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Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Adolfo Crespo Márquez

Dragan Komljenovic
Joe Amadi-Echendu Editors

14th WCEAM
Proceedings
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Series Editors
Francisco Cavas-Martínez, Departamento de Estructuras, Universidad Politécnica
de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
Fakher Chaari, National School of Engineers, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
Francesco Gherardini, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Modena e Reggio
Emilia, Modena, Italy
Mohamed Haddar, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
Vitalii Ivanov, Department of Manufacturing Engineering Machine and Tools,
Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
Young W. Kwon, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Aerospace
Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Science, Monterey,
CA, USA
Justyna Trojanowska, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest develop-
ments in Mechanical Engineering—quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core of
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Adolfo Crespo Márquez •

Dragan Komljenovic Joe Amadi-Echendu

•

Editors

14th WCEAM Proceedings

123
Editors
Adolfo Crespo Márquez Dragan Komljenovic
Department of Industrial Management Hydro-Quebec
University of Seville Varennes, QC, Canada
Seville, Spain

Joe Amadi-Echendu
Graduate School of Technology
Management
University of Pretoria
Pretoria, South Africa

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
ISBN 978-3-030-64227-3 ISBN 978-3-030-64228-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64228-0
© ISEAM 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
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to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

As the title implies, 14th WCEAM Proceedings arises from events and activities
marking the fourteenth edition of the International Society of Engineering Asset
Management (ISEAM) flagship World Congress on Engineering Asset
Management (WCEAM) series. The content of 14th WCEAM Proceedings is
divided into two parts. The first part includes sections 1 to 4 and comprises
extended versions of the asset management track papers presented during 2019
World Congress on Reliability, Resilience, and Asset Management (WCRRAM).
The Congress took place in Singapore from 28–31 July 2019, several months
before the first cases of coronavirus infections were reported in December, 2019.
The second part and section 5 of 14th WCEAM Proceedings includes papers
presented during the 1st WCEAMOnline event held on 19 August 2020. During 1st
WCEAMOnline, there were brief discussions on the ramifications of the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic on electricity and health infrastructure systems. The 1st
WCEAMOnline event also featured presentations on academic curricula and pro-
grammes in Engineering Asset Management given that COVID-19 pandemic is
imposing transformations towards online platforms for education and training in
general.
A brief synopsis of 14th WCEAM follows. Section 1 of this e-book contains
seven chapters that discuss business management issues ranging from investment
and quality of serve challenges to servitization business models; the section also
includes case studies of electrical utilities and urban commuter infrastructure.
Section 2 contains six chapters addressing risk-based decision models for
replacement of equipment and renovation of public infrastructure. Section 3 con-
tains three chapters that discuss asset data and information including applications of
industrial Internet of Things especially in manufacturing. Section 4 contains five
chapters that examine asset management frameworks and systems from the view-
point of resilience.
Section 5 contains three chapters with discourse on the management of resi-
lience of asset systems in the context of major, large-scale instabilities and dis-
ruptions as exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Since various global shocks
and large-scale disruptions cannot be excluded in the future, it has become

v
vi Preface

imperative to gain more in-depth knowledge on those phenomena not only to cope
with them, but also to identify and seize opportunities they could create. It is worth
remarking that COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing; hence, the intertwined topics of
resilience and vulnerability of asset systems will continue to generate discussions in
multifarious conferences, seminars, and workshops, as well as a plethora of dis-
course from the multi-disciplines that encompass knowledge and practice of asset
management.
We humbly thank ISEAM for nominating and entrusting us with the responsi-
bility to edit this 14th edition of WCEAM Proceedings. We are also grateful for the
support provided to us through the established relationship between ISEAM and
Springer.

October 2020 Adolfo Crespo Márquez

Dragan Komljenovic
Joe Amadi-Echendu
Contents

Business Management Issues

Servitization and the Management of Engineered Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Joe Amadi-Echendu, Rayand Ramlal, and Floris Englebrecht
Considerations on Investment and Business Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Helena Kortelainen, Antti Rantala, and Risto Tiusanen
Establishing the Value System Through Long Term Planning . . . . . . . . 22
Ype C. Wijnia
Asset Management in Electrical Utilities in the Context of Business
and Operational Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Dragan Komljenovic, Darragi Messaoudi, Alain Côté, Mohamed Gaha,
Luc Vouligny, Stéphane Alarie, Amira Dems, and Olivier Blancke
Combining Quality of Service and Quality of Experience to Visualize
and Analyze City Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Gabriela Gongora-Svartzman and Jose E. Ramirez-Marquez
Encouraging Fuel-Efficient Commuting in Young Drivers
in Duluth, MN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Turuna S. Seecharan
Is EAM a Corporate Level Strategy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
David E. Mills and Steve Pudney

Risk Management Issues

Planning Major Overhaul and Equipment Renovation Based
on Asset Criticality and Health Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Antonio de la Fuente, Adolfo Crespo, Antonio Sola, Antonio Guillén,
Juan Gómez, and Joe E. Amadi-Echendu

vii
viii Contents

Graph Theory and Its Role in Vulnerability Evaluation

of Infrastructure Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Seyed Ashkan Zarghami and Indra Gunawan
Risk-Based Asset Replacement Policy
for an Electrical Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Jos Wetzer, Sungin Cho, Sanuri Ishak, Yogendra Balsubramaniam,
Wan Khairuzzaman Wan Nordin, and Alisadikin Muhammad Zainal
A Common Risk Framework for Road and Rail Infrastructures . . . . . . 113
H. Patrício and N. Almeia
Development of a Resilience Management Framework Adapted
to Complex Asset Systems: Hydro-Québec Research Chair on Asset
Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Georges Abdul-Nour, François Gauthier, Ibrahima Diallo,
Dragan Komljenovic, Raynald Vaillancourt, and Alain Côté
Resilience Enhancement of Critical Infrastructure – Graph-
Theoretical Resilience Analysis of the Water Distribution System
in the German City of Darmstadt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Imke-Sophie Lorenz, Lena C. Altherr, and Peter F. Pelz

Asset Data and Information

Aligning IIoT and ISA-95 to Improve Asset Management in Process
Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Yong-Lip The and Anastasia Govan Kuusk
Real Value of Data in Managing Manufacturing Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Teuvo Uusitalo, Jyri Hanski, Helena Kortelainen, and Toni Ahonen
Internet of Things Adoption Challenges in Enterprise Asset
Management Organisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Wei Jye Seo and Nina Evans

Asset Management Systems

Integration of Asset Management Standard ISO55000
with a Maintenance Management Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
C. Parra, V. González-Prida, E. Candón, A. De la Fuente,
P. Martínez-Galán, and A. Crespo
Automating Data Driven Decisions for Asset Management – A How
to Framework for Integrating OT/IT Operational and Information
Technology, Procedures and Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Anastasia Kuusk and Jing Gao
Contents ix

Framework for Assessing Economic, Environmental and Social Value

of Monitoring Systems; Case Water Balance Management in Mining
Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Minna Räikkönen, Teuvo Uusitalo, Riitta Molarius, Helena Kortelainen,
and Claudia Di Noi
Social Complexity and Systems Intelligence in Asset Management
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Ricardo Peculis, Tieling Zhang, and Richard Dwight
System Safety Engineering Approach for Autonomous Mobile
Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Risto Tiusanen, Eetu Heikkilä, and Timo Malm

Covid-19 Perspectives
Engineering Asset Management at Times of Major, Large-Scale
Instabilities and Disruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Dragan Komljenovic
The End of Megaproject Certainty: Post COVID-19 National
Infrastructure Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
S. G. Pudney, D. E. Mills, and S. Mudunuri
Strategies for COVID-19 Pandemic Recovery:
Application of Engineering Asset Management Principles . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Adolfo Crespo Márquez

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Business Management Issues
 Servitization and the Management
of Engineered Assets

Joe Amadi-Echendu(B) , Rayand Ramlal, and Floris Englebrecht

Department of Engineering and Technology Management, Graduate School of Technology

Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
[email protected]

Abstract. Managers of engineered assets have to make decisions to acquire,

utilise, and retire equipment, machinery, and such man-made facilities. On the one
hand, manufacturers, suppliers and vendors of machinery and equipment contin-
uously seek to sustain their businesses. On the other hand, asset owners and users
seek to achieve better performance of assets. Given the advent of the fourth indus-
trial revolution technologies and globalization 4.0 business models, the question
arises as to what level of product-to-service transformation is appropriate in a
given user-manufacturer/supplier/vendor setting, and what should be the extent of
the corresponding product-service system? This paper discusses an investigation
into product-to-service transformation in terms of strategies adopted by equip-
ment and machinery manufacturers, suppliers and vendors on the one hand, and
also of asset owners and users on the other hand. Empirical data and informa-
tion from the respective sides are summarily presented with regard to the effect
of product-to-service transformation on the user-side management of engineered
assets.

Keywords: Servitization · Product-service systems · Asset management

1 Introduction

Management revolves around decision making, and so, the management of engineered
assets involves decisions as to how to acquire, utilise, (i.e., operate and maintain), and
retire equipment, machinery, and such man-made facilities. With the advent of the fourth
industrial revolution (4IR) technologies and globalization 4.0 business models, decisions
about acquisition, utilisation (that is, operations and maintenance), and retirement of
equipment, machinery, and such man-made facilities present fascinating challenges on
the user side, that is, for users (i.e., managers, operators and maintainers), and owners
(including custodians and/or stewards) of technology-laden engineered assets such as
aircraft, earth-moving machines, power generation and water treatment facilities.
On the supply side, the 4IR technologies and globalization 4.0 business models also
represent new and unprecedented challenges that are confronting original equipment
manufacturers (OEMs), suppliers and vendors as they innovatively embed these tech-
nologies in the components, spare parts, equipment, machinery and systems that are

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

A. Crespo Márquez et al. (Eds.): WCEAM 2019, LNME, pp. 3–9, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64228-0_1
4 J. Amadi-Echendu et al.

provided to asset users [1]. An asset such as a machine is a value item, and this value
ethos implies that each stakeholder, whether from the side of the asset user or supplier,
has a perception of the value of, say, a steam turbine or an earth moving machine.
Invariably, the interests of the stakeholders intersect where such perceptions of value
intersect, thus influencing the interrelationships between the various stakeholders. An
implication is that decisions to acquire, utilise, and retire an engineered asset would be
influenced by the value perceptions of the pertinent stakeholders from both the user and
supplier sides.
This paper discusses a longitudinal sequence of investigations into product-to-service
transformation in the context of strategies adopted by manufacturers, suppliers and ven-
dors of the product (engineered asset) on the one hand, and also of owners and users of the
asset (product) on the other hand. Section 2 contains a brief discourse on the concepts of
servitization, product-to-service transformation and product-service systems. Empirical
data and information obtained from both the user- and supplier sides are summarized in
Sect. 3. Section 4 contains some concluding remarks on the effect of servitization and
product-to-service transformation on the user-side management of engineered assets.

2 Servitization and Product-Service Transformation

The concepts of servitization [2], deservitization [3], product-to-service transformation

[4], and product-service systems [5] highlight the growing phenomenon whereby design-
ers, OEMs, vendors, value-adding resellers, suppliers and agents supplement existing and
new products (assets) with service offerings. The service(s) offered may be in the form
tangible or intangible technology. Servitization involves bundling tangible and intan-
gible services with tangible artefacts (i.e., products or engineered assets). It requires a
two-way strategy. From the service provider side, it involves the delivery of a tangible or
intangible service component as an embedded added value to providing or supplying an
artefact or product. From the customer or user side, it involves the acceptance of a tangi-
ble or intangible service component as an integral part of the tangible artefact or product
that is provided or supplied. With regard to asset acquisition, utilisation, or retirement, an
interesting conundrum arises where, for example, a user of the asset may not subscribe to
servitization strategy but, for technological and commercial reasons, the manufacturer,
vendor, or supplier strategically prefers to bundle, for example, maintenance, repair and
operations (MRO) as a service integral with the supply of an asset.
The picture in Fig. 1 captures several of the terms commonly found in literature
about productization and servitization, such as ‘technology as a product/service’, within
product-, use-, and result-oriented business models.
As a closely related concept, product-to-service transformation implies that the man-
ufacturer or vendor supplies the asset (e.g., gas turbine or excavator) to the user as a
service, say, on a pay-per-use basis, and on the presumption that the service bundle would
be acceptable to the asset user. From the supply side, product-to-service transformation
typically focuses on “bundling contracted services, equipment maintenance, consumable
supplies, and financing” [7] to achieve recurring revenue and cash generation, that is, an
annuity-income based business model. Obviously, evolutions in technology and business
models greatly influence the product-to-service transformation processes and trajectory.
 Servitization and the Management of Engineered Assets 5

Fig. 1. Servitization and product-to-service transformation, (adapted from [6])

From a technology viewpoint, the spectrum ranges between commercialising technology

as a product, as product-service or service-product combinations, and commercialising
technology as a service. Theoretically, the product-to-service transformation journey
offers an infinite range of possibilities to define the scope of product-service systems.
However, in practice, the scope of a product-service system will be defined by the rela-
tionship between, say, the manufacturer, vendor, or supplier of a product (asset), and
the user of the asset (product). Conversely, the scope of a product-service system estab-
lishes the relationships between the manufacturer, and vendor/supplier of the asset, the
provider of services related to the asset, and the asset user.
As illustrated in Fig. 1, every servitization strategy inherently includes a certain
degree of product-to-service transformation which is concomitant with the implementa-
tion of a product-service system [6]. As elucidated in [8], a servitization strategy imputes
a product-service system with a number of features that encompass:

• the asset (or components of the asset) as the core product(s) (e.g., the gas turbine) or
its constituent parts (e.g., blade, compressor, shaft, etc.);
• sustainability in terms of ability to re-use and/or re-cycle the asset or its constituent
parts;
• capabilities to remotely monitor the asset (e.g., via application of sensors and IoT),
and to exchange information as pertinent to the respective stakeholders to the asset;
• the range and scope of supplementary tangible (e.g., MRO) and intangible services
possible within the product-service bundle;
• customizability of the product-service system; which reinforces
6 J. Amadi-Echendu et al.

• value as perceived by the respective user-side and supply-side stakeholders to the

asset.

These features are more or less qualitative interpretations of the intrinsic value ethos
embodied in servitization and product-to-service transformation. The eventual scope of
the product-service system will invariably influence decisions with regard to acquisition,
utilisation and retirement of the asset or parts of the asset.
The following section briefly discusses empirical evidence obtained via semi-
structured interviews of respondents associated with mining draglines and refinery turbo-
machinery. The interview questions were designed to elucidate respondents’ understand-
ing of servitization, product-to-service transformation and product-service offerings. The
respondent feedback provided some insight as to the extent of the deployment and use
of product-service systems towards the management of engineered assets.

3 Empirical Information and Data

The first empirical evidence presented here arises from semi-structured interviews con-
ducted in July 2014 with five representatives of four firms that provided maintenance
services to companies operating draglines in coal mines. In each case, the dragline was
owned by the operating company, whereas the firm providing maintenance services
also represented the dragline manufacturer. Although the duration of the maintenance
services agreements were typically more than five years, however, for reasons of con-
fidentiality, the interviewer was not privy to the contracts of engagement between the
respective maintenance services providers and the dragline operators in the three mines
concerned.
Without mentioning ‘servitization’, an important point made by three of the five
respondents was that the success of the asset and/or service supplier/user relationship
depended on whether both the service provider and service recipient embraced a services
culture that involved the interaction of technology, people, and the business of dragline
coal mining. In one case, the manufacturer and maintenance service provider actually
operated the dragline on behalf of the miner, and thus, carried out 1st -line maintenance
(see Fig. 2) activities as part of operational services scope. In other cases, informa-
tion about dragline condition was provided by the operator to the maintenance service
providers as deemed necessary to implement 2nd - and 3rd -line maintenance activities dur-
ing prescribed shutdowns. In many instances, 2nd - and 3rd -line maintenance activities
included removal and replacement of unserviceable parts.
The primary purpose of the maintenance services contracts was to improve the reli-
ability and operational safety of the draglines, whilst mitigating the lack of specialised
maintenance skills within the operator organisations. Inevitably, the maintenance agree-
ments involved making replacement decisions, but it was unclear from the interview
responses how such replacement decisions were made.
The second empirical evidence arises from a 2018 study designed to ascertain the
number of features of servitization and product-to-service transformation that were
included in existing commercial agreements. The study entailed reviewing ninety-nine
existing commercial agreements against the aforementioned features of product-service
 Servitization and the Management of Engineered Assets 7

Fig. 2. 1st -, 2nd -, and 3rd -line maintenance activities

systems. The agreements were primarily concerned with the maintenance of turbo-
machinery in a case study refinery. Each agreement was with a specific vendor, even
though a vendor could be involved in up to three specific contracts. Each agreement had
been in existence for at least five years. The features of servitization and scope of the
corresponding product-service to-service transformation system have been translated as
depicted in Figs. 3(i) and (ii).

Fig. 3. Product-service transformation through maintenance service offering.

8 J. Amadi-Echendu et al.

It is interesting to observe in Fig. 3(ii) that the asset (i.e., turbo-machinery), and its
perceived value were the predominant features of the product-service system implied in
the ninety-nine commercial agreements reviewed. As expected, every agreement offered
the turbo-machinery as the core product. Two features, namely core product and per-
ceived value were offered in ninety-one agreements. The intriguing aspect is that only ten
agreements included three or more features of servitization and product-to-service trans-
formation. The observations suggest that the maintenance services agreements reflect the
realistic links between the turbo-machinery user and the associated maintenance service
providers. The scope of the agreements mostly covered 2nd - and 3rd -line maintenance
activities, even though some contracts also included 1st -line activities such as inspec-
tion and condition monitoring. The contents of the agreements corroborated the views
expressed by the interview respondents, especially regarding roles and responsibilities
for replacing unserviceable and obsolete components or parts of an asset.

4 Concluding Remarks
Empirical evidence here provides an indication of the scope of servitization, product-
to-service transformation, and product-service systems implicit in existing relationships
between users, manufacturers/vendors/suppliers of assets. Taking into consideration that
the empirical evidence was gathered in 2014 and 2018, it is remarkable that practitioners
appeared to be unconsciously aware of the concepts of servitization and product-to-
service transformation. A probable explanation can be adduced from the convention
where users first acquire assets from manufacturers, vendors, or suppliers, then secondly
consider purchasing bundled-service offerings. The agreements support the convention
that asset users tend to outsource associated services not necessarily as an integral part of
the product (asset) purchase agreement. The empirical evidence showed that only one of
the ninety-nine agreements offered six features of servitization. Eighty-nine agreements
were based on the conventional productization business model.
The discourse above conflated a longitudinal review of existing agreements between
turbo-machinery stakeholders with interviews of five representatives of mining equip-
ment companies. Based on the empirical evidence examined, the impression is that up
to 2018, the prevalent product-service system manifests the traditional and conventional
product-oriented business model for the supply side. A possible explanation is that, in
the mining and minerals processing environment where the empirical evidence discussed
in this chapter was obtained, a legacy of economic sanctions and political isolation pro-
vided impetus and supported a tradition where the asset user organisations established
extensively resourced in-house maintenance departments with the full range of 1st -, 2nd -,
and 3rd –line skills. Hence, the scope for outsourcing maintenance services was narrow
and limited to special needs and circumstances. Thus, the empirical evidence more or
less highlighted the prevalent culture of deploying 1st -, 2nd -, and 3rd -line maintenance
skills in-house within asset user organisations; hence, the apparent reluctance by asset
users to embrace the wider scope of servitization offerings. Further empirical evidence
beyond 2018 may address the question as to the extent of influence of 4IR technologies
and globalization 4.0 business models on servitization, product-to-service transforma-
tion and product-service systems. Such evidence can be examined especially with regard
to decisions to acquire, utilize (i.e., operate and maintain) and retire engineered assets.
 Servitization and the Management of Engineered Assets 9

References
1. Rao SK, Prasad R (2018) Impact of 5G technologies on industry 4.0. Int J Wireless Pers
Commun 100(1):145–159
2. van der Merwe S, Rada J (1988) Servitization of business: adding value by adding services.
Eur Manage J 6(4):314–324
3. Kowalkowski C, Gebauer H, Kamp B, Parry G (2017) Servitization and deservitization:
overview, concepts, and definitions. Ind Market Manage 60:4–10
4. Lightfoot H, Baines T, Smart P (2013) The servitization of manufacturing: a systematic
literature review of independent trends. Int J Oper Prod Manage 33(11/12):1408–1434
5. Pouria, MH, (2015) Product service system: a systematic review on its definition, design
methodologies, value assessment, and guidelines for future research. MSc Thesis, Politecnico
di Milano
6. Tucker A (2004) Eight types of PSS; eight ways to sustainability. Bus Strateg Environ
13(4):246–260
7. Wendling, TE (2011) A life contingency approach for physical assets: create volatility to create
value. In: Monograph, Society of Actuaries ERM Symposium, Chicago, USA, 14–16 March
2011
8. Ramlal, R, Amadi-Echendu, JE (2018) Product servitization and maintenance contracts. In:
Proceedings of IEOM Conference, Pretoria, South Africa, 29 October–1 November 2018
 Considerations on Investment and Business
Models

Helena Kortelainen(B) , Antti Rantala , and Risto Tiusanen

VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, 33101 Tampere, Finland

[email protected]

Abstract. Business models are evolving from selling products towards delivering
outcome that may be measured as system performance, capacity, and availability.
Novel business models may also include elements of sharing value. Machinery
manufacturers and suppliers face a rapidly changing business environment and
look for major growth in digital solutions, automation and services. The imple-
mentation of advanced technologies and business models call also for novel models
of sharing risks and benefits. The literature review on advantages and disadvan-
tages of various business models underlines the investment risk. Modelling of
the cash flows of different business models provide examples for leveraging ini-
tial investments in assets when applying emerging technologies. The business
partners also have to consider how their risk landscape changes and what are the
preventable, strategy and external risks of the planned business model. The chosen
business model poses requirements to the risk management process and highlights
the importance of the collaboration and transparency. This paper focuses in the
automation options in the transport sector and uses major port terminal as a case
example, but the developed methods are applicable also in other capital intensive
industries.

Keywords: Investment · Business models · Input-based · Outcome-based ·

Value sharing · Cash flow · Risk · Port terminal

1 Introduction

Automation and digitalization have changed the work processes, activities, tasks and
employee’s duties in many industries. In this transformation, transport sector is no excep-
tion. In the future logistics systems, machines will be self-steering, and the humans’
duties will change from driving the vehicles to monitoring the processes. Frost & Sulli-
van [1] forecasts that autonomous logistics could extend beyond warehouses to outside
logistics and several functions in the transport chain like cross docking and transship-
ment, could become fully automated and intelligent. However, an automatized fleet
requires bigger investment compared to investment in a traditional, manually driven
fleet. For instance, Muricy Souza Silveira [2] estimate that the initial investment in
an automated port terminal is about 57% higher than initial investment in a manned
port terminal with the same capacity Even though the price of automated equipment

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

A. Crespo Márquez et al. (Eds.): WCEAM 2019, LNME, pp. 10–21, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64228-0_2
 Considerations on Investment and Business Models 11

is high, the improvements in safety, reduced unplanned downtime, increased produc-

tion and improved workforce effectiveness should be taken into consideration when
making investment decisions [3]. In a longer term the investments in automation and
digitalization may still pay out.
The main criterion in the investment decision making is still often the acquisition
price - and not the life cycle cost [4]. The savings incurring over the asset life time
- that may extend to several decades - are highly uncertain and difficult to assess in
a credible way. Solutions based on digital technologies may have a positive impact
on the company´s operations but the monetary benefits across the asset life are often
hard to define [5, 6]. Application of a value assessment approach and models improve
the ability to communicate the value of digital solutions to the other partners in the
business ecosystem. In addition, demonstration and communication of cost savings and
benefits can serve as a bridge-builder between technology suppliers, customers and other
stakeholders [7].
This paper discusses on the risks and advantages of different business models in
capital-intensive industries with the focus in port operations, and introduces an invest-
ment model that could help in sharing risks between supplier and customer in a fair way.
The paper aims to answer two research questions: (1) How to leverage the economic
barriers that emerge from higher cost of automated solutions? and (2) How to share
benefits and risks in complex ecosystems?

2 Study Context and Methodology

The study is a part of the ongoing Finnish national research project ‘Operational excel-
lence and novel business concepts for autonomous logistic systems in ports (AUTO-
PORT)’ [8]. The project is a co-innovation project that aims to path the way towards
automated operations in ports by developing model-based design, operational excellence,
and models for sharing incurring costs and benefits. AUTOPORT project is conducted
in close co-operation with the research organizations and the company network that
consists of machinery and ICT solution providers and engineering companies.
In our research, we use literature review and content analysis to create knowledge
of the risks, disadvantages, benefits and advantages of the different business models to
the business partners. We have also developed a simple model and a MS Excel tool that
allows us to test and illustrate the impacts of different business models. The modelling
aims to highlight the differences in cash flows between discussed business models.
The input data needed for the empirical work is derived from the work of Muricy
Souza Silveira [2] that considers the automation options of the Port of Santos in Brazil.
In this case, the port assets include 20 Ship-to-Shore Cranes (STS), 5 container spreaders
(STS - Spreader), 20 Rubber Tyred Gantry cranes (RTG), 5 RTG spreaders, 10 terminal
tractors and 7 trailers, and Terminal Operating System (TOS). In our study, the Port of
Santos served as a case example that helps to provide a thorough understanding of the
phenomenon in question [9].
Another random document with
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Title: Erotika

Author: Ivan Cankar

Release date: March 17, 2024 [eBook #73185]

Language: Slovenian

Original publication: Ljubljana: Kleinmayr & Bamberg, 1899

Credits: Peter Podgoršek and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EROTIKA ***

 EROTIKA.

ZLOŽIL
IVAN CANKAR.

V LJUBLJANI.
NATISNILA IN ZALOŽILA KLEINMAYR & BAMBERG.
1899.
 KAZALO.
Stran
Helena 1
Iz lepih časov 25
Dunajski večeri 53
Romance:
Sulamit 73
Ob grobu tiranovem 76
Ivan Kacijanar 79
Na svatbenem potovanju 86
Kongfutse 88
Ungnadovi gostje 92
Romantika 96
Sultanove sandale 98
Dve noči 100
Intermezzo v nebesih 103
Slavina 105
Noveleta 109
HELENA.
 1.
Oj ta noč milobe polna!
Taka noč je bila takrat
Ko je Romeo otožen
Stal pod oknom Julije.

A nocoj po beli cesti

Izprehajamo se trije ...
Zdi se mi, da čutim v lica
Njenih usten vroči dih.

Moj prijatelj se prikloni,

Da v oči ji vidi sladke,
In rokó ji mehko stisne
In šepeče ji zaljubljen:

«Duša moja ljubezniva,

Glejte tam valove tihe
Kak bleščé se v mesečini ...
Luna sveti se na dnù.
Ali ni svetlà in krasna
Kot visoko tam na nebu?
V srcu mojem slika Vaša
Sveti se takó ljubó.»

In nagnila se je k njemu
In molčala ... ali takrat
Zabolelo me je v srcu
In govoril sem otožen:

«Da, kak tam v valovih svetlih

Sveti luna se vabljivo,
Kot bi čakala nestrpno
Zaročenca poznega.

Ah, kakó v valovih tihih

Sladko bi se tam sanjalo!
Tam bi srce pozabilo
Kar čutilo je nekdàj.»

Strahom me pogleda ona

In vsi trije obmolčímo;
Luna sanja tam visoko,
Sanja tiho v dnù valov.

2.
Nad menoj se prva zvezda
Jasno zableščala je,
Lahna sapica večerna
Vrh goré pihljala je.
Tam od vzhoda, od Ljubljane,
Divna pesem se glasí,
Glasne godbe čarne glase,
Da jih čujem, se mi zdí.

In v dvorani razsvetljeni,
Kako je življenje to!
Moje tožno srce hoče
V čarobno vrvenje to.

Oj to šepetanje sladko,
Oj ta živi plam očés ...
In objemljejo se róke
V šumni, strasti polni ples.

Kot bi rožico pomladno

Hladni sever bil objel,
Med svetlé vrsté Heleno
Njen plesalec je odvel.

Ah kakó je čarokrasna,
Kot ni bila prej nikdar,
Ah kakó v očéh njegovih
Vnemlje se ljubezni žar ...

Noč je pala nad Ljubljano,

Godba obmolčala je,
Nad goró s krvavim žarom
Luna zasijala je.

3.
In takrat sem postavil jaz
Heleni grad krasán,
Najlepši grad, kar jih je kdaj
Obžaril solnčni dan ...

Ponosni stebri mramorni

Kipijo do nebá,
In streha se visoko tam
Od zlata lesketá.

In ózri se z balkona dol

Po svetu naokrog:
Tam vrti najkrasnejših rož,
Tam zelen, senčnat log.

Nešteto gostov se hladí

Po logu na klopeh, —
Cuj, prav do grada sliši se
Njihov razkošni smeh.

Takó vesele nisem nje

Še nikdar videl jaz, —
Kakó je srečen pógled njen,
Kakó žarèč obraz ...

V tem novem čaru skoro več

Helene ne poznam;
Pod temno lipo senčnato
Sedím na klopi sam.

Uvela roža tam leží

Na poti pred menó, —
Iz njene roke pala je
Ko šla je tod mimó.
 4.
Na licu nobenem gorjá ni,
Le meni je srce tesnó,
Heleno v bleščeči dvorani
Zaljubljeno išče okó.

Z lornjeto v prebeli ročici

Med množico pestro sedí,
V sočutju goríta ji lici,
Ko zró ji na oder očí.

Visoko tam sredi azurja,

Zamišljena luna zre v noč,
K nji žalostni spev trubadurja
Odplava sladkó vzdihujoč.

Ah pesem o strasti kipeči,

O vzdihih, o tajnih solzàh,
Ah pesem o čarobni sreči,
O sladkih, odbeglih sanjàh.

Vzcvetèl je iz temnega groba

Opojni romantike cvet,
Srcá polastí se miloba,
Kot sen iz pozabljenih let ...

Kakó ti ljubezen ognjena

V nedolžnih očéh plapolá, —
Ah, ti jih razumeš, Helena —
Ti čuješ te prošnje srcá? ...

Postoj še! ... O kje v tem vrvenju

Romantični sen je ostal?
Prijatelji, tu smo v življenju —
Applaudite! zástor je pal.
 5.
Kot začarane stojé
Hiše črne in grozeče;
Tožno časih iz meglé
Luč samotna zatrepeče.

Nad seboj visoko tam

Vidim okna razsvetljena ...
Ah, to je njen gorki hram —
In pri oknu je Helena.

Na nebó, tja v noč temnó

Zro očesca ji sanjava,
Bog ve, kod sedaj lahnó
Srečna njena duša plava.

Ali ji prihodnje dní

Slikajo razkošne sanje?
Ali si nazaj želí
Spet večere nekedanje?

Ah, zakrit je prejšnji čas

V njeni duši sanjajoči
In pozabljen, — kakor jaz
Pod njé oknom v mrtvi noči.
 6.
Večerni mrak svoj črni plašč
Razgrinja naokoli,
V skrivnostnem miru množica
Po temni cerkvi moli.

A v mojem srcu ni mirú, —

Kakó bi mogel biti?
Strastíj mogočno morje — kdó
Bi znal upokojíti?

Ne gleda mi v oltar okó, —

Temnó je na oltarji; —
Oči sta njeni zarji dve,
Nebeško lepi zarji.

V teh neizpolnjenih željàh

Pretežko je živeti;
Če tudi ti ne ljubiš me,
Jaz nočem več trpeti.

Objamem in poljubim te,

Da v mehkih rokah tvojih
Ugasne ta pekoča strast,
Ta ogenj v prsih mojih ...

V trepetajočih lučicah
Oltar tedàj zasije
In orgelj veličastni glas
Po cerkvi se razlije.

In zdi se mi, kot da bi pel:

«Klečíte in molíte,
Če tudi srce brani se
Molíte in trpíte ...»
 7.
Od tam kjer spava jasno solnce,
Iz krajev pesmij in duhóv,
Oj čárovnik, prileti k meni
Od Gange zélenih bregóv.

Prinesi meni vse bogastvo,

Najlepše bísere morjá,
Sezídaj mi gradove svetle
Od mramorja in od zlatá.

Življenje svoje dam ti zanje —

Kaj hočem zdaj z življenjem jaz?
Samó trenotek mi še pusti,
Da zrem ji zadnjikrat v obraz ...

«Poglej, Helena, té gradove,

Ta blesk zlatá, demantov žar,
Poglej, to je življenje moje,
Poklanjam ti ga v zadnji dar.

Kaj ni že bledo moje lice?

Kaj ni že moten pógled moj?
Poglej na vzhod, že sije luna,
Umreti moram jaz nocoj.

Samó nocoj, nocoj me ljubi,

Poljubi me enkrat samó,
Da na gorečih tvojih ustnih
Nebesa meni se pričnó ...»
— In iz dvorane zazvení spet
Razkošen valček, šum in smeh, —
In v plesu ji drhtíjo udje,
Ljubezen ji gorí v očéh.

8.
Noč mrtvaška je tam zunaj:
Ni ne zvezd, ne lune jasne;
Moje srce je otožno:
Ni ne sreče, ne tolažbe ...
Da razjasniš mojo dušo,
Pridi duh iz svetle čaše;
Da pozabim te, Helena,
Pijem zdaj na tvoje zdravje ...
Dneva ní brez solnčne luči
In če tudi zvezde zlate
Lepše kakor kdaj goríjo;
Sreče ni brez tebe zame,
Ni brez tebe je, Helena.
Ne ... jaz čutim, ko zrèm nate,
Da ljubiti me ne moreš ...
A povéj, kakó bi rasle
Rože brez svetlobe solnčne?
A povéj, kakó brez nade
Moglo bi srcé živeti? ...
Da ne vidim te nikdár več,
Da pozabim te, Helena,
Pijem zdaj na tvoje zdravje!

—————————
Ali roka mi omahne ...
O povej, kakó bi rasle
Rože brez svetlobe solnčne?
O povej, kakó brez nade
Moglo bi srcé živeti?

9.
Na zemljo dahnil je večer,
Helene ni nikjer, nikjer ...
Kakó drhtí srcé bolnó,
Kakó skelí solznó okó ...
Bogvé, bogvé, morda je zdaj
Bolesten, tožen njen smehljaj,
Obrazek sladki njen bledí, —
Na postelji bolnà leží ...
Tam zunaj noč hladnà temnà,
Pri nji pa luč gorí svetlà;
Ob postelji stojé ljudjé
Pobožno sklepajo roké,
Zaspano v njen obrazek zró
In šepetajo tó in tó ...
A noč beží in vstaja dan,
Očí zaprè mi sen mračán.

Temnó je v sobi ... Ona spí, —

Le tiho, da se ne vzbudí ...
Ah, njenih lic rudeči cvet
Kot beli mramor zdaj je bled;
V sanjàh bolestno šepetá,
Otožno, trudno se smehljá ...
Tu v sobi je takó težkó,
Mrtvaški duh tesní glavó, —
Ah ne, ne pridi! ... Azrael,
Nazaj, — tvoj dan še ni prišel ...
Kakó puhtí od njega mraz,
Kakó grozí njegov obraz,
Kakó goré očí temné —
Koščene širi že roké ...
Ne boj, Helena, se, ne boj,
Pri tebi čuje ljubi tvoj ...
Kam, Azrael, takó strmiš?
Kaj mirno pred menój stojiš?
V naročje hladno vzemi me,
Tesnó, krepkó objemi me ...
In takrat ga objamem jaz, —
Ah, mraz je v licih, v srcu mraz ...

Helena pa odpré okó, —

Zasmeje se takó ljubó.

10.
Nebó gorí od zvezd neštetih,
Z goré pihljá zefir lehak,
Neznano hrepenenje diha
Ta rosni mrak.

Na jasnem nebu sanja luna,

Pod nebom sanja tihi svet, —
Ta bajni večer jaz bi sanjal
Pač tisoč let.

Kakó čarobno v mesečini

Obraz se tvoj bleščí nocoj,
Kot sladka bajka tajnopoln je
Pogled mi tvoj.

Pri meni ti v lepoti jasni,

Krog naju ta večerni raj ...
Kakó je trepetalo srečno
Srcé tedàj ...

A to je bilo davno, davno,

In ne povrne se nikdár.
Jesen je; nad menoj oblake
Podí vihar.

Po cesti hodim sam, otožen ...

Ah, ali je to sen samó?
Helena! ... Ali ne pozná me
In grè mimó.
IZ LEPIH ČASOV.
 1.
Oj ljubica iz prejšnjih dníj,
Iz polpozabljenih, jasnih dníj,
Takó krasnà, takó sladkà,
Nocoj je mimo okna šlà.

In moje okó, kot prejšnje dní,

Zamišljeno za njó strmí, —
Kakó bi objel jo pretesnó,
Kakó bi poljubil jo pregorkó.

Za njó strmí okó solznó,

In v srcu je meni takó težkó, —
Pozábila name je bógve kdaj,
A jaz je ne morem vekomaj.

2.
Kakó je to, kakó je to,
Da več ne vidi te okó?
Bojiš se li, da solnca svit,
Ko po vrtéh krasnó razlit
Na temnih rožah trepetá,
Ljudem skrivnosti ne izdá?
Mordà bojí se ti srcé,
Da v zraku ptičice drobné
Skrivnosti sladke ne zvedó,
Na oknih je ljudem pojó?
Da čula lipa tam ne bí,
Kakó sladkó poljub zvení
In svetu šepetala bi
Ko sapa zapihljala bi?

Nikar ne boj se, o nikar!

Zvečer ugasne solnca žar,
Molčí blestečih zvezdic roj,
In mesec je prijatelj moj.
V snù ziblje ptičke pozni čas,
In slavec ljubi kakor jaz.
In kadar sapa zapihljá,
Na lipi listje šepetá, —
Pa v izbo stopiva temnó,
Ne čuje naju tam nikdó ...
Nikar, nikar ne boj se več,
Glej, čakam te, drhtèč, ljubeč ...

3.
O mraku sedím na vrtu
 In v zvezdnato gledam nebó;
Iz srca k nji pesem odplava
Tjà daleč na tujo zemljó.

Tam daleč na tuji zemlji

Pa ona ob oknu sloní,
In gleda v daljavo in sluša,
In solzne so njene očí.

4.
——————
Kaj bi zakrívala
Bledi obrazek svoj,
Kaj bi obračala
Pógled od mene ...?

Čas je bil, ljubica! —

Tiho zdaj ona spi,
V grobu globokem spi —
Sentimentalnost.

Sanja tam právljice

V duhu vijóličnem,
A nad njó plavajo
Lunini žarki ...

Ah le odkríj obraz ...

Okno zagrniva,
Da ne boš slišala
Slavčevih pesmij —
Da ne boš vídela
Révice lílije,
Plašno drhteče tam
V vetru polnóčnem ...

5.
Ali je zaspalo svetlo solnce?
Kakor v sànjah nad goró stojí.
Ali so zaspale svetle zvezde,
Da na jasnem nebu še jih ní?

Vzdrami se, oj vzdrami, svetlo solnce,

Brž potopi v morje se hladnó!
Vzdramite se, oj bleščeče zvezde,
Razsvetlite širno mi nebó!

Spati neče nepokojno srce ...

In kakó naj spalo bi nocoj
Ko pri tebi čaka noč me krasna,
Dèkle moje, lepi angelj moj!

6.
V tesni kletki tam na oknu
Slavec poje,
Ljubici na vrt pošilja
 Pesmi svoje.

Čudosladke pesmi sluša

Hlad večerni,
O ljubezni, o bolesti
Neizmerni ...

Rože je jesenska slana

Zamorila,
Ljubica se je od vrta
Poslovila.

Tam na oknu pa je slavec

Nehal peti,
Nehal peti od bolesti
In živeti.

7.
Saj to že davno sem na tihem slutil, —
In glej, napósled je prišlò takó ...
Hladnó si dala róko mi v slovó, —
Saj to že davno sem na tihem slutil!
Če tudi solzno bilo ní okó, —
Bog sam vé, kaj sem pri slovesu čutil ...
Saj to že davno sem na tihem slutil, —
In glej, napósled je prišlò takó!

Visoka stena je med nama vstala,

Na jedni strani noč, na drugi dan;
In tebi sije zdaj svetlejša stran ...
Visoka stena je med nama vstala.
 A takrat, ko bo tvoj obràz solzán
In bled in suh, — prepozno bode pala ...
Visoka stena je med nama vstala,
Na jedni strani noč, na drugi dan.

8.
Kamor jim velí vihar
Tjà oblaki se podijo,
Kamor struga jim velí
Tjà valovi se valijo.

Ah, v neplodnih je željàh

Mi usojeno živeti —
Kamor srce mi velí
Tjà ne morem pohiteti.

9.
Ti govoriš takó hladnó,
Umikaš belo mi rokó;
Kedàr v okó ti gledam jaz,
Pa v stran obrneš svoj obràz ...

Samó enkràt se nasmehljàj,

Ročíco belo mi podàj,
Besedo reci mi samó,
Besedo jedno, — za slovó!

10.
Kam se ti takó mudí?
Roka v moji ti trepeče,
Gledaš me takó boječe —
Kaj ne ljubiš več me ti?

Zašumelo je drevó,
Luna sanja na poljáni ...
Oj ostani, oj ostani —
Kam se ti mudí takó?

11.
Plavala je luna med oblaki,
Sladko spalo mesto je pod njó;
A midvá po cesti sva hodila,
O ljubezni vroči govorila
In objemala se pretesnó ...

Kjé je pómlad, kjé je dèkle moje! ...

Plašč meglén je nad zemljó razstrt;
V snegu škriplje pod nogami cesta,
Lepa ljubica mi je nezvesta,
V srcu mojem pa je hladna smrt.
 12.
Ljubica je na balkonu,
Mimo hiše jaz hitím;
Da še enkrat vidim drago,
Pod balkonom postojím.

«Kam, oj kam, moj ljubček zlati,

Kam se ti takó mudí? ...
Pa je bledo tvoje lice
In mrtvé so ti očí ...»

«Kaj okó bi bilo mrtvo,

Kaj bi bil obràz mi bled?
Tjà hitim v tujíno jasno
V daljni, nepoznani svet.

Ti si mene zapustila,
Jaz pozabim te lahkó;
Drugo deklico bom ljubil,
Bolj lepó in bolj zvestó ...»

Da so laž besede moje,

Ljubica nezvesta vé, —
Sladko se nasmeje ona,
Meni pa tekó solzé.
 13.
Pokopal sem svojo ljubezen,
Ah, vse svoje krasne željé,
Da več bi ne našle poti
V to trudno moje srcé.

A kadar otožna, samotna

Razgrne se noč nad zemljó, —
Pa vstane ljubezen iz groba
Z nekdanjo čarobno močjó.

Vse davne, pozabljene pesmi

Iz groba prihajajo,
Kot plašne, polnočne sence
Nad mano plavajo.

In trudni obraz mi hladíjo

Ljubeče, bele roké ...
Tam zunaj sanjajo zvezde,
Valovi pod oknom šumé ...

14.
Tam sredi morjá, tam sredi morjá,
Tam čolna letita dvá;
Oblaki zakrivajo nočno nebó,
Srdito se črni valovi tepó
In čoln se zadene ob čoln.

Čoln prvi zleti čez široko morjé,

 Če všel je pogubi, — kdo vé?
A drugi več dóma ni našel nikdar,
Ob valu visokem zdrobí ga vihar, —
Z ostanki se morje igrá.

15.
Molil sem sinoči v cerkvi,
Da te ljubček zapustí,
Da bi ti srcé trpelo
Kakor moje zdaj trpí.

Od solzá bi bilo rdeče

Prej prelepo ti okó,
Lice bi ti bilo bledo,
Kot je meni zdaj bledó!

16.
Vso svojo ljubezen iskreno,
Vso srečo najjasnejših dnij,
Vse dal sem ti, ljubica moja, —
In kaj si vrnila mi ti? ...

Če danes se náte spominjam,

Gorí mi v sramôti obràz,
Oj ljubica, da sovražiti