Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence International Conference ICPRAI 2020 Zhongshan China October 19 23 2020 Proceedings Yue Lu
Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence International Conference ICPRAI 2020 Zhongshan China October 19 23 2020 Proceedings Yue Lu
Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence International Conference ICPRAI 2020 Zhongshan China October 19 23 2020 Proceedings Yue Lu
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Yue Lu · Nicole Vincent ·
Pong Chi Yuen · Wei-Shi Zheng ·
Farida Cheriet · Ching Y. Suen (Eds.)
LNCS 12068
Pattern Recognition
and Artificial Intelligence
International Conference, ICPRAI 2020
Zhongshan, China, October 19–23, 2020
Proceedings
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12068
Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Pattern Recognition
and Artificial Intelligence
International Conference, ICPRAI 2020
Zhongshan, China, October 19–23, 2020
Proceedings
123
Editors
Yue Lu Nicole Vincent
East China Normal University Paris Descartes University
Shanghai, China Paris, France
Pong Chi Yuen Wei-Shi Zheng
Hong Kong Baptist University Sun Yat-sen University
Kowloon, Hong Kong Guangzhou, China
Farida Cheriet Ching Y. Suen
Polytechnique Montréal Concordia University
Montreal, QC, Canada Montreal, QC, Canada
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
CENPARMI members and students, created a very warm and comfortable environment
to work in.
Thanks are also due to the organizations listed in the proceedings and those of the
organizers of ICPRAI 2020, and the administration of Zhongshan City.
Finally, I hope you found this conference to be a rewarding and memorable
experience. We hope you enjoyed your stay in the beautiful Zhongshan City, a hub in
the Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macau Greater Bay Area, and the birthplace of great
historical figure Dr. Sun Yat-sen.
Organizing Committees
ICPRAI 2020 was hosted by Zhongshan City and organized by CENPARMI (Centre
for Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence) of Concordia University, Canada,
and journal editors and scientists:
Honorary Chair
General Chair
Conference Co-chairs
Edwin Hancock, UK
Patrick S. Wang, USA
Program Chairs
Competition Judges
Publication Chairs
Sponsorship Chairs
Publicity Chairs
A New DCT-FFT Fusion Based Method for Caption and Scene Text
Classification in Action Video Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Lokesh Nandanwar, Palaiahnakote Shivakumara, Suvojit Manna,
Umapada Pal, Tong Lu, and Michael Blumenstein
It is now well realized that the stars are a very important adjunct
to the physical laboratory—a sort of high-temperature annex where
the behaviour of matter can be studied under greatly extended
conditions. Being an astronomer, I naturally put the connexion
somewhat differently and regard the physical laboratory as a low-
temperature station attached to the stars. It is the laboratory
conditions which should be counted abnormal. Apart from the
interstellar cloud which is at the moderate temperature of about
15,000°, I suppose that nine-tenths of the matter of the universe is
above 1,000,000°. Under ordinary conditions—you will understand
my use of the word—matter has rather simple properties. But there
are in the universe exceptional regions with temperature not far
removed from the absolute zero, where the physical properties of
matter acquire great complexity; the ions surround themselves with
complete electron systems and become the atoms of terrestrial
experience. Our earth is one of these chilly places and here the
strangest complications can arise. Perhaps strangest of all, some of
these complications can meet together and speculate on the
significance of the whole scheme.
LECTURE III
THE AGE OF THE STARS
W
E have seen that spatially the scale of man is about midway between the
atom and the star. I am tempted to make a similar comparison as
regards time. The span of the life of a man comes perhaps midway in
scale between the life of an excited atom (p. 74) and the life of a star. For
those who insist on greater accuracy—though I would not like to claim
accuracy for present estimates of the life of a star—I will modify this a little.
As regards mass, man is rather too near to the atom and a stronger claimant
for the midway position would be the hippopotamus. As regards time, man’s
three score years and ten is a little too near to the stars and it would be
better to substitute a butterfly.
There is one serious moral in this fantasy. We shall have to consider
periods of time which appall our imagination. We fear to make such drafts on
eternity. And yet the vastness of the time-scale of stellar evolution is less
remote from the scale of human experience than is the minuteness of the
time-scale of the processes studied in the atom.
Our approach to the ‘age of the stars’ will be devious, and certain
incidental problems will detain us on the way.
Pulsating Stars
The star δ Cephei is one of the variable stars. Like Algol, its fluctuating
light sends us a message. But the message when it is decoded is not in the
least like the message from Algol.
Let me say at once that experts differ as to the interpretation of the
message of δ Cephei. This is not the place to argue the matter, or to explain
why I think that rival interpretations cannot be accepted. I can only tell you
what is to the best of my belief the correct story. The interpretation which I
follow was suggested by Plummer and Shapley. The latter in particular made
it very convincing, and subsequent developments have, I think, tended to
strengthen it. I would not, however, claim that all doubt is banished.
Algol turned out to be a pair of stars very close together which from time
to time eclipse one another; δ Cephei is a single star which pulsates. It is a
globe which swells and contracts symmetrically with a regular period of 5⅓
days. And as the globe swells and contracts causing great changes of
pressure and temperature in the interior, so the issuing stream of light rises
and falls in intensity and varies also in quality or colour.
There is no question of eclipses; the light signals are not in the form of
‘dots’ and ‘dashes’; and in any case the change of colour shows that there is
a real change in the physical condition of the source of the light. But at first
explanations always assumed that two stars were concerned, and aimed at
connecting the physical changes with an orbital motion. For instance, it was
suggested that the principal star in going round its orbit brushed through a
resisting medium which heated its front surface; thus the light of the star
varied according as the heated front surface or cooler rear surface was
presented towards us. The orbital explanation has now collapsed because it is
found that there is literally no room for two stars. The supposed orbit had
been worked out in the usual way from spectroscopic measurements of
velocity of approach and recession; later we began to learn more about the
true size of stars, first by calculation, and afterwards (for a few stars) by
direct measurement. It turned out that the star was big and the orbit small;
and the second star if it existed would have to be placed inside the principal
star. This overlapping of the stars is a reductio ad absurdum of the binary
hypothesis, and some other explanation must be found.
What had been taken to be the approach and recession of the star as a
whole was really the approach and recession of the surface as it heaved up
and down with the pulsation. The stars which vary like δ Cephei are diffuse
stars enormously larger than the sun, and the total displacement measured
amounts to only a fraction of the star’s radius. There is therefore no need to
assume a bodily displacement of the star (orbital motion); the measures
follow the oscillation of that part of the star’s surface presented towards us.
The decision that δ Cephei is a single star and not double has one
immediate consequence. It means that the period of 5⅓ days is intrinsic in
the star and is therefore one of the clues to its physical condition. It is a free
period, not a forced period. It is important to appreciate the significance of
this. The number of sunspots fluctuates from a maximum to minimum and
back to maximum in a period of about 11½ years; although we do not yet
understand the reason for this fluctuation, we realize that this period is
something characteristic of the sun in its present state and would change if
any notable change happened to the sun. At one time, however, there was
some speculation as to whether the fluctuation of the sunspots might not be
caused by the revolution of the planet Jupiter, which has a period not so very
different; if that explanation had been tenable the 11½-year period would
have been something forced on the sun from without and would teach us
nothing as to the properties of the sun itself. Having convinced ourselves that
the light-period of δ Cephei is a free period of a single star, belonging to it in
the same way that a particular note belongs to a tuning-fork, we can accept it
as a valuable indicator of the constancy (or otherwise) of the star’s physical
condition.
In stellar astronomy we usually feel very happy if we can determine our
data—parallax, radius, mass, absolute brightness, &c.—to within 5 per cent.;
but the measurement of a period offers chances of far superior accuracy. I
believe that the most accurately known quantity in the whole of science
(excluding pure mathematics) is the moon’s mean period, which is commonly
given to twelve significant figures. The period of δ Cephei can be found to six
significant figures at least. By fastening an observable period to the intrinsic
conditions of a star we have secured an indicator sensitive enough to show
extremely small changes. You will now guess why I am approaching ‘the age
of the stars’ through the Cepheid variables. Up to the present they are the
only stars known to carry a sensitive indicator, by which we might hope to
test the rate of evolutionary change. We believe that δ Cephei like other stars
has condensed out of a nebula, and that the condensation and contraction
are still continuing. No one would expect to detect the contraction by our