Opening Prayer

Dear Lord and Father of all

Thank you for today.
Thank you for ways in which you provide for us
all. For your protection and love, we thank you.
Help us focus our hearts and minds now that
we are about to learn.
Guide us by your eternal light as we discover
more about the world around us.
Amen.
 Checking of
Attendace!
Please turn on your camera
and TELL IF YOU ARE
VACCINATED OR NOT for
your attendance.
 GUESS WHO COULD HAVE
POSSIBLY SAID THIS FOLLOWING
STATEMENTs!

???
 GUESS WHO COULD HAVE
POSSIBLY SAID THIS FOLLOWING
STATEMENT!
"BECAUSE OF AN APPLE I DISCOVERED
GRAVITY!"
 GUESS WHO COULD HAVE
POSSIBLY SAID THIS FOLLOWING
STATEMENT!
"THANKS TO ME, ALL OF YOU COULD
ENJOY THE BENEFITS OF A LIGHTBULB
AS LONG AS THERE'S ELECTRICITY!"
 GUESS WHO COULD HAVE
POSSIBLY SAID THIS FOLLOWING
STATEMENT!
"I JUST ACCIDENTALLY DISCOVERED AN
ANTIBIOTIC! HOW CRAZY IS THAT?"
 GUESS WHO COULD HAVE
POSSIBLY SAID THIS FOLLOWING
STATEMENT!
"I'M 22 NOW, WHICH MEANS THAT EARTH
HAD ALREADY MADE 22 ROTATIONS
AROUND THE SUN SINCE MY BIRTH!"
 GENERAL PHYSICS 1

Gravity: Kepler’s laws

of planetary motion!
QUARTER 2 WEEK 2
 THE CONCEPTION OF
KEPLER'S LAWS OF
PLANETARY MOTION
TYCHO BRAHE
- one of the pioneers for ASTRONOMY
- collected detailed and and
accurate observations of the position
of planets
- died in the 1600s
 THE CONCEPTION OF
KEPLER'S LAWS OF
PLANETARY MOTION
JOHANNES KEPLER
- Brahe's assistant who was left with
all of Brahe's planetary data
- discovered three empirical
relationships that describe the motion
of the planets
 KEPLER’S LAWS
1 Planets move in elliptical orbits, with
the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.

An imaginary line between the Sun

2 and a planet sweeps out equal areas
in equal time intervals.

The quotient of the square of the period of a planet’s

3 revolution around the Sun and the cube of the average
distance from the Sun is constant and the same for all planets
 kepler's first law of
planetary motion

"Planets move in elliptical orbits, with

the Sun at one focus of the ellipse."
 kepler's first law
Did not appear to be very great, but he wrestled not only with
scientific observations of the day but also with religious and
philosophical views

For centuries, religious beliefs are inclined on the perfection of

“celestial spheres”

Ellipses were not considered to be “perfect,” so most of the

astronomers resisted the idea of orbit other than a “perfect” circle
that fit on the surface of a sphere.
circle is believed to be the ellipse was proven to be the real shape
shape of the orbit of the the orbit of planets according to
planets kepler's observations
 AN ELLIPSE LOOKS LIKE A STRETCHED OUT CIRCLE. EVERY POINT ON THE CIRCLE IS THE
SAME DISTANCE FROM THE CIRCLE’S CENTER. HOWEVER, FOR AN ELLIPSE, THE TWO POINTS
INSIDE ARE CALLED THE FOCI (SING: FOCUS) AND THE SUM OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
FOCI AND ANY POINT ON THE ELLIPSE IS CONSTANT. THE CLOSER THE TWO FOCI ARE TO
EACH OTHER, THE CLOSER THE ELLIPSE BECOMES A CIRCLE.
 AN ELLIPSE LOOKS LIKE A STRETCHED OUT CIRCLE. EVERY POINT ON THE CIRCLE IS THE
SAME DISTANCE FROM THE CIRCLE’S CENTER. HOWEVER, FOR AN ELLIPSE, THE TWO POINTS
INSIDE ARE CALLED THE FOCI (SING: FOCUS) AND THE SUM OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
FOCI AND ANY POINT ON THE ELLIPSE IS CONSTANT. THE CLOSER THE TWO FOCI ARE TO
EACH OTHER, THE CLOSER THE ELLIPSE BECOMES A CIRCLE.
 kepler's second law of
planetary motion
"An imaginary line between the Sun and a
planet sweeps out equal areas in equal
time intervals."
 kepler's
second law
Kepler’s second law is
illustrated in this figure. Each
of the shaded sections of the
ellipse has an equal area.

According to Kepler’s second law, therefore, the planet moves along

the arc of each section in an equal period of time. Since the arcs close
to the Sun are longer than the arcs more distant from the Sun, the
planet must be moving more rapidly when it is close to the Sun.
 kepler's
second law
Kepler’s second law is
illustrated in this figure. Each
of the shaded sections of the
ellipse has an equal area.

IN CONCLUSION THE EARTH SWEEPS OUT THE SAME AREA WITH THE
SAME PERIOD OF TIME BUT WITH DIFFERENT SPEED. FASTER, WHEN
NEARER TO SUN AND SLOWER WHEN FARTHER FROM THE SUN.
 kepler's THIRD law of
planetary motion
"The quotient of the square of the period of a
planet’s revolution around the Sun and the cube
of the average distance from the Sun is
constant and the same for all planets."

OR
 kepler's THIRD law
When Kepler's third law was published, he had no idea of the significance
of the constant in the mathematical expression, except for the fact that
data fit the equation.

Kepler had an impression that the Sun was in some way influencing the
motion of the planets, but he did not know how or why this would lead to
the mathematical relationship.

The numerical value of the constant in Kepler’s third law and its relationship
to the interaction between the Sun and the planets would be understood
only when Sir Isaac Newton presented his law of universal gravitation.
 kepler's THIRD law
Kepler’s third law states that the ratio is constant
and the same for each planet orbiting the Sun.

The following steps below show how Newton’s law of universal

gravitation relates to Kepler’s third law.
 kepler's THIRD law
1. Write Newton’s law of universal gravitation, using for the mass of the
Sun and for the mass of the planet.

2. Since the force of gravity must provide a centripetal force for the
planets, set the gravitational force equal to the required centripetal force.
Simplify the equation.
 kepler's THIRD law
3. Since Kepler’s third law includes the period, T, as a variable, find an
expression for the velocity v, of the planet in terms of its period.
A planet travels a distance equal to the circumference of the orbit during a
time interval equal to its period.

4. Substitute the expression for the velocity of the planet into the above
equation.
 kepler's THIRD law
5. Multiply each side of the equation by .

6. Solve for .
 kepler's THIRD law
As you can see, Newton’s law of universal gravitation shows not only that
the ratio is constant, but also that the constant is .

All of Kepler’s laws, developed before Newton did his work, support
Newton’s law of universal gravitation. Kepler focused only on the Sun and
planets, while Newton proposed that the laws applied to all types of
orbital motion, such as moons around planets, Today we know that all of
the artificial satellites orbiting around Earth, including our Moon, follow
Kepler’s laws.
 lets Let’s Develop a Thought on the Problem

practice! • Kepler’s third law, combined with

Newton’s law of universal gravitation,
yields an equation that relates the period
Find the mass of and orbital radius of a satellite to the
the Sun, using mass of the body around which the
Earth’s orbital satellite is orbiting.
radius and period • Earth orbits the Sun once per year
of revolution. • Let RE represents the radius of Earth’s
orbit around the Sun.
 lets Identify the Target
The mass of the Sun,

practice! Identify the Variables and Constants

Known: Sun

Find the mass of Suggested:

the Sun, using
Earth’s orbital
radius and period
of revolution.
Unknown:
 lets practice!
Develop the Solution
Write Kepler’s third law, using the constant derived from Newton’s
law of universal gravitation.

Solve for the mass of the Sun.

Convert the period into SI units.

 lets practice!
Substitute the numerical values into the equation and solve.

The mass of the Sun is approximately

 lets practice!
Check the Solution
The Sun is bigger than any of the planets. The value sounds
reasonable.
LET'S WATCH THIS VIDEO
TO UNDERSTAND MORE
ABOUT KEPLE'S LAWS OF
PLANETARY MOTION!

https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=htxGvdQbl5w
 Thank You
For listening!
NOW LET'S MOVE ON TO OUR
NEXT TOPIC!