REVIEWER IN HYDROLOGY HYDROINFORMATICS 12.

The adaptation of
information technology to hydrology and water
resources applications.
HYDROLOGY 1. In simple term, it is the HYDROMETEOROLOGY 13. The study of the
study of water. transfer of water and energy between land and
HYDROLOGY 2. It is the science which water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere.
deals with terrestrial waters, their occurrence, ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY 14. The study of the
circulation and distribution on our planet. isotopic signatures of water.
ENGINEERING SURFACE HYDROLOGY 15. The study of
HYDROLOGY 3. It includes those segments hydrologic processes that operate at or near the
of the field pertinent to planning, design and Earth’s surface.
operation of engineering projects for the control HYDROLOGIST 16. Who apply
and use water. scientific knowledge and mathematical
METEOROLOGY 4. The study of atmosphere principles to solve water-related problems in
with the special interest in weather and climate society: problems of quantity, quality and
condition. availability.

OCEANOGRAPHY 5. The study of ocean and HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 17. Is the circulation
seas. of water evaporated from the sea and the land
surfaces, its transport through the atmosphere to
GEOLOGY 6. The study of the origin, the land its return to the sea via surface,
history and composition of Earth subsurface and atmospheric routes.

WATER SUPPLY PRECIPITATION 18. Is the process that

occurs when any and all forms of water particles
ENGINEERING 7. It deals with the design,
fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground.
construction and operation of systems for
treatment and supply of potable water. RUNOFF 19. It is the flow from
a drainage basin or watershed that appears in
WASTEWATER
surface streams.
ENGINEERING 8. It deals with the design,
RUNOFF 20. It generally
construction and operation of system for the
consists of the flow that is unaffected by artificial
collection, treatment and disposal of wastewater.
diversions, storages or other works.
CHEMICAL
INTERCEPTION 21. It is the process of
HYDROLOGY 9. The study of the chemical interrupting the movement of water in the chain
characteristics of water. of transportation events leading to streams.

ECOHYDROLOGY 10. The study of INTERCEPTION 22. It can take place

interactions between organisms and the by vegetal cover or depression storage in puddles
hydrologic cycle. and in land formations such as rills and furrows.

HYDROGEOLOGY 11. The study of the INFILTRATION 23. It is the physical

presence and movement of water in aquifers. process involving movement of water through
the boundary area where the atmosphere WARM FRONT 35. Warm air
interfaces with soil. mass drives out cold air mass. It has less intense
rainfall but for over a larger area.
PERCOLATION 24. The movement of
water through the soil, and it’s layers, by gravity OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION 36.
and capillary forces. Mechanical lifting of moist air over mountain
barriers.
EVAPORATION 25. Occurs when the
physical state of water is changed from a liquid CYCLONIC PRECIPITATION 37. This is due
state to a gaseous state. to lifting of moist air converging into a low-
pressure belt due to pressure difference due to
EVAPORATION 26. In this process about
unequal heating of earth’s surface.
600 calories of energy for each gram of water, is
exchanged during the change of state. STATIONARY FRONT 38. Forms
when a cold front or warm front stops
TRANSPIRATION 27. It is the biological
moving. This happens when two masses of
process that occurs mostly in the day where
air are pushing against each other, but
wherein water inside the plants is transferred
neither is powerful enough to move the
from the plant to the atmosphere as water vapor
other. Winds blowing parallel to the front
through numerous individual leave openings.
instead of perpendicular can help it stay in
CONDENSATION 28. The process place. It may stay put for days.
where water vapor (gas) changes into water CONDENSATION NUCLEI 39. Are
droplets (liquids). minute particles floating in the atmosphere
which provide a surface for the water vapor to
INTERCEPTION STORAGE 29. It refers to the condense into liquid water upon.
precipitation intercepted by vegetation before it
evaporates. 40. There are many different substances that
make condensation nuclei, including small dust
DETENTION STORAGE 30. Waters particles, sea salts and smoke particles.
temporarily stored in pools or depressions.
RAIN 41. Most commonly observed,
CAPILLARY RISE 31. The flow of soil drops larger than drizzle
moisture in upward direction.
DRIZZLE 42. Fairly uniform precipitation
CONVECTION PRECIPITATION 32. It composed exclusively of fine drops very close
occurs when warm, moist air rises rapidly in together.
unstable atmospheric conditions. As the air rises,
it cools, leading to condensation and the SNOW 43. Precipitation of snow crystals
formation of clouds. that are mostly branched and in the form of six-
pointed stars
FRONTAL PRECIPITATION 33. Conflict
between two air masses. ICE PELLETS 44. which are round or irregular
hard grains of ice consisting of frozen raindrops,
COLD FRONT 34. Cold or largely melted then refrozen snowflakes.
air mass drives out warm air mass. It has intense
precipitation on small areas SNOW GRAINS 45. Precipitation of very small,
white, and opaque grains of ice. Basically, this is
frozen drizzle.
SMALL HAIL 46. Precipitation of white, SMOKE 57. Small particles suspended in
opaque grains of ice that are round or sometimes the air and produced by combustion.
conical.
VOLCANIC ASH 58. Fine particles of rock
HAIL 47. Precipitation in the form of powder that originate from a volcano and that
small balls or other pieces of ice falling separately may remain suspended in the atmosphere for
or frozen together in irregular lumps. long periods.

ICE CRYSTALS 48. Also called 'diamond dust', AMOUNT 59._____ is of course important
appear like fog with individual water particles to the overall hydrologic cycle and replenishment
forming directly as ice. A barely visible of the soil water, and the amount is an
crystalline form of ice that has the shape of accumulation or product of the intensity times
needles, columns or plates. the duration.

OBSCURATION 49. Any phenomena in the INTENSITY 60. The _____of rainfall is a
atmosphere, other than precipitation, that measure of the amount of rain that falls over time.
reduces the horizontal visibility. The most
DURATION 61. The _____ refers to the
common is fog.
length of time rainfall occurs.
MIST 50. Visible minute water particles
FREQUENCY/
suspended in the atmosphere that reduce
visibility to fewer than 7 miles (11 km) but more RETURN PERIOD 62. The ______or more
than or equal to 5/8thmile (1 km). specifically, the_______refers to how often
rainfall occurs at a particular amount or intensity
MIST 51. When the difference between
and duration.
the air temperature and dewpoint is 3°F (1.7°C)
or less then the obscuration is usually called- DEPTH 63. amount of rainfall at
______. specific period and location

HAZE 52. A suspension in the air of RAINGAUGE 64. Instrument used to

extremely small, dry particles that are invisible to measure the amount of rainfall. Can be named as
the naked eye and sufficiently numerous to give pluviometer, ombrometer or hyetometer.
the air an opalescent appearance.
TIPPING BUCKET 65. This consists of a
HAZE 53. It is called____ when the cylindrical receiver 30 cm diameter with a funnel
difference between the air temperature and dew inside Just below the funnel a pair of _____is
point is greater than 3°F (1.7°C). pivoted such that when one of the buckets
receives a rainfall of 0.25 mm it tips and empties
FOG 54. Visible minute water particles
into a tank below, while the other bucket takes its
(droplets) at the Earth's surface that reduce
position and the process is repeated.
horizontal visibility to less than 5/8th mile (1 km).
WEIGHING TYPE
SAND 55. Sand particles raised by the
wind to a height sufficient to reduce horizontal RAINGAUGE 66. In this type of rain-gauge,
visibility. when a certain weight of rainfall is collected in a
tank, which rests on a spring-lever balance, it
DUST 56. Fine particles of earth or other
makes a pen to move on a chart wrapped round
matter raised or suspended in the air by the wind,
a clock-driven drum.
that may restrict horizontal visibility.
FLOAT TYPE their relative location and other factors, it should
be adopted in area where rainfall is uniformly
RAINGAUGE 67. In this type, as the rain is
distributed.
collected in a float chamber, the float moves up
which makes a pen to move on a chart wrapped THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD 75.
round a clock driven drum. This is a graphical technique which calculates
station weights based on the relative areas of
AUTOMATIC RADIO
each measurement station in the Thiessen
REPORTING RAINGAUGE. 68. This type of polygon network.
raingauge is used in mountainous areas, which
THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD 76.
are not easily accessible to collect the rainfall data
The individual weights are multiplied by the
manually.
station observation and the values are summed
NORMAL ANNUAL PRECIPITATION 69. It is to obtain the areal average precipitation.
the average value of precipitation at a particular
THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD 77.
date, month or year over a specified 30 years
This method is useful for areas, which are more
period.
or less plain and are of intermediate size (500 to
SIMPLE ARITHMETIC AVERAGE 70. The 5000 km2). This method is also used when there
missing precipitation Px can be determined using are a few rain-gauge stations compared to size.
_______, if the normal annual precipitation at
ISOHYETAL METHOD 78. This is a
various stations are within 10% of the normal
graphical technique which involves drawing
precipitation at station, x,.
estimated lines of equal rainfall over an area
NORMAL RATIO METHOD 71. If based on point measurements.
the normal precipitations vary considerably then
DOUBLE – MASS CURVE 79. This method is
Px is estimated by weighting the precipitation at
based on the assumption that the mean
various stations by the ratios of normal annual
accumulated precipitation for a large group of
precipitation.
stations is not significantly affected by a change
INVERSE DISTANCE METHOD 72. It or changes in individual stations.
has been advocated to be the most accurate
method as compared to other two methods
discuss.

LINEAR PROGRAMMING METHOD 73. It

selects a base station and several surrounding
index stations and determines optimal weighting
factor by minimizing the deviation between
observed and computed rainfall at a base station
for a number of rainfall events.

ARITHMETIC AVERAGE METHOD 74.

This method consists of computing the arithmetic
average of the values of the precipitation for all
stations within the area. Since this method
assigns equal weight to all stations irrespective of
ISOHYETAL METHOD STEPS. 7. Designing sewers and urban drainage system;

Let’s take it step by step: 8. Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture

on sanitary sewer systems
Step1: Determine what contours of equal
precipitation (called isohytes) you will use. 9. Predicting geomorphological changes, such as
erosion or sedimentation.
This varies from situation to situation,
but you want to have as many contours as 10. Assessing the impacts of natural and
necessary to get an accurate model, but not so anthropogenic environmental change on water
many that your construction becomes cluttered. resources

Step2: Draw a line between gauges that will be 11. Assessing contaminant transport risk and
separated by isohyets. establishing environmental policy guidelines.

Step4: Now sketch the isohyets.

Step5: Redraw the construction onto graph paper Conditions for precipitation to form
with the isohyetal lines. Then count the boxes
1. Cooling of the atmosphere
between each of the isohyetal lines.
2. Condensation onto nuclei
Step6: Find the actual watershed area between
each isohyet. These areas will be lettered starting 3. Growth of the water/ice droplets.
with A at the top and moving alphabetically
4. The products of condensation must reach the
toward the bottom of the construction.
earth
Step7: Multiply the areas found in Step 6 by the
Obscuration include;
average precipitation in the area.
1. Mist
Step8: Divide the sum of the values found in Step
7 by the total area of the watershed to get the 2. Haze
average rainfall in the area.
3. Fog

4. Sand
APPLICATION OF HYDROLOGY
5. Dust
1. Designing riparian restoration projects
6. Smoke
2. Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and
drought risk 7. Volcanic ash

3. Designing irrigation schemes and managing Different kinds RAINGAUGE

agricultural productivity 1. Tipping Bucket
4. Providing drinking water 2. Weighing type
5. Designing dams for water supply or 3. Float type
hydroelectric power generation
4. Automatic radio reporting
6. Designing bridges;
Sources of error in measuring rainfall

1. Losses due to evaporation

2. Losses due to wetting of the gauge

3. Over-measurement due to splash from the

surrounding area

4. Under-measurement due to turbulence around

the gauge.

A network of precipitation measurement points

can be converted to areal estimates using any of
the following techniques:

1. Arithmetic or Station Average

Method

2. Thiessen Polygon Method

3. Isohyetal Method.

FORMULAS

ADEQUACY OF RAINGAUGE STATIONS

𝐶𝑣
𝑁 = ( )2
𝜀
Where,

𝑁 = 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝐶𝑣 =𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜀 = allowable degree of error in the estimate of mean rainfall, (10%)
100 × 𝜎𝑚−1
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑃̅
∑𝑚 ̅ 2
1 (𝑃𝑖 −𝑃 )
𝜎𝑚−1 = √[ ] standard deviation
𝑚−1

𝑃𝑖 = precipitation magnitude in the ith station

𝑃̅ = mean precipitation
 SIMPLE ARITHMETIC AVERAGE

NORMAL RATIO METHOD

MODIFIED NORMAL RATIO METHOD

INVERSELY DISTANCE METHOD

b = 2 is commonly used.

As in inverse distance method the weighting is strictly based on distance, hence this method is not
satisfactory for hilly regions.

ARITHMETIC AVERAGE METHOD

THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD