections can affect processor performance. Regularly scan your
system for malware and viruses using reliable security software.
7.Motherboard Compatibility:- Ensure that the motherboard is compatible with the
processor. Check for BIOS updates that support the specific processor model.
8.Power Supply Issues:- Inadequate or unstable power supply can impact the processor. Verify
that the power supply meets the system requirements.
9.External Factors:- Environmental conditions such as excessive dust or improper.

Fig. 06- Showing error in processor on screen
CONCLUSION :- Regular PC maintenance is imperative for upholding the reliability and

efficiency of personal computers. Through meticulous tasks like conducting POST diagnostics,
interpreting beep codes for issue identification, scrutinizing the power supply via a multimeter,
and substituting defective components when necessary, technicians adeptly troubleshoot and
uphold PCs to ensure seamless operation. Consistent maintenance is pivotal in forestalling
hardware malfunctions and elongating the lifespan of computers, thereby conserving both time
and finances for users

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JOB – 5.

AIM: - Comprehensive Guide to PC Troubleshooting and Maintenance.

2. BIOS: Power On Self-Test

Power-On Self Test (POST) in Computers

SANJAY ECE – B 23DOECBTEC000131

5. Loading System Utilities

Fig.01 - Errors showing during booting on screen

SANJAY ECE – B 23DOECBTEC000131

BEEP CODE ERRORS:

Fig. 02- Ways to improve software maintenance

SANJAY ECE – B 23DOECBTEC000131

ERRORS IN PSU :- Common power supply unit (PSU) errors include:

SANJAY ECE – B 23DOECBTEC000131

SANJAY ECE – B 23DOECBTEC000131

Fig.05- Error in RAM

SANJAY ECE – B 23DOECBTEC000131

SANJAY ECE – B 23DOECBTEC000131

CONCLUSION :- Regular PC maintenance is imperative for upholding the reliability and

SANJAY ECE – B 23DOECBTEC000131

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