Language Notes

When you are executing an SQL command for any RDBMS, the
system determines the best way to carry out your request and
SQL engine figures out how to interpret the task.
There are various components included in this process. These

components are −
 Query Dispatcher
 Optimization Engines
 Classic Query Engine
 SQL Query Engine, etc.
A classic query engine handles all the non-SQL queries, but a SQL
query engine won't handle logical files. Following is a simple
diagram showing the SQL Architecture –
SQL Data type
An SQL data type refers to the type of data which can be stored in
a column of a database table.
o SQL Data type is used to define the values that a

column can contain.
o Every column is required to have a name and data
type in the database table.
Binary Datatypes
There are Three types of binary Datatypes which are
given below:
Data Description
Type
binary It has a maximum length of 8000

bytes. It contains fixed-length binary
data.
varbinar It has a maximum length of 8000

y bytes. It contains variable-length
binary data.
image It has a maximum length of

2,147,483,647 bytes. It contains
variable-length binary data.
2. Approximate Numeric Datatype :
The subtypes are given below:
Data From To Description

type
float -1.79E 1.79E It is used to specify a

+ 308 + 308 floating-point value
e.g. 6.2, 2.9 etc.
real -3.40e 3.40E It specifies a single

+ 38 + 38 precision floating
point number
3. Exact Numeric Data type
Data Description
type
int It is used to specify an integer value.
smallint It is used to specify small integer

value.
bit It has the number of bits to store.
decimal It specifies a numeric value that can

have a decimal number.
numeric It is used to specify a numeric value.

4. Character String Datatype
Data Description
type
char It has a maximum length of 8000

characters. It contains Fixed-length non-
unicode characters.
varchar It has a maximum length of 8000

characters. It contains variable-length
non-unicode characters.
5. Date and time Datatypes

Datatype Description
date It is used to store the year, month,

and days value.
time It is used to store the hour, minute,

and second values.
timesta It stores the year, month, day, hour,

mp minute, and the second value.
SQL Commands
o SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate
with the database. It is also used to perform specific tasks,
functions, and queries of data.
o SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to
tables, drop the table, modify the table, set permission for
users.
Types of SQL Commands

There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and
DQL.
Data Definition Language (DDL)
o DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table,

deleting a table, altering a table, etc.
o All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it
permanently save all the changes in the database.
Here are some commands that come under DDL:
o CREATE
o ALTER
o DROP
o TRUNCATE
o CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database. The

command define each column of the table uniquely. Each
column has minimum of three attributes a name, data type
and size. Each table column definition is separated from the
other by a comma. Finally, the sql statement is terminated
with semicolon.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME

(COLUMN SPECIFICATION[,....]);
IT INCLUDES COL- NAME

,DATA TYPE ,LENGTH,
COSTRAINTS.
EXAMPLE-
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE
(E_CODE CHAR (4),
NAME CHAR(20),
AGE NUMBER(4);
DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in

the table.
1. Syntax- DROP TABLE table_name;
Example
DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;
ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change

could be either to modify the characteristics of an existing attribute
or probably to add a new attribute. You can add ,modify, delete
columns. The structure of the table can be modified by Alter table.
Syntax:
To add a new column in the table..
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;
Example
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

ADD( ADDRESS VARCHAR(30),
PHONE_NO VARCHAR(10));
To modify existing column in the table:
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name

MODIFY(column_definitions....);
Example
MODIFY( NAME VARCHAR(20));
DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in

the table.
Syntax
DROP TABLE table_name;
Example
DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE; OR
DROP NAME;
TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free
the space containing the table.
Syntax:
1. TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
Example:
1. TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;
2. Data Manipulation Language

o DML commands are used to modify the database. It is
responsible for all form of changes in the database.
o The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it
can't permanently save all the changes in the database. They
can be rollback.
Here are some commands that come under DML:
o INSERT
o UPDATE
o DELETE
o SELECT
INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert

data into the row of a table.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

(col1, col2, col3,.... col N)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);
Example
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE

VALUES (‘XYZ’,’JAY’,34);
INSERT DATA IN SPECIFIED COLUMNS

IF DATA IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR ALL THE COLUMNS THEN THE LIST
MUST BE INCLUDED.
EXAMPLE-
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(NAME,AGE)
VALUES(‘AMAN’,23);
INSERTING THROUGH PARAMETER SUBSTITUTION
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
VALUES (‘&1’,’&2’,&3);
UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a

column in the table.
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN

= valueN] [WHERE CONDITION]
For example:
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SALARY=SALARY+1000;
OR
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SALARY=SALARY+1000;
WHERE E_CODE=’222’;
DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a
table.
Syntax:
1. DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];
For example:
1. DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE

2. WHERE EMP_ID=’222’;
OR
DELETE EMPLOYEE;//THIS JUST DELETE ALL THE ROW OF THE TABLE

RATHER THAN DELETING THE TABLE.
Data Control Language

DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any
database user.
Here are some commands that come under DCL:
o Grant
o Revoke

Language Notes

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Language Notes

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When you are executing an SQL command for any RDBMS, the

There are various components included in this process. These

o SQL Data type is used to define the values that a

binary It has a maximum length of 8000

varbinar It has a maximum length of 8000

image It has a maximum length of

Data From To Description

float -1.79E 1.79E It is used to specify a

real -3.40e 3.40E It specifies a single

int It is used to specify an integer value.

smallint It is used to specify small integer

bit It has the number of bits to store.

decimal It specifies a numeric value that can

numeric It is used to specify a numeric value.

char It has a maximum length of 8000

varchar It has a maximum length of 8000

5. Date and time Datatypes

date It is used to store the year, month,

time It is used to store the hour, minute,

timesta It stores the year, month, day, hour,

Types of SQL Commands

o DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table,

Here are some commands that come under DDL:

o CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database. The

CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME

IT INCLUDES COL- NAME

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE

(E_CODE CHAR (4),

DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in

1. Syntax- DROP TABLE table_name;

DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;

ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in

DROP TABLE table_name;

DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE; OR

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

1. TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

2. Data Manipulation Language

Here are some commands that come under DML:

INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE

INSERT DATA IN SPECIFIED COLUMNS

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(NAME,AGE)

INSERTING THROUGH PARAMETER SUBSTITUTION

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE

UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a

UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN

1. DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];

1. DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE

DELETE EMPLOYEE;//THIS JUST DELETE ALL THE ROW OF THE TABLE

Data Control Language

Here are some commands that come under DCL:

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