Rigger Handbook

Enabling Objectives TerminalObjective
3 . 1. 1 Unaided, the nainee utill

Unaided, the trainee will correctly state rigging correctl! state safeworking
operationpersonal safety practices. practices for performing
riggi ng dutiesin accordance
3.r.2 utith the Handbook for
Unaided,the traineewill correctlystaterigging Riggers.
operationshop safetypractices.
3.r.3
Unaided,the traineewill correctlystaterigging
operationfield saferypractices.
INTRODUCTION
As a metalsmechanic,an important part of your
day-to-dayjob will involvelifting and moving heavy
pipe spoolsand equipment.In this unit, you will
learn how you must perform theserigging duties.
If you are unawareof the dangersin rigging and

lifting, performing thesetaskswould be very
dangerous.Therefore,this unit beginswith an
introduction to material handling safery.
Module3.1
---oBrEcnnE
aiAar t 3it
State Rigging Operation Personal Safety

Practices
Generally,on a work site, personalsaferycan be

divided into two areas:
tr protective clothes and equipment
tr safe lifting and carrying
PROTECTIVE CLOTHES AND EQUIPMENT

Items of prorectiveclothesand equipment usedin
rigging operationsinclude:
'As you learned the function f Hard hat*

and use of these items in Unit
1, this paft will concentrateon tr Leatherwork gloves*
specialist protective equiPment
used when rigging. tr Saletyshoeswith toe guards*
rJ Safetygoggles/glasses*
tr Full body harnessand lifelines
I-ike many other tasks on a petrochemical plant,

rigging work requires you to use severaldifferent
kinds of protective clothes and equipment to
maintain personal safery.
Hard hats,leatherwork gloves,and safetyshoeswith

steeltoes are the bare minimum for most rigging
work.
Metals Mechanic lll

Hard Hat
As you know, a hard hat protectsyour head from
fhlling objectsand accidentalbumps. You also know
that hard hats are an essentialpart of the personal
protective equipment - an item that must be worn
whenever on plant.
To provide protection,your safetyhat must be in

good condition. So, it is important that you:
f Keep your hat clean by washing the shell,

headband,and webbing in warm soapy water at
leastonce a month.
D Check the shell for dents or cracks everv time

l f y o u fi n d a n y
you use lt. damage or excesstve
wear - replace the hat!
D Inspect the webbing for loose, torn, or defective
srrapseach time you use ir.
ADJUSTABLE
WEBBING
HEADBAND
Figure I
Fitting a Hard Hat
Module 3.1
Leather Work Gloves
Another important pieceof protectiveequipment
when rigging is a pair of leatherwork gloves.These
Drotectvour hands from cuts and scratches when
handling wire rope and other materialswith rough
surfaces.Normally thesegloveshavecloth wrisrs and
leatherpalms.
Note: Some riggerjobs do not need gloves, becauseYou

need a sense of feel to peiorm the task.
Safety Shoes
As you learnedearlier,saletyshoesare a very
important part of your personalprotectiveequipment
and must be worn in all SaudiAramco plants and
workshops.
Safety Goggles/Glasses
Additional protective equipment is neededfor some
rigging jobs. Often, this includes eyeprotection
becauseof the possibiliryof small particlesfalling
lnto your eyes.
'When
rigging,you will often look up to follow a
load. !7hen ropes,blocks,and sheaves are moving
overhead,there is a real possibiliryof rust or metal
particlesfalling into your eyes.For this reason,
Figure 2
General Safety Equipment for gogglesor safetyglasses with sideshieldsare desirable.
Rigging
Full Body Harness and Lifelines

Saudi Aramco rcquire
you to use a full 'sfhile
the equipmentsdiscussed so far are common
harness when you
work on structures, scaffolds, for most metalstasks,the useof a full body harness
or ladders more than 20 feet and lifelinesare items of specialistsafetyequipment
high.
for usewhen rigging.
Metals Mechanic lll

Somejobs requireyou to work up on scaffoldsor at
'W'henever
high elevations. there is a possibiliryof a
fall from any high place,you must use a full harness
and lifelines.
Figure 3
Full Body Harness
'When
usedcorrectly,a full harnessprovides
protectionfrom falling.They are made of synthetic
materialsand are fined with D-rings' There is also a
sliding back D-ring attachedto the belt which
securesthe lifeline with safetysnaps.
Lifelinesmay be madeof eitherfiber rope or metal

cable.Because of the dangersof electricshock,when
workingnear energized electricalequipment,you must
usenon-conductive fiber rope lifelines'If you must use
grounded.
metalcablelifelines,they must be electrically
You usea full harnessand lifeline when working in

high placesto keep you from falling. Securethe
Module3.1
lifelineto the harnessD-ring, and to a suPport
capableof carryingyour weight.
Figure 4
Use of Harness and Lifeline
Like all saferyequiPment,beforeuse you must

inspectedharnesses and lilelinesfor damageand
excessivewear. Check lor cuts, excessivewear, and
cracks (safety snaps and metal rings).
Rigging operations are much safer if you

work safely and use the cofiect prctective
equipment for the task.
Refer to figure 5. This figure showsa worker

Figure 5 wearing the protective equipmenr commonly worn
Tlpical Rigger Personal Safety
Equipment when performing rigging oPerations aloft at a Saudi
Aramco plant.
Metals Mechanic llt

LIFTINGAND CARRYING SAFELY
'When
move heary objectsusing
rigging, if poss.ible
mechanicalaids such as chain hoistsor wheeled
trucks.Howevet there will be times when there are
no mechanicalaids available.In thesesituations,you
must perlorm manual lifts
Lifting heary objectsincorrecdycan easilyresult in

seriousinjury - especiallyto the musclesin the back
and arms. Incorrectli{iing can also result in
permanentdisabiliry.
Manual Lift i ng Techn i ques

There is more to lifting a heavyobject safelythan
just reachingdown and picking it up. As with many
other tasks,you must learn and lollow the correct
procedure.For safelifting, there are some basicbody
postures(placements)usedfor safety:
3 Feet: Placeyour feet careFully- one foot beside

the object to be lifted, the other foot directly
under the outsideof the body.
J Back: Keep your back as straight as possible- as

in a normal sittingor kneeling position. Your
back does not have to be vertical, but must not
be bent.
J Chin: Keep your chin tucked in toward the

throat. This helpsyou to keep your back in the
correctposition.
J Grip (Fingersand Hands): Placeyour fingers

and hands around the object being lifted' using
the full palm of the hand. Use your whole
hand, not just your fingers
Module3.1
tr Arms and Elbows: Pull the object to be liFted
close in to your body (with your arms and
elbows tucked in).
Note: if you hold your arms away from your body, you
lose much of your lifting strengthand power. Keepingthe
arms pulled in also helps to keep your body weight
centereo.
PROCEDURE
Refer to figure 6 For graphic representationof the
following lifting and moving procedures.
Preparing to Lift HeavY Obiects

Prepareto lift a heavyobiect by placingyourself
correctly,and then bend down by bendingyour
knees,apl your back. Grip the object firmly and
hold it closeto your body.
Lifting Heavy Obiects

lVhen lifting heary objects, push up with your legs;
do not rry to use your back muscles to lift.
Note: Leg muscles lift by pushing upward. The arm and

hand muscle grip and hold the obiect. The back muscles
help hold your body upright and in balance.
Moving Heavy Obiects

'When
moving with an object, hold the object close
in to your body. Valk carefully so that you keep
your balance.
Do not twist your body or tum sideways

when carrying heavy obiects'
Figure 6
Lifting and Moving a Heaq' Obiect
Me,als Mechanic lll

Putting Down Heavy Objects
If you want to put down a heavy object on the
floor, use the same techniqueas for lifting - with
your back straight,bend your kneesand use your leg
musclesto lower the object.
If you want to placethe object on a table or stand

lower than the height at which it is carried,bend
your kneesto the correct level.If the object is to be
placed on something; that is higher than the level at
which it is carried,get help in lifting it to the
correctlevel.
YOURBACK
KEEPING
BENDYOUR
STBAIGHT,
KNEESTO LOWEFAN
OBJECT.
NEVERbend your back when
lifting or lowering Figure 7
Lower Obiects by Using Leg
Muscles
Bent back + Straightlegs =

PAINFUL INJURY!
Figure 8
Never Lift With A Bent Back
Module3,1
Two-Man Carry
Sometimes, a load is too heavy or bulky for you to
carry by yourself.In such case,get helP.
The lifting techniquesfor two men are the same

lor one man. However,only one man issuesthe
commands to lift, move, stop, and lay down the
load. Both men must lift and move at the same
t.ime to avoid injury.
Figure 9
Two-Man Carrying
Two-Man Pole Lift
In some circumstances a' 20'60 kilo load is too
heavyfor two men to lift and carry manually.If the
load is bulky, irregularin shape,and there are no
safehand holds, it is unsafeto lift. However,given
slings.a pc,le,and any other necessary rigging
equipment,rwo men can easilylift and carry a 60
kilo load.
Figure 10
T*'o-Man Pole Lift
Unfortunatelythere is no accurateway to determine
a polet safeworking load (SWL) without many
'Iherefore,
calculations. the polet dimensionsand
S\7L is usuallyleft to the person'scommon sense
and experience. For example,if a light-weight pole
wirh thin wall sectionis used- and the pole bends
or sagswith the strain of the load - then obviously
the pole is not suitable.A strongerpole is needed.
One man issuesthe commandsto lift, move, stop,

and lay down the load. The load must be slung as
low as possibleso that it clearsthe ground level by
just a few inches.This way, if one man feelsstrained
by the load weight, the load can be loweredvery
quickly to the ground.
10 Metals Mechanic lll

SUMMARY
In this part, you have reviewed general personal
protective equipment and learned about a rigging
harnessand lifeline. You now know what equipment
you must use when performingrigging tasks,and
why this equipment is needed'
You then went on to learn the safe, correct methods

to use when lifting and moving heary objects
manually. E
11
Module3.1
EXERCISEA
Dircctions: write the correct answers in the spaces
provided.
'W'hat
l. should you do to your hard hat at least
once a month?
2. What wpe of saFetyglassesare best suited to

riggerwork?
'When
3. working abovewhat height must you
wear a full harness?
4. \7hat must you keep straightwhen manually

lifting, moving, or lowering a load?
5. How high should you carry the load when

performinga two-man pole lift?

--
aiAar nt oBJEcrtvE3.1s1
State Bigging Operation Field Safety Practices
Field safetyinvolveslollowing all saferyprecautions

You must observe all
when working around cranesand during lifting and safety rules in all lifting
rigging operations. operations.
Many loads are very heary. Vith these kinds of

loads,painful accidentscan happen quickly.Typical
accidentscan result in fractures(broken bones),
crushedfingers,broken back, and death.Take care
when involved in lifting operations- makessureyou
don't suffer or causeaccidents.
Protective Equipment
Protective equipment and clothing is extremely Safe workingload (SWL)is the,
important to your safety.Always use the salety weight an item can safelY
support.
equipment needed for the task. For rigging, this
always includes: hard hat, gloves,safety glasses/
goggles,and saferyshoes.
Capacity/Safe Working Load (SWL)

Most lifting and rigging equipmentwill have its Before use, check
capaciryor saleworking load (SWL) clearlymarked. every piece of
equipmentto determine
its rated capacity.Never exceed
In selecting equipment, you must never exceedits this capacity. Lifting loads
heavierthan rated caPacitvwi
rated capacity. In other words, you must never try to cause an accident!
lift a load heavier that an equipmentt rated safe
working load.
If the capaciryplate or SWL stamp is mlsslng,ask

your supervisorfor instructionsbeforestarting any
lifting operation.Never take a chance- it can cost
your life.
17
Module3.1
NOTE: You will study this toqic Refer to figure 13. This showssomeexamplesof
in more depth when You cover SWL stampsand a capacityplate as they might
specific equipments in latel
mooules. appearon lifting and rigging equipment.
Figure 13
Capacity/SWL Markings
lnspect Equipment
The peoplewho dependon equipmentworking
safelyare you and your workmates.Make sureyou
remain safeby carefullyinspectingall items (slings'
hooks,chains,straps,etc.) beforeyou use them.
If you find a piece of equipment showing signs of

weaknessof weal set it aside. Do not use any
equipment you suspect until you can check with
your supervisor.

Position Barricades
'Whe
n performingriggingtask, you must makesure
that the areais clearof personnelwho might
accidentallyendanqerthemselves.Use barriers,markers,
personnelwell out of
to keepunnecessary
or barricades
the danger area.
Figure 14
Ensure Area M arked and Barricaded
Signals and lnstructions

On anv rigging job, while everyoneis responsiblefor
saFety,only one person can be in charge'
l{igging tasksoften involve severalpeopleworking

Signals must be given
r()gether,but only one person must be responsible by one person onlY!
li'r safer.vand the assigningof jobs. This helps
prcvent confusion and frees each of the workers
involved to look after his own part of the job.
For this reason,when cranesignalsmust be given,

only oneperson must begiuing signals.The only
exception to this rule is an emergency stop signal. In
an emergency,anyone working on the job can give
the emergencystop signal.
70
Module3.1
,)
DON'T CAUSECONFUSION!
STOP,SIGNALSMUSTBE MADEBY ONEPERSONONLY.
EXCEPTEMERGENCY
Figure 15
O n e M a n t o G i v e Si g n a l
Handling Hooks
Many accidents happenbecause of incorrecthandling
of hooks.Often, you will haveto hold a hook in
placewhile cableslackis taken up by a hoist or a
crane.When tensionis takenup, keepyour fingers
from betweenthe hook and the load and its slings.If
you ignorethis rule - your fingerscan easilybe
pinched- broken,crushed,or evencompletelycut ofF.
Figure 16
Handle Hooks Only By the Back or
Shrank
Metals Mechanic lll

Beware Of Pinch Points
'W'hen
rigging, you must always take care to avoid
pinch points -especiallywhen tensioningsiings.
It is not just when taking up tensionthat pinch

'When When positioning a
points occur. loads are moved on rollers,it is sling, ten sion ls
very easylor a careless personto get his hand or foot applied. At this time the
fingersor hands of the unwary
caughtunderneatha roller. Good practiceis to notice can easily get caught between
where pinch points are - and keep awayfrom theml the sling and the load - with
very painful consequences!
Figure 17
Watch Out for Pinch Points!
Stay Clear Of Electrical Hazards

Many lifting operations take place at work sites near
elecrricpowerwires.Powerlinesaredangerous, so you
mvst alwavsstav clear of electricalwires and cables.
Being made of metal, with metal ropes and

attachments, cranes and certain other lifting
equipment are good conductors of electriciry.
If you are holding, or evenjust touching metal that

becomes"live" (has electriciryrunning through it),
you will receivean electricshock.
Module3.1
Electric shocks are uery painflul,and a shock from a
high power line can easilykill you. Therefore,before
you operateany rigging equipmentnear electric
wires,you must first contactyour supervisorfor
and addcdsaleryprecautions.
insrrucrions
Electrocutions are one of the most frequent of all

construction accidents.And most shocks are caused
by cranes contacting (touching) overhead power
lines.
There is an areasurroundingeverylive power line

that is referredto as "the absolutelimit of
approach".It is strictlyforbidden to move any crane
boom or load line or load into this area unless the
. TltereAre No
line has beendeenersizedor insulated
ExceotionsTo This Rule!
This absolutelimit of approachvaries;however,

commonly limits are listed in Table 1.
can workon, or energize/

Note: Onlyqualifiedelectricians
de-energize power lines.
Up to 250,000volts (250KV) 20 teet (6.1 m)
Over 250,000volts (250KV) 25 leet (7.6 m)
Table I
Limit of Approach

/
\
\
\'-
\
{-
-'..]r\
\ .
\u\\)-
'/-"'-'
POWERLINECONTACT ISTHELARGESTSINGLECAUSE
ASSOCIATED
OF FATALITIES WITHCRANES.
Figure 18
Beware Electrical Hazatds
23
Moclule 3.1
Keep Loads Low and Slow
One of the most importantrulesof good rigging
practiceis to keep loads low and slow.
'W'hen
moving objectswith cranesor hoists,you
must never raise the load hieher than needed. If
possible,neverlift loadsabovenearbyequipment.
For safety, a lower, less direct route is preferable.IF a

load is close to the ground, it does not have very far
to fall if it is accidentallydropped.This reducesthe
amount of damage to the load - and considerably
reducesthe risk of persona.injury. Moving the load
'When
slowlyis safesrfor a similarreason. you move
a load slowly,mistakesare much lesslikely to occur.
Figure 19
Prevent Swinging: Keep Loads Low and Slow
Metals Mechanic lll

Do Not Ride the Load
Another common-sensesafety rule when rigging is
not to ride the load. - Similarly, you must never ride
on crane hooks. The reasonis fairly obvious: it is easy
to fall off or get pinched or crushed by the load.
'When
you must work aloft, specialequipmentis
available to rarseyou abovefloor level.Portableand
poweredscaffoldsand safetyharnesses have the Figure 20
NEVER Ride the Load
necessary safetyfeaturesfor work of this type.
Stay Out From Under a Load

Even the most carefullifting and rigging task can
accidentallyflil. This is why it is a stupid and
unnecessary risk to placeyourselfunder the load.
Figure 2l
NEVER Stand Under a Suspended Load
Module3.1 25
Use a Tag Line
If a load is close enough to the ground to be steadied
bv hand, that is what you should do. Howevet when
you must lift loads higher, attach a tag guide line to
the load.The tag line shouldbe held by a flgger on
the floor and so control the load'smotion in the air.
Tag Lines are fiber ropesusedto control the load

when being lifted. They permit load control when it
Figve 22 is too high or too dangerous to control by hand.
Use Tag Lines to Control Loads
Class Exercise
To securetag lines, specificrypesof knots must be
used.In this classexercise,your instructorwill hand
out some piecesof tag line rope. You must practice
tying the knots shown in figure 23 until you are
able to tie them in a correct, safe manner.

SOUABEKNOT:USED FOFITYING2 HOPESOF HITCH):
cLovE HITCH(ALSOCALLEDA BUILDER'S
EQUALSIZETOGFTHER. WAYTO FASTEN
A QUICK,SIMPLE A ROPETO
UPRIGHT POSTSOR SCAFFOLDING.
USED FOR
ROUNDTURN & TWO HALF-HITCHES:
FASTENINGOBJECTSWHERETHE ROPE IS AT AN BOWLINE:USEDFORTYINGA TEMPORARYEYE
ANGLFTO THE OBJECTAND MAYSLIDEUPWARD I NA R O P E .
OR DOWNWABD.
Figure 23
Tag Line Knots
27
Module3.1
Always check that you
Additional Rigging Satety Precautions
know all relevantsafety
rules and precautions In addition to the rules covered so far, there are a
wheneverperforming rigging number of additionalsaferyprecautionsthat you
operattons.
must be aware of.
EYESONTHE LOAD! PARTOFYOU UNDERTHE LOAO!
STANDCLEARWHENSLINGS BEWARE OFTHEWINDONA LOAD!

OFTHEEFFECT
A R E P U L L E DO U T !
THEEFFECT OFTHEWIND
ON A LOADCAN BE SEVEBE.
DO NOTRIDEONTHE EQUIPMENT! WHENTHE OPERATORCANNOT

SEETHE ROUTE- USE A SIGNALMAN!
Figure 24
Additional Safetl' Precautions
Metals Mechanic lll
KEEP ALL PEOPLEOUT OFTHE UNLESSSPECIFIED
BY MANUFACTURER,
DANGERAREA! NEVERLIFTOVERTHEFRONT!
"',oA'dllISSb!E!i"
MAKESUFEALL PERSONNEL
AREWELL MARKTHE LOCATION
OF ALLUNDERGFOUND SERVICES
CLEAROFTHECRANE! THATCOULDBE CRUSHEDBYTHEWEIGHTOF THECBANE.
Figure 25
Additional Safetv Precautions
Module3.1 29
SUMMABY
In general,lifting and rigging saletycan be thought
of as having three parts:
tr planning the job
tr inspectingthe equipment
tr usingthe equipmentcorrectly
All of the above must be combined with the

practice of personal safery procedures.
As with many physicalskills,skill in lifting and

rigging comeswith practice.You gain experienceby
working with diFlerentkinds of equipment,different
loads,and diffcrentproblems.'Withexperience, the
Being ignorant of
safety whenpeiorming technicalaspectsof the job becomelessdifficult.
rigging operations will However,you must pay attention to salery
cause painful injury.
proceduresat all times.

EXERCISEC
Directions: Write the correct answers in the spaces
provided.
1. If a piece of lifting equipment had " S'S7L 1T"

stamped on it, what does that tell you?
'Why
2. must you placebarriersor markerswhen
lifting a load?
3. lf a team s[ fiys (5) riggerswere on a lifting

task, how many would give the lift and lower
signals?
'Where
4. must you handle hooks?
5 . W'hy should you look for any possiblepinch

points?
Module3.1
'W'hat
6. is meant by "absolutelimit of approach"?
'Where
7. should you never placeyourselfduring
lifting operations?
'W'hy
R are tag lines used?
9. During lifting operations,who can signalfor

"emergencystop"?
1 0 . During lifiing operationsnear a 200KV power

line, how closemay you approachthe line?

Enabling Objectives TerminalObjective
3.2-l Unaided, the trainee uill
Unaided,the traineewill correctlystatethe functions correctly inspect basic
of and inspection requirementsfor rigging hardware. rigging bardutare to
detennine seruiceabilin in
).2,2 accordance tuith releuant
Unaided, the trainee will correctly state the functions Saudi Ararnco GIs.
of and inspection requirements for manual hoisting
equipment.
1? 3
Unaided, the trainee will correctly state the functions

of and inspection requirements lor slings.
INTRODUCTION
As you learned in the last module, the abiliry to
perform rigging and lifting tasks is and important
skill for metalsmechanics.
L-r this module, you will lcarn to identifr various You must perform a
common items of rigging equipmentand learn why pre-use inspectionon
ALLrigging equipment.
they are used.You will also learn how to perform Remember,safety is YOUB
on riggingequipment.
pre-useinspections responsibility.
Module 3.2
PART I OBJECTIVE3.2.1
Statethe Functions Of and Inspection

Requirements for Rigging Hardware
In Saudi Aramco, when heary loads are moved with

ropes, chains, hoists, etc., the processis called lifiing
and rigging.
As a field metalsmechanic,you will be taskedwith

using rigging and lifting equipment.Therefore,you
must learn to identi$', use,and inspectrigging
hardware.
CONNECTINGEQUIPMENT
fugging hardware includes a number of different
connectors.To be able to use these connectors, you
must be able to identiS' them - and know their
purpose and use.
Shackles
Shacklesare U-shaped connectors.You will use them
to connect up (couple) slings to eyes, and hooks to
eyes. \7hile a number of different shackle rypes are
available, all shackles consist of rwo parts: a body
and a pin.
Two rypes of shackle are in common use: the Bow

rype and the D-rype. Both Bow and D-rypes are
availablewith screw pins, round pins, or safery pins.
(See figure 2).
A screw pin has rhreads that screw into the shackle

body, while safery pins are held in place by a cotter
Figure I pin. (See figure l)
Metals Mechanic lll

SCREWPIN R O U N DP I N SAFETYPIN
BOW SHACKLES
SCREW PIN FOUND PIN SAFETYPIN

D-WPESHACKLES
Figure 2
Shackles
Shackles are sized by their body diameter, not the

pin size. The safe working load (SWL) and
manufacturert name are stamped on each shackle.
The safe working loads of selected sizes of bow
shackles are shown in Fieure 3.
Module 3.2
STOCK INSIDEWIDTH MAX. SAFE MAX. SAFE
DIAMETER AT PIN WORKINGLOAD WORKINGLOAD
( TNCHES
) ( rNcHEs
) SINGLE VERTICAL SINGLEVERTICAL
PULL PULL
A B (POUNDS) (ks)
3/16 3/8 665 302
'1,000 454
1/4 15132
17/32 1,500 680
3/a 21/32 2,000 907
7t 1 6 23/32 3,000 | ,\ro I
'1 16 4,000 1, 8 1 4
1/2 3i
5/8 1 1i16 6,500 2,948
3/4 1 1/4 9,500 4,309
'13,000 5,897
7t8
1 1 11/16 17,000 7,711
1 1/8 1 13/16 19,000 8,618
11/4 2'U32 24,OOO 10,886
1 3/8 21/4 27,OOO 12,247
1 1/2 2 3t8 34,000 15,422
1 3t4 2 718 50,000 22,680
2 3 114 70,000 3 1, 7 5 1
2 1t2 41/8 100,000 45,359
3 5 150,000 68,038
3112 5 3/4 200,000 90,718
6 1t2 260,000 11 7 , 9 3 3
Figure 3
Examples of Shackle Safe \Torking Loads
The load on a shackle pin must be as close as

Dossible to the shackle's vertical centerline. To do
this, you may sometimes have to use washers to
center lhe load on the pin.
The purpose of centering the load is to prevent the

Capacity is the ability to supqorl
a load of a ceftain weight. loss of capacity when the load pulls the shaclde at an
angle from the vertical position.
Metals Mechanic lll

NEVER USE SCREW PIN SHACKLES
IF THE PtN CAN FOLL UNDER LOAD.
ALWAYS TIAVETHE PIN THROUGHTHE
SLING EYE.
PULL
lNCORRECT CORRECT
Figwe 4 Figure 5
Center Load the Pin Unfastening Screw
Shackle lnspection
Before use, you must ensure that rigging hardware
has the capacity for the task (S\7L) and is safe to
use. Because shackles can be damaged from
overloading and misuse, before use you must
perForm a visual inspection to check:
tr Safe Working Load (S\('L) visible stamp
tr Cracks
0 Distortion (bent or stretchedby overloading)
tr Stripped or damagedscrew heads
tl \Zorn shackleor pin
Referto the shackleinspectionpoints shown in

Figure6. During your inspection,checkthat all pins
are straight,and all screwpins are completelyseated'
For round or saferypins, ensurethat a cotter pin is
securelyfitted.
Module 3.2
T H R E A D SO N
P I NA N D B O D Y
CHECKFOR
WEAF
CHECKFOR
WEARAND
STRAIGHTNESS
CHECKTHAT PIN
IS ALWAYS
SEALED
C H E C KS . W . L . CHECKTHAT
IS STAMPEDON SHACKLEIS NOT
,OPENING'
THE SHACKLE
Figure 6
Shackle Inspection Points
Eyebolts
Eyebolts are threaded connectors. They are installed
on loads (o provide a place to artach slings.
Commonly, eyebolts are permanently installed on
equipment that must be removed/dismantled
regularly. \7hen eyebolts are permanently installed,
rhey are usually placed so that the load can be
raised in a balanced position.
Rigging work typically uses two rypes of eyebolts: the

shoulder rype and the straight shank. (See figure 7)
Shoulder type eyebolts are specially designed to be

stronger when weight must be taken up at an angle
Figure 7 to the shank. Even so, shoulder rype eyebolts will
Eyebolts bend or break if too great an angle is used.
Metals Mechanic lll

+
+
FORSAFETY.ITIS
BESTTO USE
STRAIGHTSHANK
EYEBOLTS
VERTICALLY.
Figure 8
SWL - Straight Shrank Eyebolts
To prevent damage to the eyebolt and potential

accidents from equipment failures, the force on a
shoulder-rype eyebolt must never be at an angle
greater than 45" ftorrl the shank. (See figure 9 for
safe working loads lor shoulder-rype eyebolts.)
EYEBOLTS
_SHOULDER TYPEONLY
- FOBGEDCABBONSTEEL
SAFEWORKINGLOAOS(LBS)CORRESPONDING
TO ANGLEOF PULL
o
ltl
REDUCE REDUCE REDUCE o
1/2
VERTICAL
z
VERTICAL VERTICAL 1- uJ
5/8
LOADS LOADS LOADS o=
z2
3/4 BY75%
7t8
BY 45% BY65% o
o
tu
N O T E : S W . L . F O R P L A ] N( S H O U L D E R L E S E
SY) E A O L T SA R E S A M EA S F O R S H O U L D F BB O L T SU N D E RV E R T I C A LL O A D '
ANGULAR L O A D I N GI S N O T R E C O M M ENDED'
Figure 9
SWL - Shoulder-Type Eyebolts
Module3.2
Eyebolt lnspection
As will all rigging hardware,you must inspect
eyeboltsbeforeuse.Check for:
tr Signsof any cracks(often found on the inside

and outsidediametersat the top of the eye).
D Stripped threads (most commonly causedby

crossthreadingor inadequatescrewdepth on
iif0.
E Bendingof shank or body (often causedby
incorrectlyangledlift).
tr Distortion of the eye (overloadingcommonly

eye to distort out of shape).
carrses
Hooks
Hooks are used as connectors on hoists, cranes, and
slings. Hooks can be connected to shackles, chains,
or directly to the eyes of slings. V4rile hooks come
in many different sizes and shapes, they all have the
same function.
Hook lnspection
Before use, you must check the hook has the
capaciry (SWL) for the task, and is safe to use.
Figure l0
Hooks Check For
tr The S\XILstamp- ir must be visibleand of the

NOTE: All detached
required capacity.
hooks must have their
SWL or Code Number
stamped. Hooks permanently
D Any cracks.
attachedto hoist chains,chain
slings, cranes, and wire rope D Safetylatch is fitted, and operatescorrectly.
slingswill have been tested to
the swL stampedon the hoist, tr Signs of excessivewear.
crane, and chain slings etc.
tr Bending of the hook.
Metals Mechanic III

Wire Rope CliPs
'Wire
rope clips are a method oF attaching a wire
rope to other equipment. The clips are used to form
an eye, or connect wires of the same size-
The most common wire rope clip used in Saudi

Aramco is the U-bolt. This consistsof a U-bolt, a
bridge, and rwo nuts. (See figure 11).
There is only one correct method of attaching U-bolt

wire rope clips. The bridge (flat) of the ciip must bear Figure 1l
U-Bolt
against the live end of the rope, while the U section
pressesagainstthe dead (short) end. (Seefigure 12.)
Figure 12
U-bolt \i?ire Rope Clips
To ensure holding power, clips are usually spaced

about six rope diameters apart. Heavy-dury thimbles
should be provided for each eye. - If properly made,
a clipped eye should develop about 80o/o of the
strength of the rope.
NOTE: lf using this method, before placing ropes under Wire rope cliqs must
tension,tighten the clip nuts - Tightenthem again after not be used to
the load is on the ro?e. manufacture a sling.
For safe use, permitted number of clips and their

spacing is shown in table 1.
Module 3.2
Rope Approx. Min.No. Spacing ot
Oia. Weight Clips tor Each Clips
tn tb. Rope End in.
3/16 0.10 2 1 118

1/4 0 .1 9 2 1V2
c/ to 0.29 2 1 718
3/8 0.47 2 2%
7t16 o.70 2 2 5t8
1/2 0.78 3 3
5/8 1.06 3 33/a
314 1.59 4 4Yz

718 2.40 4 5'/4
1 2.72 4 6
't 3.20 5 63/a
118
1Y4 4.50 5 7Y2
1 3/8 4.60 6 a%
'lY2 5.80 6 9
1 5/8 7.20 6 93/a
13/q 9.50 7 1OY2
2 12.50 8 12
2% 15.50 I 13Y2
2Y2 18.00 8 IC
Table I
Number of clips and Spacing for Application
Wire Rope CIip lnspection

\7ire rope clips are subiect to damage by over
tightening of nuts and other misuse.Therefore,
before use you must check for:
tr Stripped threads.
tr Corrosion (on threads,wire and U-bolt itself).
D Improper clips (clips must be correct for task
and all of same rype).
tr Improper spacing(clips should be approx.six
rope diametersaPart).
tr Improper positioning(U-bolts must bear on
short or deadend of rope).
10 Metals Mechanic llt

Spreader and Lifting Beams
Spreaderand lifting beams are custom-made steel
devices.They are designed to distribute the load
from one or more points to different points as
required by the load.
The terms spreader and lifting beams are often used

interchangeably.For example, the beam suPPorting
the rwo slings and tubing load shown in figure 13
can be called a lifting beam or a spreaderbeam.
Figure 13
[] n
Spreader or Lifting Beam
11
Moclule3.2
Purpose of Spreader Beam
The purpose of a spreaderbeam is to Prevent loads
from being crushed. The beam is used when existing
pick (lifting) points on a load are to be matched or
to provide load stabiliry by preventing the load from
sliding, tipping, or bending.The beam movesup
and down with the load. (SeeFigure 14.)
Purpose of Lifter Beam

A lifting beam is attachedto the load end of a line
or to a fall block. Their use distributesload weight
Figure 14 from one point to two (or more) points. In this
Spreader Beam way, load weight is evenly dispersed over two or
more lift points rather than overstressingone single
point. This allows a number of smaller rigging items
to be used in place of a single large item.
The beam moves up and down with the load. The

beam is used when two or more slinqs or other
lifting devicesare combined to lift a singleload. All
of the rigging equipment must be counted as part of
the load.

Figure 15
Lifting Beams
Althoueh custom made, beams can often be

modified and usedfor other applications.large
rigging contractors and companies usually have a
variery of beams on hand.
Each beam should be marked with its weight and

capaciry(safeworking load). If a beam'sweight is
not marked, it can be calculated from weight tables
of the steel sections they are made from, or obtained
from the manufacturert specifications
NOTE: Beams made for Saudi Aramco are tested at 1257"

of theh safe workingload (SWL) every three months. Figure 16
Beam Marking
Module 3.2 13
Refer to the engine lathe mounted on wood skids
shown in Figure 17.
Note: a lathe has a very high center of gravity, (shown by

the letters CG).
In 17 A, lines have been drawn from the center of

graviry to where the skids rest on the basket slings
(a and b). Compare these angles to the slings above
the spreader. To insure stabiliry angles A and B
ANGLEJABN/USTBE
GREATERTHANANGLESA b must be much larger than the angles a and b'
17 B shows what can happen if the angles are

incorrect. The center of graviry will to the lowest
point below the point of support (the hoist hook).
You must take the same precautions when using a

rigid spreader,as shown in 17 C.
Beam lnspection
II- ANCLES INCOBBECI.THE CENTEB Before use, you must inspect a beam to ensure that:
OF GRAVITYSHIFTS
f, Its capaciry (S\7L) is adequate for the task.
fl The beam is straight and true (not warped or

bent).
tr The eyes and connections are not distorted or

Figure 17 cracked.
Ensure Slide Angle Maintained
tr None oF the beam fittings are damages, worn,
cracked or distorted.

Beam Clamps
Beam clamps are temporary overhead attachments
lor hoisting when liFting a load. The clamps fit on I- BEAM
the flange of an I-Beam and are fixed in place by

tightening of a securing bolt. (See figure 18.)
Design calculations lor beam clamp capacity are

SECUFIITY
based on straight lifts; therefore, you must not use BOLT
these attachments lor angle lifts as you may exceed
design specifications.
Clamps must fit the beam flange corrcctly

Figure 18
and be securcly fastened to the beam
Beam Clamp
before use.
Beam Clamp lnspection

Before use, you must inspect a beam clamp to
ensure that:
tr Its capaciry (SWL) is adequatefor the task

(stampedon body).
tr The clamp body, bolt, and nut have no cracl<s.
tr The body is not distortedor showing signsof

excessive
wear- CRANEHOOK
Plate Clamps
Plate clamps permit steel plates to be lifted without
the need for holes being cut or lugs welded to
attach lifting equipment. Plate clamps have iaws
which when attached correctly, securely grip the
plate. (See figure 19.)
Plate clamps have a self-tightening action. The Figure 19

Plate Clamp Use
heavier the load, the tighter the grip.
Module 3.2 15
Plate clamps come in various capacitiesand sizesto
take the various thicknessesof plate. (See Figure 20).
Figure 20
Plate Clamp Variations
Plate Clamp lnspection

To inspect plate clamps, in addition to checking the
SV/L/capacity stamp:
E Check the handie function. The handle must

unlock and lock the clamp jaws correctly.
tr Check for signs of stress over all the body and

fitting. Pay particular attention to the clamp
eye. This area is most commonly subiect to
wear.
cracks,distorrion, and excessive
'W'orn
tr Check the jaw teeth for excessivewear.
teeth can prevent the clamp from obtaining a
safe, secure grip.
ADJUSTING EQUIPMENT
V4ren an unbalancedload is lifted, sling lengths
must be adjusted.This is done to placethe load
hook of the hoist or cranedirectly abovethe load
center of gravity.

Adjusters are rigging attachments speciaily designed
for this task. One rype of common adjuster used for
balancir-rgloads is rhe turnbuckle.
Turnbuckles
The turnbuckle is used to adjust the length of a
rope. It can be used to increase or decreasetension
in a sling or line.
The turnbuckle consists of threaded rods with 3

CLEVISANDEYE
types of end fittings and a threaded body.
SAFETYCATCH
One rod is threaded to turn to the right, the other

to turn to the left. This means that when you rotate HOOKAND EYE
(turn) the turnbuckle body, the distance bewveenthe
Figure 21
ends of the rods is shortened or lengthened Turnbuckles
(depending on the direction of rotation).
End fittings can be combinations of:
tr Clevis- Clevis* tr Hook - Eye
tl Eye - Eye u Hook - Clevis l- * " *,, * **r, " "" mbination
1 is also called a iaw.
tr Hook - Hook D Clevis - Eye
'lurnbuckles
are often placedbeween an eye on a load
and a sling. Alternately,turnbucklescan be placed
beween a sling and a shackle,or a sling and a hook'
As turnbuckles can be installed on each of the slings

attached to a load, you can use them to balancea
load suspendedfrom any number of slings. However,
turnbuckles are not capableof making large
adjustments.\(hen used,you must calculatesling
lengths accuratelyso that no large adjustmentsare
needed.
17
Module 3.2
Figrre 22
Fitted Turnbuckles
The S1WLof a turnbuckle depends on: the diameter

of threaded rods (D), and the ryPe of end fitting.
(See Figure 23). This shows that lor the same size
turnbuckle, the Sr*{L with hooks is less than the
S\X4- of clevis (jaw) or eye fittings.
ROD LOAD,IN POUNDS

MAXIMUM
DIAMETER CLEVISANDEYE HOOK
( Inches) FIfiING
FITTINGS
1/4 500 400
112 2,200 1 ,5 0 0
314 5, 200 3, 000
1 0 ,0 0 0 5, 000
1-1/2 21,400 7, 500
2 37, 000
60,000
JAW
2-112
Figure 23
18 Metals Mechanic tll

Precautions
You must use caution when using turnbuckles with
wire rope or when the system is subject to vibration.
These conditions can cause the turnbuckle to
unwind. The simplest method of preventing the
turnbuckle from unwinding is to run a short piece
of wire through the body of the turnbuckle and
fastenthe ends of the wire around the end fittings.
(Seefigure 24.) In addition, when tightening a
turnbuckle, never apply more force than you would
Figtre 24
use ro tighren a bolt of the same size. Securing Turnbuckle End of Fitting
Turnbucklelnspection
You must inspect Turnbuckles for several different
kinds of wear and damage. Check the body and
both rods.
tr Check the bodiesfor bending, strippedthreads,

or cracking - particularly near the threads.
f, Check the rods for straishtness and thread

damage.
J Check end fittinss for cracks, wear - and in the

caseof hooks - spreading.
Figrte 25
Inspection Points for Turnbuckles
7A
Module 3.2
SUMMARY
In this part, you have learned to identi$' various
common items of rigging hardware. You have
learned how these equipments are use, what they
look like, and how to inspect them before use. E

EXERCISEA
Part 1
provided.
1. rVhat must you do with all items of rigging
hardware before use?
2. \(hat two types of shackle are in common use

by Saudi Aramco?
3. \Zhar is rhe purposeof cenreringa load?
4. lff/hat angle must the force on a shoulder rype

eyebolt never exceed?
5 . 'What must be stamoed on all detachedhooks?
6. 'i/hat is the only correct method of attaching
U-bolt wire rope clips?
Module 3.2
7. V/hat is the purpose of a lifter beam?
'What
B. can be used to increaseor decrease
tension in a sling or line?
'What
9. oermit steel plates to be lifted without
the need for lugs welded to attach lifting
equipment?
10. How can you find a beams weight if it is not

marked on the side of the beam?
Part 2
Directions: Your instructor will hand out items of rigging
hardware. You must peiorm a pre-use inspectionon this
equipment.You must state whetherthe equipmentis safe
to use, or unsafe to use- lf unsafe,you must state why it
must not be used.
Your instructorwitl tell you how he wishesyou to record

vour inspectionresults.

PABT II OBJECTIVE 3.2.2
Statethe FunctionsOf and Inspection

Bequirementsfor Manual Hoisting Equipment
Saudi Aramco plants commonly use three rypes o[

hoistingequipment.Theseare the:
tr Come-Along (also called pull lifts or ratchet

hoists)
tr Chain Hoist
'Winch
fl Hand Operated (Tirfur)
COME-ALONG
Come-alongs are in common use in Saudi Aramco.
They can be used for vertical lifts, horizontal pulis,
RATCHET
or as adjustors when balancing loads' The small size MECHANISIV
of the come-along makes it very versatile.
Horvevet using the come-along does have some

disadvantages:
:l They are not available in large capacities - so

can not lift more than a few tons.
tr As they have short load chains, they can lift

only a short height and pull a small distance.
tr The ratchet action is not smooth and may

Figure 26
cause problems when preciselowering into
Come-Along
positions is required.
The come-along works on a ratchet principle -

operated by a handle instead of a hand chain. You
use a ratchet pawl attached to the handle to change
the direcrion of the load chain.
Module3.2
lW4ren lifting, you move the handle uP and down.
BATCHELPAWL
V/hen pulling, move the handle back and forth'
Figure 27 shows the ratchet pawl on the side of the
handle. You can set the pawl so that thc come-along
either raisesthe load (UP) or lowers it (DN).
You connect the come-along differently for different

applications (see figure 28).
Figwe 27
Come-Along Ratchet Pawl
A LOAD
BALANCING PULLS
HORIZONTAL VERTICALLIFTS
F O F IV E R T I C A L
LIFT, SET RATCHET
PAWL TO UP
POSt'flON.AND
M O V EH A N D L E
F O R H O R ] Z O N T AP L U L L S ,S E T R A T C H E TP A W LT O UP AND DOWN
U P P O S I T I O NA, N D M O V EH A N D L EB A C KA N D T O R A I S ET H E
F O R T HI O P U L LL O A DF O R W A B D . L O A DC H A I N .
Figure 28
Use of Come-Along in Different Applications
Come-Along lnsPection
Before use, you must perform a full inspection on
the come-along and its component Parts.
tr Check the SWL stamp. Ensure the come-along

has the capaciry for the task.
tr Check the body for any signs of cracksor

broken casting.

tr Check the load chain and hooks lor cracks,
broken welds, spreading,distortion and signs of
excessivewear.
tr Check the ratchet mechanism for cracks, worn

pawl, worn gear wheel, and signs of excessive
wear.
tr Check the friction brake flor slip page and signs

of excessivewear or friction).
V4ren you have performed a v.isualinspection,

remember to check that the mechanism oPerates
correctly!
CHAIN HOIST
Chain hoists are used to lift and move machinery With a hoist, you can lift a load
and equipment. By using a seriesof reduction gears, of up to ten tons with Your own
muscles!
hoists reduce the effort needed to lift a load.
Hoists are so versatile that you will find them in

many workshops. They cost little and are very
dependable. Hoists have three advantages:
tr they are portable
tr light weight
f, easilytransported to different locations
In SaudiAramco, the most commonly usedrype of

chain hoist is the spur gearchain hoist.
Module 3.2
Spur Gear Chain Hoist
rW4rilethis rype of hoist is the most expensive,it is
U P P E RH O O K
also the most efficient- To reduce friction, the spur

gear chain hoist has a gear reduction unit. It also
has a brake built into the gearbox.
Operation is simple. You pull on the right-hand

chain to raise a load, pull on the left-hand chain to
lower a load.
ReFerto Figure 29 for a spur gear chain hoist with

its main parts named.
Hoist lnspection
You must inspect all chain hoists before use. Inspect
Figure 29
the hoisrs and check:
Spur Chain Hoist
Note: Therc are some inspectionpoints and kinds of

damage that are common to all chain hoists.
E S\fL - must be visible and of the required

capaciry.
il Hoist body free from cracks, broken/distorted

castings.
tr Load chain free from cracks, distortion, broken

welds or excessivewear.
tr Load hook and upper hook free from cracirs

distortion or signs of excessivewear. Also
ensure the safery latch fitted and undamaged.
l Anchor pin or bolt - securely fitted and

undamaged.
tl Chain sprockets free from cracks, distortion,

and excessivewear.

At completion of your visual inspection, you must
a.lsocheck that the hoistt mechanism operates
HAND OPERATED WINCH

A hand-operated winch (also called Tirfur) is a A special wire rope
multi-purpose tool made to pull and releasetension is fifted through the
machine.Thiscannot
on wire rope. By oPerating the handles, you either be removed while the winch is
pull or releasethe rope through the machine. on load.
Hand-operated winches are available in a range of

sizesFor different applications. Refer to Figure 30 to
see a hand-operated winch with its main parts
named.
-ngttt:!*at**. '{F..
.e" 'sd
.+* NorE: -
er rHr wrFEloeg_u_s_e_o1n111-
$ Frr
nrrRruntsIAPEREDro *
* EASILYINTOTHE N4ACHINE,
*
a
e
Figure 30
Hand Operated Winch (Tirfur)
27
Moctule3.2
Refer to the lollowing text and figure 31 lor
instructions on how to use the hand operated winch.
A. Preparethe wire rope and then push the release

handle to open the winch jaws. Feed the
tapered end of the wire roPe through the
machine.
B . Attach a sling to the anchor point and then

attach the hook on the winch.
t,. Attach rigging to load and load to winch pull

line, then pull the wire rope through the winch
'\ilith
to take up slack. this done, set the release
handle. The winch is now ready for use.
D . Attach the operating handle to the actuation

lever and when signaled, move lever back and
forth to move the load.
E. V4ren task completed, move the operating

handle to the lowering lever and move lever
back and lorth ro releaserension.
Tirfur lnspection
Before use, you must inspect both the winch and its
associatedparts.
On the winch, check that:
tr SWL is visibleand of the requiredcapaciry.

'$7inch
tr body is free of any cracks,or broken
Figure 3l body parts.
tr The releasehandle operatessmoothly and does

not bind.
28 Metals Mechanic llt

tr Winch hook is free of cracks, distortion and
drat the safery latch is undamaged and operates
correctly.
tr The actuating and lowering levers operate

without binding.
On the special rope used with winches, check:
tr No overstretching/reductionin rope diameter
D No corrosion
D No kinks
tr No broken wires
tr No unraveling
tr No excessivewear
You must also inspect the hook attached to the wire

rope (pull line). Look for signs of cracks, spreading,
broken wires near the attachment and correct
oDeration of the safery latch.
SUMMARY
In this part, you have learned about various rypes of
manual hoisting equipment. You can now identify
and state the functions of a come-along, chain hoist,
and hand operated winch. You can now also
perform the important pre-use inspections required
by theseequipmenrs. E
29
Module 3.2
EXERCISEB
Part 1
Directions: Writethe correctanswersin the spacesprovided
l. V/hat must you do with all manual hoists

before use?
2. V/hat are three applications for which you can

use a come-along?
3. tW4rat do you move to change a come-along
from lifting a load to lowering a load?
4. V/hat chain do you pull on to raise a load

attached to a spur gear chain hoist?
5. How do you know the capaciry of a come-

along, chain hoist or TirFur?
6. After performing a Pre-usevisual inspection, what

else must you do before using a manual hoist?

Part 2
Directions: Your instructorwill hand out manual hoists.
You must perform a pre-use inspectionon this equipment
and state whether it is safe to use. lf you think it is
damagedor otherwiseunsafe,state why.
Your instructor will tell you how he wishes you to record

vour inspeclionresults.
31
Modute 3.2
PART III OBJECTIVE3.2.3
Statethe Functions Of and Inspection

Bequirementslor SIings
A sling is a length of wire rope, chain, or synthetic

fibers used to attach a load to a lifting device. There
are three rypes of slings in common use in Saudi
Aramco:
'Wire
tr RopeSlings
'Note: Chain slings are not tr Belt Slings(SyntheticFiber)

commonly used by metals tr ChainSlings*
mechanics and so are not
coveredin this module. -fhese
slings are made in rwo basic rypes:
Endlessslings
SingleJegslings
Endless Slings
Endless slings are made in a continuous looP-
Examples are shown in Figure 32.
Figure 32
Endless Slings
Metals Mechanic lll

Single-Leg Slings
Single-leg slings have eyes at each end. These eyes
are soft, thimble, or a combination of both'
Thimble-eyed slings have metal inserts (thimbles) in
the sling-eyes. These protect and help retain the
shape of the eyes when used for lifting.
Figure 33
Single Leg Slings
Mechanical Splices
A mechanical splice is a loop formed by a Flemish
eye splice with a sleeve pressed on the rope at the
base of the loop. This holds the ends of the strands
in place. Pressureapplied by a mechanical or
hydraulic press elongates(stretches)the sleeve.This
makes the bond benveen sleeve and roPe comPact
Figure 34
and permanent. Mechanical Splice
Using mechanical splices provides some advantages

and disadvantages:
tr Advantages - develop 92/z to 960/o ol catalog

strength, reduce chance of hand injury, and
cover tuck to reduce interference.
tr Disadvantages- cannot be applied in the field,

can only be used on independent wire rope
core (IIWRC) ropes'
33
Module 3-2
WIRE ROPE SL'NGS
tVire rope slings are used to secureloads to hoists,
cranesand other rigging equipment. They come in

many different lengths and sizes to suit the task. Soft-
eyed and thimble-eyed rypes are commonly available.
Refer to Figure 35 for examples of wire rope slings.
SOFTEYE SOFTEYE
THI[,4BLE REEVING
THIMBLE
SOFTEYE SLINGS
Figure 35
Vire Rope Slings
Wire Rope Sling Inspection
Through use, wire rope slings can be damaged and
so unsafe for use. Therefore, you must inspect them
before use.
You inspect wire rope slings the same way as you

inspect winch wire ropes that you learned about in
the last part of this module.
D Check the S'J[L stamped on the mechanical

splices.
D Check for signs of excessivewear, such as shiny

flat spots.
Figure 36
SrX/L Marking tr Check for signs o[ corrosion and ensure the
wire has been correctly lubricated.

tr Check for any kinks, unraveling(bird caging) lf you find kinks,
or broken wires. unraveling or more
than 10 wiresbroken
tl Check for signs of overstretching.Measure the along any 1" length - do not
use the sling!
wire diameteras shown in Fieure37.
OFWIREROPE
DIAMETEB
SA C HH A V EA S M A L LB U T D E F I N I T ES I Z E
W I B E R O P EC O I \ I P O N E N TE
T O L E R A N C ET. H E R E F O N ET, H E F O P E M U S TH A V EA D I A M E T E RT O L E R A N C E
A L L W l R € R O P EM U S T H A V EA D I A M E T E RA T L E A S TE O U A LT O T H E N O I \ , 4 I N A L ,
O R C A T A L O GS . IZE..N . E V E RS M A L L E RS. T A N D A R DH O P E SM A Y E X C E E DT H E
N O M I N A LD I A M E T E RB Y T H E A M O U N T SS H O W NB E L O W
1316,_ 1 1/0,
13/16', 1 1/2'
19t16"- 21t4'
Fi,gr:.re 37
Measuring Wire Rope
BELT SLINGS
Synthetic fiber slings (commonly called belt slings)are
rypically made of braided nylon or polyester. Becauseof
their softness,they are used for lifting equipment that
would be marked or damaged by wire or chain slings.
There are three commonly used rypesof belt slings:
ffi
ffi
IJ
METALEYES ,
ffi
SOFTEYES ENDLESS
SLING
Figure 38
Belt Slings
Module 3.2 35
While synthetic slings are light and strong, they are
not as durable as wire ropes or chain slings.They are
easilvcut and damaged.This means that you must
take specialcare to protect them when handling loads
with sharp edges and abrasive surfaces.Also, note that
the sling material can melt if placed near hot pipes or
other heat sources.
The eye or end fittings are where you attach the

sling to the load and hoist. You can also use them
in forming different sling hitches.
Figure 39
Belt Sling Parts
Belt Sling lnspection

Before use, you must inspect belt slings for damage.
Slingsare manufactured
with red yarn (thrcads) Check for the following types of damage during
imbeded within the your inspection:
material. These threads onlv
becomevisible when the sling is
excessivlyworn. So, if you see tr S\7L - must be clearly marked.
red yarn showing- do not use
the sling! tl Belt free of cuts, broken stitches, excessive
wear*, discoloration (burns), bent or cracked
metal eyes, and excessiveoil or grease.
36 Metals Mechanic ttl

USE OF SL'IVGS
Vtren using any type of sling, you must first select
the correct size (e.g., diameter of wire rope) and
length that will allow a safe lift.
Slings require careful inspection and maintenance

becausein normal use they undergo the following:
'Wear I Crushing
tr
tr Abrasion tr Kinking
tr Impact loading tr Overloading
As you complete the Units of this course,you will

learn more about each of these. One important
point about selecting slings is the length. If a sling is
too short, tension can break or damage it during a
lift. In this course, )'ou will learn how tension
changeswith sling iength (or sling angle) and the
type of hitch used.
Becauseof the service expecred of slings, errors in

deciding load weight, and the effect of sling angle
on the loading, it is recommended that all safe
working loads be based on a safety factor of at least
5. If siings are used on sharp corners' use chafing
gear or softeners.
Chafing Gear or Softeners

Chafing gear protects slings from sharp edgeson the
load and also protects the load from being damaged
by the sling. Materialscommonly usedas chafing
gear are:
tr Canvas tr Wood blocks
tr Rubbersheets tr Pipe half
37
Module 3.2
Fit a wire rope sling so that the minimum radius
arour-rdwhich it is bent is at least 3 times the
diameter of the rope.
Chafing gear may be inserted to increase the radius

'Wood
of the bend. blocks and pipe half should be
lashed to the load to avoid falling off as the load
slackens.
\..-|!,j),
Figure 40
Use of Chafing Gear
SUMMARY
In this module, you beganby learningabout rigging
hardware and the inspections you must Perlorm on
this equipment before use.
In part II, you then went on to learn about manual

hoisting equipment - how it's used and how to
inspect it.
In this last part you have learned about slings: why

they are rrsed,and how to inspect them prior to use.
E
EXERCISE C
Part 1
Direetions: Write the correct answers in the spaces
provided.
1. V/hat type of sling is a continuous loop of

material?
2. tWhy are metal inserts placed in the eyes of a
thimble-eyed single leg sling?
3. If you inspect a 1 meter long wire-rope sling and

find 24 broken wires spaced along its length,
would it be safe to use this sling - and why?
4 . -W4lywould a belt sling be usedinsteadof a

wire-ropesling?
-W4reninspecting a belt sling you see red yarn

5.
showing through, what does this suggest?
ao
Module3.2
Part 2
Directions: Your instructorwill hand out various types of
slings. You must perform a pre-use inspectionon these
slingsto determineif they are safe to use. lf you feel the
strap is unsafe,you must state why it must not be used.
Your instructorwill te you how he wishesyou to record

your inspectionresults.

Unit 3: Rigging
Module 3.3
Rigging a Load
t r;.;*t'$,';t*:,-:;i;;ktt:ti:,:*;-ji:il&r:jll$,lrii$,,i'li:i:r:,r;.::1*{:|:::!yt!sisiL-i
TRAINEE HANDBOOK
lnformation Sheets
Exercise A IO
Exercise B T5
Exercise C 25
Exercise D 3l
TaskAid 33
Enabling Objectives Terminal Obiective
3.3.r Giaen tools equipnrent and
Unaided, the trainee will correctly identif' basic material, the trainee uill
hitches. select apltropriate rigging
ltardutare and hitch
arrangements for liiiing a
Unaided, the trainee will correctly select the correct load in accordance uith
hitch arrangement for a load. releuant Saudi Aramco GIs.
3.3.3
Given appropriate tables, the trainee will correctly
calculate arrangement capaciry.
124
Unaided, the trainee will correctly determine
appropriate sling size for hitch arrangements.
INTRODUCTION
In Module 3.2, yor: learned about different rigging
and lifting devices.However,belore you use any of
thcse devices,you must learn how to attach slings to The processof attachingslings
krads and lifting devices (hoists), and what to connectorsis called hitching.
ronfiguration of lifting equipmenr to use.
lrr this module you will learn how to hitch, iift and,
nrove a load safely.You will then bring together all
rhar you havelearnedso far by hitching and rigging
.r load yourself.
lf you are ever in anY doubt

ln this module,you will use the Handbook for about the strength or the
condition of a rigging or lifting
fuggersto help you rig, hitch, lift and move a load
device, do not use it.
safelv.
Module 3.3
I pa9-r-- oBJECTIVE 3.3.1
ldentify Basic Hitches
A hitch is a sling arrangement used to attach a load

to a lifting device. To perform rigging tasks you
must be able to identi$' hitches. There are four (4)
basic hitches that you w.ill use. They are:
Note: You use these hitches

with synthetic-fiberslings and D singleverticalhitch
wie rope slings.Thismeansthat
a hitch is made the same way: a bridle hitch
with either a wire sling or a
syntheticfiber sling. tr baskethitch
tr choker hitch
To select a sling, you must firsr select a hitching

arrangemenr.
Single Vertical Hitch

A single vertical hitch supports a load using a single
ln rigging terms. 'leg' means a
length of sling-wire or rope. leg. This means the total weight of the load is
A balancedload is one that will carried on a single leg. The lift angle is 90" and the
remain stable when lifted.
load weight can equal the safe working load (S\WL)
of the sling and fittings.
You must use single vertical hitches only:
tr On balancedloads.
D On items equippedwith lifting eye-boltsor

shackles.
Never use a single vertical hitch for lifting loose

material, lengthy (long pieces) of material, or any
load that is difficult to balance.
Figure I
Metals Mechanic lll

Always rememberthat verticalhitches provide no
control- This is because they permit the load to
rotate (turn around).
Bridal Hitch
'Iwo,
three, or four slings can be used together to
form a bridle hitch. These are used for hoisting an
object that has the necessarylugs or attachments.
Bridal Hitches can be used with a wide assortment
of end fittings. They provide excellent load stabiliry
when the:
tr load is distributed equally among the legs
o hook is directly over the center of gravity of

the load
tr load is raised level
Note: To distribute the load equally,you may have to

adjust the leg lengths with turnbuckles.
V/hen using a bridle sling, you must carefully Figure 2

Bridle Hitches
determine sling angles.You do this to ensure that
individual legs are not overloaded.
Unless the load is flexible (can bend), do not assume LOADMAYBE

SUPPORIED ON
that a 3 or 4leg hitch will safely lift a load equal to ONLYIWO LEGS
WHILETHIRDLEG
the capaciry (SWL) on one leg multiplied by the BALANCES IT,
number of legs. This is becauseyou can not know

that each leg is carrying its share of the load. With
slings that have more than 2 legs and a rigid (non
bendable) load, it is possible for nvo of the legs to
take almost the full load, while the others only
balance it. (See Figure 4.) Figure 3
3- Leg Bridle Hitch
Module 3.3
THESESLINGLEGS ABE
CARRYINGTHE FULL LOAD
ON A BIGIDOBJECTBEINGHOISTEDWITH A
4-L€G BBIDLE HITCH(OR 3-LEGHITCH)lT lS
POSSIBLEFOB THE TOTALWEIGHTTO BE TAKEN
BY ONLY 2 LEGS WHILE THE OTHEI] LEGS ONLY
SERVETO BALANCETHE LOAO.
Figure 4
4-Leg Bridal Hitch
Basket Hitch
A basket hitch can be single or double hitch type.
Single Basket Hitch

A single basket hitch is a method of supporting a
J: load by hooking one end of a sling to a hook,
Wrar wrapping it around the load, and securing the other
ffi
Nll
end back to the hook.
Never use this hitch on a load that is dilficult to

balance.This is becausethe load can tilt and sliP
out of this sling.
A
Some loads will automatically equalized with each
@
tI
@
OF BASKETHITCHESARE
CAPACTTY
leg supporting half the load (as shown in Figure 5).
You must ensure that the load does not turn or slide
along the rope during a lift; otherwise both load
AFFECTEDBYTHEIRSLINGANGLES and rope will be damaged.
Figure 5
Single Basket Hitch
Metals Mechanic ltl

Double Basket Hitch
A double basket hitch consistsof rwo single basket Single basket hitches
hitches passedunder the load. mustbe placedunderthe
load. Thisensurescorrect
balance.
The legs of these hitches must be kept far enough
apart to provide balance. But, they must not be so
far apart that the angles are excessiveor cause the
legs to be pulled in toward the center.
On smooth surfaces,snub both sides of the hitches

against a step or change of load contour (shape). This
prevents the rope from slipping as load is applied.
AIso to avoid slippage, make sure that the angle
berween the load and the sling is 60'or greater.
TO PREVENI
SLIPPAGEKEEP
ANGLE 60%
OR MORE
W H E R EA L A B G EL O A DI S T O B E L I F I E D ,
A F O U R - L E GE R I D L ES L I N GC A N B E M A D E
INTO A LARGE DOUBLE BASKETSLING
Figure 6
Double Basket Hitch
Module3.3
Choker Hitches
Like the basket hitch, a choker hitch can be single
or double hitch rype.
Single Choker Hitch

A single choker hitch forms a loop in the rope. As
the load is lifted the loop tightens. However, it does
not provide full 360" contact with the load;
therefore, never use this hitch to lift loose bundles
from which material can fall, or to liFt loads that are
difficult to balance.
The single choker can also be doubled up (not to be

CHOKERSDONOTPROVIDEFULL 'When doubled
SUPPORTFOBLOOSELOADS- confused with double choker hitch).
CANFALLOUT
MATEBIAL
up, this provides rwice the capaciry and can be used
Figure 7 to turn a load. V/hen you need to turn a load,
Single Choker Hitch
make the choker by placing both eyes of the sling
on top of the load, with the eyespointing in the
direction opposite to the direction of turn' Passthe
D O U B L EU
DP center of the sling around the load, through both
CHOKER
(USEDTO eyes, and up to the hook.
TURNLOADS)
Doubled up, this hitch provides complete control

over the load. In addition, the load auromatically
equalizesbetween rhe load and the sling-
Note: take care when making a doubled up single choke

hitch. lf the two eyes are placed on the crane hook, the
length of the supporting legs may not be equal. This
means that the load weight may be applied on one leg
only.
You usually use choker hitches in pairs. This way,

the load is suspended from rwo widely separated
points. This provides more stabiliry.
Figure 8
Doutrled Single Choker Hitch
Metals Mechanic tlt

Double Choker Hitch (Two-Leg Hitch)
A double choker hitch consistsof rwo single chokers'
These are attached to the load and spread to provide
stabiliry. The nvoJeg hitch does not completely grip
the load. But, becausethe load is lesslikely to tip,
the rwoJeg hitch is better suited for handling loose
bundles, pipes, rods, etc.
THE DOUBLEWRAPCAN ALSO BE USEDFORA CHOKERHITCH.

THIS HITCHCOMPFESSES
THE LOADANO PREVENTS
IT FFOM SLIPPINGOUT Figure 9
OF THE SLING. Double Choker (Two-Leg) Hitch
WRAPCHOKERS
PAIROF DOUBLE
Figure 10
Double S7rap Choker Hitch
A double wrap is when a sling is wrapped

completelyaround the load rather than just
supportingit. Double wrap provides360' grip but
does not affect capaciry.This makes a double wrap
usefulfor handling loosematerialssuch as pipe,
rods, or smooth cylindricalloads.
Module3.3
SINGLEDOUBLEWRAP
CHOKERHITCH
PAIROF DOUBLEWRAP
BASKETHITCHES
PAIHOF DOUBLEWRAPCHOKERS
Figure l1
Examples of Double 'Vrap Hitches
Shackle to Make a Choker Hitch

t{4ren making a choker hitch, you must take care to
attach the shacldes correctly. That is, in such a way

that the pull of the rope cannot turn the shacklepin.
Figure 12A shows the correct way to fit the shackle.

Figure 12B shows why any other connection is
dangerous.
PULL PULL
t t
PINTURNSAND
GETSTOO TIGHT
PULL
?
P I NT U R N S
AND COMESOUT
INCORBECT.
ROPECAUSESPIN
CORBECT TO MOVE- UNSAFE
Figure 12
Safe and Unsafe Use of Shacldes
Metals Mechanic lll

SUMMARY
In this part, you have learned that there are 4 basic
hitches you will use to lift and move loads. You also
learned why these different hitches are required. In
the next part, you will learn how to select the most
appropriate hitch to use for a load' E
Module 3.3
EXERCISEA
Directions: Refer to figure 13. ldentify each of the hitches
shown and write your answers in the appropriate space.
J\
o& \;w
Nll
Figure 13
i. 2.
3.
5. 6.
7. 8.

--
Tpanr i- zBJE::TNE#21
Statethe Correct Hitch Arrangement for a Load
Earlier, you learned about the different rypes of

hitch arrangementsused to lift loads. In this part
you will learn how to select the best hitch
arrangement for a sPecificload.
SELECTINGHITCH
To select a hitch arrangement for a rigging job you
must make a choice. You must decide between
alrernate rechniques. taking into account:
'W'eight
O and balance of the load.
tr Load dimensions.
tl Clearances required moving the load'
Some loads may be rigged in more than one waY.

However, as you will learn, usually one way is better
than another.
Load Weight
V4ren planning a rigging job, the first Piece of Remember: the weight
that a piece of rigging
inlormation you need is the weight of the load.
equipment can safel|
suppotl is called its Ca?acitv ol
rWeight is important - it determines the maximum Sale Working Load (SWL). lft
equipmentis subiectedto a loaa
load that each piece of rigging equipment must be greaterthan its ca?acitY.it maY
able to handle. fail.
11
Module3.3
Load Balance
The second piece of inlormation you need to know
is load balance.
Every object has a point where it will balance

'center
perfectly. This point is called the objectt oF
graviry'(COG).
If a load is lifted from a point directly above its

center of graviry it remains stable. But, if a load is
lifted from any other point, it will tilt until its
STABLE center of graviry is directly beneath the load hook'
Figure 14
Unstable and Stable Lifts \X/hen you determitre the balance of a load, you
must find the center of gravity. You can then lift the
load from the correct lifiing point.
Load Clearance
The third step in planning a rigging job is checking
clearances.
Before moving a load, you must comParethe load size

to the road or passageit must pass through. \Yr'hileit
seems obvious that a 5-foot load will not fit through
3-foot doorway, such a simple fact is often overlooked!
The best way to avoid mistakes is to measure the

load and the path. Then you can be sure you have
sufficient clearance.
Hitch Selection
Some loads are fitted with lifting lugs, eyebolts,or
other attachments. If these are fitted, it makes your
job of selecting the best hitch arrangement much
Metals Mechanic lll

easier.For example,ref-erto figure 15. The load (A)
has four lugs attached;therefore,the best hitch
arrangementfor this load is a 4Jeg bridle hitch as
shown by B.
Figure 15
4-Leg Bridle Hitch
Question; If you were tasked to lift the bundle of

loose pipes shown in figure 16, what hitch
arrangement would you use, and why?
The bundle of pipescould be riggedwith a double

Figure 16
choker hitch, a double wrap choker hitch, or even a Loose Load
.l,,ublewrap baskethitch. For better stabiliry you
.,,uld use a pair of double wrap chokersor even a
.l,rLrblewrap baskethitch. Howevet a choker hitch
rcr.lucesthe capaciryof a sling l:y 25o/o- something
l'()u must consider.
'l-herefore,
the best hitch arrangementfor loose
bundles,(pipes,rods, etc.) would be a pair of
double-wrapbaskethitches(seefigure 17). The
reasonfor this is that a double-wrapbaskethitch
Figure l7
providesthe best stabiliry lor this load. Double Vrap Basket Hitch
Module 3.3 13
V4ren you must lift a large load, be aware that you
can use different combinations. For example, lor the
load in Figure 18, a 4Jeg bridle can be made into a
large double basket hitch.
To avoid slippage, the WHEREA LABGE LOAD IS TO

angle between the load A FOUR-LEG
BE LIFTED,
BRIDLESLINGCANBE MADE
and the sling must be
INTOA LARGEDOUBLE
60" or greater. BASKETHITCH.
\-\
Figure 18
Double Basket Hitch
SUMMARY
In this part, you have learned that to be able to
select the correct hitch for a load, you must
consider: load weieht and balance, dimensions, and
clearances.In the next part, you will learn how to
calculate hitch arrangement capacify. E

EXERCISEB
Directions: Refer to figure 19. ldentify the correct hitch
affangementfor each of the loads shown. Write your
answers in the appropriatespaces.
Figure 19
l.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
15
Moclule3.3
oBJECT|VE 3.3.3
CaIc ulate Arrangement CaPacitY
So far, you have learned how slings form various

hitch arrangementsto lift loads. In this part, you
Sling capacities and sizes are
, given in sling tables. These sling will now learn how the capacity (SWL) of the sling
printed in the -fo
I tables are changes when you make different hitches. do
Handbook for Riggers.
this, you will use sling tabies.
Note: To use sling tables, you need to know the load

weight, sting type, hitch type, and sling angle, (if any).
SL'/VG CONSTRUCTI ON/MATERIA L

Slings are made of wire rope, manila rope, and
various rypes of synthetic rope. Each rype of sling
material has its own separatesling table. Therefore, it
is important that you check that the table you refer
to is correct for the sling material you wish to use.
For wire rope slings, you must know the

classificationgroup, rype of steel and type of core
used to make the rope.
Metals Mechanic lll

WIRE ROPECLASSIFICATIONS
. "."-, - -T:ffl;F::)8il"*'.jj.-
wr.E FOPE slltlcs
wnEFOPESIIXGS
6137c|asgl'caenGfup.kr'prcv€d
MAIIMUM SAFEWOFKINGLOAOS POI.JNOS

1s3l6ryFado, = t)
,."
Figure 20
'Wire
Rope Classification
For web-rype slings, you must know the rype of

sling materialand its capaciryper inch of width.
(You will find this information stampedon the sling
end fittings or printed on the sling itself.)
WEB SLINGMATERIALAND STRENGTH

ilxlm"":*s,i
oaciol wEa lul.(ll
MAIIMUV SAFGVI/OFKINGIOADS - FOUNOS {S FEIY tACTOn ' t)

{Ct a Ey., t r.Ld E i, l.i.r{L Frni.!r' Cho|rt Bnit$)
2,0@
10.000
r2.000
Figure 2l
Synthetic Slings
Module 3.3
Note: naturalfiber rcPes(sucn Synthetic ropes are made from many materials'
as manila ropes) are /ess Nylon, polypropylene, and polyester are common'
common,but you may see them
used in the field.
fb use the sling table, first find the correct table for
the sling being used. Then find the column listing
that matchesyour hitch type. Look down the middle
of the column until you find the first number
greater than your load weight. On the far left side of
the table, find the minimum required diameter or
Capacity of a single vertical
hitch made with a 1/2"wire roqe width of the sling you must use. (Seesidebar for
sling (6 x l9lwRC) is 4,700lb.
example.)
Hitch Arrangement Calculations

Being able to read sling tables makes calculating
arrangement capacitiesa simple task.
For example, to find the capacitiesof, single vertical

hitches, single choker hitches, single basket (vertical
or inclined legs) hitches, or two leg bridle hitches
(60", 45",30"), simply refer to the relevant columns
of the sling table - see Ftgure22.
18 Metals Mechanic ttl

WIREROPESLINGS
Group,lmprovedPlowSteel,FibreCore
6 x 19 Classification
SAFEWORKING
MAXIMUM LOADS. POUNDS
(SatelyFactor= 5)
Single Single Single
Rope Basket
Diameler Vertical Choker
Hitch Hitch Hitch
(lnches) (Vertical
tI Legs)
I
I
0 60" 45" 30'
3/16
'1600
450 1,200 1,050 850
'I 600
,100 825 2,200 1,900 l EEN ,100
5/16 1A<n 1,250 3,300 2,850 2,350 l AEN
318 2,400 1,800 4,800 4,150 3,400 2,400

7116 3,200 2,440 6,400 4,500 3,200
4,400 3,300 8,800 7,6Q0 6,200 4,400
g/16 5,300 4,000 10,600 9,200 7,500 5,300
518 6,600 4,950 13,200" 11,400 9,350 6,600
3t4 9,500 7,1q0 19,000 1q500 13,4Q0 9,500
7t8 12,800 9,600 25,600 22,200 18 , 1 0 0 12,800
1 16,700 12,500 33,400 28,900 23,600 16,700
21,200 '15,900 42,400 36,700 30,000 21,200
11tB
11t4 26,200 19,700 52,400 45,400 37,000 26,200
13/g 32,400 24,300 64,800 56,100 45,800 32,400
11tz 38,400 28,800 76,800 66,5p0 54,300 38,400
'I 45,200 33,900 90,400 78,300 63,900 45,200
s/B
13/4 52,000 39,000 104,000 90,000 73,500 52,000
17ta 60,800 45,600 12.1
,600 105,300 86,000 60,800
2 67,600 50,700 135,200 117,100 95,600 67,600
21t4 84,000 63,000 168,000 145,500 118,800 84,000
21t2 104,000 78,000 208,000 180,100 147,OOO 104,000
23t4 122,000 91,500 244,000 211,300 172,500 122,OOO
ll usedwith ChokerHitchmultiplyabove
valuesby 3/4.
For DoubleBasketHitchmultiplyabove
valuesby 2.
Note: Tablevaluesare for slings with eyesand thimblesin both ends,Flemishspliced Eyes
and mechanicalsleeves.
Handtuckedsplicedeyes- reduceloads accordingto table 1'11' page47'
Eyestormedby cable clips- reduceloads by 20"/..
Figure 22
Wire Rope Sling Table
1A
Module3.3
Calculating the capaciry of a two leg choker hitch is
almost as simple. Reler to the chart listing for a rwo
leg bridal with the same sling angle' Then just
multiply this figure by 0.75. (See figure 23.)
WIREROPESLINGS
6 x 19 Classi{ication
SAFEWORKINGLOADS. POUNDS
NIAXIMUM
(SatetyFactor= 5)

Verlrcal Choker Basket
Diameter Hitch
Hitch Hitch
(lnches) (Vertical
60" 45' 30"
3n6 600 450 1,200 850 I 600

1t4
|
1,100 425 2,200 1,550 | 1.100
|
1,650 1,250 3,300 2,350 I 1.650
5/16
3/8
|
2,400 1,800 4,800 3,400 | 2,400
l
-$[
7116 3,200 2,400 6,400 4,500 | 3,200
4,400 3,300 8,800 6,200 | 4,400
112 7E^^ | aenn
9^6 5,300 4,000 10,600 aJ$t-b rr.'.flb1.
6,600 4,950 13,200 ,r'
314 9,500 7,100 19,000 !i
16,700 12,500 33,400 znffi i x 0 . 7 5= 1 6 , 5 5 0!
1 :l
11 / 8 21,200 15,900 42,400 36,700 \-------------,
1114 26,200 19,700 52,400 45,400 37,000 | 26,200
13/8 32,400 24,300 64,800 56.100 45,800 | 32,400
1112 38,400 28,800 76,800 66,500 54.300 | 38.400
15/8 45,200 33,900 90,400 78,300 63.900 | 45,200
13t4 52,000 39,000 104,000 90,000 73,500 I 52,000
17t8 60,800 45,600 121,600 105,300 86,000 | 60,800
2 67,600 50,700 135,200 117,100 95,600 | 67,600
2114 84,000 63,000 168,000 145,500 118,800 | 84,000
2112 104,000 78,000 208,000 180,100 147,000 I 104,000
23t4 122,OOO I l ,500 244,OOO 211,300 172,500 | 122,000
ll usedwithChokerHitchmulliplyabove
valuesby 3/a. y'\
/\
- hr\
. . \-1 \-/
For DoubleBasketHitch multiplyabove
v a l u e sb y 2 .
Note: Tablevalues are lor slings with eyes and thimbles in both ends,FlemishSplicedEyes
Handtucked spliced eyes- reduceloads accordinglo table 1"11'page47'
Eyes lormed bt cable clips - reduce loads by 20ol"'
Figure 23
Metals Mechanic lll

20
Again, calculating the capaciry of a double basket
hitch is a simple operation. Reler to the chart lor a
single basket with correct sling angle. \fhen you
have this figure, multiply ft by 2 and you have the
capaciry for a double basket hitch. (See figure 24.)
WIREFOPESLINGS
PlowSteel,FibreCore
Group,lmproved
6 X 19 Classilication
MAXlMUMSAFEWORKINGLOADS- POUNDS
(SatetyFactor= 5)
Verlical Choker Basket
Diameter Hitch
(lnches) Hilch Hitch
(Vertical
Legs)
60" 45" 30"
450 1,200 850 600

3/r6
'| 600 425 2,200 1 100
,100
'1,650 1,250 3,300
.-l5tq.-
5 /1 6 I
2,400 1,800 4,800 I I
3/8 t^
t-X2= t11nn I
T
112 4,400 3,300 I,800 7.600 I
10,600 9,200 ,
9/r6 5,300 4,000
5/a 6,600 4,950 13,200 11,400 9.350 6,600
3t4 9,500 7,100 19,000 16,500 13,400 9,500
7t8 12,800 9,600 25,600 22,200 18,100 12,800
1 16,700 12.500 33,400 28,900 23,600 16,700
11/8 21,200 15,900 42,400 36,700 30,000 21,200
1114 26,200 19,700 52,400 45,400 37,000 26,200
13/8 32,400 24,300 64,800 56,100 45,800 32,400
11t2 38,400 28,800 76,800 66,500 54,300 38,400
15/8 45,200 33,900 90,400 78,300 63,900 45,200
1314 52,000 39,000 104,000 90,000 73,500 52,000
hta 60,800 45,600 121,600 105,300 86,000 60,800
2 67,600 50,700 135,200 117,100 95,600 67,600
21t4 84,000 63,000 168,000 145,500 118,800 84,000
Zv2 104,000 78,000 208,000 180,100 147,000 104,000
23t4 122,000 91.500 244,000 2 11 , 3 0 0 172,500 122,OOO
lf used wilh Choker Hitch multiply above
v a l u e sb y 2 .
Note: Tablevalues are for slings with eyes and thimbles in both ends, FlemishSpliced Eyes
Hand tucked spliced eyes- reduce loads according to table 1.11'page47.
Eyes formed by cable clips - reduce loads by 2O1o.
Figrte 24
Module 3.3 21
To make a calculation to determine the capacirylor
a four leg bridle, you must first check if it is for a
rigid or Jl.exibleload.
D For a rigid load: Calculate as for a two leg

bridle.
tr For a flexible load: As lor a t*o leg bridle'

then multiply by 2.
Hitches with Angled Legs, or Double

Choker Hitches
-*/hen bridle hitches, basket hitches, or double
choker hitches are attached to a single lifting hook,

the sling legs will not be vertical.
Sling angleis the angle resulting As you will learn, sling angle \as an important ef[ect
betweenthe load and the sling. on the capaciry of the sling. This is why when you
use any of these rypes of hitches, you must look in
one of the three columns at the far right in the sling
tables to find sling/hitch capaciry (seefigure 25).
First, you must use one of the methods discussed
below to determine the sling angle.

Again, calculating the capacity of a double basket
hitch is a simple operation. Refer to the chart for a
single basket with correct sling angle. \K4ren you
have this figure, multiply ir try 2 and you have the
capactry for a double basket hitch. (See figure 24.)
WIREROPESLINGS
6 x 19Classification
MAXII'UMSAFEWORKINGLOADS- POUNDS
(SafetyFactor= 5)
Rope Basket
Vertical Choker
Diameter Hitch
Hitch Hitch
(lnches) (Vertical
I Le9s)
I
I
{ 60' 45' 30"
I
3/16 600 450 1,200 1t050 850 600
1, 1 0 0 825 2,200 11900 .--JJlgr
5n6 1,650 1,250 3,300 I
2,400 1,800 4,800 {150 t I
3tB t^
L XZ= t1,100 !
1t2 4,400 3,300 I,800 7,600 I
I
9,200 I
9/16 5,300 4,000 10,600
5/8 6,600 4,950 13,200 11,400
314 9,500 7,100 19,000 16,500 13,400 I e,500
7B 12,800 9.600 25,600 22,200 18,100| 12.800
1 16,700 12,500 33,400 28,900 23,600 I t o,zoo
11/8 21,200 15,900 42,400 36,700 30,000 I zt.zoo
1 1,'4 26,200 19,700 52,400 45,400 37,000 | 26.200
13/B 32,400 24,300 64,800 s6,100 45,800 I gz.+oo
1112 38,400 28,800 76,800 66,500 54,300 I 38,400
15/8 45,200 33,900 90,400 78,300 63,900 | 4s,200
13t4 52,000 39,000 104,000 90,000 73,500 | 52,000
17'a 60,800 45,600 121.600 105,300 86,000 I 60,B00
2 67,600 50,700 135,200 117,100 95,600 | 67.600
2tt4 84.000 63,000 168,000 145,500 118,800I ea,ooo
2it2 104,000 78,000 208,000 180,100 147,000 | 104,000
23i4 122,OOO 91,500 244,OOO 2 11 , 3 0 0 172,500 | 122,000
lf used with Choker Hitch multiply above
valuesby 3/4.
v a l u e sb y 2 .
Note: Tablevalues are for slings with eyes and lhimbles in both ends, FlemishSpliced Eyes
and mechanicalsleeves
Hand tucked spliced eyes- reduce loads according to iable 1 11,page47'
Eyes lormed by cable clips - reduce loads by 20%.
Figrre 24
21
Module 3.3
To make a calculationto determinethe capaciryFor
a four leg bridle, you must first check if it is for a
rigid or flexible load.
bend or twist.
tr For a rigid load: Calculate as For a two leg
bridle.
tr For a flexible load: As For a two leg bridle,

then multiply by 2.
Hitches with Angled Legs, or Double

Choker Hitches
'J(hen bridle hitches, basket hitches, or double
choker hitches are attached to a single lifting hook,

the sling legs will not be vertical.
As you will learn, sling angle has an important effect

I Stingangteis theangle resulting
betweenthe load and the sling. on the capaciry of the sling. This is why when you
use any of these rypes of hitches, you must look in
one of the three columns at the far right in the sling
tables to find sling/hitch capaciry (seefigure 25)'
First, you must use one of the methods discussed
below to determine the sling angle.

wlFlRoPEsllxc3
6 i 3t Cl*s'rr..no^Goup,lhprov.dPlo*sl6l. Fibr.Cor.
MAX IMIJM SAFE WOfiKING LOAOS POUNOS
{s.rdyFg)tfLtIIrIlt
I
";tH I
II t
I
I a5. I
I
r,oao I 75o | 2.o0or
I
lls11.333
llxsr 2,tg
5 300
2.250
3tm
,1.250
2,2cJ)
I
lffil3ffil8:ffir 5,20O
5,900 5,650
!
:::sll#3
4.9oo 6.7m
l;!:H!
r? sool
4.550
r1,100
t5,aoo
9,050
r2,6@ a,9@ t
I
f2,t00
!5.300 I
9.r0o
r.too I
2a,zx-
316001
17,100
22,W
i 2,100 !
10.600 |
2.,r0o I
rr 700 I
r3,3oo
39m0r
.a.r00l
33 €00 I
I
* : f f i l l i f f i l ? l f f i l 5l,600 12,2@ I
i56.am
3 f l i 312, l600 S : i S r 733.000
: l $ llr3,6ml 3100 59,700
60,300 56,300
I i
a 62,0@ I 46,500 121,{m: 1o?,1@
139,300
ff:8$l*:#llSlS!
rrr roo 37.eoo 203.0O0
98,000
| l23lroot
-'l'l'i9r
ll @d wilh chok€. Hirch durlrolv .bovo
TASLE1.I'
For Dolbl. B..k.l Hilcn dlrlrpry .bov.
llo!.: T.bt r.lu.. .r.lc..llnl. tllh.t.a.6.l lt{hbl..ln b.lh..tl., tl.tl.h SDllc.d €v..
.rd n*h..l..l .1.d..,
ll.nd tsl.d .tlL.d .16 - t.tuo ro.d. rc6t4ne b l.bl. r ' ! I
E .. lornxt br crbh .ll9t - r.dB.! ro.C. bt 20!4.
Figure 25
Angle Sling Columns
SL'A'G ANGLES
Sling angles are always between 0' and 90'. Lifting
capaciry decreasesas sling angle decreases.For SLING
ANGLE
example, the capaciry of a basket hitch with 60" Iegs
is much lower than for the same hitch with vertical
(90") legs. This is why, when possible,you must use
sling angles greater than 60' degrees.
LOAD
Never use a sling angle less than 30"!

@ Figure 26
Sling Angle
Module 3.3
Sling angle depends on:
. Sling length.
. Vertical distance From load to lifting hook
(headroom).
. Horizontal distance berween lifting hook and

sling attachment point.
V4ren necessary,you can adjust the sling angle by

changing the sling lengths.
Adjustment of Sling Capacities

Sling table capacitiesare based on assumptions about
the rype of slings or hitches used. The actual
capaciry of the sling you use may be more or less
than shown on the table. It all depends on how the
sling is constructed, the hitch arrangement, and how
many slings will be used to lift the load. Notes at
the bottom of the sling tables tell you how to adjust
sling capacities-
SLINGEFFICIENCIES
t; FORHAND.TUCKED
EYESPLICES
CORRECTIONS FOR
i,ULTIPLESLINGS
I tl
Figtre 27
Adjusting Sling Capacities - Tabte
Notes

Determining Equipment Sizes
Sling diameters or widths are given on the left side Calculatethe capacityof a 1/r"
of the tables. For a given load weight, find the sling wire rope witha handlucked eve
splice. Assume a single veftical
capaciry shown on the table equal to or greater than hitch is used. (Classification6 x
rhe load weight. 37, fibet core)
See figure27, table 1.11.Lifting
Capacity = 4,o0O x 90% =
If you must adjust sling/hitch capaciry recheck the 3,600 lb.
capacity of the sling a{ier selectinga size. You must
be sure the sling size is strong enough to suPport the
load in the specified hitch arrangement. ComPare
the adjusted capaciry of the sling to the load weight.
If the adjusted capaciry of the sling is less than the
load weight, try the next larger sling size. Adjust the
capacity of the larger sling size as required for the
hitch and check the capacity again until you find a
sling size with an adjusted capacity equal to or
greater than the load weighr.
The capaciry of the sling/hitch arrangement must be

equal to or greater than the load weight after all
rcquired adjustments have been made.
SUMMARY
lrr this part, you have learned how the capaciry
tSVl-) of a sling changes when you make different
lrirches.You then went on to learn how to use sling
r.rlrlcsto determine different hitch capacities,and
Ixnv to use sling tables and simple mathematics to
c.rlculatethe capacitiesof hitches with sling angles
n<rrshown on the tables' E
25
Module 3.3
EXERCISEC
Directions: Befer to your Handbookfor Riggers 6x19 IPS
Sling Table. tdentify the capacity for each of the following
hitches. Write your answers in the spaces provided
t/2"?
l. Single vertical hitch with a rope diameter of
':
2. 2 leg bridle hitch with a sling angleof 45' and

rope diameterof 74"?
3. Double choker hitch with a sling angleof 45"

and rope diameterof 3/4"?
4. Double basket hitch with a sling angleof 60'

using 5/8" diameter wire rope slings?
5. 3 leg bridle hitch with a sling angleof 60' using

/2" diameterwire rope slingson a rQid ioad?
o. 3 leg bridle hitch with a sling angleof 60" using

%" diameterwire rope slingson a flexibleload?
Metals Mechanic III

26
Determine Appropriate Sling Size for Hitch
Arrangements
V/hen you have determined the load weight and Refer to the sling table on page
hitch arrangement, you must then select one or 22 of your Handbook for
Riggers.This identities:
more slings of the correct size for the load. To assist
. Sling type (Wire rope sling)
you, sling tables are available.
. Sling construction(6x19)
. Typeof sling core (Fibercore)
Sling tables are available for wire rope, belt, and . Sling size (rope diameter)
chain slings. In this part, you will learn how to use . Types of hitches (single
a sling table to find the correct size of wire rope vertical, etc.)
slings lor a load and a given hitch arrangement. . Slingangle (60", 45', & 30".)

Figure 1 showsa 10,000 lbs. load with a single
verticalhitch anached
Refer to the sling table on page22 of your handbook

for riggers.Locatethe column for a singlevertical
hitch. In this example,load weight is 10,000lbs. So,
you must locatea sling sizethat can suPPortat least
10,000lbs. As there is no sling that will suPport
exactly10,000lbs, you must selecta largersling size'
In this case,selecta 7/8" rope diametersling with Figure 28
12,000lbs. hitch capaciry. Single Venical Hitch
Sling Angle
An additional factor to consider when selecting
correct sling size is sling angle. If you refer to Figure
29, this shows the change in tension on the legs o[ a
sling as the angle is varied.
Module 3.3 27
,f
Figure 29
Sling Angle
As you can see in figure 29, the least amount oF
rension is exerted on a vertical sling. V/hen shorter
slings are used, their angle moves hrther away from
vertical. This produces more tension. In extreme
cases,the tension on each leg can be more than the
total load weight. This is why, to Prevent
overloading slings, their angle must be no greater
than 60" from vertical.
Note: Whenyou must use flatter angles (becauseof

limited clearanceor other reasons),slings must be of a
correspondingly g reater capacity.
Double Basket Hitch

Referto Figure30. This showsa 17,000 lbs. load
with a double baskethitch attachedand a sling
angleof 60'.
Refer again to the sling table. Locate the column lor

a single baskethitch with legs inclined. To figure the
capaciryfor a double baskethitch, you must first
consulta note at the bottom of the table-This reads:
"For a doublebaskethitch mubiply aboueualuesb1 2".
Figure 30
Looking down the column for 60", 2 x 9200 is the
Double Basker Hitch
closestfigureto the 17,0001bsload weight (2 x 9200
= 18,400lbs.)

'herefore,
f in this caseyou wor.rld select two, 9/ I 6"
diamerer wire rope slings with a total hitch capacity
of 18,400 lbs.
2 Lee, Bridle Hitch

Refer to Figure31. This showsa 3500 lbs. load with
a 2 leg bridle hitch with a sling angleof 45'.
Reler again to the sling table. Locatethe column for

a 2 leg bridle hitch. Looking down the column for
45", 4500 lbs. would be the closestfigure to the
3500 lbs. load weight. In this case,you would select
two 7116" diameterwire rope slingswith a hitch Figure 3l
2 Leg Bridal Hitch
capacityof 4500 lbs. (45" sling angle)
Single and 2 leg choker hitches

As with a single vertical hitch, locate the column of
the single choker hitch and selecta sling size that will
support the weight of the load. For example:a 10,000
lbs. load requiresa 7/8" diameter wire rope sling.
2 Leg Choker Hitch

Reler to Figure 32. This showsa 12,000 lbs. load
with a 2 leg choker hitch and a sling angleof 45".
Again refer to the sling table. For a 2 leg choker

hitch you must agein read a note at the bottom of
the table. This statesrhat, "lf usedzuith choherhitch,
muhiply aboueualuesby 3/4"
Figure 32
Looking down the column for 45' , 3/4 x -18, 100 is
2 Choker Leg Hitch
the only figure closeto the 12,000 lbs load weight (45' sling angle)
in the example(ilf'x i8,100 = 1j,575 lbs).
Module3,3 29
Therefore, in this case,you would selecr two 7/8"
diameter wire rope slings with a total hitch capaciry
ol lJ,),/\ lDs. fo suPporr lne lo.:lc.
SUMMARY
In part I, you learned the 4 basic hitches you will
use to lift and move loads, and why these different
hitches are required.
In part II, you learned that find the correct hitch

for a load, you must consider: load weight and
balance,dimensions, and clearances.
In part III, you learned that a slings capaciry

changesfor different hitches and how to use sling
tables and simple mathematics to determine different
h.itch capacities.
In this part, you learned how to use a sling table to

find the correct size oF wire rope slings for a load
and hitch arrangement. 7t

EXERCISED
Directions: Refer to your Handbookfor Riggers 6x19 IPS
FC Sling Table. ldentify the size (diameter) of wire rope/
sling required for each of the following situations. Write
your answers in the spaces provided.
1. lX/hat diameter wire rope is required for a

single vertical hitch used for a load weighing
2500 lbs?
2. 'What diameter sling is required for a double
choker hitch at 60" lifting a load of 5060lbs?
3. V/hat diameter slings are required for a double

baskethitch at 45" lifrine a load of 11,5001bs?
'W'hat
4. diameter slings are required for a 3 leg
bridal hitch at 60' lifting a rigid load of
19,0001bs?
5. \7hat diameter sling is required for a single

choker hitch liftine a load of l1,400lbs?
Module 3,3 31
EnablingObjectives TerminalObjective
3.2.r L/naidzd, the trainee utill
Unaided, rhe traineewill correctly srarethe use of correctly identifi crane tyPes,
Saudi Aramco hand signals. their major components and
use appropriate Saudi
Aramco crane hand signab'
Unaided, the traineewill correctlyidentify crane
ryPes and tnerr maJor comPonenrs.
INTRODUCTION
'sfithin
Saudi Aramco, many different types of crane
are used for lifting and moving loads. As a metals
mechan.ic you must be familiar with crane The ability to use
crane hand signals is
operations. You must also be fully aware of the
signals required when lifting and moving loads with
cranes. In the field, you will be required to act as a
member of a team performing crane oPerations;
therefore, you must be able to communicate easily
with other team members. This is why you must
learn the standard crane hand signals.
Module 3.4
-' --'-
,PARr t oBJEciivE 3.4.1 |
State the lJse of Saudi Aramco Hand Signals
Loads are never lifted by a crane operator acting

alone. Crane operations are performed by a number
of people working togerher as a rigging team.
Riggers near the load must communicate berween
themselvesand the crane operator. Their instructions
must be passedeither verballyor with hand signals.
Verbal instmctions are often impossible becauseof

distance or background noise. Therefore, the lift
team (riggers) must know the signals to direct the
crane operator. A set of standard hand signals has
been developed for this purpose.
As a metals mechanic, you will be part of the

rigging team during crane operations. ThereFore, you
must learn when and how to use crane hand signals
correcrly.
Duties of a Signalman
Saudi Aramco requiresrhat a fully comPetent
signalman be assignedto work with a crane oPerator
during lifting/moving operations.The law requires
that a signalman be present at all times whenever:
tr The operator cannot clearly see the hook and

load at all times.
tr The machine is being backed up or moved and

the operator cannot see all parts of the machine
and its path of travel.
tr The crane is working within a boom's length of

power lines.
Metals Mechanic lll
A Signal Man Must
tr Positionhimseliin Jullviewoi theoperator'

lf handsignalsareused,the slgnalman
mustbe closeenoughforthe signalsto be
clearlyseen.He mustbe positioned where
he hasfullviewof the loadandequipment
at all times,butin a placewherethereis no
dangerof himbeinghit.
n Befullyqualified andexperienced with
performing theoPeration.
tr Be maderesponsible ior keepingthe public
personneloutsideot
andall unauthorized
thecrane'soperating radius.
tr Directthe loadso thatil neverpassesover
anyone.
tr Be in constantcommunication wlththe
ooeratorat all timeswitheitherhand
signalsor by radio.
Figute I
Note: Hand signals are used only when the distance

between the operatorand signalmanis not too great, and
atmospheric conditions allow for clear visibility. lt is
recommendedthat the signalmanwear high visibilitygloves
(day-glow orange) to distinguish him from other men High
visibility gloves also make his signals more ctear'
RecommendedPractices
V4rere signalsare required, it is strongly
recommendedthat 2-way radios are also used' Radio
communicationsin addition to hand signals
significantly reduce the chance of accidents resulting
From misunderstood or misinterpreted hand signals'
During crane oPerations,if for any reason the

operator losescontact with the signalman, he must
stop the crane movement until communication is
resrored.t*Aere loads are picked uP ar one poinr and
Module3.4
lowered at anothet rwo signalman may be required;
one to direct the lift and one to direct the descent.
For all nighnime crane operations, adequate lighting

and radio cornmtnication must be provided and
used. Refer to Saudi Aramco GI 7.028 for full
regulations on nighttime crane operations.)
Hand Signals
V/hen you are tasked to perform rigger duties, you
will also be required to perform signalman duties.
This means that you must not only be able to
recognizeapproved hand signals,you must also be
able to use them correctly.
Youmust practice these signals Your Instructor will now explain and demonstrate
'Watch
and actions to become the hand signalsyou must learn. and listen as
comfoftableusing them.
he explains each action shown in the following
figures.
STOP
Arm extended,palmdown,movehand
rightandleft.
Figure 2
Metals Mechanic lll

LOWERBOOM
fingersclosed,thumb
Armextended,
pointingdownward.
RAISEBOOM
Arm extended,fingersclosed,
thumb pointingupward.
Figure lO
SWING
Arm extended,pointwith hand in direction
of swing of boom
Figure I I
Module3.4
THE LOAD
Witharm extended, thumbpointingup,
{lexfingersin andoutas longas load
movement is desired
Figure l2
THE LOAD
With arm extended,thumb pointingdown;
{lexlingersin and out as long as load
movementis desired.
Figure l3
EXTENDBOOM
(Telescoping
booms)
Bothfistsin frontof bodywiththumbs
pointingoutward.
Figure 14
Metals Mechanic lll

RETRACTBOOM
(Telescoping
booms)
Bothtistsin frontof bodywiththumbs
pointing towardeachother.
Figure l5
TRAVEL
(Both tracks)
Use both f ists,make a circularmotlon

indicatingdirectionof travel;forwardor
backward.
Figure 16
TRAVEL
(Onetracks)
Lockthe trackon sideindicated by raised
fist.Travelopposite track in direction
indicated by circularmotionoJotherfists
rotatedverticallyin trontoi body.
(ForcrawlercranesonlY).
Figure 17
Module3.4
TRAVEL
(Railmountor troil,
Armextended {orward,handopenand
making
raised,
slightly pushingmotionin
direction
of travel.
Figure 18
LOWERSLOWLY
Witharm extended downward, fore-finger
pointingdown,movehandin small
circles.Placeotherhand
horizontal
motionless,palmup,belowthe hand
givingthe motionsignal.
Figure l9
Arm extended,fingersclosed,thumb
pointingupward.Placeone hand
motionlessabovethe hand givingthe
motionsional.
Figure 20

Arm extended,fingersclosed,thumb
pointingdownward.Placeother hand
motionless,palm up, belowthe hand
givingthe motionsignal.
Figure 2l
SWINGSLOWLY
Useonehandto giveswingsignaland
in frontof
olaceotherhandmotionless
handgivingthemotionSignal.
Extendbothforearmsand handsin
positionand makeslicing
horizontal
mollon.
++@r!e!+->
11
Module 3.4
Correct hand signals must be given to the crane
operator. To insure that the oPerator does not
become confused, only one person is designatedto
give the signals. However, for safery a crane oPerator
will accept an emergency stop signal from anyone.
SUMMARY
In this part, you began by learning why hand signals
are needed, and the responsibilitiesof a signalman-
You then went on to learn the crane hand signals
themselves, and when to use them' Finally, you
learned that only one designatedPerson can give the
signals to the crane oPerator.The only exception to
this rule being the emergencystop signal - which
anyone can give if required.

EXERCISEA
Part 1
provided.
1. \Vhy is it recommended that a 2-way radio be

usedin addition to hand sisnals?
2. V4rat must be provided for any lift that takes

place in the hours of darkness?
3. \X/hat must a crane operator do if he looses

contact with rhe signalman?
'Who
4. for ensuringthat
is responsible
unauthorized personnel are kept outside a
crane'soperatingradius?
'i7ho can issue an emergency stop signal to a

5.
crane operator?
7'a
Moclule 3.4
Part 2
Dilections: Your instructor will demonstratevarious crane
hand signals which you must identify. Your instructorwill
tell you how he wishes you to record your answers.
Part 3
Directions: Your instructor will give you a number of
signals to pass on. You must then act as signalmanand
correctlypeiorm the varioushand signals.
14 Metals Mechanic |tl

,r*,i,- oBJEcrtvE,Arl,
tdentify Crane Types and Their Maior Components
Saudi Aramco usesmany different kinds of cranes

for lifting and moving loads.lVhile cranesvary in
size,capaciryfunction, and design,in general,they
can be divided into rwo groups:
tr Overhead cranes: where the lift is from directly

overhead.
tr Boom cranes:where the lift is from the end of

a boom.
OVERHEAD CRANES
Overhead cranes, sometimes called overhead traveling
Difterent countriesuse
cranesrare rated according to their lifting ability. different measurtng
'ton systems - Sl Metric,
This rating is usually given as a crane's capacity'.
US lmperial, or British lm?erial.
'ton' is
Unfortunatly,the term
used in more than one sYstem
- fot different weights!
q A US Ton is 2o00lbs.
D A metric ton (calleda tonne)
is 10o0kg(220olbs).
Q A British lmperial ton
(sometimescalled a 'long
ton) is 2240 lbs.
Because of these differences,
you must always check which
'ton' capacity is correct for the
crane you are using.
Figtre 24
Overhead Crane
Overheadcranesare usuallyusedinside buildings or

coveredareaswhere other ryPesof cranescan not
operate.They raiseloads and transPortthem to
other locationswithin the building or workshop'
Moclule3.4
fhese cranes operate on elevatedtracks or rails.
They travel through a building/shoP on a trolley
with wheels that move along the tracks. Overhead
cranes allow ioad movement (travel) in three
directions; bridge travel, trolley block travel, and
hoist travel. (SeeFigure 25).
TROLLYBLOCK
TRACK---t sw u ort
6-nroqe
+
t CONTROLPENDANT
These movementsallow loading and unloading,transter of.location'

repositioning,and in some cases,laying a workplece on lls sloe.
Figure 25
Direction Movement
In large workshops, crane travel is controlled by an
The pendant control box is operator inside the cage. He moves the control
connected to the electrical levers, or uses the hanging pendant. However, in
systemof the bridge. lt Provides
full control over the cranes smaller workshops, operating controls are simply via
operation. a pendant suspendedfrom the crane bridge.
The pendant control has two buttons for

each crane function. You must never push
any pair at the same time. Signaling the
crane to move the bridge backwatds and forwards
at the same time can damage the control system.
Most overhead cranes are electric-powered. However,

there are some Pneumat;r (air-driven) units' These
are used in areas where electrical devices create fire
hazards or other safery problems.

Before you operate any overhead crane' you must
know:
tr its capaciry
tJ its control system
tr Have any loading and unloading, transfer or

relocation job fully planned in advance.
BOOM CRANES
Boom cranes difler from overhead cranes. On a
boom crane, hoist ropes descend from the end of an
extended arm (boom). This boom can swing, tilt,
and sometimes telescopeto the desired position.
Another advantage of many boom cranes is that they
are mobile. They can travel under their own power
to the work area.
There are many rypes of boom cranes.Examples

coveredin this moduleare:
tr Jib cranes
tr Crawler mobile cranes
tr Automotive mobile cranes
Jib Cranes
The jib crane is a simple but very useful lifting tool'
AIl jib cranes have a vertical mast to which is
attached a horizontal boom. This means loads can
be moved horizontally becweenany poinr berween
the vertical structure member to the end of the
boom. Loads can dso be moved in a horizontal
radial direction - regulated by the boom swing'
17
Module3.4
'l'he
boom extends out From the vertical structure
member. It is securely attached to this about two-
thirds of the way from the base.
In Figure 26, you can see that the working boom

extends beyond the vertical structure member. At
the rear of the boom, stiff-leg bracesattached to the
vertical structure help support and strengthen the
boom. Additional support is provided by guys lrom
the upper section of the vertical structure to the
working end of the boom.
Figure 26
360", 270", and 180' Jib Cranes
The jib boom'slifting devicehangsfrom a trolley-

mounted block. The lead wire leeds through a series
of guides and fairline leads to the power source.The
trolley-mounted block slides :rlong the length of the
boom to shift the load to anv position within a
radius of the crane travel.
Crane radius is set by the length of the boom, vertical

structure member, and the shop or faciliry support
arrangement.Capaciry dependson the boom design,
structural size,and length. The lifting deviceslifting
capaciry must not exceed the boom's rated capaciry.
18 Metats Mechanic tll

As with any crane, before using the jib crane' you
must know its capaciry how to operate the lifting
device control system, and plan the task belore
srarting the lift.
Crawler Mobile Cranes

Cranes mounted on caterpillar tracks, powered by an
engine, and can move about are known as crawler
cranes. A number of different rypes and are sizes
available,depending on the task.
Figrre 27
Crawler Cranes
Crawler cranesare very stable.This is becausethe

chassis and track weight help keep the crane from
tipping while under load. Crawler tracLsallow
operarionover all rypesof terrain- evenexrremely
rough ground. For safety, when
crawler cranes are
used where peoqle
Commonlv, crawler cranes are used in heavy not associated with the work
industry, construction, excavation,and in highway can enter the work/lift area,
barricadesmust be installed.
building operations.
19
Module3.4
Crane capacity varies with crawler chassissize and
boom structural member sizes.The majoriry of
crawler cranesare fitted with lattice booms, so called
becauseof the crossedmetal structure members
connecting the upper and lower cord.
Automotive Mobile Cranes

Auromotive mobile cranes are boom cranes artached
to a truck chassis.These cranes can travel to a job
and on arrival can maneuver to the best hoisting
position. Many automotive cranes have four-wheel
drive, four-wheel steering, and extra low gear ranges
for traveling on soft or uneven surfaces' Most have
separatecabsfor driving and hoisting. Typical
automotive mobile cranes are shown in Figure 28.
Operating machinery for the cranet boom, working

tackle, and turntable is located in a separate
housing. This also seryes as a counterweight to lifted
loads. To provide added support, outriggers are used
when l.ifting loads. Outriggers prevent the truck
from turning over when the loads are raised at right
angles to the truck chassis.(See Figure 28.)
Figure 28
Mobile Crane Depending upon their design task, automotive
mobile cranes may be fitted with either lattice or
hydraulicbooms.
Beforcaftemptingany oqeration,
riggers must refer to the The cranet capaciry and stabiliry varies. It depends
manufacturer'shandbookfor the upon boom type and size, and truck chassis.
specificcrane.
Note: The lattice boom is designed for a specific crane
type. Therefore,it must only be used with the type of
crane for which it was designed.However,there are
sectionsthat can be added to lengthenor removed to
shoften a boom. This task is performedby qualified
riggers.

Hydraulic Booms
Hvdraulic booms are manufactured in various
lengths.They use hydraulicrylinders to provide
telescopicboom movement. The boom contains nvo
or three extensionswithin its outer rylinder.
OUTER-MI
Theseexlensionsincreasethe overalloperatinglengthof the

boomwhen in the fullyextendedposition.Hydraulicpressure
insidethe boom cylinderspowersthe exlensionsand forces
them outward.Hydraulicpressureis suppliedby an oil pump
connectedto a power drive unit.
Figure 29
Hydraulic Booms
Hydraulic booms must be carefully rigged for full

load capaciry.V4ren the boom is extended,
outriggersmust be fully extendedand all wheels off
the ground. Failureto set the cranecorrectlywill
result in severe damage to the crane and can easily
tip the whole mobile unit.
SUMMARY
In this module, you beganby learningabout ctane
hand signals - what they are and how to perform
them. You also learned the responsibilitiesof a
signalmanduring cranc operarions.
Module 3.4
In this part, you have learned about different rypes of
cranes.You learned that cranescan be divided into
fwo groups: overhead and boom. You then went on to
learn the function and controls for overhead cranes,
and how to identifr various gpes of boom crane -
static (jib) and mobile (crawler and automotive).
As a field metals mechanic, you are likely to be

tasked with operating overhead cranes and static
boom cranes. You will also be regularly given tasks
as one of the riggerson a mobile craneslift team.
Vtrether you direct operations or are one of the lift
team, you must always ensurethat you follow a1l
safety precautions, plan the lift, and use the correct
liFtingequipment.

EXERCISEB
Part 1
Directions: Name the numbered items shown in the graphic
of figure 30. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Figure 30
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
u. V4rat rype of crane is this, and why is it so

called?
Module 3.4 23
Part 2
Directions: Referrer to figure 31 to identify the correct
answers. Writeyour answers in the spaces provided.
Figure 3l
1. V4rat woe of crane is shown in item A?
2. 'What wpe of boom is fitted ro crane A?

3. V/hat rype of boom is fitted to crane B?
4. \X/hat wpe of crane is shown in item B?
5. \X/hat wpe of boom is fitted to crane C?
6. 'What woe of boom is fitted to crane D?
7. \X/hat rvoe of crane is shown in item D?
8. 'What rvpe of boom is fitted to crane E?
'What woe of crane is shown in item F?

9.
10. \il/hat rvpe of boom is fitted to crane F?
25
Module3.4
OBJECTIVE
Given tools and equipment, rhe trainee will select
appropriate jacking equipment and safely perform
lateral moves. Throughout the operation, the load
must remain stable and under control with no
pinching or snagging.
TOOLS, EQUIPMENT, AND MATERIAL
;1 Handbook for Riggers
f,l Pump/motor skid assembly
tr Jacks
tr Dollies
tr Hand operatedwinch (Tirfur)
tr li7ire rope slings
u Shackles
u \Tooden blocks
'Wedges
tr
tr Saferycones
tr Tape measure
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Selecrand use all personalprorecriveequipment
If in doubt about any
required to accomplish task. Use the correct tools for aspect of safety- ask
the task and always use safe working pracrices. you instructor for
NOTE: Any person who deliberatelyor through

incompetencethreatensjob safety shall be immediatelv
removedfrom the work site. Faiture to follow safe woikinq
practices while performing this task aid will resultin an
immediate fail.
Module 3.5
i
&n,
:.:::nl!r
TASK INTRODUCTION
In this task aid, you will follow the procedure
outlined in the task stepsto correctlyand safely
move the pump/motor skid assemblyto a new
l o c a t i o nu s i n gl a t e r am
l o v i n ge q u i p m e n t .
The task will be performedby a working group

assignedby the Instructor. To complete the task, the
following actions must have been performed to the
required standard:
These tasks must be L] Appropriate equipment for task selected,

performed cotrectly inspected, and used correctly.
and saf ely in full
accordance with safe working
procedures.
tr Throughout the move, the load must have
remained stable and under control.
'l'he
tr work area must have been inspected for
hazards and secured with safery cones or
warnlng taPe.
'Watch
your instructor's demonstrations carefully.
Ask him to explain any part of this task you do not
understand.
34 Metals Mechanic I
::ri!:1
PERFORM MANUAL LATEBAL MOVE

1. Check your instructions to ensure that you
Followall safety rules
know the task you must perform. while pertormingthese
lasks.
2. Inspect the job site, load, and clear the work

area of any tripping hazards.
3. Measure the load dimensions. (If information

not provided by instructor on load weight,
determine load weight.).
4. Preparesite by identifoingand checking:
. clearances along travel path
. load lifting points
. hoist anchor points
5. Identily the equipment you will require lor this

task and perform all required pre-use
inspections.
Do not proceed until you have informed

your instructor of your equipment
requirements (including capacities) and he
has cleared you to proceed.
6. Secure work area and load path with safery

cones. Position blocks, jacks, and wooden
blocks as required.
7. Raise the load evenly on all jacks, then place

dollies beneath the load.
Module 3.5 J5
8. Lorver load onto dollies and use wedges as
required to ensure that the load is secure.
rVhen secure,artach rigging equipmenr ro
anchor point and load, and attach Tirfur to

sling.
9. Removewedgesand, using the Tirfur, slowly

move the load to its required position.
10. -W4renthe load is correctly located in its new

position, reposition jacks and blocks and ralse -
the load to remove dollies.
'$7ith
11. dollies removed, lower the load and
remove all rigging equipment.
12. Collect and inspect a1l equipment and return 1t
to store. Perlorm any required housekeeping

actions.
Metals Mechanic lll

Metals
Mechaniclll
todule 3.6
Lift and toYe loads
isr..
Unit 3: Rigging
Module3.6
Lift and Move Loads

:SiWl:::t':..:i:]'!tw,a-&:iiQ. i!$1,: :--:: r{t:'.€i:.i:ql{::9ii:.i:1"1i::'::, .: '':33ffii.x'..l,"4:,X*fl{1.1*5:'.W{i}:
-:;,'.'
TRAINEEHANDBOOK
lnformation Sheets 1
TaskAid 3
$*,.
Enabling Objective Terminal Objective
None. Giuen appropiate toolsand
equipment, tbe trainee will
p erfo rm I ifti ng op era ri o n s
INTRODUCTION
in accordznce uith releuant
This is a performance module. In ir, you will take Saudi Aramco GIs.
the rigging knowledge you have learned throughout
this unit and put it to practical use.
You will set up and perform a lifting and lay-down

operation. To complete this task, you must select
and fit appropriate rigging equipment and perlorm
the lifting task to Saudi Aramco safely standards.
The task will be perFormedby a working group

assignedby the Instructor. Tb complete the task, the
following actions must be perFormed to the required
standard:
tr Appropriate equipment for task must be

;"";-;":;;;)
selected,inspected,and used correctly. performed cotrectly
G and saf ely in full
Appropriate hitch arrangement (no more than accotdance with safe working
procedures.
one rating size over load requiremenrs)must be
sclectedand used.
J Load must remain stable, balanced,and under

control throughout the operation, including
after lay-down.
tr All crane signals must be clear and of the rype

approved by Saudi Aramco.
al The rvork area must have been inspected for

hazards and securedwith saferycones or
..,^.-; ^^ f- --
Module 3.6
Ciii.'
'ry
Follow your instructor's demonstrations carefully.

Ask him to explain any part of this task you do not
understand.
Metals Mechanic tll

OBJECTIVE
Given appropriate tools and equipment, the
trainee will perform lifting operations in
accordance with relevant Saudi Aramco GIs.
TOOLS. EQUIPMENT. AND MATERIAL
tr Handbook for fuggers
u DVS pump cover
TJ Selection of Slings
tr Chain Hoist
tr Selection of Shackles
'lhg
J lines
fl Appropriate crane for load
tr Timbers/'Wooden blocks
J Saferl'cones
tr Tape measure
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Select and use a1l required personal prorecrive

equipmenr. For this task, this includes - hard hats,
safery gloves, safery glasses,safery shoes/boots. lJse
rhe correct tools for the task and always use safe
working practices. lf in doubt about any
aspectof safety- ask
you instructor for
NOTE: Any person who deliberatelyor through clarification. Safety is YOUR
incompetencethreatensjob safety shall be immediately responsibiliU.
removed from the work site. Failure to follow safe working
practices while peiorming this task aid will result in an
immediatefail.
Module 3.6
gtr
TASK INTRODUCTION
In this task aid, you will lollow the procedure
outlined in the task steps to correctly and safely lift
and moue rhe DVS pumP cover using appropriare
rigging and lifting equipmetrtand a crane of
appropriate sizeI capaciry.
If you are unsure of any safery requirements for this

task, you must ask vour instructor. Safery is your
responsibiliry.
Melals Mechanic lll

q.':
LIFT AND MOVE LOADS #

H
l. C h e c k y o u r i n s r r u c t i o n st o e n s u r et h a r y o u You may use your "Handbook
know the task you must perform. for Riggers" for reference *
throughoutthis task. #
g
'#i
2. Inspect the job site, the load (includingits
lifting points) and clear the work areaof any #
hazards. &
R
3. Measurethe load dimensions. (Your lnstructor

will tell you the load weight.) Then,
estimatethe loads center oF gravity.
4. Identif, the most appropriate hitch

arrangement for the task.
5. Calculate appropriate capacity of

rigging equipment requirements lor
hitch arrangement.
Figure I
b. Identi$' the equipmentyou will requirefor this

taskand perform all requiredpre-useinspections.
Do not proceed until you have informed your

instructor of your equipment requirements
(including capacities) and he has cleared you
to proceed.
7. Vith your instructort guidance,identif' crane

requirementsand capaciryand then havethe
crane positioned correctly for the lifting task.
8. Securework area with safery cones. Position the

timbers/wooden blocks For the load lay-down.
9. Attach appropriate rigging equipment to the

cranet load hook.
Module 3.6
*E
10. Position the load hook and rigging
equipment above rhe loads estimated
center of graviry
11. Attach rigging equipmentand tag line

to load.
\ 2 . $7hen rhe load is securelyarrached,

signal the crane operator to tension
the rigging equipment on the load.
1 3 . Using the chain hoist, equalize tension

on the hitch arrangement.
1 4 . Signal the crane operator to "raise

hoist slowly" until the load is lifted
approx2" (50mm). Check flangefor
level.
Figure 2
15. Signal the crane operator to "raise
hoist slowly' until clear of the casing
bolts.
1 6 . Using appropriate hand signals,dircct

the crane operator to position the load
over the lay-down timbers/blocks, and
lower rhe load until it is securely
supported by the blocks.
t 7 . 'J7ith the load securely supported by

the blocks, lower the crane hook and
remove all rigging equipment.
18. Inspect the equipment for return to

Figure 3 store and gather all equipment and
signs lrom the work area.
Metals Mechanic I
19. Direct the crane operator out of the work area
and then return all equipment to store.
Module 3.6
l$d :
1.0 CRANESAND LIFTING EQIIIPMENT
SAUDI ARAMCO INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
ALL REFERENCED STANDARDS ARE INCORPORATED INTO THIS SECTION.
Saudi Aramco Geoeral Instructions:
GI 2.100. Work Permit System
G12.702. Electrical Safety for Boom or Derrick Type Hoisting Equipmeat
GI 6.029. Reporting and Recording Of Motor Vehicle Accideuts
Gl7.024. Marine and Offshore Cranesand Rigging
GI 7.025. Mobile Heavy Equipmeot Operator Testing and Certificatioo
G17.026. Cranesand Heavy Equipment Accident Reporting
GI7.027. Persomel Work Platform Operations
GI 7.028. Crane Lifts: Types and Procedure.s
Gl7 .029. Inspection, Testing and Mainteuanceof Wire Rope Slings
GI 7.030. Inspectioo aod Testing of Cranes, Elevators, Powered Platforms, and Mobile Aerial
Baskets
Refinery lnstruction Manuai:
1.087. Precautionsto be taken for Operating Cranesnear OverheadPower Lines
1.E08. Operating Cranes
Heavy Equipment Operator Licensing Information, Attachment No. III.1
'D':
Schedule
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements - Cranesand Rigging
Equipment
Saudi Aramco Crane Safety Handbook
Riggers Handbook
American Petroleum Institute:
API SPEC 2C Specificatioo for offshore Cranes
API SPEC 2D operation and Maintenanceof Offshore Cranes
Fcbrury 1993 - Construction Slfety M!nu!l: Cr|n ! And UftinC Equipmcnr Plgc 23E
Coot.actdr Liaisoo Notice No. 5.
Procedurefor Obtaining Craoe and Heavy EquipmentOperator'sLicensesfor

(SeeAppendixF)
ExpatriateEmployeas
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDSINSTITUTE(ANSD
ANSI A10.4. SafetyRequirements
ANSI30.2. Overhead
andGantryCranes
ANSI 830.3. Hammerhead

Tower Cranes
ANSI 830.4. Portal,TowerandPillar Cranes
ANSI 830.5. Mobile andl-ocomotiveCranes
ASME 830.6. Derricks
ASME 830.8. FloatingCranesandFloatingDerricks
ASME 830.14. SideBoomTractors
ANSI B30.16. Overhead

Hoists
ANSI 830.22. ArticulatingBoomCrares
1.1 CompetentPerson
A competent person is a person who, by possessionof a recognized pertinent degre€ or
certificate of professional sta-nding, or who by extensive knowledge, training and
expenencehas successfullydemonstratedthe ability to solve or resolve problems relating
to safe crane operations and procedures (e.g. Rigger Techaician, Crane and Rigging
Spccialist,etc.). A competentpersonshall superviseall lifts.
1.2 Saudi Aramco Crane Operations(GeneralRequirements)
Before beginning any crare operation, the supervisor and operator sbould complete the
pre-operationchecklist (Figure III.t). A lift plan required as a part of this procedure must
provide the following information:
l. Craneradius
2. Boom length
3. Safe working limits of the crane (load chart)
4. Weight of the load
5. Ground and site conditions
6. Placemeotof tbe crane
7, Swing and tail clearances
8. Necessarycommuoicationto be used
9. Explanationof handsignals
10. Rigging hardware
FcbMry 1993 - L0 Cnncs lnd Lifting Equpmcnt Pagc 239

ll. Rigging sketcb for criticsl or hazardouslifu
12. Rated capacity of rigging components
13. Sling angles
14. Strain cslculations
15. Wi.ud velocity
16. I.oad momeot indicator
17. Other
One competent persoo shall be placed in charge of the lift with the responsibility of
explaining iD detail, the duties of all iavolved ia the lift before the actual lift conmenc€s.
Tbe outriggers must be futly exteuded prior to the lift, and tbe nrbber tires must b€ off the
ground (seeFigure IIl.2, Crane Lift Plao).
Cranes shall have a valid Crane Safety iaspection sticker issued by the Saudi Aramco
Crane, Communication, and Facilities Insp€€tiooUnit. (SeeGI 7.030.)
1.3 Saudi Aramco Crane Operator Qualifications
A valid SAG hevy equipment license and Saudi Aramco Crane Operator Certificate are
required for all cootractor mobile crane op€rators. Contact the Vehicle & Heavy
Equipment Training and.Testing Unit Ctel. Nos. 8754347/874-1857) to operate specific
mobile heavy equipment. (See GI 7.025.)
1.4 SpecialCrane Opemting Procedures

Heavy lifu, critical lifu, and crane personnel work platform operations require special
procedures outlined in the Saudi Aramco General lostructions. Ttre Heavy Haul Unit,
Transportation Dept., Abqaiq should be contactedand lift plans/work p€rmits submitted.
(See GI's 7.027, and 7.028.\
1.5 Effect of Wind Speeason Crane Operations ,r
Wben wind velocities are above 32 kmlb (70 mph), the rated load and boom lengths shall
be reducedaccording to mrnufachrrer specifications- Wind forces are greater at height by
as much as 35% or more. All lifts above ground level, must accouDtfor wind force, i.e,,
side loads, down drafu, etc. as applied to the load and boom. (See TABLES III.I and
rrr.2.)
t.6 OverheadPower Lines i:
There is an area surrounding evory power line that is referred to as tbo absolute liDxit of
approach. It is strictly forbiddea to Eroveany craDeboom or load liae or load irto this are
unless the line has beeu de-energized or insulated. There are no exceptiors. The
absolute limit of approach varies accordbg to the following table:
Line Voltace AbsoluteLimit Of Approach

UD to 250,000volb 20 feet (6 mete6)
Over 250,00O 25 feet(7.5 meten)
Fcbn:rry 1993 - 1.0 Crrn s lnd Ufiing Equp Ed PrSc240

FrcuRtm. I : PRE-LIFTOPERATIONCHECKLIST
. OPERATOR:
. CURRENTSAUDI ARAB GOVERNMENTCRANE OPERATORS'LICENSE

. CURRENTSAUDI ARAMCO OPERATORS'CERTIFICATE
o OUTRIGGERS:
. FULLY EXTENDED
. LEVEL GROUND
- COMPACTSOIL
. HEAVY PAD SUPPORTS
- LOCKINC PINS/LOCKSSET
. NO HYDRAULIC LEAKS
- NO DAMAGE
- GOODCONDITION
- WHEEIJ OFF THE GROUND
r OPERATIONi
. CURRENTCRANE SAFETY1NSPECTIONSTICKER
- CLEAR 3600VISIBILITY
. NO SHADES/CURTAINSIN CAB
. LOAD CHARTSIN CAB
- CLEAR VISIBILITY
- WIND, ABOVE 20 n/h (32 km.rh),NO GO
. DO NOT OPERATEDURING STORMSAND AT NIGHT
- LIGFINING, NO GO
- BARRICADECRANE CAB SwiNC AREA
- TAG LINES IN USE
- CLEAR OVERHEADPOWERLINES
- CLEARAREA oF PERSONNEL l-112x BoOM LENGTHS
. NO LIFIS OVER WORKERSOR CRITICAL PROPERTY
. TRIAL LIFT, FLOAT LOAD ONE METER OFF GROUND TO CHECK
BALANCE
. CLEAR VIEW OF SIGNAL MAN (RIGCER)
- DO NOT PULL LOADS WITH CRANE
. LOAD RADIUS INDICATOR
. MAN LIFT WORK PERMIT
. ANTI.TWO BLOCK OPERATIONAL
- LMI (LOAD MOMENT INDICATOR)OPERATIONAL
r RIGGING: ::
- CHECKALL RIGCINC FOR DAMAGE

- CHECKSLING LOAD CAPACITY
- CHECKBLOCK.HOOKS.etc.FORDAMAGE
- HOOK SAFETY LATCH IN PLACE
- RECORDWEIGHTOF LOAD
- RECORD WEICHT OF CRANE GEAR, ADD CRANE GEAR WEIGHT TO
TOTAL WEIGHT
Februlry 1993 - 1.0 Cnncs and Lifting E4uomeir Prgc:41

. LIFT PLAN APPROVED
. USE LOAD WEIGHTMEASTRINODEVICEFOR UNKNOWNLOADS
. TR.AVELING:
. BLOCKSECURED
. TIRESPROPERLY INFLATED AND IN GOODCONDITION
. BRAKE LICHTS,SIGNAIJ, MIRRORS'HORNOPERATIONAL
. ROUTE PLAN CHECKED FOR FIRM CROUND, OVERHEAD AND SIDE
RESTRICTIONS
. ESCORTVEHICLESREQUIREDWITH FLASHING BEACONLIGHTS
- SPEEDTO BE MAINTAINED FORSAFELIMITS (SLOWAS POSSIBLE)
. PARKING:
- BOOM AND HOOK BLOCK(S)LOWEREDTO TRAVEL POSITION
. APPLY SWINGBRAKE AND POSITIVESWING LOCK
- TrE DOWN HOOK BLOCK(S)
. RETRACTSTABILIZERS
. RETRACTOT-TTRIGGERS
- EXTENDSTABILIZERS AND LATCH ONTOFLOAT PADS
- WEIGHTOF CHASSIS OFF THE TIRES
- LET ENCINEIDLE 3.5 MINUTES
REMOVE ALL FOREIGNMATERIiT.,FROM CAB(S)
- CLOSEALL DOORS,W]NDOWS,SKYLICHTSAND COMPARTMENTS
- TURN OFF SMTCHES
. STOPENGINE
, tl t:ltt
Prs.217
Fcbdrry 1993- l.O Crrn . rnd Lifrin8 Eupmc
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:s I 272.{ F
SE i 3 go
E3i
E'
'nz oForl' e
iii.i
az
n z
i F; ,l zo 9
S\9 55.- ol o
g: o
Eis 5l
cr
oU
F$fr$
i;Yt
a:6'
.;o!
o F' a z 3 3
?
Y
qe? F (f
\ a- o -t
:/=*t*\:'p
q
9">
'r6 o rEa-i0= f.
o c <<: o
I {o efgfi
; -I x-" o
= > <L r e
a- a- :-i 6- a o
5.'
! or: !. 'dQg.
.- e: b
:g3F r'-< g p-+ : Xoa
f,o_=
9 z
s.i.
oei
,1 <F
-'
7
dk- r_t n(,
?l P:. p
i: l:. P
vl
;az ;1-
6- ci
rl.
d6
5c
5' "
5.
E
""1 n nad
I
;s* ?',
o
i-1 6
d€T
ool t 1 t 1 z
\ Qo
s> o
-\3 {
.q l.
E'
sR
u3. 3
Fi
F\
s>.
a
TABLE III. 1: WIND SPEED(IUIEJ hR HOUN,)VS. FONCEOr WNN IN POT,'T\DS
PER SQUANE
FooT
MILES FORCEPERSQUARE
PERHOUR FOOT,POT'NDS
I .004
2 .014
3 .036
.0@t
I
l0
l5 .9
20 t.o
TABLE ltr.2: WIND SPEEDDENNITION
The following table lists speed, in the rnajor uaits, relative to Beaufortwrrd Sele
Numbers, the
itrtemationally acceptedreferenc€for wind force:
Beaufort Description Kro(s I\4/S€c KM/H Miles/II

Numbers
0 Calm 0-l 0{.51 0 -1 . 8 4 0 - 1 l.5
I Lieht Air l-3 0.51-1.53 1.84-5.52 l. l5-3.45
2 Light Breeza 44 [email protected]'l 7 . 3 6 - ll . 0 4 4.64.9
Gentle Breeze 't-10
3.58-5.1I 1 2 .8 8 -1 8 . 4 8.05-11.5
Modente l l-16 5.62-8.18 20.24-29.44 12.65-18.4
Brezr
5 Fresh Breeze 17-21 8 . 6 9 - 1 0 . 7 3 3t.28-38.64 t9.55-24.15
6 StronsBreeze 22-27 1 1 . 2 4 - 1 3 . 8 0 40.48-49.68 25.3-3t.05
7 Near Gale 28-33 1 4 . 3 1 - 1 6 . 8 7 5t.5240.72 32.2-37.95
8 Gale 34 -40 l7 .38-20.44 62.56-73.6 39.1-46
9 StronsGale 4147 20.96-74.02 75.44-86.48 47.t5-54.05
10 Storm 48-55 24.53-28.11 88.32-101.2 55.243.25
u Violent Storm 56{3 2E.62-32.20 to3.o4-1t5 .92 64.4-72.45
l7 Hurricane 64+ 32.71+ 117.76+ '13.6
Reference:GROVE COLESCRANESPECIFICATIONBULLETIN NO. 045
Fcbnr:ry 1993- 1.0 Cn'|.t Ard Litins Equipnc.r Prs.24

2.0 SLINGSAND LIFTING GEAR (RIGGING)
Saudi Aramco Geaeral l-qstructions:
Gr7.027. PersonnelWork PlatformOperatioos
G[7.029. Inspection,Testirg8ndM8intenance
of Wire RopeStings
AmericanNational Sta.ndrrds:
ANSI 830.5. Mobile aad l-ocomotiveCranes
ANSI 830.9. Slings
ANSI830.10. Hooks
ANSI R10.20. Below the Hook Lifting Devices
ANSI 830.21. Manuallykver Operared

Hoists
SaudiAramcoCraneSafetyHandbook(SeeAppendixE)
SaudiAramcoRiggersHandbook
SaudiAramco lnspectionProcedures
O7-AIP{I-P InspectionofSteel Wire RopeSlings
2.1. Safe Working Lnad (SWL) I
Slings and other rigging equipment must be constructed aceording to a recogtized

st -odard.
The safe workiog load of rigging equipment is the maximum load whicb the equiDme't
should be subjectedto; this load should never be exceeded.
Before use, all new equipmentshould be subjectedro a proof load test by tbe manufacturer
aod certified. The safe working load aod serial number sball be cleady marked oo the
slhg and the liftiag gear, either by tagging, stamping, eograving, or embossing. Riggers
shall not use lifting gear uoless tbe safe working load is clearly visible (see Figures III.3
and III.6).
Slings shall Dot be tagged with an safe workirg load in the field. Approval by the
Iospection Departmeot and subsequent review by the l_oss prevention Departmeot is
reouired.
Fcbu./ 1993- Coonn ction SefctyManurl: SlingrArd LininS C.:r Pryc 245
2.2. Chain Slings
2.2.1 Grade
Ooly alloy steelchaincomplyingwith ASTM A391shallbe used' Othergrades

sre subject to approval by the Seudi Aramco Crsne, ComnuDicstions 8od
Facilitie.sltrsP€ctionUnit [CCFIII (seeFigure UI'5).
Eacb grade of chain sbould be clearly tagged by the Datrufacturer, aud riggers
should be trii-oed to look for the safe working load marted on each sliag' Ttey
sball be forbidden to use any e4uiPDeot unless the safe working load is clearly
visible.
All attached fittirgs (hooks, rings, etc.,) sball be as prexribed by the

manufacturer. Hooks, shackles, atrd eyebolts shall be equal to or exceed tbe safe
working load of tbe chain.
2.2.2 Repairs
Moden chains are produced under closely cootrolled factory couditioas using
proper he3t treatment and testing procedures. On-site welding repairs c€ulot
provide the necessarycontrolled conditions to safely repair a daroagedchain.
Damagedchainsmust be retumed to the manufacturerfor repair or destroyed. lo
particular, watch for bent links, cracked welds' and excessivewear-
L.L.J
Logger chainsor cbains used to securctruck loads shall not be used for riggiog.
2,3 Wire RopeSlings
2.3.1
Wire rope is the nrost conunon tyPe of sling in use otr construction sites' It is
essential that each wire rope sling is properly constructed and used' All wire
rope slings shall be nnnufactured, inspecied' atrd load tested by a recogdzed
manufacturer. Homemadewire rope slings shall not bo sllowed at Saudi Aiamco
unless they meetall stattdardsand passinspectioo by CCFIU.
2.3.2 Damaged slings shall be destroyed if th€re are:
) 1,71
* 10 raodom brokeu wirx io one laY.

t 4 broken wires i-o one strald of a rope lay.
* Ooe broken wire at the fitti-Dg.
2,3.2.2
' Severelocalized abrasionor scraPinS.
1993 - 2.0 Slinss And Ufting Car Pzgc 246

FcbM./
2.3.2.3
Kinking, cnsbing, birdcaging, or aly other damege causrug

distortion.
2.3.2.4
* Evideace of heat damaee.
2.3.2.5
End sttachoetts are cracked, deformed, or excessively wom.
2.3.2.6
+ Bent or ooened books.
)aJ1
* Severecorrosion.
2.3.3
Each sling shall bear a perrranent rnarufacturer,s identification stating the safe
working load (SWL) in tons ard serial number. proof load test and
documentationof testing is required from the manufacturer(see Fisures III.3 and
III.6).
2.3.4
Wire rope clips (bulldog clips or crosby clips) shall not be used to nute slings.
2.4 SyntheticWebbingSlings
Tlrese are nranufacturedfrom woven mal-made fiber. Their strength lies in the width of
their bearing surface. These sliDgs must not be subjected to point loading, sharp edged
objects, and non-vertical lifting (see Figure III.7). Synthetic web slings shall be marked
with a stitched in label to show:
(a) Name or trademarkof manufacturer

(b) Rated capacity for each type of hitch
(c) Type of mabrial
2.4.1 Rernoval from Service
Slirgs whicb bave been damaged or are defective in any way shall be
immediately removed from service, cut up and destroyed.
2.4.2 Repaired Slings
The use of repairedslings is prohibited.
F.b rry 1993- 2.0 Sling! And Lifl.ingCclr PrC.247

2.5 Syntheticand Natural Iiber Rope Slings
2.5.1
markedio show:
Eachsyntbeticandnaturalfiber ropeslingshallbepermaaeutly
2.5.1.1 Name or tradeoark of manufacturer
2,5.1.2 Manufacturer's code or stock number
2.5.1.3 Rated loads for the types of hitches used
2.5.1.4 Type of natural or syuthetic material
2.5,1.5 Date of manufacture
1<1
All associated rigging hardware shall equal or exceed tbe safe working load
ratiag of tbe rope sling.
2.s.3
Slings sball be removed from service and destroyedwhea:
2.5.3.1
+ The fibers are cut, badly abraded or seriously wom.
2.5.3.2
* Tbere is considerablefilament or fiber breakage(a light fu"zing
is accePtable) on the strrface.
2.5.3.3
* There are particles of broken filament or fibers ircide the rope
between strands.
2.5.3.4
+ There is other damage visible zuch as: meltiag or charring,
kin-ksor hackles,knob, damag€dfittiogs.
Fcbnrery 1993 - 2.0 Sliog! And Lifiing C.!r

Prg. U3
2.6 Qgr.e 6f $lings
Thc followiag points Dust bo c{nsider€din lbe'stonge and handling of slings:
2.6.1
Slings will undergosbock loading when a load is suddenly lifted or wheu tbe
hoisting is abruptly stop@. This en be ceusedby tbe zudjen appticatiooof tLe
cnne bra&e,thejertilg of the load by poor operation, or th. siiog slipping ou
the losd. A shockload can increasetbe normal working load by astuch as five
times its value.
2.6.2
As the angle betweeo the legs of a multiple sling increases, the safe workrns load
-Dever
decreasfs, The included angle should be uo rnore than 9O0 and must
exceed l20o uader any circumstalces (seeFigure IU.9).
2.6.3
Before storage,cbaia and wire rope stings should be cleaaed, lightly lubricated,
aod inspected. Slings must be stor€d in a locatiotr where they are not liable to
zuffer nrecbanical dauuge, away from extreres of hest, coid, and esoecrally
danoness.
2.6.4
Contractors shall nuirtain a job site log of slings contaiaing the following
iaforrnation: ID. tumber; date in senice; safe working load as stated il proof
load certificate; full details of periodic inspections(seeFigure III- 13).
2,6.5
All rigging sball be inspected at least every six moorhs per ANSI 830.9, and a
Sling hsp€ctiotr Report shall be completed and filed for review by the Crane
Inspector to corply with GI 7.029.
.t1
Hooks
2.7.l
Hooks should be fitted with a safety catch oo the hook openiog, or sbould be
moused with wire and a shaclle used or the hook should be desiened so tbat the
sliags caaoot be displ&ced(Figure lll.l l).
"r '1 1
l-ods should be applied on tbe hook only ia the part designed to take them (i.e.
tbe beod [bow] of the hook). Point loading can result in over stressiag the hook
causiag it to open or bra-k. Therefore, point loading shall not be permitted.
Fcbrurry 1993- 2.0 Sliq' Ard Uning G.|r Pagc 249

2.7.3
Hooks sbould be regularly inspected for signs of dairuge'
The hook sball be removed from service for the following rearcns:
1. If tbere are visible cracks

2- Ifit is twist€d 1@ out ofplace
3. If there is a 15% tkoat opening beyond the manufacturer'ssPecification
A thotough examination shall be carried out each year by a qualified inspector.
2.8 SpreaderBars
2.8.1
tested,and hspe.tedto ANSI 830.20.

barsshallbe rrunufactured,
All spreader
2.8.2
Spreader bars shall be permanently identified with the safe working load,
rrranufacturcr'sname and serial number.
2.E.l
Spreaderbars shall be stored away from moisture, and Protected from physical
danage.
2.9 EyeboltsAnd SafetyHoist Rings
Sometimesmachinery or other equipment is delivered to the site witb eyebolts

attachedas lifting points. For zuch sihrations, the design and function of each of
the three basic types of eyebolts should be known (seeFigure III.l0.).
2.9.1
Slandardoyoboltsare the weakestand are dependableon.ly for vertical lifu.
', a',
Shoulderedeyebolts can be used at slieht angles, but are unsafe at less tha.n45
degreeswith the borizontal,
2.9.3
Safety hoist rings (swivel eyes) are bolted in place with a calibrated totque
wencb ard rnaintain uraximum capacity at all angles.
F . b r u l r y I 9 9 3 - 2 . 0 s l i n g s . r - n dL r f f i n g 6 c r r Prgc50
2.L0 Shackles
Sbackles (clevis) ere used for makini connectioos in rigging. They should be
tested by the nunufacturer and nurked with tbe safe working load.
The pins are separatebut rEtched parts of the sbackles, so care must be taken to
use the correct pin for each sbackle. Rebar, mild st€el bolts or sim.ilar items are
not 8c{€ptablereplaceneotsfor shlckle pins (see Figure III.l2.).
2.tl Rigger
The job of rigger requires thorough training. The maa assigned must be well-
acquailted with the capabilities of the crane being used, hand signals, the
different functions of lifting gear, aud the various methodsof loadine.
Fcbrurry 1993- 2.0 Slingr And LiRingC.rr Prsc 251

uRt UI.4: INSIALLTNG
A WEDGESocKEr ON A RopE
ncuRE III.5: Two-LEccEDCHAINSLING:MAJoRCoMpoNENrs
MASTENLINK
MASTER
COUPLTNG LINK
COUPLING LINK
CHAIN
COUPLING LINK
SAFETY CATCH
SLING HOOK
FIGURE
III.6: SLINGFIxINcs
S O F TE Y €
(SlingNo. 123
SWL 8 Tons)
Fcbrurry 1993- 2.0 Stin8rAnd LininS C.r.

P.gc U3
RcIJREuI.7: Svtyirrcrrc WerrtNc SLINGs
TYPE I Sling rn.de with. tri.ngte fitting on one lnd and.,totted t r i a n g t ec h o k e r f i n i n g o n t h e o t h e r e n d . l t c a n b e u r e d i n ! v a r t i c a l ,

barket, or choker hi!ch-
TYPE II S l i n g m a d . w a r ha l . i a n g l e t i r t i n g o n b o t h e n d r . I t c a n b e u i e d i n a v e r t r c a l o r b a s k e t h r l c h o n l y .
TYPE lll S l i n g m a d e w r r h 6 f l . ( l o o p e y e o n e a c h e n d w i t h l o o p e y e o p e ^ i ^ 9 o n s a m . p l a n € a r 5 l i n gb o d y . T h i t t y p s o l r l l n g , r r o m e -
r i m e s c a l l e d a l l a t e y e a n d e Y € ,e Y ea n d € v e , o r d o i r b l e e v e t l r n g .
TYPE lV 5tin9 made wirh both loop eyet lormed as anType lll. except that rh€ loop eye. are turned ro torm a loop eye which ri at .
r i g h r a n g l er o r h e p l a n e o t t h e ! i i n q b o d y . T h i r t y p € o l n i n g i r c o m m o n l y r e f e r r e d t o a i a t w i t r e d e v e r l i n g -
TYPE V E n d l e s s l i n g ,r o m e l i m e 3 r e f € r r e d a grommer. lr ir a conrinuousloop lo.med bv joining rhe endr ot ihe labrrc togerher
TYPE Vl Rcrurnsya {reve.rad eya) rling i t l o r m e d b y u 5 i n €m u l t i p l e w i d l h i o l v r e b b i n gh e l d e d g . t o € d g d . A w e a r p a d i i a l l a c h € d o n

one or boft rid.r ol th€ lling body and on o ^ e o r b o t h 3 r d e so f t h e l o o p e y e i t o f o r m a l o o p e y e 3 t € a c h e n d w h r c h r t a t a r r q h t a n g l e r o
i h e p l a n eo f r h er l i n gb o d y .
Fcbury 1993- 2.0 slingrAnd LiRinsc.tr Prsc 254

I
E
!o
rr6r"ai'.--
3l
'a I
ai
I
lrl
i
.=
t F
4,,
'a
t. !
t I
,I
I
I I
{
z^ l l
II I
I
II I
I
P1 I
FI I
zl I I
II
I
l
I
I
zl
-l
anl .g
l
I J
- e! II I
I
e{l
-l
I
I
II
2
i:
I
L
rl
:
z
; e
.:l =
FTCURE
III.8: SLTNG
I,oADTNG FICT'RE
Itr.K EYEBoLTS
STANDARD
E'/EBOLT
r+,k, 5202k9
,€' rr, la
1 F ! ET E N S I O NO N A S L I N GL E G O E P € N D SU P O NI T SA N G L E T O T I . ] E
L O A D A S W E L L A S U P O NT H E W E I G H TO F T H E L O A OT O A E L I F T E D . S T A N D A R DE Y E B O L TW I T I ] L I NK
FIctrREIII.I(): CRAm IIooKs FIGI,REIII.1I: STIACKLES
SAFETY
CATCH
R O C K E RT Y P ES A F E T YC A T C n
BOWSHACKLE
"c" HooK
M O U S EH
DO O K
. . D ' 'S H A C K L E
F.bruiry t993 - 2.0 Slingr Aad Lining Gerr Prge255

' C U R EI I I , I : PRE.LIFT OPERATION CIIECKLIST
OPERATOR:
OPERATORS' LICENSE
CURRENTSAUDI ARAB GOVERNMENT CRANE
CERTIFICATE
CURRENTSAUDI ARAMCO OPERATORS'
OUTRIGGERS:
FULLY EXTENDED
LEVEL GROUND
COMPACTSOIL
HEAVY PAD SUPPORTS
LOCKINGPINSiLOCKSSEl-
NO HYDRAULIC LEAKS
NO DAMACE
GOODCONDITION
WHEEI-SOFFTHE GROUND
OPERATION:
CURRENTCRANE SAFETYINSPECTIONSTICKER
CLEAR 36OPVISIBILITY
NO SHADES/CURTAINS IN CAB
LOAD CHARTSIN CAB
CLEAR VISIBILITY
WIND, ABOVE 20 m/h (32 km/h)' No Go
NIGII'I'
DO NOT OPERATEDURINGS ORMSAND AT
LIGHTNING, NO GO
BARRICADECRANE CAB SWING AREA
TAG LINESIN USE
CLEAR OVERHEADPOWTRLINES
ilran enpe on PERsoNNELl-l/2 x BooM LEN.THS
NO LIFTSOVERWORKERSOR CRITICALPROPERTY 't'o cliE
OFF GROUND
TNTEI IITT, FLOAT LOAD ONE METER
BALANCE
CLEARVIEW OF SIGNALMAN (RIGCER)
DO NOT PULL LOADS WITH CRANE
LOAD RADIUS INDICATOR
MAN LIFT WORK PERMIT
ANTI-TWO BLOCK OPERATIONAI-
LMI (LOAD MOMENT INDICATOR) OPERATIONAL
RIGGING:
CHECKALL RIGGINGFOR DAMAGE

CHECKSLING LOAD CAPACITY
CHFCKBl OCr tlCrOXS.etc FoR DAM AGF
,: r'\' rri' '
R E C O R DW E I G I T TO I TI O A I )
ii-ECORD WEiCIIT Ul' CRA}.l: Cr^ia' '\i)i-, ('li'i"'.rr !'-'1^
TOTAL WEIGI{T
-
OrganizationNamc:
OrganizationCode #: Work Permit Rcquired? YES! NOE
SpecificWork t,ocation:
I-oadllandlindBoom Slowed Erected N/A Weight:
C) Crane Irformatiotr (See'Notes" Below)t !trD

i. SA InspectionSticker YESn nln
I I n . p c c l i o nS t r c k c rF \ f i r ) D J l t :
lD #;
3. Equipment
.1.C'rane
Model:
5. CrancTypc: L3eam
Lifiing/Sprcader Neecled'lYF-S[ No! n
YES! NOI
Sticker?
f)oesBeamIIa\eCurret Inspccrion
6. ('rancRatcd('apacity: lbsikgs
7. CrancOperating Codc# ( i1'applicablc):
Il. SingleLine Pull(iapacity: lbVkgs Weight ofl.oad Ilandling L)cvices(ScctionIJ Abovc)
#
9. of Parts of Line:
+ Weight of L.oadto bc Lif'ted(SectionA)
10. Total Gross CapacityIIook 13lockas Reeved:
lbs/kgs = Total Gross Weisht (Sections A + B)
tsoomLcngth:
1. Required ft/m
l. Bon"r Angle: ricgtrc. 2. Slingl ype{s):
lbs/kgs 3. SIingSize(s):
_..
3. RecluiredCounterweight:
,1.SlingLcngth(s):
5. ShacklcSize: - in/cm & Capacity: lbsikgs
(Fronl,Rear.360"): 6. CapacityofAbove Configuration: lb9kgs
5. Lili Quadrant
ifapplicablc):
(Derated.
F) CraneCapacityin This Configuration Total Gross Wcight - Capacity '- 7o
G) Surt-ace Requiremcnts Needcd(other Than Mandabry outrigger Pads):Mats?YESE NOE Is the GroundLcvel'l YESn NOn
r"..i". C."".J'c"lnpaction l YLSE
for Loads
Specifications
or GI 7.028Limits/Manufacturer's
H) Wind SpeedShallNot ExceedGI7.027 t,imits for Manbaskets
power-Lines WithrnlJoomRaclius'lYFSlNOI lxplosion/Fire/High within BoomRadius?
tleatHazards YES! NO f]
I) Energized
Manager?YF-S! NO fl
J) ts This a Nighttimecranct.ili'l YES E NO [-] lf Yes,Do You HaveWriltenApprovalFromFacility
NlandatorY CAN CRANE MAKT] L|FT? YES f] NO fI
"**Attention: A Pre-Lift Safetl Nleetinsis
Narnc (Signature) Cenificate# gging CompetcntPerson
Approvcd by: Rigger-lr'Ri
Originator: (Print):
,.,-ame
Rigger:
tsadge #:
Cfane ()pcretor:
Ccnificatc f:
I,SER Signaturc:
Sunerr'isor:
I Altach sLclch(eso ) l l i f t s i t c . n o t i n g o b s t a c l e st o n r o \ t n r e i r l o f l o a d . b o o m . o r t a i l s w r n g
Pl)l) (]oncurrcncc
L A l l u n i t s o f w c i g h t s h a l l b e l i s t c d i n t h c s a m c u n r l so l n r c a s u r ea s C r a l r e[ ' o a d C h a n
( n h i : n r c ( l u i r c dh ) C ; l 2 7 0 2 )
.1. i\ll unrlsofnrcasurcshallbelrsl.dtnthesilrncunrtsofmcasureas('rancRangcDiagrarn
. 1 . A l t a c h c o p y o f C r a n c L o a d ( ' h r r l , R a n g c D i a g r a l n .i t r r dS r l i t ) N o l c s '
( spccrlicalrons
5 . ( e n a r n o e i g h r s r n a y b c d c d u c t c d l i o m ( ' r a n e L o a d h e r t c a p a c i t t e sb a s c do n m a n u t b c l u r c r ' s
OrganizarionName:
DareofLift:
Vfork PermitRequired?yES E N O E
SpecificWork Location: Contract#:
LoadHandlins,Boom
Aftachments
Swing-AwavJib:
L SA InspectionSticker \TS OtherJibs:
2. Inspection
SdckerExpiryDate: Hook Block (Main):
3.Equipment
ID #: AuxiJiaryBoom Head:
4. CraneModel: Headacbe
Ball:
5. CraneTlpe: Lifting/Spreader
BeamNeeded? \,ESD NOE
DoesBeamHaveCunenrInspectjon
Sticker?
I.ESE NOD
o. LraneKated( apacrtl: lbstgs Slings,Shackles,etc.:
7. CraneOpemringCode# (ifapplicable):_ Odrer:
I. SingleLinePuJlCapaciry:_ Ibstgs
WeightofLoad HandlingDevices(SectionB Above)
9. # of Parrsofline: |,,. tbs/kgs
10.Total GrossCapacityHook Block as Reeved: + WeightolLoad to be Lifted (SectionA) 6,,",i: (; 16r,,r,9,
lbs&gs
: TotalGrossWeisht (sectionsA + B) 6 .!,,: !.
; nsngs
L Required
BoomLength:r'6.1 fum
2. SlingT1pe1s.1:
3- RequiredCounrerueiehl:
-- Ibskgs 3. SlingSize(s):
4. SlingLen-gth(s):
4. Operating Radius; _,_____.
5. ShackleSize: i cm
5. Lifi QuadranrfFront. Rear.jb.Ool:-- 6. CapacilyofAbove Configuration:
F) CraneCapacityIn lhis ConfigurationlDerated,ifapplicable):
__1 Total GrossWeighr- Capacity=,___,
;']l*::,1'^tl:3i;::::;"50"(Y'^1;ffl
ProperGround
compacrion? Jl9:llo g-rirt
9"",*':c"*"ri"Ji\Ti5
l: Pads
ry:..1lls
n rygffi
rBS ff \ToD Exca'ation id; il""; ] \ES! N OD
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***Atlention: A Pre-Lift Safetv
Meetingis Mandatorv
"uu.
CANCRANE]\{-{KE LIFT? YESEl NO!
Approvedby: Rigger-1,&.igging
Competentperson
Name(Print):
R;gger:
Badge#;
CraneOperator:
Certificate#:
USER
Notes: 1 . Atiach sketch(et oflii sire,noting obstaclesro movementofioad, boonl

or tail srvi:rg.
2. All unitsofweightshallbe iisredin lhe sameuni{sofmeasureasCraneLoad
Chart. PDD Concurrence
All unils ofmeasureshal)be ljsted in the sameuni!sof measureasCr"n.
Runq" t,;,_"orrl. (uhen requiredbl GI 2.702)
4. .\ilachc,pv ofLrane LoadChan.RangeDiarram.andSrfeq Nores.
5. cenain weightsmav be deducredliom crane Loadchan capaciliesbased
on manufacrurer'ssDecifications
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Rigger Handbook

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Enabling Objectives TerminalObjective

3 . 1. 1 Unaided, the nainee utill

If you are unawareof the dangersin rigging and

State Rigging Operation Personal Safety

Generally,on a work site, personalsaferycan be

tr protective clothes and equipment

tr safe lifting and carrying

PROTECTIVE CLOTHES AND EQUIPMENT

'As you learned the function f Hard hat*

tr Full body harnessand lifelines

I-ike many other tasks on a petrochemical plant,

Hard hats,leatherwork gloves,and safetyshoeswith

Metals Mechanic lll

To provide protection,your safetyhat must be in

f Keep your hat clean by washing the shell,

D Check the shell for dents or cracks everv time

Note: Some riggerjobs do not need gloves, becauseYou

Full Body Harness and Lifelines

Metals Mechanic lll

Lifelinesmay be madeof eitherfiber rope or metal

You usea full harnessand lifeline when working in

Like all saferyequiPment,beforeuse you must

Rigging operations are much safer if you

Refer to figure 5. This figure showsa worker

Metals Mechanic llt

Lifting heary objectsincorrecdycan easilyresult in

Manual Lift i ng Techn i ques

3 Feet: Placeyour feet careFully- one foot beside

J Back: Keep your back as straight as possible- as

J Chin: Keep your chin tucked in toward the

J Grip (Fingersand Hands): Placeyour fingers

Preparing to Lift HeavY Obiects

Lifting Heavy Obiects

Note: Leg muscles lift by pushing upward. The arm and

Moving Heavy Obiects

Do not twist your body or tum sideways

Me,als Mechanic lll

If you want to placethe object on a table or stand

Bent back + Straightlegs =

The lifting techniquesfor two men are the same

One man issuesthe commandsto lift, move, stop,

10 Metals Mechanic lll

You then went on to learn the safe, correct methods

2. What wpe of saFetyglassesare best suited to

4. \7hat must you keep straightwhen manually

5. How high should you carry the load when

12 Metals Mechanic lll

State Bigging Operation Field Safety Practices

Field safetyinvolveslollowing all saferyprecautions

Many loads are very heary. Vith these kinds of

Capacity/Safe Working Load (SWL)

If the capaciryplate or SWL stamp is mlsslng,ask

If you find a piece of equipment showing signs of

18 Metals Mechanic lll

Signals and lnstructions

l{igging tasksoften involve severalpeopleworking

For this reason,when cranesignalsmust be given,

Metals Mechanic lll

It is not just when taking up tensionthat pinch

Stay Clear Of Electrical Hazards