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Yifan Chen
Tadashi Nakano
Lin Lin
Mohammad Upal Mahfuz
Weisi Guo (Eds.)
329
Bio-inspired Information
and Communication
Technologies
12th EAI International Conference, BICT 2020
Shanghai, China, July 7–8, 2020
Proceedings
123
Lecture Notes of the Institute
for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics
and Telecommunications Engineering 329
Bio-inspired Information
and Communication
Technologies
12th EAI International Conference, BICT 2020
Shanghai, China, July 7–8, 2020
Proceedings
123
Editors
Yifan Chen Tadashi Nakano
University of Electronic Science Osaka University
and Technology of China Osaka, Japan
Chengdu, China
Mohammad Upal Mahfuz
Lin Lin Resch School of Engineering
Tongji University University of Wisconsiin-Green Bay
Shanghai, China Green Bay, WI, USA
Weisi Guo
School of Engineering
Cranfield University
Cranfield, UK
© ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering 2020
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Preface
We are delighted to introduce the proceedings of the 12th EAI International Conference
on Bio-inspired Information and Communications Technologies (BICT 2020). Con-
sistent with the goal of prior editions, BICT 2020 aims to provide a world-leading and
multidisciplinary venue for researchers and practitioners in diverse disciplines that seek
the understanding of key principles, processes, and mechanisms in biological systems
and leverage those understandings to develop novel information and communications
technologies (ICT). This year, due to the safety concerns and travel restrictions caused
by COVID-19, EAI BICT 2020 took place online in a livestream.
In addition to the main track targeting broad and mainstream research topics, BICT
2020 included four special tracks with focused research topics, including (1) Internet of
Everything, organized by Qiang Liu (University of Electronic Science and Technology
of China, China); Intelligent Internet of Things and Network Applications, organized
by Fan-Hsun Tseng (National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan); Intelligent Sensor
Network, organized by Peng He (Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommuni-
cations, China) and Yue Sun (Chengdu University of Technology, China); and Data-
Driven Intelligent Modeling, Application and Optimization, organized by Hengyu Li
and Jianguo Wang (both Shanghai University, China). BICT 2020 also included the
workshop on Applications, Testbeds, and Simulation Design for Molecular Commu-
nication (ATSDMC 2020) organized by M. Şükrü Kuran (Bahcesehir University,
Turkey), H. Birkan Yilmaz (Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain), and Ali Emre
Pusane (Bogazici University, Turkey). We appreciate all the special track and work-
shop chairs for their tremendous efforts to organize the excellent special tracks and
workshop.
This year, we received 56 paper submissions and accepted 20 papers as full papers
and 8 papers as short papers. We appreciate our Program Committee (PC) members for
their hard work in reviewing papers carefully and rigorously. With our congratulations
to the authors of accepted papers, the BICT 2020 conference proceedings consists of 28
high-quality papers.
The organization of the BICT 2020 conference proceedings relies on the contri-
butions by Organizing Committee members as well as PC members. It was our priv-
ilege to work with these respected colleagues. Last but not least, special thanks go to
the EAI, particularly Karolina Marcinova, for helping us organize BICT 2020 and
publish these proceedings successfully.
Steering Committee
Imrich Chlamtac University of Trento, Italy
Jun Suzuki University of Massachusetts, USA
Tadashi Nakano Osaka University, Japan
Organizing Committee
General Chair
Yifan Chen University of Electronic Science and Technology
of China, China
Local Chair
Hao Yan Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Workshop Chair
Yutaka Okaie Osaka University, Japan
Publications Chair
Qiang Liu University of Electronic Science and Technology
of China, China
Web Chair
Yue Sun Chengdu University of Technology, China
viii Organization
Tutorial Chair
Peng He Chongqing University of Posts
and Telecommunications, China
Conference Manager
Karolina Marcinova EAI
Main Track
1 Introduction
This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation, China
(61971314), in part by Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (19ZR1426500), and in
part by Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (19510744900).
c ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering 2020
Published by Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. All Rights Reserved
Y. Chen et al. (Eds.): BICT 2020, LNICST 329, pp. 3–15, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57115-3_1
4 L. Huang et al.
1. In the clock synchronization process, the synthetic time when the transmitter
encodes the clock into the molecule and the effect of the molecular structure
change on the diffusion coefficient are considered. By using different types
of molecules released at the clock time of transmitter which is encoded into
molecules, the challenge for the practical varying molecular synthesis time
and diffusion coefficient are solved.
2. Based on the waveform of the molecular signal, by using the least-square
method, the clock offset and the initial distance between the transmitter and
the receiver is estimated.
The rest of the article is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the system
model. The clock synchronization mechanism is proposed in Sect. 3. Section 4
presents the simulation results. Section 5 finally summarizes the article.
2 System Model
We consider an unbounded three-dimensional fluid environment with constant
temperature and viscosity. The entire nanonetwork includes a clock reference
nanomachine and multiple nanomachines that require clock correction. In this
paper, the clock reference nanomachine is modeled as a moving spherical trans-
mitter with radius aTx , denoted by Tx; the nanomachines that require clock
correction are modeled as receivers with multiple receiving antennas which are
passive observers with radius aRxi , denoted by Rx. Molecules can enter and
leave the passive observers freely. The transmitter nanomachine and the receiver
nanomachines obey the Brownian motion with the diffusion coefficients Dtx and
Drx , respectively. In order to form our system, we make the following assump-
tions about the system:
1. It is assumed that the nanomachines in the network do not collide with each
other, or affect the movement of molecules in the environment.
2. The transmitter can release multiple types of molecules simultaneously. The
receiver has multiple receiving antennas, and each antenna can detect mul-
tiple types of molecules simultaneously. The idea of multiple antennas was
proposed in [18]. It is assumed that the distance between the nanomachines
is much larger than the radius of the nanomachines. Therefore, the distances
between the transmitter nanomachine and each receiving antenna on receiver
nanomachines are the same.
3. The signal molecules are released from the center of the spherical transmitter,
and the molecules can propagate to the receiver by diffusion. The diffusion
process of each molecule in the environment is independent of each other, and
the impact of collisions between molecules is negligible.
4. The time interval between the two clock synchronizations of the network is
long enough, and there is no inter-symbol interference.
Because the movement of molecules is independent of the nanomachines in the
network, the clock reference nanomachine calibrates all nanomachines in the
network independently. At the same time, the receiver nanomachines in the
nanonetwork do not affect the detection of molecular signals by other receiver
nanomachines. We only consider the case where the clock reference nanomachine
corrects the clock of one of the receiver nanomachines in the network. Due to
Brownian motion, the positions of the transmitter and receiver change over time.
d(t) is used to denote the distance between the transmitter and the receiver when
the transmitter clock time is t, as shown in Fig. 1.
The transmitter releases a molecular pulse at any time t, with the number of
released molecules Q, and the diffusion coefficient Dm . At this time, the initial
distance between the receiving antenna and the transmitter is d(t). After the
Clock Synchronization for Mobile Molecular Communication 7
Fig. 1. Mobile communication system model for synchronization. Colorful balls repre-
sent different types of molecules. (Color figure online)
It is assumed that the receiver has M receiving antennas. The signal received
by the receiver is the average of the signals received by the M antennas. Hence,
1 1
M M
S(t, τ ) = Si (t, τ ) = s(t, τ ) + ni (t, τ ), (4)
M i=1 M i=1
8 L. Huang et al.
where
vobs Q d2 (t)
s(t, τ ) = exp(− ), (5)
(4πD τ )
3
2 4D τ
where S(t, τ ) represents the average number of observed molecules of the receiver
after the propagation time τ of molecules. s(t, τ ) is the number of molecules after
the propagation time τ in theory. Since n (t, τ ) is independent and identically
distributed Gaussian noise, according to theMlaw of large numbers, when the
1
number of antennas is close to infinity, M i=1 ni (t, τ ) is close to 0. Thus the
influence of noise on the signal is weakened. According to (5), when the number
of signal molecules received by the receiver reaches the maximum, the corre-
sponding theoretical peak time is
d2 (t)
tpeak = , (6)
6D
which is defined as the propagation delay.
We consider sending the clock value Tt0 of the transmitter to receivers, and
receivers adjust their clocks so that the clocks of the nanomachines in the entire
system are the same. Like other research papers on clock synchronization [15],
[18], the clock value of the transmitter is encoded into the information molecule
using M-ary Mosk [11]. Each information molecule includes a head, a tail, and
n chemical bit elements, where n=log M. All these parts are linked to the same
molecule by chemical bonds. Assume that the synthesized molecule is molecule
A with diffusion coefficient DA .
However, encoding the transmitter clock into A molecules takes time ε, that
is, the release time of A molecules is later than the encoded clock time Tt0 of
the transmitter. Different clocks will get different molecular structures so that
the diffusion coefficient DA is uncertain. As described in [12], the synthesis time
required for the same molecule is different, which means the synthesis time ε of
a molecule is uncertain. Besides, in a MC system, molecules are released from a
transmitter to a receiver through diffusion, and the propagation time of a signal
cannot be ignored. Therefore, in a MC system, before the receiver nanomachine
corrects its clock based on the received transmitter clock value, the propagation
time of the molecule also needs to be obtained.
Clock Synchronization for Mobile Molecular Communication 9
Suppose that after the propagation time of A molecules τA , the receiver clock
is tr,A . Then the clock offset φ between the transmitter and the receiver can be
expressed as
φ = tr,A − τA − Tt0 − ε. (8)
The receiver detects and extracts the clock Tt0 of the transmitter in A
molecules, and the clock of the receiver is known. If only A molecules are used
to get the clock offset between the transmitter and the receiver, φ, ε, and prop-
agation time are needed. However, both φ and ε are random numbers, and the
distribution of them cannot be obtained. Therefore, even if the propagation time
of the A molecule is known, clock offset is difficult to obtain.
In this paper, in order to obtain the clock offset φ, in addition to the A
molecule, another different I types of molecules with diffusion coefficient Di
{i = 1, 2..., I} are also used, which have been synthesized and can be released at
transmitter clock Tt0 . That means I + 1 types of molecules will be released from
transmitter. As shown in Fig. 2, when the system starts clock synchronization,
the A molecules begin to synthesize. At the same time, other I types of molecules
are simultaneously released. The number of I types of molecules and A molecules
released by the transmitter are Q.
Tt0: (a) Tt0 is encoded into A molecules; (b) other molecules are released.
Receiver
clock
Fig. 2. The clock relationship between transmitter and receiver. ε is the synthesis time
of A molecules. The receiver uses the sampling results of other molecules and the clock
information Tt0 extracted from the A molecule, and uses the least-square method to
estimate the clock offset and the distance between the transmitter and the receiver.
Type A molecules are only used to transmit the clock Tt0 of the transmitter.
The another I types of molecules are used to estimate clock offset and dis-
tance. Since the I types of molecules are released simultaneously, the initial dis-
tance between the transmitter and the receiver is the same. The receiver detects
molecules in the environment. The clock information Tt0 carried in the molecule
A is extracted. And the receiver counts the number of I types of molecules arriv-
ing at the receiver. Suppose the propagation time of type-i molecules is τi , the
receiver clock is tr,i . Then the clock offset φ between the transmitter and the
receiver can be expressed as
vobs Q d2 (Tt0 )
s(Tt0 , τi ) = exp(− , (10)
(4πDi (tr,i − φ − Tt0 ))
3
2 4Di (tr,i − φ − Tt0 )
where Di = Drx + Di , Tt0 is the clock of the transmitter when the type-i
molecules are released.
For the I types of molecules, the receiver counts the molecules arriving at
the receiver at the receiver clock time tr,i = {tr1,i , ...trm,i } {i = 1, 2..., I}. Then
mI observations of I types of molecules are obtained, donated by {S1,i , ..., Sm,i }
{i = 1, 2..., I}. There are two unknowns parameters in (10), φ and d(Tt0 ). To
obtain the unknown parameters, the least-square method can be used. For type-i
molecules, {S1,i , ..., Sm,i } are used.
m
vobs Q
{dˆi (Tt0 ), φ̂i } = arg min ( 3
d(Tt0 ),φ j=1 (4πDi (tr,i − Tt0 − φ)) 2
(11)
d2 (Tt0 )
exp(− ) − Sj,i )2 .
4Di (tr,A − Tt0 − φ)
For the type-i + 1 molecules, φ̂i and dˆi (Tt0 ) can be used as the initial values
of the least-square method, where
4 Simulation Results
In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed synchronization mecha-
nism, the simulation results using MATLAB will be presented in this section.
The effect of different parameters on the accuracy of the clock offset estimation
will also be analyzed. The simulation parameters are given in Table 1.
The mean square error (MSE) is a measure that reflects the degree of differ-
ence between the estimate and the actual value. The smaller the mean square
Clock Synchronization for Mobile Molecular Communication 11
error, the closer the representative estimator is to the estimated amount. For l
actual values xi i = 1, ..., l and corresponding estimated values x̂i i = 1, ..., l, the
mean square error is
1
l
M SE = (xi − x̂i )2 . (16)
l i=1
The simulation results mainly evaluate the performance of the synchronization
mechanism and the influence of various parameters on the system performance
by using the mean square error.
101
I=1
I=2
100 I=4
MSE of estimated clock offset
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Initial distance d(T t0 ) ( m)
Fig. 3. The relationship between the initial distance d(Tt0 ) and the MSE of estimated
φ. I indicates the number of other types of molecules used.
12 L. Huang et al.
Figure 3 shows that the performance of the proposed clock offset estimation
algorithm for φ. The performance of the algorithm is mainly related to the
distance between the transmitter and the receiver when molecules are released.
As the distance increases, the MSE of the estimated φ increases. This is because
as the distance gradually increases, the number of signal molecules received by
the receiver gradually decreases, and the received signal is gradually increased
by the influence of noise. Also, the type of molecules released will also affect
the performance of the algorithm. The more types of molecules released, the
better the estimation performance of the algorithm. This is because the I types
of molecules are released at the same time, and the initial distance d(Tt0 ) and
clock offset φ between the transmitter and the receiver are the same. Different
molecules are affected by noise differently. Using multiple types of molecules can
reduce the effect of noise on overall synchronization performance.
I=1
I=2
RMSE of estimated distance d ( m)
101
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Initial distance d(T t0 ) ( m)
In Fig. 4, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the proposed clock offset
estimation algorithm for d(Tt0 ). As with the estimation of the clock offset, the
RMSE of estimated distance is also mainly affected by the distance between
the transmitter and the receiver at the moment of molecular release. And the
more types of molecules released, the better the estimation performance of the
algorithm.
In Fig. 5, the algorithm proposed in this paper is applied in two scenarios.
One scenario does not consider the synthesis time of the molecule, and the other
scenario considers the synthesis time of the molecule. It can be seen that the
clock synchronization performance obtained after considering the effect of molec-
ular synthesis time is better. Also, the algorithm proposed in this paper is also
compared with the current synchronization algorithms in fixed MC systems.
Clock Synchronization for Mobile Molecular Communication 13
32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Initial distance d(T t0 ) ( m)
Fig. 5. The algorithm proposed in this paper is applied to two different scenarios, one
considers the synthesis time of molecules and the other does not consider the synthesis
time of molecules. And the blind synchronization algorithm proposed in [18].
Compared with the blind synchronization algorithm used in [18], the proposed
synchronization algorithm in this paper has better performance. This is because
more types of molecules are used in this paper and the clock of the transmitter is
directly transmitted to the receiver. As Fig. 5 shown, three types of molecules are
used. This relatively increases the requirements for the functions of transmitter
and receiver nanomachines.
The above simulation results show that the synchronization mechanism pro-
posed in this paper has good performance in a certain range. However, when the
distance between the transmitter and receiver is large enough, the MSE of esti-
mated φ will also be very large so that the estimated clock offset is not accurate.
To obtain better performance, more types of molecules can be used. But it will
improve the requirements for the functions of the transmitter and receiver. From
both Figs. 3 and 4, it can be seen that, for the proposed clock synchronization
mechanism, the effect of distance between the transmitter and the receiver is
greater than that of the number of types of molecules released.
5 Conclusion
distance, and the number of the type of molecules released will affect the per-
formance of the MC system. Simulation results show that the synchronization
mechanism proposed in this paper has good performance. In our future work,
we will continue to study clock synchronization mechanisms and performance in
more practical mobile MC systems in nanonetworks.
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A Cooperative Molecular Communication
for Targeted Drug Delivery
1 Introduction
The possibility of engineering nanoparticles that selectively detect and deliv-
ery to the cancer cells has been developed for last a few decades. However,
[1] revealed that a median of 0.7% of the injected dose (ID) of the nanopar-
ticles reached the tumor, and delivery efficiency has not well improved. If we
improve delivery efficiencies, the injection volume of drug encapsulation strat-
egy for nanoparticles would decrease. Biodegradable semiconductor materials
[2] combined with bio-inspired molecular communications (MC) [3,4], will find
important applications in controllable drug delivery. More important, the process
Supported by Chengdu University of Technology.
c ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering 2020
Published by Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. All Rights Reserved
Y. Chen et al. (Eds.): BICT 2020, LNICST 329, pp. 16–26, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57115-3_2
A Cooperative Molecular Communication for Targeted Drug Delivery 17
the electromagnetic devices could control the positions, velocity and accelerate
of the source particle. While it’s getting closer to the destination, the leading
particle will release attractant molecules. During its route, the bacteria injected
before will randomly act, when the attractant molecules’ concentration reached
the bacteria’s minimum sensing band, the bacteria they attracted would try to
get closer to the attractant. And then the bacteria follow the particles to the
destination. Here we show the Fig. 1 to reveal the details of our model.
Now let’s assume that there’s a kind of particle is benefit to the bacteria’s living
so if the bacteria contact with larger concentration position than it possessed
then the bacteria would try to get closer to this position. With the standard
concentration distribution function let’s set an upper concentration limit for the
bacteria so when the increase of concentration is greater than it, the bacteria
would get to the largest concentration position. Based on these we create an
simulate environment, Fig. 2 shows a typical concentration distribution in human
vessel and Fig. 3 shows the actually mathematical model of the concentration
distribution function. So, in the local area the distribution of the concentration
could be considered as:
− x2 +y 2
( )
M
C= 3 e 4Dt (1)
(4Dπt) 2
A Cooperative Molecular Communication for Targeted Drug Delivery 19
While the particles have injected in the vessel, we consider they could release
and dissolve themselves stably into ionic state and both the particles and the
bacteria would keep relative static in the blood flow. The ionic particles carry
electron so electromagnetic field could control the ionic particles’ direction and
velocity. In limited time the particles keep themselves united and only release
a small part of themselves into the plasma so there’s a definite concentration
difference between local position and bacteria’s position. To control the parti-
cles’ position precisely, it’s considerable to calculate the exactly results of the
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Medico; de Decenti habitu; Præceptiones; de Anatomia; de
Dentitione; de Exsectione Fœtus; de Visu; de Crisibus; de Diebus
Criticis; de Medicamentis Purgativis.
[109] Hippocrat. Coi Comment. etc., Theod. Zuingeri studio.
Basil, 1579.
[110] See his additions to Ackerman’s Dissertation, in his
edition of the Works of Hippocrates.
[111] § 122, tom. i., p. 172 (ed. Bekker), where see the note of
Heindorf.
[112] Galeni Opera, tom. v., pp. 2, 16; ed. Basil.
[113] Œuvres Complètes, etc., tom. i., p. 320.
[114] The argument turns principally on the meaning of the
expression, τι πότε λέγει Ἱπποκράτης τε καὶ ὁ ἀληθὴ λόγος, which
M. Littré contends signifies, “ce qu’Hippocrate et la raison
pourraient dire.” Now I must say that, to me, the words of Plato
here quoted do not warrant the interpretation which M. Littré puts
upon them; and, not satisfied with my own judgment on this point,
which happens in the present instance to be an important one, I
applied to one of the best authorities in Britain on the minutiæ of
the Greek language for his opinion, and was happy to find that it
entirely corresponded with my own. Having alluded in the text to
the prolixity of the discussion which M. Littré enters into on this
occasion, I trust that eminent scholar will not be offended
(provided these pages ever meet his eyes) if I introduce here an
anecdote of the celebrated Kuster. Having been shown a work in
which the quantity of argumentation and reflection greatly over-
balanced the amount of facts and references, he laid it aside with
the remark, “I find nothing here but reasoning: non sic itur ad
astra.”
[115] Galeni Opera, tom. v., p. 119; ed. Basil.
[116] Comment. vii.; et sect. vii., 53 et seq.
[117] See under Hippocrates in Smith’s Greek and Roman
Biographical and Mythological Dictionary.
[118] “In all paroxysms, or sharp fits of intermitting diseases,
we must take away meat, for then to give it is hurtful.”
[119] “The belly is naturally hottest in winter and the spring,
and most addicted to rest. Consequently in these seasons a
greater proportion of food is to be allowed, because the inward
heat is stronger, which is the reason that a more plentiful food is
necessary. This difference may be seen in such as are old, and in
such as are lusty and well-grown bodies.”
[120] “Those things that are or have been justly determined by
nature, ought not to be moved or altered, either by purging or
other irritating medicines; but should be left alone.”
[121] “Things evacuated and purged are not to be estimated
by the multitude and quantity, but by their fitness to be avoided
and sent forth; and must be such as are not too troublesome to
the patient to bear. Though, where it is necessary, we must
proceed in evacuating, even to swooning and fainting, if the
patient can bear it.”
[122] “Those who are grieved in any part of the body, and are
scarce sensible of their grief, have a distempered mind.”
[123] “When the upper parts of the throat or gullet are sore, or
a breaking out of small tumours does arise in the body, we ought
to look upon the excrements; for if they are choleric, the body is
also sick; but if they are like the excrements of sound persons,
the body may be nourished without danger.”
[124] “When that which ought to be evacuated is discharged
by spontaneous vomiting and diarrhœa, it is useful and easily
endured; but when otherwise, the contrary. This is equally true
with regard to every vessel,” etc.
[125] “They in whom the greatest vigor of the disease is
immediately perceived, are to be immediately sparingly supplied
with food; but from those in whom it occurs later, the food must at
that time, or a little earlier, be abstracted. Previously, however, we
must nourish more freely, that the sick may be supported.”
[126] “Whilst the crisis is forming, and when it is complete,
nothing ought to be moved or to be introduced, whether by
purgatives or other irritants; but all should be left at rest.”
[127] “They who are accustomed to daily labor, although even
weak or old, endure it more easily than the robust or young, who
are even accustomed to it.”
[128] “In regard to the seasons, if the winter has been dry and
cold, and the spring moist and warm, in summer acute fevers,
ophthalmias, and dysenteries must necessarily occur, chiefly,
however, among females and men of pituitous temperament.”
[129] Tom. v., p. 399; ed, Basil.
[130] “The state of the air being, upon the whole, dry, with a
south wind, which was just contrary to what happened the year
before, when the north chiefly prevailed; there were but few
inflammatory fevers, and these were of a mild disposition, very
few being attended with hemorrhages, and much fewer, if any,
with death.” (p. 4.)
“They affected children, young persons, and those who were
arrived at years of maturity, and especially those who used much
exercise, yet but few women.” (Ibid.)
“Before the summer, and even during that season, nay, in
winter likewise, there were many who had been disposed to a
phthisis who were now afflicted with that disease,” etc. (Ibid.)
“The extremities were generally very cold, there was seldom
any heat in them.” (p 3.)
[131] Præfat. Gloss.
[132] Comment. in Libr. de Fract.
[133] In Lib. Prognos. Comment.
[134] Tom. v., p. 89; ed. Basil.
[135] Comment. in Lib. de Fract.
[136] Deipnos, ii., 7.
[137] De Propr. Lib., in III. Epid., Comm. ii., Præf.
[138] Bibl. Med., p. 1, 29, 59.
[139] The inhabitants of Asiatic Ionia, and the islands
adjoining, were all colonists from Attica. (See in particular
Thucyd., i., 12; and also Herodot. viii., 44; and Heraclides, de
Politiis.) Dr. Coray supposes that Hippocrates represents himself
as being a European, in consequence of his having composed
this treatise in Europe, at a distance from his native country. But
there is no necessity for this supposition, as Hippocrates, being of
Grecian descent, would naturally enough consider himself a
European, since the great body of the Greeks were Europeans.
Coray mentions a striking instance of Haller’s incapacity to form a
correct judgment on the works of Hippocrates, from want of a
proper acquaintance with the Greek language.—Discours
Préliminaire, etc., p. lvi.
[140] De Placit. Hippocr., et Platon. ix.; de Diff. Resp., iii., 7.
[141] Ap. Foës., p. 197.
[142] Galeni Opera, tom. v., p. 652; ed. Basil.
[143] Opera, tom. v., p, 578; ed. Basil.
[144] Ibid., p. 170.
[145] In Prædict. i., Comm. i., 4.
[146] V. Galen, in Exeges. in vocibus ἐκλούσθω, σφάκερος,
etc.
[147] Præfat. Gloss. Hippocrat.
[148] Gynæc., tom. i., P. I., p. 13.
[149] In vita Hippocrat.
[150] Ad Nepotian. de vita Cleric., Ep. ii., p. 13, tom. i.; ed.
Paris, 1643.
[151] Orat. Funebr., in Cæsarium Fratrem.
[152] Sub voce Hippocrates.
[153] Epist. ad C. Jal. Callistum.
[154] Thesmophor., l. 240.
[155] De Legg. iv., l. vi., p. 134; ed. Tauchnitz.
[156] Tom. ii., p. xlviii.; Add. et Corrig.
[157] Tom. v., p. 526; ed. Basil, etc. Elsewhere he quotes it as
being undoubtedly genuine.—De Placit. Hippoc. etc., ix., 1.
[158] Hist. Med., p. 283.
[159] See Polybius, as quoted by Littré, l., c.; also section iii. of
the Preliminary Discourse.
[160] Saturnal., vii., 6.
[161] Hist. Animal., iii., 3.
[162] In Boerhaav., Meth. Stud. Med.
[163] De Placit. Hippocrat. et Plat., vi., 3; et Opera, tom. v., p.
22; ed. Basil.
[164] De Nat. Facult., tom. i., p. 87.
[165] Opera, tom. v., p. 329; ed. Basil.
[166] See English translation of Paulus Ægineta, Book I., p.
549.
[167] See Galen, tom. v., p. 2.
[168] See further, under No. 1.
[169] Opera, tom. v., pp. 17, 29.
[170] See Paulus Ægineta, I., 50.
[171] I., 3.
[172] Sect. ii., near the beginning.
[173] Comment. in III. Epidem.
[174] Ad Hippocrat. de Aëre, Aquis, Locis, § 65.
[175] De Vulneribus superciliis allatis. Lips., 1741.
[176] Lehre von den Augen-krankheiten. Wien, 1813.
[177] In VI. Aphor., 3, Comm. vi.; Meth. Med., iv., 6.
[178] Hist. Med., i., 3, 4, 60. His language is particularly
strong: “Maximè genuinus ab omnibus judicatur.”
[179] In his Commentary on this work.
[180] Book iv., 44. See the authorities quoted in the
Commentary on this chapter in the English edition. Schulze
properly remarks, that the composition which he recommends as
an application to certain sores resembles the Ægyptiacum of
modern times.—Hist. Med., i., 3, 4, 63.
[181] Comment in Lib. de Nat. Human.
[182] They are as follows: “Continuari cum libello de
hæmorrhoidis manifeste spurio, ideoque ipsum esse spurium,
Galenus jam notat in Gloss., s. v. πήρινα et στρυβλήν.” Now, as
stated above, Galen does not say a word against the authenticity
of these works.
[183] Comment i., in Hipp. Prognost. The quotation prefixed to
this work in the editions of Vander-linden and Frobenius, in which
Galen is stated to have held this work not to be genuine, is
admitted by Littré to be of no authority.
[184] Morb. Diuturn., i., 4.
[185] See Menage in Diogen. Laert., p. 241.
[186] See § 66, tom. vii., p. 359: ed. Bekker.
[187] See all these authorities as quoted by Ackerman.
[188] Hist. de la Méd., i., iii., 4.
[189] It may appear a singular idea that the earth is supported
on air, and yet it was very generally held by the learned men of
antiquity. The poet Lucan thus alludes to this doctrine: