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159-Reading 21-Advanced Reading-U6 Gender Equality

Passage 1: You are going to read a passage about gender equality then answer the
questions.
Votes for Women: The Journey to Equality
(1) The suffragette movement, which campaigned for votes for women in the early twentieth
century, is most commonly associated with the Pankhurst family and militant acts of varying
degrees of violence. The Museum of London has drawn on its archive collection to convey a fresh
picture with its exhibition.
The name is a reference to the colour scheme that the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU)
created to give the movement a uniform, nationwide image. By doing so, it became one of the first
groups to project a corporate identity, and it is this advanced marketing strategy, along with the
other organisational and commercial achievements of the WSPU, to which the exhibition is
devoted.
(2) Formed in 1903 by the political campaigner Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters
Christabel and Sylvia, the WSPU began an educated campaign to put women's suffrage on the
political agenda. New Zealand, Australia and parts of the United States had already enfranchised
women, and growing numbers of their British counterparts wanted the same opportunity.
(3) With their slogan 'Deeds not words', and the introduction of the colour scheme, the WSPU soon
brought the movement the cohesion and focus it had previously lacked. Membership grew rapidly
as women deserted the many other, less directed, groups and joined it. By 1906 the WSPU
headquarters, called the Women's Press Shop, had been established in Charing Cross Road and in
spite of limited communications (no radio or television, and minimal use of the telephone) the
message had spread around the country, with members and branch officers stretching to as far
away as Scotland.
(4) The newspapers produced by the WSPU, first Votes for Women and later The Suffragette, played
a vital role in this communication. Both were sold throughout the country and proved an invaluable
way of informing members of meetings, marches, fund-raising events and the latest news and views
on the movement.
(5) Equally importantly for a rising political group, the newspaper returned a profit. This was partly
because advertising space was bought in the paper by large department stores such as Selfridges,
and jewellers such as Mappin & Webb. These two, together with other like-minded commercial
enterprises sympathetic to the cause, had quickly identified a direct way to reach a huge market of
women, many with money to spend.
(6) The creation of the colour scheme provided another money-making opportunity which the
WSPU was quick to exploit. The group began to sell playing cards, board games, Christmas and
greeting cards, and countless other goods, all in the purple, white and green colours. In 1906 such
merchandising of a corporate identity was a new marketing concept.
(7) But the paper and merchandising activities alone did not provide sufficient funds for the WSPU
to meet organisational costs, so numerous other fund-raising activities combined to fill the coffers
of the 'war chest'. The most notable of these was the Woman's Exhibition, which took place in 1909
in a Knightsbridge ice-skating rink, and in 10 days raised the equivalent of £250,000 today.
(8) The Museum of London's exhibition is largely visual, with a huge number of items on show.
Against a quiet background hum of street sounds, copies of The Suffragette, campaign banners and
photographs are all on display, together with one of Mrs Pankhurst's shoes and a number of purple,
white and green trinkets.
(9) Photographs depict vivid scenes of a suffragette's life: WSPU members on a self-proclaimed
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159-Reading 21-Advanced Reading-U6 Gender Equality
'monster' march, wearing their official uniforms of a white frock decorated with purple, white and
green accessories; women selling The Suffragette at street corners, or chalking up pavements with
details of a forthcoming meeting.
(10) Windows display postcards and greeting cards designed by women artists for the movement,
and the quality of the artwork indicates the wealth of resources the WSPU could call on from its
talented members.
(11) Visitors can watch a short film made up of old newsreels and cinema material which clearly
reveals the political mood of the day towards the suffragettes. The programme begins with a short
film devised by the 'antis' - those opposed to women having the vote -depicting a suffragette as a
fierce harridan bullying her poor, abused husband. Original newsreel footage shows the suffragette
Emily Wilding Davison throwing herself under King George V's horse at a famous race.
(12) Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards
outlining the bills of the enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace
of Britain the vote, show what was achieved. It demonstrates how advanced the suffragettes were
in their thinking, in the marketing of their campaign, and in their work as shrewd and skillful
image-builders. It also conveys a sense of the energy and ability the suffragettes brought to their
fight for freedom and equality. And it illustrates the intelligence employed by women who were at
that time deemed by several politicians to have 'brains too small to know how to vote'.

Questions 1-2: Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 1-2 on your answer
sheet.
1 What is the main aspect of the suffragette movement’s work to which the exhibition at the
Museum of London is devoted?
A the role of the Pankhurst family in the suffrage movement
B the success of the movement’s corporate image
C the violence of the movement’s political campaign
D the movement’s co-operation with suffrage groups overseas
2 Why was the WSPU more successful than other suffrage groups?
A It had a clear purpose and direction.
B Its leaders were much better educated.
C It received funding from movements abroad.
D It had access to new technology.
Questions 3: Choose TWO letters A-E and write them in box 3 on your answer sheet. In
which TWO of the following years were laws passed allowing British women to vote?
A 1909 B 1928 C 1918 D 1906 E 1914

Questions 4-6: Complete the notes below.. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading
Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.
Three ways in which the WSPU raised money:
• the newspapers: mainly through selling 4. _________________________
• merchandising activities: selling a large variety of goods produced in their 5 . ____________________
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159-Reading 21-Advanced Reading-U6 Gender Equality
• additional fund-raising activities: for example, 6. _________________________

Questions 7-13: Do the following statements reflect the situation as described by the writer in
Reading Passage? In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement reflects the situation as described by the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to know what the situation is from the passage

Example Answer
The WSPU was founded in 1906 by Emmeline Pankhurst NO

7. In 1903 women in Australia were still not allowed to vote.

8. The main organs of communication for the WSPU were its two newspapers.
9. The work of the WSPU was mainly confined to London and the south.
10. The WSPU’s newspapers were mainly devoted to society news and gossip.
11. The Woman’s Exhibition in 1909 met with great opposition from Parliament.
12. The Museum of London exhibition includes some of the goods sold by the movement.
13. The opponents of the suffragettes made films opposing the movement.

Questions 14: Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write it in box 14 on your answer sheet.
14. The writer of the article finds the exhibition to be _________________________.
A misleading. B exceptional. C disappointing. D informative.

PRE-TEACH VOCABULARY ACTIVITIES

I. Read the word/phrase and its definitions.
(Passage 1: Votes for Women: The Journey to Equality)
Part of
Word Transcription Speech Meanings
A woman seeking the right to vote through
Suffragette /ˌsʌfrəˈdʒɛt/ Noun organized protest and demonstration.
Associated /əˈsoʊ.si.eɪ.tɪd
with wɪð/ Phrase Connected or related to something.
Reference /ˈrɛfərəns/ Noun Mention or allusion to something.
The distinguishing character or personality of
Identity /aɪˈdɛntəti/ Noun an individual.
To grant the right to vote to someone or to
Enfranchise /ɪnˈfræntʃaɪz/ Verb free from restrictions.
Cohesion /koʊˈhiːʒən/ Noun The action or fact of forming a united whole.
Invaluable /ɪnˈvæljuəbəl/ Adjective Extremely useful or indispensable.
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159-Reading 21-Advanced Reading-U6 Gender Equality
Cohesion /koʊˈhiːʒən/ Noun The action or fact of forming a united whole.
Invaluable /ɪnˈvæljuəbəl/ Adjective Extremely useful or indispensable.
Having similar opinions, interests, or
Like-minded /ˈlaɪkˌmaɪndɪd/ Adjective attitudes.
Merchandise /ˈmɜːrtʃəndaɪz/ Noun Goods to be bought and sold.
Treasury or funds, especially of a company or
Coffer /ˈkɔfərz/ Noun organization.
an amount of money that a government or an
organization has available to spend on a
war chest /ˈwɔː tʃest/ Noun particular plan, project
To represent or portray something in words
Depict /dɪˈpɪkt/ Verb or images.
Claimed or declared by oneself without
Self-proclaimed /ˈsɛlf prəˈkleɪmd/ Adjective external validation.
Additional items that complement or enhance
Accessories /əkˈsɛsəriz/ Noun something.
A short film presenting current news or
Newsreel /ˈnuzrɪl/ Noun events.
Harridan /ˈhærɪdən/ Noun A strict, bossy, or unpleasant woman.
The general population or inhabitants of a
Populace /ˈpɒpjʊləs/ Noun particular area.
Shrewd /ʃruːd/ Adjective Clever and astute in practical matters.
Convey /kənˈveɪ/ Verb To communicate or express something.
To provide examples or visual
Illustrate /ˈɪləstreɪt/ Verb representations.

FOLLOW-UP VOCABULARY ACTIVITIES

II. Complete the blank with the word/phrase in the previous task.
a.
1. The artist's work resonated with the local ________________, reflecting their culture and values.
2. The charity's programs aimed to improve the health and well-being of the entire ________________,
regardless of socioeconomic status.
b.
1. She is known for her ________________ negotiating skills, always getting the best deal possible.
2. Despite his youth, he demonstrated a ________________ understanding of politics and strategy.
c.

1. Exploring one's cultural heritage can help in forming a strong sense of ________________.
2. Adolescence is a period of self-discovery and ________________ formation for many individuals.
d.

1. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped to ________________ African Americans by prohibiting racial
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159-Reading 21-Advanced Reading-U6 Gender Equality
discrimination in voting.
2. Women were gradually ________________ in many countries during the 20th century.
e.

1. Teamwork and mutual respect are essential for maintaining ________________ within a group.
2. The speech lacked ________________, jumping from one topic to another without clear transitions.
f.

1. The artist chose to ________________ the sunset using vibrant colors.

2. The novel vividly ________________ life in rural America during the Great Depression.
g.
1. He was known as a _______________expert in conspiracy theories, often sharing his opinions online.
2. The ________________"king of comedy" failed to impress the audience with his routine.
h.
1. She wore a stunning necklace and earrings as ________________ to her evening gown.
2. The smartphone comes with a range of ________________, including a protective case and stylus.
i.
1. In the early 20th century, people would gather in theaters to watch ________________ before the
main feature film.
2. The ________________footage captured the excitement of the moon landing in 1969.
j.
1. The novel portrays her as a ________________ who constantly criticizes those around her.
2. Despite her reputation as a ________________, she was respected for her leadership skills in the
workplace.
k.
1. It's important to choose the right words to ________________ your message clearly and effectively.
2. The tone of voice can ____________ a wide range of emotions, from excitement to disappointment.

l.
1. The teacher used diagrams and charts to ________________ complex scientific concepts.
2. The author used anecdotes ________________the impact of social media on modern relationships.
m.
1. The government has a $20 billion ________________to fight terrorism.
2. The candidates are gathering money for their election ________________.
n.

1. The ________________ movement faced opposition and obstacles from various quarters of society.
2. ________________ played a crucial role in the women's rights movement.
o.

1. The smell of freshly baked cookies is often ________________warmth and comfort.

2. The politician's name became ________________scandal after the corruption allegations.
p.
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159-Reading 21-Advanced Reading-U6 Gender Equality
1. The author provided a detailed ________________ list at the end of the research paper.
2. In academic writing, it's important to provide proper ________________ to avoid plagiarism.
q.

1. The guidance and mentorship provided by experienced professionals are ________________ to

young entrepreneurs.
2. The volunteers' contributions were ________________ in providing aid to the disaster-stricken
region.
r.

1. They formed a ________________community dedicated to environmental conservation.

2. Surrounding oneself with ________________individuals can be conducive to personal growth.
s.

1. The store sells a wide range of ________________, including clothing, electronics, and accessories.
2. The online marketplace offers a platform for small businesses to sell their _______________ globally.
t.

1. The charity relies on donations to fill its ________________ and support its programs.
2. The politician promised to fill the city's _______________ by attracting investment and creating jobs.

KEYS II. Complete the blank with the word/phrase in the previous task.
a.
1. The artist's work resonated with the local populace, reflecting their culture and values.
2. The charity's programs aimed to improve the health and well-being of the entire populace,
regardless of socioeconomic status.
b.
1. She is known for her shrewd negotiating skills, always getting the best deal possible.
2. Despite his youth, he demonstrated a shrewd understanding of politics and strategy.
c.
1. Exploring one's cultural heritage can help in forming a strong sense of identity.
2. Adolescence is a period of self-discovery and identity formation for many individuals.
d.
1. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped to enfranchise African Americans by prohibiting racial
discrimination in voting.
2. Women were gradually enfranchised in many countries during the 20th century.
e.
1. Teamwork and mutual respect are essential for maintaining cohesion within a group.
2. The speech lacked cohesion, jumping from one topic to another without clear transitions.
f.
1. The artist chose to depict the sunset using vibrant colors.
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159-Reading 21-Advanced Reading-U6 Gender Equality
2. The novel vividly depicts life in rural America during the Great Depression.
g.
1. He was known as a self-proclaimed expert in conspiracy theories, often sharing his opinions
online.
2. The self-proclaimed "king of comedy" failed to impress the audience with his routine.
h.
1. She wore a stunning necklace and earrings as accessories to her evening gown.
2. The smartphone comes with a range of accessories, including a protective case and stylus.
i.
1. In the early 20th century, people would gather in theaters to watch newsreels before the main
feature film.
2. The newsreel footage captured the excitement of the moon landing in 1969.
j.
1. The novel portrays her as a harridan who constantly criticizes those around her.
2. Despite her reputation as a harridan, she was respected for her leadership skills in the
workplace.
k.
1. It's important to choose the right words to convey your message clearly and effectively.
2. The tone of voice can convey a wide range of emotions, from excitement to disappointment.
l.
1. The teacher used diagrams and charts to illustrate complex scientific concepts.
2. The author used anecdotes to illustrate the impact of social media on modern relationships.
m.
1. The government has a $20 billion war chest to fight terrorism.
2. The candidates are gathering money for their election war chests.
n.
1. The suffragette movement faced opposition and obstacles from various quarters of society.
2. Suffragettes played a crucial role in the women's rights movement.
o.
1. The smell of freshly baked cookies is often associated with warmth and comfort.
2. The politician's name became associated with scandal after the corruption allegations.
p.
1. The author provided a detailed reference list at the end of the research paper.
2. In academic writing, it's important to provide proper references to avoid plagiarism.
q.
1. The guidance and mentorship provided by experienced professionals are invaluable to young
entrepreneurs.
2. The volunteers' contributions were invaluable in providing aid to the disaster-stricken region.
r.
1. They formed a like-minded community dedicated to environmental conservation.
2. Surrounding oneself with like-minded individuals can be conducive to personal growth.
s.
1. The store sells a wide range of merchandise, including clothing, electronics, and accessories.
2. The online marketplace offers a platform for small businesses to sell their merchandise
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159-Reading 21-Advanced Reading-U6 Gender Equality
globally.
t.
1. The charity relies on donations to fill its coffers and support its programs.
2. The politician promised to fill the city's coffers by attracting investment and creating jobs.

Passage 2: You are going to read an article about some children. For questions 20-34, choose from
the sections of the article (A-E) . The sections may be chosen more than once. When more than one
answer is required, these may be given in any order. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

In which section of the article are the following mentioned?

 the fact that the same signs can be used in the communication of a number of ideas 22. _____
 the children’s sign language becoming increasingly complex 23. _____
 the children’s sign language becoming increasingly complex 24. _____
 the characteristics of languages in general at different stages of their development 25. _____
 a belief that language is learnt by means of a specific part of the mind 26. _____
 a belief that language is learnt by means of a specific part of the mind 27. _____
 an aspect of language learning that children are particularly good at 28. _____
 how regularly the children have been monitored 29. _____
 older children passing their sign language on to younger children 30. _____
 a reason why the children are regarded as being different from any other group of people
31. _____
 a reason why the children are regarded as being different from any other group of people
32. _____
 the reason why the children created a particular sign 33. _____
 an example of a sign that has become simpler 34. _____
 the difference between how the deaf children communicate an image and how other people
communicate the same image 35. _____

Deaf Children’s Language Hints at How Brain Works

A
A deep insight into the way the brain learns language has emerged from the study of Nicaraguan
sign language, invented by deaf children in a Nicaraguan school as a means of communicating
among themselves. The finding suggests that the brain naturally breaks complex concepts into
smaller components, indicating a dedicated neural machinery for language. The Nicaraguan
children are well-known to linguists because they provide an apparently unique example of people
inventing a language from scratch. The phenomenon started at a school for special education
founded in 1977. Instructors noticed that the deaf children, while absorbing little from their
Spanish lessons, had developed a system of signs for talking to one another. As one generation of
children taught the system to the next, it evolved from a set of gestures into a far more
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159-Reading 21-Advanced Reading-U6 Gender Equality
sophisticated form of communication, and today’s 800 users of the language provide a living history
of the stages of formation.
B
The children have been studied principally by Dr. Judy Kegl, a linguist at the University of
Southern Maine, and Dr. Ann Senghas, a cognitive scientist at Columbia University in New York City.
In the latest study, published in Science magazine, Dr. Senghas shows that the younger children
have now decomposed certain gestures into smaller component signs. A hearing person asked to
mime a standard story about a cat waddling down a street will make a single gesture, a downward
spiral motion of the hand. But the deaf children have developed two different signs to use in its
place. They sign a circle for the rolling motion and then a straight line for the direction of
movement. This requires more signing, but the two signs can be used in combination with others to
express different concepts. The development is of interest to linguists because it captures a
principal quality of human language - discrete elements usable in different combinations - in
contrast to the one sound, one meaning of animal communication. ‘The regularity she documents
here - mapping discrete aspects of the world onto discrete word choices - is one of the most
distinctive properties of human language,’ said Dr. Steven Pinker, a cognitive scientist at Harvard
University.
C
When people with no common language are thrown into contact, they often develop an ad hoc
language known to linguists as a pidgin language, usually derived from one of the parent languages.
Pidgins are rudimentary systems with minimal grammar and utterances. But in a generation or two,
the pidgins acquire grammar and become upgraded to what linguists call Creoles. Though many
new languages have been created by the pidgin-creole route, the Nicaraguan situation is unique, Dr.
Senghas said, because its starting point was not a complex language but ordinary gestures. From
this raw material, the deaf children appear to be spontaneously fabricating the elements of
language.
D
Linguists have been engaged in a longstanding argument as to whether there is an innate,
specialized neural machinery for learning language, as proposed by Noam Chomsky of the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, or whether everything is learned from scratch. Dr. Senghas
says her finding supports the view that language learning is innate, not purely cultural, since the
Nicaraguan children’s disaggregation of gestures appears to be spontaneous. Her result also
upholds the idea that children play an important part in converting a pidgin into a creole. Because
children’s minds are primed to learn the rules of grammar, it is thought, they spontaneously impose
grammatical structure on a pidgin that doesn’t have one.
E
The Nicaraguan children are a living laboratory of language generation. Dr. Senghas, who has
been visiting their school every year since 1990, said she had noticed how the signs for numbers
have developed. Originally the children represented ‘20’ by flicking the fingers of both hands in the
air twice. But this cumbersome sign has been replaced with a form that can now be signed with one
hand. The children don’t care that the new sign doesn’t look like a 20, Dr. Senghas said; they just
want a symbol that can be signed fast.

PRE-TEACH VOCABULARY ACTIVITIES

I. Match the words/phrase in A with its definition in B
A B
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159-Reading 21-Advanced Reading-U6 Gender Equality
1. Deaf (adj) a. to force something
2. Acquire (v) b. to defend or maintain
3. Ad hoc (adj, latin) c. unfinished. (Relating to food) not cooked
4. Insight (n) d. take from source or origin
5. From scratch (phr v) e. to break down into smaller parts
6. Gesture (n) f. a hand motion indicating something
7. Cognitive (adj) g. ability to see and understand something clearly
8. Decompose (v) and quickly
9. Map onto (phr v) h. to get or gain something, usually permanently
10. Derive from (v) i. from the ground up, from nothing
11. Rudimentary (adj) /ˌruː.dɪ j. relating to mind and thinking
ˈmen.tər.i/ k. to fit to or correspond with
12. Utterance (n) l. heavy and big in size, awkward
13. Raw (adj) m. prepared for
14. Innate (adj) n. basic or fundamental
15. Uphold (v) o. unable to hear
16. Primed (adj) p. made for a particular purpose
17. Impose (v) q. a statement
18. Cumbersome (adj) r. existing in person from birth

FOLLOW-UP VOCABULARY ACTIVITIES

IV. Fill in each blank with the word/phrase in the previous task.
1. In his public __________________ he has suggested support for the bill, but in private he speaks
against it.
2. Her political __________________ is was helped her to climb the career ladder so swiftly.
3. He made a rude __________________ at the driver of the other car.
4. These examples are __________________ Shakespeare’s Othello.
5. We are going to have an __________________ meeting about company’s new policy in five minutes.
6. The purpose of university is to __________________ knowledge and critical thinking skills.
7. Dead plant matter can be completely __________________ by microorganisms.
8. He built his own computer company __________________.
9. Such studies have been very useful in mapping the __________________ architecture of human short-
term memory to specific brain regions.
10. The organization changed its cumbersome title to something easier to remember.
11. __________________ meat is the main source of nutrients for most big carnivores.
12. His __________________ talents are praised by all of his teachers.
13. They __________________ big fines upon major companies.
14. We have a duty to __________________ the law.
15. He had __________________ his friends to give the journalists as little information as possible.
KEYS: III. Match the words/phrase in A with its definition in B
A B
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159-Reading 21-Advanced Reading-U6 Gender Equality
1. Deaf (adj) o. unable to hear
2. Acquire (v) h. to get or gain something, usually permanently
3. Ad hoc (adj, latin) p. made for a particular purpose.
4. Insight (n) g. ability to see and understand something clearly
and quickly
5. From scratch (phr v) i. from the ground up, from nothing
6. Gesture (n) f. a hand motion indicating something
7. Cognitive (adj) j. relating to mind and thinking
8. Decompose (v) e. to break down into smaller parts
k. to fit to or correspond with
9. Map onto (phr v) d. take from source or origin
10. Derive from (v) n. basic or fundamental
11. Rudimentary (adj) /ˌruː.dɪ q. a statement
ˈmen.tər.i/ c. unfinished. (Relating to food) not cooked
12. Utterance (n) r. existing in person from birth
13. Raw (adj) b. to defend or maintain
14. Innate (adj) m. prepared for
15. Uphold (v) a. to force something
16. Primed (adj) l. heavy and big in size, awkward
17. Impose (v)
18. Cumbersome (adj)

1.In his public utterances he has suggested support for the bill, but in private he speaks against it.
2.Her political insight is was helped her to climb the career ladder so swiftly.
3.He made a rude gesture at the driver of the other car.
4.These examples are derived from Shakespeare’s Othello.
5.We are going to have an ad hoc meeting about company’s new policy in five minutes.
6.The purpose of university is to acquire knowledge and critical thinking skills.
7.Dead plant matter can be completely decomposed by microorganisms.
8.He built his own computer company from scratch.
9.Such studies have been very useful in mapping the cognitive architecture of human short-term
memory to specific brain regions.
10. The organization changed its cumbersome title to something easier to remember.
11. Raw meat is the main source of nutrients for most big carnivores.
12. His innate talents are praised by all of his teachers.
13. They imposed big fines upon major companies.
14. We have a duty to uphold the law.
15. He had primed his friends to give the journalists as little information as possible.