Rigger Handbook
Rigger Handbook
Rigger Handbook
3.r.3
Unaided,the traineewill correctlystaterigging
operationfield saferypractices.
INTRODUCTION
As a metalsmechanic,an important part of your
day-to-dayjob will involvelifting and moving heavy
pipe spoolsand equipment.In this unit, you will
learn how you must perform theserigging duties.
Module3.1
---oBrEcnnE
aiAar t 3it
ADJUSTABLE
WEBBING
HEADBAND
Figure I
Fitting a Hard Hat
Module 3.1
Leather Work Gloves
Another important pieceof protectiveequipment
when rigging is a pair of leatherwork gloves.These
Drotectvour hands from cuts and scratches when
handling wire rope and other materialswith rough
surfaces.Normally thesegloveshavecloth wrisrs and
leatherpalms.
Safety Shoes
As you learnedearlier,saletyshoesare a very
important part of your personalprotectiveequipment
and must be worn in all SaudiAramco plants and
workshops.
Safety Goggles/Glasses
Additional protective equipment is neededfor some
rigging jobs. Often, this includes eyeprotection
becauseof the possibiliryof small particlesfalling
lnto your eyes.
'When
rigging,you will often look up to follow a
load. !7hen ropes,blocks,and sheaves are moving
overhead,there is a real possibiliryof rust or metal
particlesfalling into your eyes.For this reason,
Figure 2
General Safety Equipment for gogglesor safetyglasses with sideshieldsare desirable.
Rigging
Figure 3
Full Body Harness
'When
usedcorrectly,a full harnessprovides
protectionfrom falling.They are made of synthetic
materialsand are fined with D-rings' There is also a
sliding back D-ring attachedto the belt which
securesthe lifeline with safetysnaps.
Module3.1
lifelineto the harnessD-ring, and to a suPport
capableof carryingyour weight.
Figure 4
Use of Harness and Lifeline
Module3.1
tr Arms and Elbows: Pull the object to be liFted
close in to your body (with your arms and
elbows tucked in).
Note: if you hold your arms away from your body, you
lose much of your lifting strengthand power. Keepingthe
arms pulled in also helps to keep your body weight
centereo.
PROCEDURE
Refer to figure 6 For graphic representationof the
following lifting and moving procedures.
YOURBACK
KEEPING
BENDYOUR
STBAIGHT,
KNEESTO LOWEFAN
OBJECT.
NEVERbend your back when
lifting or lowering Figure 7
Lower Obiects by Using Leg
Muscles
Figure 8
Never Lift With A Bent Back
Module3,1
Two-Man Carry
Sometimes, a load is too heavy or bulky for you to
carry by yourself.In such case,get helP.
11
Module3.1
EXERCISEA
Dircctions: write the correct answers in the spaces
provided.
'W'hat
l. should you do to your hard hat at least
once a month?
'When
3. working abovewhat height must you
wear a full harness?
Protective Equipment
Protective equipment and clothing is extremely Safe workingload (SWL)is the,
important to your safety.Always use the salety weight an item can safelY
support.
equipment needed for the task. For rigging, this
always includes: hard hat, gloves,safety glasses/
goggles,and saferyshoes.
Figure 13
Capacity/SWL Markings
lnspect Equipment
The peoplewho dependon equipmentworking
safelyare you and your workmates.Make sureyou
remain safeby carefullyinspectingall items (slings'
hooks,chains,straps,etc.) beforeyou use them.
Figure 14
Ensure Area M arked and Barricaded
70
Module3.1
,)
DON'T CAUSECONFUSION!
STOP,SIGNALSMUSTBE MADEBY ONEPERSONONLY.
EXCEPTEMERGENCY
Figure 15
O n e M a n t o G i v e Si g n a l
Handling Hooks
Many accidents happenbecause of incorrecthandling
of hooks.Often, you will haveto hold a hook in
placewhile cableslackis taken up by a hoist or a
crane.When tensionis takenup, keepyour fingers
from betweenthe hook and the load and its slings.If
you ignorethis rule - your fingerscan easilybe
pinched- broken,crushed,or evencompletelycut ofF.
Figure 16
Handle Hooks Only By the Back or
Shrank
Figure 17
Watch Out for Pinch Points!
Module3.1
Electric shocks are uery painflul,and a shock from a
high power line can easilykill you. Therefore,before
you operateany rigging equipmentnear electric
wires,you must first contactyour supervisorfor
and addcdsaleryprecautions.
insrrucrions
Table I
Limit of Approach
\
\'-
\
{-
-'..]r\
\ .
\u\\)-
'/-"'-'
POWERLINECONTACT ISTHELARGESTSINGLECAUSE
ASSOCIATED
OF FATALITIES WITHCRANES.
Figure 18
Beware Electrical Hazatds
23
Moclule 3.1
Keep Loads Low and Slow
One of the most importantrulesof good rigging
practiceis to keep loads low and slow.
'W'hen
moving objectswith cranesor hoists,you
must never raise the load hieher than needed. If
possible,neverlift loadsabovenearbyequipment.
Figure 19
Prevent Swinging: Keep Loads Low and Slow
'When
you must work aloft, specialequipmentis
available to rarseyou abovefloor level.Portableand
poweredscaffoldsand safetyharnesses have the Figure 20
NEVER Ride the Load
necessary safetyfeaturesfor work of this type.
Figure 2l
NEVER Stand Under a Suspended Load
Module3.1 25
Use a Tag Line
If a load is close enough to the ground to be steadied
bv hand, that is what you should do. Howevet when
you must lift loads higher, attach a tag guide line to
the load.The tag line shouldbe held by a flgger on
the floor and so control the load'smotion in the air.
Class Exercise
To securetag lines, specificrypesof knots must be
used.In this classexercise,your instructorwill hand
out some piecesof tag line rope. You must practice
tying the knots shown in figure 23 until you are
able to tie them in a correct, safe manner.
USED FOR
ROUNDTURN & TWO HALF-HITCHES:
FASTENINGOBJECTSWHERETHE ROPE IS AT AN BOWLINE:USEDFORTYINGA TEMPORARYEYE
ANGLFTO THE OBJECTAND MAYSLIDEUPWARD I NA R O P E .
OR DOWNWABD.
Figure 23
Tag Line Knots
27
Module3.1
Always check that you
Additional Rigging Satety Precautions
know all relevantsafety
rules and precautions In addition to the rules covered so far, there are a
wheneverperforming rigging number of additionalsaferyprecautionsthat you
operattons.
must be aware of.
THEEFFECT OFTHEWIND
ON A LOADCAN BE SEVEBE.
Figure 24
Additional Safetl' Precautions
Metals Mechanic lll
KEEP ALL PEOPLEOUT OFTHE UNLESSSPECIFIED
BY MANUFACTURER,
DANGERAREA! NEVERLIFTOVERTHEFRONT!
"',oA'dllISSb!E!i"
MAKESUFEALL PERSONNEL
AREWELL MARKTHE LOCATION
OF ALLUNDERGFOUND SERVICES
CLEAROFTHECRANE! THATCOULDBE CRUSHEDBYTHEWEIGHTOF THECBANE.
Figure 25
Additional Safetv Precautions
Module3.1 29
SUMMABY
In general,lifting and rigging saletycan be thought
of as having three parts:
tr inspectingthe equipment
tr usingthe equipmentcorrectly
'Why
2. must you placebarriersor markerswhen
lifting a load?
'Where
4. must you handle hooks?
Module3.1
'W'hat
6. is meant by "absolutelimit of approach"?
'Where
7. should you never placeyourselfduring
lifting operations?
'W'hy
R are tag lines used?
1? 3
INTRODUCTION
As you learned in the last module, the abiliry to
perform rigging and lifting tasks is and important
skill for metalsmechanics.
L-r this module, you will lcarn to identifr various You must perform a
common items of rigging equipmentand learn why pre-use inspectionon
ALLrigging equipment.
they are used.You will also learn how to perform Remember,safety is YOUB
on riggingequipment.
pre-useinspections responsibility.
Module 3.2
PART I OBJECTIVE3.2.1
CONNECTINGEQUIPMENT
fugging hardware includes a number of different
connectors.To be able to use these connectors, you
must be able to identiS' them - and know their
purpose and use.
Shackles
Shacklesare U-shaped connectors.You will use them
to connect up (couple) slings to eyes, and hooks to
eyes. \7hile a number of different shackle rypes are
available, all shackles consist of rwo parts: a body
and a pin.
Figure 2
Shackles
Module 3.2
STOCK INSIDEWIDTH MAX. SAFE MAX. SAFE
DIAMETER AT PIN WORKINGLOAD WORKINGLOAD
( TNCHES
) ( rNcHEs
) SINGLE VERTICAL SINGLEVERTICAL
PULL PULL
A B (POUNDS) (ks)
3/16 3/8 665 302
'1,000 454
1/4 15132
17/32 1,500 680
3/a 21/32 2,000 907
7t 1 6 23/32 3,000 | ,\ro I
'1 16 4,000 1, 8 1 4
1/2 3i
5/8 1 1i16 6,500 2,948
3/4 1 1/4 9,500 4,309
'13,000 5,897
7t8
1 1 11/16 17,000 7,711
1 1/8 1 13/16 19,000 8,618
11/4 2'U32 24,OOO 10,886
1 3/8 21/4 27,OOO 12,247
1 1/2 2 3t8 34,000 15,422
1 3t4 2 718 50,000 22,680
2 3 114 70,000 3 1, 7 5 1
2 1t2 41/8 100,000 45,359
3 5 150,000 68,038
3112 5 3/4 200,000 90,718
6 1t2 260,000 11 7 , 9 3 3
Figure 3
Examples of Shackle Safe \Torking Loads
lNCORRECT CORRECT
Figwe 4 Figure 5
Center Load the Pin Unfastening Screw
Shackle lnspection
Before use, you must ensure that rigging hardware
has the capacity for the task (S\7L) and is safe to
use. Because shackles can be damaged from
overloading and misuse, before use you must
perForm a visual inspection to check:
tr Cracks
Module 3.2
T H R E A D SO N
P I NA N D B O D Y
CHECKFOR
WEAF
CHECKFOR
WEARAND
STRAIGHTNESS
CHECKTHAT PIN
IS ALWAYS
SEALED
C H E C KS . W . L . CHECKTHAT
IS STAMPEDON SHACKLEIS NOT
,OPENING'
THE SHACKLE
Figure 6
Shackle Inspection Points
Eyebolts
Eyebolts are threaded connectors. They are installed
on loads (o provide a place to artach slings.
Commonly, eyebolts are permanently installed on
equipment that must be removed/dismantled
regularly. \7hen eyebolts are permanently installed,
rhey are usually placed so that the load can be
raised in a balanced position.
Figure 8
SWL - Straight Shrank Eyebolts
EYEBOLTS
_SHOULDER TYPEONLY
- FOBGEDCABBONSTEEL
SAFEWORKINGLOAOS(LBS)CORRESPONDING
TO ANGLEOF PULL
o
ltl
REDUCE REDUCE REDUCE o
1/2
VERTICAL
z
VERTICAL VERTICAL 1- uJ
5/8
LOADS LOADS LOADS o=
z2
3/4 BY75%
7t8
BY 45% BY65% o
o
tu
N O T E : S W . L . F O R P L A ] N( S H O U L D E R L E S E
SY) E A O L T SA R E S A M EA S F O R S H O U L D F BB O L T SU N D E RV E R T I C A LL O A D '
ANGULAR L O A D I N GI S N O T R E C O M M ENDED'
Figure 9
SWL - Shoulder-Type Eyebolts
Module3.2
Eyebolt lnspection
As will all rigging hardware,you must inspect
eyeboltsbeforeuse.Check for:
Hooks
Hooks are used as connectors on hoists, cranes, and
slings. Hooks can be connected to shackles, chains,
or directly to the eyes of slings. V4rile hooks come
in many different sizes and shapes, they all have the
same function.
Hook lnspection
Before use, you must check the hook has the
capaciry (SWL) for the task, and is safe to use.
Figure l0
Hooks Check For
Figure 12
U-bolt \i?ire Rope Clips
NOTE: lf using this method, before placing ropes under Wire rope cliqs must
tension,tighten the clip nuts - Tightenthem again after not be used to
the load is on the ro?e. manufacture a sling.
Module 3.2
Rope Approx. Min.No. Spacing ot
Oia. Weight Clips tor Each Clips
tn tb. Rope End in.
1 2.72 4 6
't 3.20 5 63/a
118
1Y4 4.50 5 7Y2
1 3/8 4.60 6 a%
'lY2 5.80 6 9
1 5/8 7.20 6 93/a
13/q 9.50 7 1OY2
2 12.50 8 12
2% 15.50 I 13Y2
2Y2 18.00 8 IC
Table I
Number of clips and Spacing for Application
tr Stripped threads.
tr Corrosion (on threads,wire and U-bolt itself).
D Improper clips (clips must be correct for task
and all of same rype).
tr Improper spacing(clips should be approx.six
rope diametersaPart).
tr Improper positioning(U-bolts must bear on
short or deadend of rope).
Figure 13
[] n
Spreader or Lifting Beam
11
Moclule3.2
Purpose of Spreader Beam
The purpose of a spreaderbeam is to Prevent loads
from being crushed. The beam is used when existing
pick (lifting) points on a load are to be matched or
to provide load stabiliry by preventing the load from
sliding, tipping, or bending.The beam movesup
and down with the load. (SeeFigure 14.)
Module 3.2 13
Refer to the engine lathe mounted on wood skids
shown in Figure 17.
Beam lnspection
II- ANCLES INCOBBECI.THE CENTEB Before use, you must inspect a beam to ensure that:
OF GRAVITYSHIFTS
Plate Clamps
Plate clamps permit steel plates to be lifted without
the need for holes being cut or lugs welded to
attach lifting equipment. Plate clamps have iaws
which when attached correctly, securely grip the
plate. (See figure 19.)
Module 3.2 15
Plate clamps come in various capacitiesand sizesto
take the various thicknessesof plate. (See Figure 20).
Figure 20
Plate Clamp Variations
ADJUSTING EQUIPMENT
V4ren an unbalancedload is lifted, sling lengths
must be adjusted.This is done to placethe load
hook of the hoist or cranedirectly abovethe load
center of gravity.
Turnbuckles
The turnbuckle is used to adjust the length of a
rope. It can be used to increase or decreasetension
in a sling or line.
tl Eye - Eye u Hook - Clevis l- * " *,, * **r, " "" mbination
1 is also called a iaw.
tr Hook - Hook D Clevis - Eye
'lurnbuckles
are often placedbeween an eye on a load
and a sling. Alternately,turnbucklescan be placed
beween a sling and a shackle,or a sling and a hook'
17
Module 3.2
Figrre 22
Fitted Turnbuckles
Turnbucklelnspection
You must inspect Turnbuckles for several different
kinds of wear and damage. Check the body and
both rods.
Figrte 25
Inspection Points for Turnbuckles
7A
Module 3.2
SUMMARY
In this part, you have learned to identi$' various
common items of rigging hardware. You have
learned how these equipments are use, what they
look like, and how to inspect them before use. E
Module 3.2
7. V/hat is the purpose of a lifter beam?
'What
B. can be used to increaseor decrease
tension in a sling or line?
'What
9. oermit steel plates to be lifted without
the need for lugs welded to attach lifting
equipment?
Part 2
Directions: Your instructor will hand out items of rigging
hardware. You must peiorm a pre-use inspectionon this
equipment.You must state whetherthe equipmentis safe
to use, or unsafe to use- lf unsafe,you must state why it
must not be used.
tr Chain Hoist
'Winch
fl Hand Operated (Tirfur)
COME-ALONG
Come-alongs are in common use in Saudi Aramco.
They can be used for vertical lifts, horizontal pulis,
RATCHET
or as adjustors when balancing loads' The small size MECHANISIV
of the come-along makes it very versatile.
Module3.2
lW4ren lifting, you move the handle uP and down.
BATCHELPAWL
V/hen pulling, move the handle back and forth'
Figure 27 shows the ratchet pawl on the side of the
handle. You can set the pawl so that thc come-along
either raisesthe load (UP) or lowers it (DN).
Figwe 27
Come-Along Ratchet Pawl
A LOAD
BALANCING PULLS
HORIZONTAL VERTICALLIFTS
F O F IV E R T I C A L
LIFT, SET RATCHET
PAWL TO UP
POSt'flON.AND
M O V EH A N D L E
F O R H O R ] Z O N T AP L U L L S ,S E T R A T C H E TP A W LT O UP AND DOWN
U P P O S I T I O NA, N D M O V EH A N D L EB A C KA N D T O R A I S ET H E
F O R T HI O P U L LL O A DF O R W A B D . L O A DC H A I N .
Figure 28
Use of Come-Along in Different Applications
Come-Along lnsPection
Before use, you must perform a full inspection on
the come-along and its component Parts.
CHAIN HOIST
Chain hoists are used to lift and move machinery With a hoist, you can lift a load
and equipment. By using a seriesof reduction gears, of up to ten tons with Your own
muscles!
hoists reduce the effort needed to lift a load.
tr light weight
Module 3.2
Spur Gear Chain Hoist
rW4rilethis rype of hoist is the most expensive,it is
U P P E RH O O K
Hoist lnspection
You must inspect all chain hoists before use. Inspect
Figure 29
the hoisrs and check:
Spur Chain Hoist
-ngttt:!*at**. '{F..
.e" 'sd
.+* NorE: -
er rHr wrFEloeg_u_s_e_o1n111-
$ Frr
nrrRruntsIAPEREDro *
* EASILYINTOTHE N4ACHINE,
*
a
e
Figure 30
Hand Operated Winch (Tirfur)
27
Moctule3.2
Refer to the lollowing text and figure 31 lor
instructions on how to use the hand operated winch.
Tirfur lnspection
Before use, you must inspect both the winch and its
associatedparts.
D No corrosion
D No kinks
tr No broken wires
tr No unraveling
tr No excessivewear
SUMMARY
In this part, you have learned about various rypes of
manual hoisting equipment. You can now identify
and state the functions of a come-along, chain hoist,
and hand operated winch. You can now also
perform the important pre-use inspections required
by theseequipmenrs. E
29
Module 3.2
EXERCISEB
Part 1
Directions: Writethe correctanswersin the spacesprovided
31
Modute 3.2
PART III OBJECTIVE3.2.3
'Wire
tr RopeSlings
Endlessslings
SingleJegslings
Endless Slings
Endless slings are made in a continuous looP-
Examples are shown in Figure 32.
Figure 32
Endless Slings
Figure 33
Single Leg Slings
Mechanical Splices
A mechanical splice is a loop formed by a Flemish
eye splice with a sleeve pressed on the rope at the
base of the loop. This holds the ends of the strands
in place. Pressureapplied by a mechanical or
hydraulic press elongates(stretches)the sleeve.This
makes the bond benveen sleeve and roPe comPact
Figure 34
and permanent. Mechanical Splice
33
Module 3-2
WIRE ROPE SL'NGS
tVire rope slings are used to secureloads to hoists,
SOFTEYE SOFTEYE
THI[,4BLE REEVING
THIMBLE
SOFTEYE SLINGS
Figure 35
Vire Rope Slings
Wire Rope Sling Inspection
Through use, wire rope slings can be damaged and
so unsafe for use. Therefore, you must inspect them
before use.
OFWIREROPE
DIAMETEB
SA C HH A V EA S M A L LB U T D E F I N I T ES I Z E
W I B E R O P EC O I \ I P O N E N TE
T O L E R A N C ET. H E R E F O N ET, H E F O P E M U S TH A V EA D I A M E T E RT O L E R A N C E
A L L W l R € R O P EM U S T H A V EA D I A M E T E RA T L E A S TE O U A LT O T H E N O I \ , 4 I N A L ,
O R C A T A L O GS . IZE..N . E V E RS M A L L E RS. T A N D A R DH O P E SM A Y E X C E E DT H E
N O M I N A LD I A M E T E RB Y T H E A M O U N T SS H O W NB E L O W
1316,_ 1 1/0,
13/16', 1 1/2'
19t16"- 21t4'
Fi,gr:.re 37
Measuring Wire Rope
BELT SLINGS
Synthetic fiber slings (commonly called belt slings)are
rypically made of braided nylon or polyester. Becauseof
their softness,they are used for lifting equipment that
would be marked or damaged by wire or chain slings.
There are three commonly used rypesof belt slings:
ffi
ffi
IJ
METALEYES ,
ffi
SOFTEYES ENDLESS
SLING
Figure 38
Belt Slings
Module 3.2 35
While synthetic slings are light and strong, they are
not as durable as wire ropes or chain slings.They are
easilvcut and damaged.This means that you must
take specialcare to protect them when handling loads
with sharp edges and abrasive surfaces.Also, note that
the sling material can melt if placed near hot pipes or
other heat sources.
Figure 39
Belt Sling Parts
'Wear I Crushing
tr
tr Abrasion tr Kinking
37
Module 3.2
Fit a wire rope sling so that the minimum radius
arour-rdwhich it is bent is at least 3 times the
diameter of the rope.
\..-|!,j),
Figure 40
Use of Chafing Gear
SUMMARY
In this module, you beganby learningabout rigging
hardware and the inspections you must Perlorm on
this equipment before use.
ao
Module3.2
Part 2
Directions: Your instructorwill hand out various types of
slings. You must perform a pre-use inspectionon these
slingsto determineif they are safe to use. lf you feel the
strap is unsafe,you must state why it must not be used.
Module 3.3
Rigging a Load
t r;.;*t'$,';t*:,-:;i;;ktt:ti:,:*;-ji:il&r:jll$,lrii$,,i'li:i:r:,r;.::1*{:|:::!yt!sisiL-i
TRAINEE HANDBOOK
lnformation Sheets
Exercise A IO
Exercise B T5
Exercise C 25
Exercise D 3l
TaskAid 33
Enabling Objectives Terminal Obiective
3.3.r Giaen tools equipnrent and
Unaided, the trainee will correctly identif' basic material, the trainee uill
hitches. select apltropriate rigging
ltardutare and hitch
arrangements for liiiing a
Unaided, the trainee will correctly select the correct load in accordance uith
hitch arrangement for a load. releuant Saudi Aramco GIs.
3.3.3
Given appropriate tables, the trainee will correctly
calculate arrangement capaciry.
124
Unaided, the trainee will correctly determine
appropriate sling size for hitch arrangements.
INTRODUCTION
In Module 3.2, yor: learned about different rigging
and lifting devices.However,belore you use any of
thcse devices,you must learn how to attach slings to The processof attachingslings
krads and lifting devices (hoists), and what to connectorsis called hitching.
lrr this module you will learn how to hitch, iift and,
nrove a load safely.You will then bring together all
rhar you havelearnedso far by hitching and rigging
.r load yourself.
Module 3.3
I pa9-r-- oBJECTIVE 3.3.1
tr choker hitch
tr On balancedloads.
Bridal Hitch
'Iwo,
three, or four slings can be used together to
form a bridle hitch. These are used for hoisting an
object that has the necessarylugs or attachments.
Bridal Hitches can be used with a wide assortment
of end fittings. They provide excellent load stabiliry
when the:
Module 3.3
THESESLINGLEGS ABE
CARRYINGTHE FULL LOAD
ON A BIGIDOBJECTBEINGHOISTEDWITH A
4-L€G BBIDLE HITCH(OR 3-LEGHITCH)lT lS
POSSIBLEFOB THE TOTALWEIGHTTO BE TAKEN
BY ONLY 2 LEGS WHILE THE OTHEI] LEGS ONLY
SERVETO BALANCETHE LOAO.
Figure 4
4-Leg Bridal Hitch
Basket Hitch
A basket hitch can be single or double hitch type.
ffi
Nll
end back to the hook.
A
Some loads will automatically equalized with each
@
tI
@
OF BASKETHITCHESARE
CAPACTTY
leg supporting half the load (as shown in Figure 5).
You must ensure that the load does not turn or slide
along the rope during a lift; otherwise both load
AFFECTEDBYTHEIRSLINGANGLES and rope will be damaged.
Figure 5
Single Basket Hitch
TO PREVENI
SLIPPAGEKEEP
ANGLE 60%
OR MORE
W H E R EA L A B G EL O A DI S T O B E L I F I E D ,
A F O U R - L E GE R I D L ES L I N GC A N B E M A D E
INTO A LARGE DOUBLE BASKETSLING
Figure 6
Double Basket Hitch
Module3.3
Choker Hitches
Like the basket hitch, a choker hitch can be single
or double hitch rype.
WRAPCHOKERS
PAIROF DOUBLE
Figure 10
Double S7rap Choker Hitch
Module3.3
SINGLEDOUBLEWRAP
CHOKERHITCH
PAIROF DOUBLEWRAP
BASKETHITCHES
PAIHOF DOUBLEWRAPCHOKERS
Figure l1
Examples of Double 'Vrap Hitches
PULL PULL
t t
PINTURNSAND
GETSTOO TIGHT
PULL
?
P I NT U R N S
AND COMESOUT
INCORBECT.
ROPECAUSESPIN
CORBECT TO MOVE- UNSAFE
Figure 12
Safe and Unsafe Use of Shacldes
Module 3.3
EXERCISEA
Directions: Refer to figure 13. ldentify each of the hitches
shown and write your answers in the appropriate space.
J\
o& \;w
Nll
Figure 13
i. 2.
3.
5. 6.
7. 8.
SELECTINGHITCH
To select a hitch arrangement for a rigging job you
must make a choice. You must decide between
alrernate rechniques. taking into account:
'W'eight
O and balance of the load.
tr Load dimensions.
Load Weight
V4ren planning a rigging job, the first Piece of Remember: the weight
that a piece of rigging
inlormation you need is the weight of the load.
equipment can safel|
suppotl is called its Ca?acitv ol
rWeight is important - it determines the maximum Sale Working Load (SWL). lft
equipmentis subiectedto a loaa
load that each piece of rigging equipment must be greaterthan its ca?acitY.it maY
able to handle. fail.
11
Module3.3
Load Balance
The second piece of inlormation you need to know
is load balance.
Figure 14
Unstable and Stable Lifts \X/hen you determitre the balance of a load, you
must find the center of gravity. You can then lift the
load from the correct lifiing point.
Load Clearance
The third step in planning a rigging job is checking
clearances.
Hitch Selection
Some loads are fitted with lifting lugs, eyebolts,or
other attachments. If these are fitted, it makes your
job of selecting the best hitch arrangement much
Figure 15
4-Leg Bridle Hitch
'l-herefore,
the best hitch arrangementfor loose
bundles,(pipes,rods, etc.) would be a pair of
double-wrapbaskethitches(seefigure 17). The
reasonfor this is that a double-wrapbaskethitch
Figure l7
providesthe best stabiliry lor this load. Double Vrap Basket Hitch
Module 3.3 13
V4ren you must lift a large load, be aware that you
can use different combinations. For example, lor the
load in Figure 18, a 4Jeg bridle can be made into a
large double basket hitch.
\-\
Figure 18
Double Basket Hitch
SUMMARY
In this part, you have learned that to be able to
select the correct hitch for a load, you must
consider: load weieht and balance, dimensions, and
clearances.In the next part, you will learn how to
calculate hitch arrangement capacify. E
Figure 19
l.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
15
Moclule3.3
oBJECT|VE 3.3.3
. "."-, - -T:ffl;F::)8il"*'.jj.-
wr.E FOPE slltlcs
wnEFOPESIIXGS
6137c|asgl'caenGfup.kr'prcv€d
,."
Figure 20
'Wire
Rope Classification
2,0@
10.000
r2.000
Figure 2l
Synthetic Slings
Module 3.3
Note: naturalfiber rcPes(sucn Synthetic ropes are made from many materials'
as manila ropes) are /ess Nylon, polypropylene, and polyester are common'
common,but you may see them
used in the field.
fb use the sling table, first find the correct table for
the sling being used. Then find the column listing
that matchesyour hitch type. Look down the middle
of the column until you find the first number
greater than your load weight. On the far left side of
the table, find the minimum required diameter or
Capacity of a single vertical
hitch made with a 1/2"wire roqe width of the sling you must use. (Seesidebar for
sling (6 x l9lwRC) is 4,700lb.
example.)
3/16
'1600
450 1,200 1,050 850
'I 600
,100 825 2,200 1,900 l EEN ,100
5/16 1A<n 1,250 3,300 2,850 2,350 l AEN
For DoubleBasketHitchmultiplyabove
valuesby 2.
Note: Tablevaluesare for slings with eyesand thimblesin both ends,Flemishspliced Eyes
and mechanicalsleeves.
Handtuckedsplicedeyes- reduceloads accordingto table 1'11' page47'
Eyestormedby cable clips- reduceloads by 20"/..
Figure 22
Wire Rope Sling Table
1A
Module3.3
Calculating the capaciry of a two leg choker hitch is
almost as simple. Reler to the chart listing for a rwo
leg bridal with the same sling angle' Then just
multiply this figure by 0.75. (See figure 23.)
WIREROPESLINGS
Group,lmprovedPlowSteel,FibreCore
6 x 19 Classi{ication
SAFEWORKINGLOADS. POUNDS
NIAXIMUM
(SatetyFactor= 5)
-$[
7116 3,200 2,400 6,400 4,500 | 3,200
4,400 3,300 8,800 6,200 | 4,400
112 7E^^ | aenn
9^6 5,300 4,000 10,600 aJ$t-b rr.'.flb1.
6,600 4,950 13,200 ,r'
314 9,500 7,100 19,000 !i
16,700 12,500 33,400 znffi i x 0 . 7 5= 1 6 , 5 5 0!
1 :l
11 / 8 21,200 15,900 42,400 36,700 \-------------,
1114 26,200 19,700 52,400 45,400 37,000 | 26,200
13/8 32,400 24,300 64,800 56.100 45,800 | 32,400
1112 38,400 28,800 76,800 66,500 54.300 | 38.400
15/8 45,200 33,900 90,400 78,300 63.900 | 45,200
13t4 52,000 39,000 104,000 90,000 73,500 I 52,000
17t8 60,800 45,600 121,600 105,300 86,000 | 60,800
2 67,600 50,700 135,200 117,100 95,600 | 67,600
2114 84,000 63,000 168,000 145,500 118,800 | 84,000
2112 104,000 78,000 208,000 180,100 147,000 I 104,000
23t4 122,OOO I l ,500 244,OOO 211,300 172,500 | 122,000
ll usedwithChokerHitchmulliplyabove
valuesby 3/a. y'\
/\
- hr\
. . \-1 \-/
For DoubleBasketHitch multiplyabove
v a l u e sb y 2 .
Note: Tablevalues are lor slings with eyes and thimbles in both ends,FlemishSplicedEyes
and mechanicalsleeves.
Handtucked spliced eyes- reduceloads accordinglo table 1"11'page47'
Eyes lormed bt cable clips - reduce loads by 20ol"'
Figure 23
WIREFOPESLINGS
PlowSteel,FibreCore
Group,lmproved
6 X 19 Classilication
MAXlMUMSAFEWORKINGLOADS- POUNDS
(SatetyFactor= 5)
Single Single Single
Verlical Choker Basket
Diameter Hitch
(lnches) Hilch Hitch
(Vertical
Legs)
For DoubleBasketHitchmultiplyabove
v a l u e sb y 2 .
Note: Tablevalues are for slings with eyes and thimbles in both ends, FlemishSpliced Eyes
and mechanicalsleeves.
Hand tucked spliced eyes- reduce loads according to table 1.11'page47.
Eyes formed by cable clips - reduce loads by 2O1o.
Figrte 24
Module 3.3 21
To make a calculation to determine the capacirylor
a four leg bridle, you must first check if it is for a
rigid or Jl.exibleload.
Sling angleis the angle resulting As you will learn, sling angle \as an important ef[ect
betweenthe load and the sling. on the capaciry of the sling. This is why when you
use any of these rypes of hitches, you must look in
one of the three columns at the far right in the sling
tables to find sling/hitch capaciry (seefigure 25).
First, you must use one of the methods discussed
below to determine the sling angle.
WIREROPESLINGS
Group,lmprovedPlowSteel,FibreCore
6 x 19Classification
MAXII'UMSAFEWORKINGLOADS- POUNDS
(SafetyFactor= 5)
Single Single Single
Rope Basket
Vertical Choker
Diameter Hitch
Hitch Hitch
(lnches) (Vertical
I Le9s)
I
I
{ 60' 45' 30"
I
3/16 600 450 1,200 1t050 850 600
1, 1 0 0 825 2,200 11900 .--JJlgr
5n6 1,650 1,250 3,300 I
2,400 1,800 4,800 {150 t I
3tB t^
L XZ= t1,100 !
1t2 4,400 3,300 I,800 7,600 I
I
9,200 I
9/16 5,300 4,000 10,600
5/8 6,600 4,950 13,200 11,400
314 9,500 7,100 19,000 16,500 13,400 I e,500
7B 12,800 9.600 25,600 22,200 18,100| 12.800
1 16,700 12,500 33,400 28,900 23,600 I t o,zoo
11/8 21,200 15,900 42,400 36,700 30,000 I zt.zoo
1 1,'4 26,200 19,700 52,400 45,400 37,000 | 26.200
13/B 32,400 24,300 64,800 s6,100 45,800 I gz.+oo
1112 38,400 28,800 76,800 66,500 54,300 I 38,400
15/8 45,200 33,900 90,400 78,300 63,900 | 4s,200
13t4 52,000 39,000 104,000 90,000 73,500 | 52,000
17'a 60,800 45,600 121.600 105,300 86,000 I 60,B00
2 67,600 50,700 135,200 117,100 95,600 | 67.600
2tt4 84.000 63,000 168,000 145,500 118,800I ea,ooo
2it2 104,000 78,000 208,000 180,100 147,000 | 104,000
23i4 122,OOO 91,500 244,OOO 2 11 , 3 0 0 172,500 | 122,000
lf used with Choker Hitch multiply above
valuesby 3/4.
For DoubleBasketHitchmultiplyabove
v a l u e sb y 2 .
Note: Tablevalues are for slings with eyes and lhimbles in both ends, FlemishSpliced Eyes
and mechanicalsleeves
Hand tucked spliced eyes- reduce loads according to iable 1 11,page47'
Eyes lormed by cable clips - reduce loads by 20%.
Figrre 24
21
Module 3.3
To make a calculationto determinethe capaciryFor
a four leg bridle, you must first check if it is for a
rigid or flexible load.
bend or twist.
tr For a rigid load: Calculate as For a two leg
bridle.
I
";tH I
II t
I
I a5. I
I
r,oao I 75o | 2.o0or
I
lls11.333
llxsr 2,tg
5 300
2.250
3tm
,1.250
2,2cJ)
I
lffil3ffil8:ffir 5,20O
5,900 5,650
!
:::sll#3
4.9oo 6.7m
l;!:H!
r? sool
4.550
r1,100
t5,aoo
9,050
r2,6@ a,9@ t
I
f2,t00
!5.300 I
9.r0o
r.too I
2a,zx-
316001
17,100
22,W
i 2,100 !
10.600 |
2.,r0o I
rr 700 I
r3,3oo
39m0r
.a.r00l
33 €00 I
I
* : f f i l l i f f i l ? l f f i l 5l,600 12,2@ I
i56.am
3 f l i 312, l600 S : i S r 733.000
: l $ llr3,6ml 3100 59,700
60,300 56,300
I i
a 62,0@ I 46,500 121,{m: 1o?,1@
139,300
ff:8$l*:#llSlS!
rrr roo 37.eoo 203.0O0
98,000
| l23lroot
-'l'l'i9r
ll @d wilh chok€. Hirch durlrolv .bovo
TASLE1.I'
llo!.: T.bt r.lu.. .r.lc..llnl. tllh.t.a.6.l lt{hbl..ln b.lh..tl., tl.tl.h SDllc.d €v..
.rd n*h..l..l .1.d..,
ll.nd tsl.d .tlL.d .16 - t.tuo ro.d. rc6t4ne b l.bl. r ' ! I
E .. lornxt br crbh .ll9t - r.dB.! ro.C. bt 20!4.
Figure 25
Angle Sling Columns
SL'A'G ANGLES
Sling angles are always between 0' and 90'. Lifting
capaciry decreasesas sling angle decreases.For SLING
ANGLE
example, the capaciry of a basket hitch with 60" Iegs
is much lower than for the same hitch with vertical
(90") legs. This is why, when possible,you must use
sling angles greater than 60' degrees.
LOAD
Module 3.3
Sling angle depends on:
. Sling length.
. Vertical distance From load to lifting hook
(headroom).
SLINGEFFICIENCIES
t; FORHAND.TUCKED
EYESPLICES
CORRECTIONS FOR
i,ULTIPLESLINGS
I tl
Figtre 27
Adjusting Sling Capacities - Tabte
Notes
SUMMARY
lrr this part, you have learned how the capaciry
tSVl-) of a sling changes when you make different
lrirches.You then went on to learn how to use sling
r.rlrlcsto determine different hitch capacities,and
Ixnv to use sling tables and simple mathematics to
c.rlculatethe capacitiesof hitches with sling angles
n<rrshown on the tables' E
25
Module 3.3
EXERCISEC
Directions: Befer to your Handbookfor Riggers 6x19 IPS
Sling Table. tdentify the capacity for each of the following
hitches. Write your answers in the spaces provided
t/2"?
l. Single vertical hitch with a rope diameter of
':
V/hen you have determined the load weight and Refer to the sling table on page
hitch arrangement, you must then select one or 22 of your Handbook for
Riggers.This identities:
more slings of the correct size for the load. To assist
. Sling type (Wire rope sling)
you, sling tables are available.
. Sling construction(6x19)
. Typeof sling core (Fibercore)
Sling tables are available for wire rope, belt, and . Sling size (rope diameter)
chain slings. In this part, you will learn how to use . Types of hitches (single
a sling table to find the correct size of wire rope vertical, etc.)
slings lor a load and a given hitch arrangement. . Slingangle (60", 45', & 30".)
Sling Angle
An additional factor to consider when selecting
correct sling size is sling angle. If you refer to Figure
29, this shows the change in tension on the legs o[ a
sling as the angle is varied.
Module 3.3 27
,f
Figure 29
Sling Angle
As you can see in figure 29, the least amount oF
rension is exerted on a vertical sling. V/hen shorter
slings are used, their angle moves hrther away from
vertical. This produces more tension. In extreme
cases,the tension on each leg can be more than the
total load weight. This is why, to Prevent
overloading slings, their angle must be no greater
than 60" from vertical.
Figure 32
Looking down the column for 45' , 3/4 x -18, 100 is
2 Choker Leg Hitch
the only figure closeto the 12,000 lbs load weight (45' sling angle)
Module3,3 29
Therefore, in this case,you would selecr two 7/8"
diameter wire rope slings with a total hitch capaciry
ol lJ,),/\ lDs. fo suPporr lne lo.:lc.
SUMMARY
In part I, you learned the 4 basic hitches you will
use to lift and move loads, and why these different
hitches are required.
'W'hat
4. diameter slings are required for a 3 leg
bridal hitch at 60' lifting a rigid load of
19,0001bs?
Module 3,3 31
EnablingObjectives TerminalObjective
3.2.r L/naidzd, the trainee utill
Unaided, rhe traineewill correctly srarethe use of correctly identifi crane tyPes,
Saudi Aramco hand signals. their major components and
use appropriate Saudi
Aramco crane hand signab'
Unaided, the traineewill correctlyidentify crane
ryPes and tnerr maJor comPonenrs.
INTRODUCTION
'sfithin
Saudi Aramco, many different types of crane
are used for lifting and moving loads. As a metals
mechan.ic you must be familiar with crane The ability to use
crane hand signals is
operations. You must also be fully aware of the
signals required when lifting and moving loads with
cranes. In the field, you will be required to act as a
member of a team performing crane oPerations;
therefore, you must be able to communicate easily
with other team members. This is why you must
learn the standard crane hand signals.
Module 3.4
-' --'-
,PARr t oBJEciivE 3.4.1 |
Duties of a Signalman
Saudi Aramco requiresrhat a fully comPetent
signalman be assignedto work with a crane oPerator
during lifting/moving operations.The law requires
that a signalman be present at all times whenever:
Figute I
RecommendedPractices
V4rere signalsare required, it is strongly
recommendedthat 2-way radios are also used' Radio
communicationsin addition to hand signals
significantly reduce the chance of accidents resulting
From misunderstood or misinterpreted hand signals'
Module3.4
lowered at anothet rwo signalman may be required;
one to direct the lift and one to direct the descent.
Hand Signals
V/hen you are tasked to perform rigger duties, you
will also be required to perform signalman duties.
This means that you must not only be able to
recognizeapproved hand signals,you must also be
able to use them correctly.
Youmust practice these signals Your Instructor will now explain and demonstrate
'Watch
and actions to become the hand signalsyou must learn. and listen as
comfoftableusing them.
he explains each action shown in the following
figures.
STOP
Arm extended,palmdown,movehand
rightandleft.
Figure 2
RAISEBOOM
Arm extended,fingersclosed,
thumb pointingupward.
Figure lO
SWING
Arm extended,pointwith hand in direction
of swing of boom
Figure I I
Module3.4
THE LOAD
Witharm extended, thumbpointingup,
{lexfingersin andoutas longas load
movement is desired
Figure l2
THE LOAD
With arm extended,thumb pointingdown;
{lexlingersin and out as long as load
movementis desired.
Figure l3
EXTENDBOOM
(Telescoping
booms)
Bothfistsin frontof bodywiththumbs
pointingoutward.
Figure 14
Figure l5
TRAVEL
(Both tracks)
Figure 16
TRAVEL
(Onetracks)
Lockthe trackon sideindicated by raised
fist.Travelopposite track in direction
indicated by circularmotionoJotherfists
rotatedverticallyin trontoi body.
(ForcrawlercranesonlY).
Figure 17
Module3.4
TRAVEL
(Railmountor troil,
Armextended {orward,handopenand
making
raised,
slightly pushingmotionin
direction
of travel.
Figure 18
LOWERSLOWLY
Witharm extended downward, fore-finger
pointingdown,movehandin small
circles.Placeotherhand
horizontal
motionless,palmup,belowthe hand
givingthe motionsignal.
Figure l9
Arm extended,fingersclosed,thumb
pointingupward.Placeone hand
motionlessabovethe hand givingthe
motionsional.
Figure 20
Figure 2l
SWINGSLOWLY
Useonehandto giveswingsignaland
in frontof
olaceotherhandmotionless
handgivingthemotionSignal.
Extendbothforearmsand handsin
positionand makeslicing
horizontal
mollon.
++@r!e!+->
11
Module 3.4
Correct hand signals must be given to the crane
operator. To insure that the oPerator does not
become confused, only one person is designatedto
give the signals. However, for safery a crane oPerator
will accept an emergency stop signal from anyone.
SUMMARY
In this part, you began by learning why hand signals
are needed, and the responsibilitiesof a signalman-
You then went on to learn the crane hand signals
themselves, and when to use them' Finally, you
learned that only one designatedPerson can give the
signals to the crane oPerator.The only exception to
this rule being the emergencystop signal - which
anyone can give if required.
'Who
4. for ensuringthat
is responsible
unauthorized personnel are kept outside a
crane'soperatingradius?
7'a
Moclule 3.4
Part 2
Dilections: Your instructor will demonstratevarious crane
hand signals which you must identify. Your instructorwill
tell you how he wishes you to record your answers.
Part 3
Directions: Your instructor will give you a number of
signals to pass on. You must then act as signalmanand
correctlypeiorm the varioushand signals.
OVERHEAD CRANES
Overhead cranes, sometimes called overhead traveling
Difterent countriesuse
cranesrare rated according to their lifting ability. different measurtng
'ton systems - Sl Metric,
This rating is usually given as a crane's capacity'.
US lmperial, or British lm?erial.
'ton' is
Unfortunatly,the term
used in more than one sYstem
- fot different weights!
q A US Ton is 2o00lbs.
D A metric ton (calleda tonne)
is 10o0kg(220olbs).
Q A British lmperial ton
(sometimescalled a 'long
ton) is 2240 lbs.
Because of these differences,
you must always check which
'ton' capacity is correct for the
crane you are using.
Figtre 24
Overhead Crane
Moclule3.4
fhese cranes operate on elevatedtracks or rails.
They travel through a building/shoP on a trolley
with wheels that move along the tracks. Overhead
cranes allow ioad movement (travel) in three
directions; bridge travel, trolley block travel, and
hoist travel. (SeeFigure 25).
TROLLYBLOCK
TRACK---t sw u ort
6-nroqe
+
t CONTROLPENDANT
Figure 25
Direction Movement
In large workshops, crane travel is controlled by an
The pendant control box is operator inside the cage. He moves the control
connected to the electrical levers, or uses the hanging pendant. However, in
systemof the bridge. lt Provides
full control over the cranes smaller workshops, operating controls are simply via
operation. a pendant suspendedfrom the crane bridge.
tr its capaciry
BOOM CRANES
Boom cranes difler from overhead cranes. On a
boom crane, hoist ropes descend from the end of an
extended arm (boom). This boom can swing, tilt,
and sometimes telescopeto the desired position.
Another advantage of many boom cranes is that they
are mobile. They can travel under their own power
to the work area.
tr Jib cranes
tr Crawler mobile cranes
Jib Cranes
The jib crane is a simple but very useful lifting tool'
AIl jib cranes have a vertical mast to which is
attached a horizontal boom. This means loads can
be moved horizontally becweenany poinr berween
the vertical structure member to the end of the
boom. Loads can dso be moved in a horizontal
radial direction - regulated by the boom swing'
17
Module3.4
'l'he
boom extends out From the vertical structure
member. It is securely attached to this about two-
thirds of the way from the base.
Figure 26
360", 270", and 180' Jib Cranes
Figrre 27
Crawler Cranes
19
Module3.4
Crane capacity varies with crawler chassissize and
boom structural member sizes.The majoriry of
crawler cranesare fitted with lattice booms, so called
becauseof the crossedmetal structure members
connecting the upper and lower cord.
Figure 28
Mobile Crane Depending upon their design task, automotive
mobile cranes may be fitted with either lattice or
hydraulicbooms.
Beforcaftemptingany oqeration,
riggers must refer to the The cranet capaciry and stabiliry varies. It depends
manufacturer'shandbookfor the upon boom type and size, and truck chassis.
specificcrane.
Note: The lattice boom is designed for a specific crane
type. Therefore,it must only be used with the type of
crane for which it was designed.However,there are
sectionsthat can be added to lengthenor removed to
shoften a boom. This task is performedby qualified
riggers.
OUTER-MI
Figure 29
Hydraulic Booms
SUMMARY
In this module, you beganby learningabout ctane
hand signals - what they are and how to perform
them. You also learned the responsibilitiesof a
signalmanduring cranc operarions.
Module 3.4
In this part, you have learned about different rypes of
cranes.You learned that cranescan be divided into
fwo groups: overhead and boom. You then went on to
learn the function and controls for overhead cranes,
and how to identifr various gpes of boom crane -
static (jib) and mobile (crawler and automotive).
Figure 30
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Module 3.4 23
Part 2
Directions: Referrer to figure 31 to identify the correct
answers. Writeyour answers in the spaces provided.
Figure 3l
25
Module3.4
OBJECTIVE
Given tools and equipment, rhe trainee will select
appropriate jacking equipment and safely perform
lateral moves. Throughout the operation, the load
must remain stable and under control with no
pinching or snagging.
tr Jacks
tr Dollies
u Shackles
u \Tooden blocks
'Wedges
tr
tr Saferycones
tr Tape measure
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Selecrand use all personalprorecriveequipment
If in doubt about any
required to accomplish task. Use the correct tools for aspect of safety- ask
the task and always use safe working pracrices. you instructor for
Module 3.5
i
&n,
:.:::nl!r
TASK INTRODUCTION
In this task aid, you will follow the procedure
outlined in the task stepsto correctlyand safely
move the pump/motor skid assemblyto a new
l o c a t i o nu s i n gl a t e r am
l o v i n ge q u i p m e n t .
'Watch
your instructor's demonstrations carefully.
Ask him to explain any part of this task you do not
understand.
34 Metals Mechanic I
::ri!:1
Module 3.5 J5
8. Lorver load onto dollies and use wedges as
required to ensure that the load is secure.
rVhen secure,artach rigging equipmenr ro
'$7ith
11. dollies removed, lower the load and
remove all rigging equipment.
todule 3.6
Lift and toYe loads
isr..
Unit 3: Rigging
Module3.6
TRAINEEHANDBOOK
lnformation Sheets 1
TaskAid 3
$*,.
Enabling Objective Terminal Objective
None. Giuen appropiate toolsand
equipment, tbe trainee will
p erfo rm I ifti ng op era ri o n s
INTRODUCTION
in accordznce uith releuant
This is a performance module. In ir, you will take Saudi Aramco GIs.
the rigging knowledge you have learned throughout
this unit and put it to practical use.
Module 3.6
Ciii.'
'ry
TJ Selection of Slings
tr Chain Hoist
tr Selection of Shackles
'lhg
J lines
tr Timbers/'Wooden blocks
J Saferl'cones
tr Tape measure
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Module 3.6
gtr
TASK INTRODUCTION
In this task aid, you will lollow the procedure
outlined in the task steps to correctly and safely lift
and moue rhe DVS pumP cover using appropriare
rigging and lifting equipmetrtand a crane of
appropriate sizeI capaciry.
Module 3.6
*E
10. Position the load hook and rigging
equipment above rhe loads estimated
center of graviry
Figure 2
15. Signal the crane operator to "raise
hoist slowly' until clear of the casing
bolts.
Metals Mechanic I
19. Direct the crane operator out of the work area
and then return all equipment to store.
Module 3.6
l$d :
1.0 CRANESAND LIFTING EQIIIPMENT
SAUDI ARAMCO INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
GI 7.030. Inspectioo aod Testing of Cranes, Elevators, Powered Platforms, and Mobile Aerial
Baskets
'D':
Schedule
Saudi Aramco Safety, Health and Environmental Requirements - Cranesand Rigging
Equipment
Riggers Handbook
Fcbrury 1993 - Construction Slfety M!nu!l: Cr|n ! And UftinC Equipmcnr Plgc 23E
Coot.actdr Liaisoo Notice No. 5.
ANSI30.2. Overhead
andGantryCranes
1.1 CompetentPerson
A competent person is a person who, by possessionof a recognized pertinent degre€ or
certificate of professional sta-nding, or who by extensive knowledge, training and
expenencehas successfullydemonstratedthe ability to solve or resolve problems relating
to safe crane operations and procedures (e.g. Rigger Techaician, Crane and Rigging
Spccialist,etc.). A competentpersonshall superviseall lifts.
Before beginning any crare operation, the supervisor and operator sbould complete the
pre-operationchecklist (Figure III.t). A lift plan required as a part of this procedure must
provide the following information:
l. Craneradius
2. Boom length
3. Safe working limits of the crane (load chart)
4. Weight of the load
5. Ground and site conditions
6. Placemeotof tbe crane
7, Swing and tail clearances
8. Necessarycommuoicationto be used
9. Explanationof handsignals
10. Rigging hardware
One competent persoo shall be placed in charge of the lift with the responsibility of
explaining iD detail, the duties of all iavolved ia the lift before the actual lift conmenc€s.
Tbe outriggers must be futly exteuded prior to the lift, and tbe nrbber tires must b€ off the
ground (seeFigure IIl.2, Crane Lift Plao).
Cranes shall have a valid Crane Safety iaspection sticker issued by the Saudi Aramco
Crane, Communication, and Facilities Insp€€tiooUnit. (SeeGI 7.030.)
A valid SAG hevy equipment license and Saudi Aramco Crane Operator Certificate are
required for all cootractor mobile crane op€rators. Contact the Vehicle & Heavy
Equipment Training and.Testing Unit Ctel. Nos. 8754347/874-1857) to operate specific
mobile heavy equipment. (See GI 7.025.)
Wben wind velocities are above 32 kmlb (70 mph), the rated load and boom lengths shall
be reducedaccording to mrnufachrrer specifications- Wind forces are greater at height by
as much as 35% or more. All lifts above ground level, must accouDtfor wind force, i.e,,
side loads, down drafu, etc. as applied to the load and boom. (See TABLES III.I and
rrr.2.)
There is an area surrounding evory power line that is referred to as tbo absolute liDxit of
approach. It is strictly forbiddea to Eroveany craDeboom or load liae or load irto this are
unless the line has beeu de-energized or insulated. There are no exceptiors. The
absolute limit of approach varies accordbg to the following table:
. OPERATOR:
o OUTRIGGERS:
. FULLY EXTENDED
. LEVEL GROUND
- COMPACTSOIL
. HEAVY PAD SUPPORTS
- LOCKINC PINS/LOCKSSET
. NO HYDRAULIC LEAKS
- NO DAMAGE
- GOODCONDITION
- WHEEIJ OFF THE GROUND
r OPERATIONi
. CURRENTCRANE SAFETY1NSPECTIONSTICKER
- CLEAR 3600VISIBILITY
. NO SHADES/CURTAINSIN CAB
. LOAD CHARTSIN CAB
- CLEAR VISIBILITY
- WIND, ABOVE 20 n/h (32 km.rh),NO GO
. DO NOT OPERATEDURING STORMSAND AT NIGHT
- LIGFINING, NO GO
- BARRICADECRANE CAB SwiNC AREA
- TAG LINES IN USE
- CLEAR OVERHEADPOWERLINES
- CLEARAREA oF PERSONNEL l-112x BoOM LENGTHS
. NO LIFIS OVER WORKERSOR CRITICAL PROPERTY
. TRIAL LIFT, FLOAT LOAD ONE METER OFF GROUND TO CHECK
BALANCE
. CLEAR VIEW OF SIGNAL MAN (RIGCER)
- DO NOT PULL LOADS WITH CRANE
. LOAD RADIUS INDICATOR
. MAN LIFT WORK PERMIT
. ANTI.TWO BLOCK OPERATIONAL
- LMI (LOAD MOMENT INDICATOR)OPERATIONAL
r RIGGING: ::
. TR.AVELING:
. BLOCKSECURED
. TIRESPROPERLY INFLATED AND IN GOODCONDITION
. BRAKE LICHTS,SIGNAIJ, MIRRORS'HORNOPERATIONAL
. ROUTE PLAN CHECKED FOR FIRM CROUND, OVERHEAD AND SIDE
RESTRICTIONS
. ESCORTVEHICLESREQUIREDWITH FLASHING BEACONLIGHTS
- SPEEDTO BE MAINTAINED FORSAFELIMITS (SLOWAS POSSIBLE)
. PARKING:
- BOOM AND HOOK BLOCK(S)LOWEREDTO TRAVEL POSITION
. APPLY SWINGBRAKE AND POSITIVESWING LOCK
- TrE DOWN HOOK BLOCK(S)
. RETRACTSTABILIZERS
. RETRACTOT-TTRIGGERS
- EXTENDSTABILIZERS AND LATCH ONTOFLOAT PADS
- WEIGHTOF CHASSIS OFF THE TIRES
- LET ENCINEIDLE 3.5 MINUTES
REMOVE ALL FOREIGNMATERIiT.,FROM CAB(S)
- CLOSEALL DOORS,W]NDOWS,SKYLICHTSAND COMPARTMENTS
- TURN OFF SMTCHES
. STOPENGINE
, tl t:ltt
Prs.217
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TABLE III. 1: WIND SPEED(IUIEJ hR HOUN,)VS. FONCEOr WNN IN POT,'T\DS
PER SQUANE
FooT
MILES FORCEPERSQUARE
PERHOUR FOOT,POT'NDS
I .004
2 .014
3 .036
.0@t
I
l0
l5 .9
20 t.o
The following table lists speed, in the rnajor uaits, relative to Beaufortwrrd Sele
Numbers, the
itrtemationally acceptedreferenc€for wind force:
G[7.029. Inspection,Testirg8ndM8intenance
of Wire RopeStings
AmericanNational Sta.ndrrds:
ANSI830.10. Hooks
SaudiAramcoCraneSafetyHandbook(SeeAppendixE)
SaudiAramcoRiggersHandbook
SaudiAramco lnspectionProcedures
The safe workiog load of rigging equipment is the maximum load whicb the equiDme't
should be subjectedto; this load should never be exceeded.
Before use, all new equipmentshould be subjectedro a proof load test by tbe manufacturer
aod certified. The safe working load aod serial number sball be cleady marked oo the
slhg and the liftiag gear, either by tagging, stamping, eograving, or embossing. Riggers
shall not use lifting gear uoless tbe safe working load is clearly visible (see Figures III.3
and III.6).
Slings shall Dot be tagged with an safe workirg load in the field. Approval by the
Iospection Departmeot and subsequent review by the l_oss prevention Departmeot is
reouired.
Fcbu./ 1993- Coonn ction SefctyManurl: SlingrArd LininS C.:r Pryc 245
2.2. Chain Slings
2.2.1 Grade
Eacb grade of chain sbould be clearly tagged by the Datrufacturer, aud riggers
should be trii-oed to look for the safe working load marted on each sliag' Ttey
sball be forbidden to use any e4uiPDeot unless the safe working load is clearly
visible.
2.2.2 Repairs
Moden chains are produced under closely cootrolled factory couditioas using
proper he3t treatment and testing procedures. On-site welding repairs c€ulot
provide the necessarycontrolled conditions to safely repair a daroagedchain.
Damagedchainsmust be retumed to the manufacturerfor repair or destroyed. lo
particular, watch for bent links, cracked welds' and excessivewear-
L.L.J
Logger chainsor cbains used to securctruck loads shall not be used for riggiog.
2.3.1
Wire rope is the nrost conunon tyPe of sling in use otr construction sites' It is
essential that each wire rope sling is properly constructed and used' All wire
rope slings shall be nnnufactured, inspecied' atrd load tested by a recogdzed
manufacturer. Homemadewire rope slings shall not bo sllowed at Saudi Aiamco
unless they meetall stattdardsand passinspectioo by CCFIU.
) 1,71
2,3.2.2
' Severelocalized abrasionor scraPinS.
2.3.2.4
* Evideace of heat damaee.
2.3.2.5
2.3.2.6
+ Bent or ooened books.
)aJ1
* Severecorrosion.
2.3.3
Each sling shall bear a perrranent rnarufacturer,s identification stating the safe
working load (SWL) in tons ard serial number. proof load test and
documentationof testing is required from the manufacturer(see Fisures III.3 and
III.6).
2.3.4
Wire rope clips (bulldog clips or crosby clips) shall not be used to nute slings.
2.4 SyntheticWebbingSlings
Tlrese are nranufacturedfrom woven mal-made fiber. Their strength lies in the width of
their bearing surface. These sliDgs must not be subjected to point loading, sharp edged
objects, and non-vertical lifting (see Figure III.7). Synthetic web slings shall be marked
with a stitched in label to show:
Slirgs whicb bave been damaged or are defective in any way shall be
immediately removed from service, cut up and destroyed.
2.5.1
markedio show:
Eachsyntbeticandnaturalfiber ropeslingshallbepermaaeutly
1<1
All associated rigging hardware shall equal or exceed tbe safe working load
ratiag of tbe rope sling.
2.s.3
Slings sball be removed from service and destroyedwhea:
2.5.3.1
+ The fibers are cut, badly abraded or seriously wom.
2.5.3.2
* Tbere is considerablefilament or fiber breakage(a light fu"zing
is accePtable) on the strrface.
2.5.3.3
* There are particles of broken filament or fibers ircide the rope
between strands.
2.5.3.4
+ There is other damage visible zuch as: meltiag or charring,
kin-ksor hackles,knob, damag€dfittiogs.
2.6.1
Slings will undergosbock loading when a load is suddenly lifted or wheu tbe
hoisting is abruptly stop@. This en be ceusedby tbe zudjen appticatiooof tLe
cnne bra&e,thejertilg of the load by poor operation, or th. siiog slipping ou
the losd. A shockload can increasetbe normal working load by astuch as five
times its value.
2.6.2
As the angle betweeo the legs of a multiple sling increases, the safe workrns load
-Dever
decreasfs, The included angle should be uo rnore than 9O0 and must
exceed l20o uader any circumstalces (seeFigure IU.9).
2.6.3
Before storage,cbaia and wire rope stings should be cleaaed, lightly lubricated,
aod inspected. Slings must be stor€d in a locatiotr where they are not liable to
zuffer nrecbanical dauuge, away from extreres of hest, coid, and esoecrally
danoness.
2.6.4
Contractors shall nuirtain a job site log of slings contaiaing the following
iaforrnation: ID. tumber; date in senice; safe working load as stated il proof
load certificate; full details of periodic inspections(seeFigure III- 13).
2,6.5
All rigging sball be inspected at least every six moorhs per ANSI 830.9, and a
Sling hsp€ctiotr Report shall be completed and filed for review by the Crane
Inspector to corply with GI 7.029.
.t1
Hooks
2.7.l
Hooks should be fitted with a safety catch oo the hook openiog, or sbould be
moused with wire and a shaclle used or the hook should be desiened so tbat the
sliags caaoot be displ&ced(Figure lll.l l).
"r '1 1
l-ods should be applied on tbe hook only ia the part designed to take them (i.e.
tbe beod [bow] of the hook). Point loading can result in over stressiag the hook
causiag it to open or bra-k. Therefore, point loading shall not be permitted.
The hook sball be removed from service for the following rearcns:
2.8 SpreaderBars
2.8.1
2.8.2
Spreader bars shall be permanently identified with the safe working load,
rrranufacturcr'sname and serial number.
2.E.l
Spreaderbars shall be stored away from moisture, and Protected from physical
danage.
2.9.1
', a',
Shoulderedeyebolts can be used at slieht angles, but are unsafe at less tha.n45
degreeswith the borizontal,
2.9.3
Safety hoist rings (swivel eyes) are bolted in place with a calibrated totque
wencb ard rnaintain uraximum capacity at all angles.
F . b r u l r y I 9 9 3 - 2 . 0 s l i n g s . r - n dL r f f i n g 6 c r r Prgc50
2.L0 Shackles
Sbackles (clevis) ere used for makini connectioos in rigging. They should be
tested by the nunufacturer and nurked with tbe safe working load.
The pins are separatebut rEtched parts of the sbackles, so care must be taken to
use the correct pin for each sbackle. Rebar, mild st€el bolts or sim.ilar items are
not 8c{€ptablereplaceneotsfor shlckle pins (see Figure III.l2.).
2.tl Rigger
The job of rigger requires thorough training. The maa assigned must be well-
acquailted with the capabilities of the crane being used, hand signals, the
different functions of lifting gear, aud the various methodsof loadine.
MASTENLINK
MASTER
COUPLTNG LINK
COUPLING LINK
CHAIN
COUPLING LINK
SAFETY CATCH
SLING HOOK
FIGURE
III.6: SLINGFIxINcs
S O F TE Y €
(SlingNo. 123
SWL 8 Tons)
TYPE II S l i n g m a d . w a r ha l . i a n g l e t i r t i n g o n b o t h e n d r . I t c a n b e u i e d i n a v e r t r c a l o r b a s k e t h r l c h o n l y .
TYPE lll S l i n g m a d e w r r h 6 f l . ( l o o p e y e o n e a c h e n d w i t h l o o p e y e o p e ^ i ^ 9 o n s a m . p l a n € a r 5 l i n gb o d y . T h i t t y p s o l r l l n g , r r o m e -
r i m e s c a l l e d a l l a t e y e a n d e Y € ,e Y ea n d € v e , o r d o i r b l e e v e t l r n g .
TYPE lV 5tin9 made wirh both loop eyet lormed as anType lll. except that rh€ loop eye. are turned ro torm a loop eye which ri at .
r i g h r a n g l er o r h e p l a n e o t t h e ! i i n q b o d y . T h i r t y p € o l n i n g i r c o m m o n l y r e f e r r e d t o a i a t w i t r e d e v e r l i n g -
TYPE V E n d l e s s l i n g ,r o m e l i m e 3 r e f € r r e d a grommer. lr ir a conrinuousloop lo.med bv joining rhe endr ot ihe labrrc togerher
E
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FTCURE
III.8: SLTNG
I,oADTNG FICT'RE
Itr.K EYEBoLTS
STANDARD
E'/EBOLT
r+,k, 5202k9
,€' rr, la
1 F ! ET E N S I O NO N A S L I N GL E G O E P € N D SU P O NI T SA N G L E T O T I . ] E
L O A D A S W E L L A S U P O NT H E W E I G H TO F T H E L O A OT O A E L I F T E D . S T A N D A R DE Y E B O L TW I T I ] L I NK
SAFETY
CATCH
R O C K E RT Y P ES A F E T YC A T C n
BOWSHACKLE
"c" HooK
M O U S EH
DO O K
. . D ' 'S H A C K L E
OPERATOR:
OPERATORS' LICENSE
CURRENTSAUDI ARAB GOVERNMENT CRANE
CERTIFICATE
CURRENTSAUDI ARAMCO OPERATORS'
OUTRIGGERS:
FULLY EXTENDED
LEVEL GROUND
COMPACTSOIL
HEAVY PAD SUPPORTS
LOCKINGPINSiLOCKSSEl-
NO HYDRAULIC LEAKS
NO DAMACE
GOODCONDITION
WHEEI-SOFFTHE GROUND
OPERATION:
CURRENTCRANE SAFETYINSPECTIONSTICKER
CLEAR 36OPVISIBILITY
NO SHADES/CURTAINS IN CAB
LOAD CHARTSIN CAB
CLEAR VISIBILITY
WIND, ABOVE 20 m/h (32 km/h)' No Go
NIGII'I'
DO NOT OPERATEDURINGS ORMSAND AT
LIGHTNING, NO GO
BARRICADECRANE CAB SWING AREA
TAG LINESIN USE
CLEAR OVERHEADPOWTRLINES
ilran enpe on PERsoNNELl-l/2 x BooM LEN.THS
NO LIFTSOVERWORKERSOR CRITICALPROPERTY 't'o cliE
OFF GROUND
TNTEI IITT, FLOAT LOAD ONE METER
BALANCE
CLEARVIEW OF SIGNALMAN (RIGCER)
DO NOT PULL LOADS WITH CRANE
LOAD RADIUS INDICATOR
MAN LIFT WORK PERMIT
ANTI-TWO BLOCK OPERATIONAI-
LMI (LOAD MOMENT INDICATOR) OPERATIONAL
RIGGING:
R E C O R DW E I G I T TO I TI O A I )
ii-ECORD WEiCIIT Ul' CRA}.l: Cr^ia' '\i)i-, ('li'i"'.rr !'-'1^
TOTAL WEIGI{T
-
OrganizationNamc:
OrganizationCode #: Work Permit Rcquired? YES! NOE
SpecificWork t,ocation:
5. CrancTypc: L3eam
Lifiing/Sprcader Neecled'lYF-S[ No! n
YES! NOI
Sticker?
f)oesBeamIIa\eCurret Inspccrion
6. ('rancRatcd('apacity: lbsikgs
7. CrancOperating Codc# ( i1'applicablc):
Il. SingleLine Pull(iapacity: lbVkgs Weight ofl.oad Ilandling L)cvices(ScctionIJ Abovc)
#
9. of Parts of Line:
+ Weight of L.oadto bc Lif'ted(SectionA)
10. Total Gross CapacityIIook 13lockas Reeved:
lbs/kgs = Total Gross Weisht (Sections A + B)
tsoomLcngth:
1. Required ft/m
lbs/kgs 3. SIingSize(s):
_..
3. RecluiredCounterweight:
,1.SlingLcngth(s):
5. ShacklcSize: - in/cm & Capacity: lbsikgs
(Fronl,Rear.360"): 6. CapacityofAbove Configuration: lb9kgs
5. Lili Quadrant
ifapplicablc):
(Derated.
F) CraneCapacityin This Configuration Total Gross Wcight - Capacity '- 7o
G) Surt-ace Requiremcnts Needcd(other Than Mandabry outrigger Pads):Mats?YESE NOE Is the GroundLcvel'l YESn NOn
r"..i". C."".J'c"lnpaction l YLSE
for Loads
Specifications
or GI 7.028Limits/Manufacturer's
H) Wind SpeedShallNot ExceedGI7.027 t,imits for Manbaskets
power-Lines WithrnlJoomRaclius'lYFSlNOI lxplosion/Fire/High within BoomRadius?
tleatHazards YES! NO f]
I) Energized
Manager?YF-S! NO fl
J) ts This a Nighttimecranct.ili'l YES E NO [-] lf Yes,Do You HaveWriltenApprovalFromFacility
NlandatorY CAN CRANE MAKT] L|FT? YES f] NO fI
"**Attention: A Pre-Lift Safetl Nleetinsis
Narnc (Signature) Cenificate# gging CompetcntPerson
Approvcd by: Rigger-lr'Ri
Originator: (Print):
,.,-ame
Rigger:
tsadge #:
Cfane ()pcretor:
Ccnificatc f:
I,SER Signaturc:
Sunerr'isor:
I Altach sLclch(eso ) l l i f t s i t c . n o t i n g o b s t a c l e st o n r o \ t n r e i r l o f l o a d . b o o m . o r t a i l s w r n g
Pl)l) (]oncurrcncc
L A l l u n i t s o f w c i g h t s h a l l b e l i s t c d i n t h c s a m c u n r l so l n r c a s u r ea s C r a l r e[ ' o a d C h a n
( n h i : n r c ( l u i r c dh ) C ; l 2 7 0 2 )
.1. i\ll unrlsofnrcasurcshallbelrsl.dtnthesilrncunrtsofmcasureas('rancRangcDiagrarn
. 1 . A l t a c h c o p y o f C r a n c L o a d ( ' h r r l , R a n g c D i a g r a l n .i t r r dS r l i t ) N o l c s '
( spccrlicalrons
5 . ( e n a r n o e i g h r s r n a y b c d c d u c t c d l i o m ( ' r a n e L o a d h e r t c a p a c i t t e sb a s c do n m a n u t b c l u r c r ' s
OrganizarionName:
DareofLift:
Vfork PermitRequired?yES E N O E
SpecificWork Location: Contract#:
LoadHandlins,Boom
Aftachments
Swing-AwavJib:
L SA InspectionSticker \TS OtherJibs:
2. Inspection
SdckerExpiryDate: Hook Block (Main):
3.Equipment
ID #: AuxiJiaryBoom Head:
4. CraneModel: Headacbe
Ball:
5. CraneTlpe: Lifting/Spreader
BeamNeeded? \,ESD NOE
DoesBeamHaveCunenrInspectjon
Sticker?
I.ESE NOD
o. LraneKated( apacrtl: lbstgs Slings,Shackles,etc.:
7. CraneOpemringCode# (ifapplicable):_ Odrer:
I. SingleLinePuJlCapaciry:_ Ibstgs
WeightofLoad HandlingDevices(SectionB Above)
9. # of Parrsofline: |,,. tbs/kgs
10.Total GrossCapacityHook Block as Reeved: + WeightolLoad to be Lifted (SectionA) 6,,",i: (; 16r,,r,9,
lbs&gs
: TotalGrossWeisht (sectionsA + B) 6 .!,,: !.
; nsngs
L Required
BoomLength:r'6.1 fum
2. SlingT1pe1s.1:
3- RequiredCounrerueiehl:
-- Ibskgs 3. SlingSize(s):
4. SlingLen-gth(s):
4. Operating Radius; _,_____.
5. ShackleSize: i cm
5. Lifi QuadranrfFront. Rear.jb.Ool:-- 6. CapacilyofAbove Configuration:
F) CraneCapacityIn lhis ConfigurationlDerated,ifapplicable):
__1 Total GrossWeighr- Capacity=,___,
;']l*::,1'^tl:3i;::::;"50"(Y'^1;ffl
ProperGround
compacrion? Jl9:llo g-rirt
9"",*':c"*"ri"Ji\Ti5
l: Pads
ry:..1lls
n rygffi
rBS ff \ToD Exca'ation id; il""; ] \ES! N OD
n N"' E":"dg 7.027Limits for Manbaskets
or GI 7.028Limits,Manut""t*".t
It"1sPt"lsh"u sp""in."rin^ io. iora,
Name(Print):
R;gger:
Badge#;
CraneOperator:
Certificate#:
USER
l:
.)'i
'
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/
l
ri'
i
,^'tr,O o/
//
)/.
-/.- (''
goaoll,
fi-, e'&l^L /rr O snt,
lt i'r(, patrt 1-lt r:oou
,'
&1. /,,rr,@ gu.tir,ltttx, LiDh
t," 0 ,t,,1py,1ru
1r c.LAt:vT\lE'l ic- rLbDte c [l/tlr-
. ,'
(
lt k;@ cftAv,tterltt,{o
4';-1!frw 6F cDI\,.lNrt-\
;:
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