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BROADCASTING HOLLYWOOD
•
BROADCASTING
HOLLYWOOD
•
THE STRUGG LE
OVER FEATURE FILMS
ON EARLY TV
List of Abbreviations ix
Acknowledgments 183
Abbreviations Used in Notes 185
Notes 187
Bibliography 223
Index 229
vii
Abbreviations
ix
x A b b r e v i at i o n s
•
Introduction
Media Disruption and Convergence
When Disney launched their streaming platform Disney+ in November 2019, the
strength of the service’s content library, which includes properties from Lucasfilm,
Marvel Studios, Pixar, Walt Disney Studios, Disney Channel, and National Geo-
graphic, and the optimistic projections of the platform’s subscriber numbers
resulted in Disney’s stock closing at its highest price ever, at $152 a share.1 The launch
may have seemed to be an overnight success, but in fact, it was the culmination of
decades of attempts by the conglomerate to establish itself in the digital world. They
first created their Disney Online unit in the summer of 1995, but while digital native
companies like Google, Amazon, and Facebook thrived and grew, many legacy
media companies like Disney struggled to adapt to the digital world. In 2010, Bob
Iger, former CEO of Disney, who was largely responsible for seeing Disney+ to frui-
tion, explained, “I have tried to keep two obvious philosophies. First, that our
current business not get in the way of adopting new technologies, and second, that
our business belongs on t hese new platforms.”2
The emergence and proliferation of digital technologies and the internet in the
1990s and the first decade of the twenty-first c entury led to the theorization of these
processes as convergence, which, as defined by Henry Jenkins, describes the ways
that content flows across multiple media platforms, the cooperation between mul-
tiple media industries, and the migratory behavior of media audiences.3 This frame-
work becomes particularly relevant when a new technology or medium emerges
because the “old” media must find ways to engage with the new media. Oftentimes,
as Disney experienced, that transition is not particularly smooth, and as Netflix
acknowledged in a July 2016 press release, “disrupting a big market can be bumpy.”4
In the wake of the many successful media companies that struggled or failed in
the face of digital media, many observers asked why the legacy media industries—
film and telev ision in particular—failed to take advantage of the potentials of
digital media by not making more extensive, and timely, efforts to converge. It
appeared as though the existing titans of media had their heads in the sand when
it came to digital technologies, and when they finally stole a look, it was too late.
1
2 B r o a d c a s t i n g H o l ly w o o d
Language: English
BY
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
A fortnight later David set out early one morning for Boston to
make purchases. Warm and dry weather had made fit the soil for
ploughing and tilling, and Nathan Lindall and Obid were up to their
necks in work, and of the household David could best be spared. He
was to lodge overnight with his Uncle William Elkins and return on
the morrow. The sun was just showing above the trees to the
eastward when he left the house and made his way along the path
that led to the river. He wore his best doublet, as was befitting the
occasion, but for the rest had clothed himself for the journey rather
than for the visit in the town. His musket lay in the hollow of his arm
and a leather bag slung about his shoulder held both ammunition
and food.
His spirits were high as he left the clearing behind and entered the
winding path through the forest of pines and hemlocks, maples and
beeches. The sunlight filtered through the upper branches and laid a
pattern of pale gold on the needle-carpeted ground. Birds sang
about him, and presently a covey of partridges whirred into air
beyond a beech thicket. It was good to be alive on such a morning,
and better still to be adventuring, and David’s heart sang as he
strode blithely along. The voyage down the river would be pleasant,
the town held much to excite interest, and the visit to his uncle and
cousin would be delightful. He only wished that his stay in the town
was to be longer, for he and Raph, who was two years his elder,
were firm friends, and the infrequent occasions spent with his cousin
were always the most enjoyable of his life. This morning he refused
to think of the trip back when, with a laden canoe, he would have to
toil hard against the current. The immediate future was enough.
Midges were abroad and attacked him bloodthirstily, but he plucked
a hemlock spray and fought them off until, presently, the path ended
at the bank of the river, here narrow and swift and to-day swollen
with the spring freshets. Concealed under the trees near by lay a
bark canoe and a pair of paddles, and David soon had the craft
afloat and, his gun and bag at his feet, was guiding it down the
stream.
The sun was well up by the time he had passed the first turns and
entered the lake above Nonantum which was well over a half-mile in
width, although it seemed less because of a large island that lay
near its lower end. There were several deserted wigwams built of
poles and bark on the shores of the island, left by Indians who a few
years before had dwelt there to fish. David used his paddle now, for
the current was lost when the river widened, and, keeping close to
the nearer shore, glided from sunlight to shadow, humming a tune
as he went. Once he surprised a young deer drinking where a
meadow stretched down to the river, and was within a few rods of
him before he took alarm and went bounding into a coppice. Again
the river narrowed and he laid the paddle over the side as a rudder.
A clearing running well back from the stream showed a dwelling of
logs, and a yellow-and-white dog barked at him from beside the
doorway. Then the tall trees closed in again and the swift water was
shadowed and looked black beneath the banks.
At noon, then well below the settlement at Watertown, David
turned toward the shore and ran the bow of the canoe up on a little
pebbly beach and ate the provender he had brought. It was but
bread and meat, but hunger was an excellent sauce for it, and with
draughts of water scooped from the river in his hand it was soon
finished. Then, because there was no haste needed and because the
sunshine was warm and pleasant, he leaned back and dreamily
watched the white clouds float overhead, borne on a gentle
southwesterly breeze. Behind him the narrow beach ended at a bank
whereon alders and willows and low trees made a thin hedge that
partly screened the wide expanse of fresh green meadow that here
followed the river for more than five miles. Through it meandered
little brooks between muddy banks, and here and there a rounded