PREDICTION OF BREAST CANCER USING MACHINE

LEARNING ALGORITHMS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering degree in Computer Science and Engineering
by

Nidhish Kumar S M (38110364)

Nikhil Ganesh V (38110367)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC

JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI,

CHENNAI - 600 119

MARCH – 2022

i
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of Nidhish Kumar S M (38110364)
and Nikhil Ganesh V (38110367) who carried out the project entitled “Prediction of breast
cancer using machine learning algorithms” under my supervision from November 2021 to
March 2022.

Internal Guide
Dr.J.Albert Mayan M.E., Ph.D.,

Head of the Department

Dr. S. Vigneshwari M.E., Ph.D., and Dr. L. Lakshmanan M.E., Ph.D.,

Submitted for Viva-voce Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ii
 DECLARATION

I Nidhish Kumar S M (Reg No:38110364) and Nikhil Ganesh V(Reg No:

38110367) hereby declare that the Project Report entitled “Prediction of breast
cancer using machine learning algorithms” done by us under the guidance of
Dr.J.Albert Mayan M.E., Ph.D., is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in 2018-2022.

DATE:

PLACE: SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am pleased to acknowledge my sincere thanks to the Board of Management of SATHYABAMA

for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing it successfully. I am grateful to
them.

I convey my thanks to Dr. T.Sasikala M.E.,Ph.D., Dean, School of Computing Dr.S.Vigneshwari

M.E., Ph.D. and Dr.L.Lakshmanan M.E., Ph.D. , Heads of the Department of Computer Science
and Engineering for providing us necessary support and details at the right time during the
progressive reviews.

I would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my Project Guide, Dr.J. Albert
Mayan M.E., Ph.D., for hIS valuable guidance, suggestions, and constant encouragement paved
way for the successful completion of my project work.
I wish to express my thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of the Department of
Computer Science and Engineering who were helpful in many ways for the completion of the
project.

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 ABSTRACT

Cancer in whole have become a new normal in the 'disease' world and especially in this growing
generation. Many are contributing to the risk phenomenon such as dietary conditions. Lifestyle too
plays a major role here because many regret to do, eat or make something of a good will. Almost
no one is surveying these factors and these have led to a rapid growth on this tally for he past 20
years, or more. In the varied population of the Americas and to a wider aspect, this has become an
inevitable circumstance. In this case, female aging 40 and above are more prone to two inexorable
circumstances being Urinary Tract Infections(UTIs) in one hand and Breast Cancer in the other.
This has become a frequently researched and scary topic among not only the physicians and
researchers but with the youth population too. Till day there is not even a slightest cure to the
deadliest disease among them all.
As from the earlier times, Inhibiting is is better than cure. this still fits to these day among us all.
There are many kinds of tests and therapies to treat almost every time of cancers but till this day, a
cure is the biggest question. This has been the case since its inception. Awareness is being
created in the form of printing warning signs on the front of cigarette packets, chewing gums etc.,
but they must be mandatorily imposed upon the people to create a widespread impact.
Here in this paper Detection of breast cancer is easily elaborated to ease up the process before
going professionally to get a small view on the prediction of the disease. The need to detect this
disease earlier has been of course a growing concern among the people of every nation.
This Breast Cancer Prediction system is mainly aimed at predicting the accuracy on how furious
the cancer have spread or how not at all. This code describes if the patient have cancer or not at all
using the given input, predicting the accuracy.

Keywords— Random Forest Classifier, KNearest Neighbor (KNN) XGBoost,

Regression, Classification, Mining, Training, Testing

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. TITLE Page No.

ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. OVERVIEW 2
1.2 . MACHINE LEARNING 3
1.3 MACHINE LEARNING STRATEGIES 3
1.3.1. SUPERVISED LEARNING 3
1.3.2. UNSUPERVISED LEARNING 4
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 6
2.1. RELATED WORK 6
3 METHODOLOGY 8
3.1. EXISTING SYSTEM 8
3.2. PROPOSED SYSTEM 8
3.3. OBJECTIVE 8
3.4. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 9
3.4.1. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 9
3.4.2. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 9
3.4.3. LIBRARIES 9
3.5. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 10
3.5.1 PYTHON 10
3.5.2. DOMAIN 10
3.6. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 11
3.7. ALGORITHMS USED 11
3.7.1. LOGISTIC REGRESSION 11
3.7.2. DECISION TREE 12
3.7.3 RANDOM FOREST

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 3.8 MODULES 18
3.8.1 DATASET COLLECTION 19
3.8.2. TRAIN AND TEST THE MODELS 20
3.8.3. DEPLOY THE MODELS 22
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25
4.1. WORKING 25
5 CONCLUSION 27
5.1. CONCLUSION 27
REFERENCES 30
APPENDICES 32
A. SOURCE CODE 32
B. SCREENSHOTS 37
C. PLAGIARISM REPORT 41
D. JOURNAL PAPER 43

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

1.1. MACHINE LEARNING CLASSIFICATION 16
3.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 28
3.1 OBTAINED ACCURACIES 32,33

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS EXPANSION

ML Machine Learning

AI Artificial Intelligence

SNA Social Network Analysis

RFM Recency, Frequency, and Monetary

GUI Graphical User Interface

EDA Exploratory Data Analysis

RMSE Root Mean Square Error

MAPE Mean Absolute Percentage Error

MAE Mean Absolute Error

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT

Breast cancer occupies the very top place among the growing concern of fatal-
cancer worldwide, as the symptoms regarding the first stage is very hard to find
making it very deadly. This can be only cured, as mentioned earlier should be
diagnosed earlier so that the victim can survive and lead an healthy lifestyle.
Before having a detailed medical examination, Machine learning algorithms can
almost predict the cancer using the given datasets and the circumstances. This
not only helped in predicting the required accuracy but have also evolved to be a
step-ahead method in terms of evaluating the disease. Many lives have been
saved using this so called computer generated response. A woman named
Ashley Graham denoted that she had developed a cancer in one breast, which
makes her a subject of vicinity to develop cancer in the other breast too. This
makes her vulnerable and makes up to one of the risk factors involving breast
cancer.

Family history impinges the risk of aggrevating breast cancer too. If or before a
family member of the suspected patient had cancer, it is advisable to undergo a
test to find out if they are showing any symptom or not.

An aging population varying between ages 50 and 80 too can have adverse
effect on breast cancer. People ageing anywhere between 60-65 can develop
any type of cancer given the circumstances. Especially in woman they are more
vulnerable to breast cancer than any other counterparts. This is because they go
through a lot of situations, namely pregnancy, menopause etc., this poses them
at a major risk.

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1.2 MACHINE LEARNING

Machine learning (ML) is the study of computer algorithms that can improve
automatically through experience and by the use of data. It is seen as a part
of artificial intelligence. Machine learning algorithms build a model based on sample
data, known as training data, in order to make predictions or decisions without being
explicitly programmed to do so. Machine learning algorithms are used in a wide
variety of applications, such as in medicine, email filtering, speech recognition,
and computer vision, where it is difficult or unfeasible to develop conventional
algorithms to perform the needed tasks.

Despite the fact that the reasons mentioned are valid, we have added a dimension in
the last decade where data is being utilized for predicting what could potentially
happen in the future. Then comes Machine Learning which play a significant role in
doing so. Machine learning is a subset/subfield of Artificial Intelligence. Generally,
the main aim of Machine learning is to understand the structure of data and apply the
best possible models that can be utilized or identify a hidden pattern. Developing a
machine learning model is one of the key factors in predicting a future problem which
again requires machine learning algorithms. There are numerous machine learning
algorithms that have been developed and mature enough to solve various real-world
business problems.

Although machine learning is a field within computer science, it differs from

traditional computational approaches. In traditional computing, algorithms are sets of
explicitly programmed instructions used by computers to calculate or problem solve.
Machine learning algorithms instead allow for computers to train on data inputs and
use statistical analysis in order to output values that fall within a specific range.
Because of this, machine learning facilitates computers in building models from
sample data in order to automate decision-making processes based on data inputs.

Using Machine learning, information is being turned into knowledge. In the last 5-6
decades, enormous data has been recorded or collected which will be of no use if
we don‟t utilize or analyze to find hidden patterns. In order to find useful and
significant patterns with complex data, we have several Machine Learning

10
techniques available to ease our struggle for discovery. Subsequently, those
identified hidden patterns and knowledge of the problem can be helpful to perform
complex decision making and predict future occurrence.

1.2.1 History and relationships to other fields

The term machine learning was coined in 1959 by Arthur Samuel, an

American IBMer and pioneer in the field of computer gaming and artificial
intelligence. Also, the synonym self-teaching computers was used in this time
period. A representative book of machine learning research during the 1960s
was the Nilsson's book on Learning Machines, dealing mostly with machine
learning for pattern classification. Interest related to pattern recognition
continued into the 1970s, as described by Duda and Hart in 1973.In 1981 a
report was given on using teaching strategies so that a neural network learns
to recognize 40 characters (26 letters, 10 digits, and 4 special symbols) from a
computer terminal.

Modern day machine learning has two objectives, one is to classify data based
on models which have been developed, the other purpose is to make
predictions for future outcomes based on these models. A hypothetical
algorithm specific to classifying data may use computer vision of moles
coupled with supervised learning in order to train it to classify the cancerous
moles. Whereas, a machine learning algorithm for stock trading may inform
the trader of future potential predictions.

1.3 MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES

In machine learning, tasks square measure is typically classified into broad classes.
These classes square measure supported however learning is received or however,
feedback on the education is given to the system developed. Two of the foremost
wide adopted machine learning strategies are square measure supervised learning
that trains algorithms supported example input and output information that's tagged
by humans, and unattended learning that provides the algorithmic program with no
tagged information to permit it to search out structure at intervals its computer file.

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Machine learning approaches are traditionally divided into three broad categories,
depending on the nature of the "signal" or "feedback" available to the learning
system:

Supervised learning: The computer is presented with example inputs and their
desired outputs, given by a "teacher", and the goal is to learn a general rule that
maps inputs to outputs.

Unsupervised learning: No labels are given to the learning algorithm, leaving it on

its own to find structure in its input. Unsupervised learning can be a goal in itself
(discovering hidden patterns in data) or a means towards an end (feature learning).

Reinforcement learning: A computer program interacts with a dynamic

environment in which it must perform a certain goal (such as driving a vehicle or
playing a game against an opponent). As it navigates its problem space, the program
is provided feedback that's analogous to rewards, which it tries to maximize.

1.3.1 Supervised Learning

In supervised learning, the pc is given example inputs that square measure

labeled with their desired outputs. The aim of this technique is for the algorithmic
program to be ready to “learn” by comparing its actual output with the “taught”
outputs to search out errors, and modify the model consequently. Supervised
learning thus uses patterns to predict label values on extra unlabeled information.
For example, with supervised learning, an algorithm may be fed data with images
of sharks labeled as fish and images of oceans labeled as water. By being trained
on this data, the supervised learning algorithm should be able to later identify
unlabeled shark images as fish and unlabeled ocean images as water.

A common use case of supervised learning is to use historical information to

predict statistically probably future events. It's going to use historical stock
exchange info to anticipate approaching fluctuations or be used to filter spam

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 emails. In supervised learning, labeled photos of dogs are often used as input files
to classify unlabeled photos of dogs.

Types of supervised learning algorithms include active learning, classification and

regression. Classification algorithms are used when the outputs are restricted to a
limited set of values, and regression algorithms are used when the outputs may
have any numerical value within a range. As an example, for a classification
algorithm that filters emails, the input would be an incoming email, and the output
would be the name of the folder in which to file the email.

Similarity learning is an area of supervised machine learning closely related to

regression and classification, but the goal is to learn from examples using a
similarity function that measures how similar or related two objects are. It has
applications in ranking, recommendation systems, visual identity tracking, face
verification, and speaker verification.

1.3.2 Unsupervised Learning

In unsupervised learning, information is unlabeled, and the learning rule is left to

seek out commonalities among its input file. The goal of unattended learning is
also as easy as discovering hidden patterns at intervals in a dataset, however, it
should even have a goal of feature learning, that permits the procedure machine to
mechanically discover the representations that square measure required to classify
data.

Unsupervised learning is usually used for transactional information. You will have
an oversized dataset of consumers and their purchases, however, as a person,
you'll probably not be able to add up what similar attributes will be drawn from
client profiles and their styles of purchases.

With this information fed into the Associate in Nursing unattended learning rule, it
should be determined that ladies of a definite age vary UN agency obtain
unscented soaps square measure probably to be pregnant, and so a promoting
campaign associated with physiological condition and baby will be merchandised

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 1.1 Machine Learning Classification

CLASSIFIERS IN MACHINE LEARNING

1. Logistic Regression in Machine Learning

Logistic regression is one of the most popular Machine Learning algorithms,
which comes under the Supervised Learning technique. It is used for
predicting the categorical dependent variable using a given set of
independent variables.

Logistic Regression is much similar to the Linear Regression except that how
they are used. Linear Regression is used for solving Regression problems,
whereas Logistic regression is used for solving the classification problems.

Advantages: Logistic regression is easier to implement, interpret, and very

efficient to train. It makes no assumptions about distributions of classes in
feature space. It can easily extend to multiple classes(multinomial
regression) and a natural probabilistic view of class predictions.

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 Disadvantages: If the number of observations is lesser than the number of
features, Logistic Regression should not be used, otherwise, it may lead to
overfitting. The major limitation of Logistic Regression is the assumption of
linearity between the dependent variable and the independent variables.

2). Support Vector Machine:

Definition: Support vector machine is a representation of the training data as points

in space separated into categories by a clear gap that is as wide as possible. New
examples are then mapped into that same space and predicted to belong to a
category based on which side of the gap they fall.

Advantages: Effective in high dimensional spaces and uses a subset of training

points in the decision function so it is also memory efficient.

Disadvantages: The algorithm does not directly provide probability estimates, these
are calculated using an expensive five-fold cross-validation.

Examples of hyperplanes
H1 is not a good hyperplane as it doesn‟t separate the classes
H2 does but only with small margin
H3 separates them with maximum margin (distance)

Parameters of SVM

There are three main parameters which we could play with when constructing a SVM
classifier:

 Type of kernel

 Gamma value

 C value

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3). K-NEAREST NEIGHBOUR (KNN):

kNN classfied an object by a majority vote of the object‟s neighbours, in the space of
input parameter. The object is assigned to the class which is most common among
its k (an integer specified by human) nearest neighbour.

It is a non-parametric, lazy algorithm. It‟s non-parametric since it does not make

any assumption on data distribution (the data does not have to be normally
distributed). It is lazy since it does not really learn any model and make generalization
of the data (It does not train some parameters of some function where input X gives
output y).

So strictly speaking, this is not really a learning algorithm. It simply classifies objects
based on feature similarity (feature = input variables).

Classification is computed from a simple majority vote of the k nearest neighbors of

each point.

Advantages: This algorithm is simple to implement, robust to noisy training data, and
effective if training data is large.

Disadvantages: Need to determine the value of K and the computation cost is high
as it needs to computer the distance of each instance to all the training samples.

4). Random Forest

Random forest is an ensemble model that grows multiple tree and classify objects
based on the “votes” of all the trees. i.e. An object is assigned to a class that has
most votes from all the trees. By doing so, the problem with high bias (overfitting)
could be alleviated.

Random forest classifier is a meta-estimator that fits a number of decision trees on

various sub-samples of datasets and uses average to improve the predictive

16
accuracy of the model and controls over-fitting. The sub-sample size is always the
same as the original input sample size but the samples are drawn with replacement.

Pros of RF:

 It could handle large data set with high dimensionality, output Importance of
Variable, useful to explore the data

 Could handle missing data while maintaining accuracy

Cons of RF:

 Could be a black box, users have little control on what the model does

Advantages: Reduction in over-fitting and random forest classifier is more accurate

than decision trees in most cases.

Disadvantages: Slow real time prediction, difficult to implement,& complex algorithm.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 RELATED WORK

 Anika Singh from UEM, Kolkata in 2020 stated that Breast cancer can be
predicted not only by using eager learners but also lazy learners. This however
fails in grinding the maximum accuracy one can procure through the available
algorithms. They stated that using lazy learners to point out just the cell growth
can attain the required accuracy which should be around a whopping 88
percentage.
 Nitasha in 2019 stated too that lazy learners can get one the required accuracy
by using the required accuracy, they not only trained the lazy learners but also
the eager learners too which falls under the same category of around ninety
percent.
 Furthermore Navya Sri in 2019 gave away a cross comparitive analysis that
has been made between Bayesian Classifiers and Decision tree algorithm that
predicts the accuracy of Bayesian with the usage of Waikato Environment for
Knowledge Analysis with an outcome of 75.27% and Decision tree as
75.875%.
 A professor from Brown University in 2016 stated that
deep belief networks (DBN) combined with Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
can yield a better accuracy pointing out the need of excessive training and
testing to be more assured of the derieving outcome.
 Shannon from 2011 used an image scanning algorithm,
which can be analytically trained to give a value nearer to
95 percent using his metaplasticity Artificial Neural Network technique which
gave away a value of 99.26% which in terms of today is an overfit value. But it
provided a major breakthrough in terms of the value reaching above 90
percent and consistently inspired researchers to train and test their data
accordingly to raise their accuracy standards above 95 percent.
 Jiaxin Li in 2020 stated that whatever the algorithm is,

18
 training and testing is to be done to acheive the one true accuracy, which acts
as one of this article's principle inspirations.
 Nam Nhut Phan in 2021 said that using Convolutional Neural Network has
proved to be split into 3 parts, giving equal importance to training (50%) and
testing (43%) and the remaining for validation to acheive the results without
any correlation or duplicate empty values.
 N Gupta in 2021 usedd an ensemble based training
model to acheive the required results. This gave away a result of 96.77
without and gradient boosting algorithms, which is a major breakthrough.
 Md. Milon Islam staded in 2020 that using Artificial
Neural Network gave away a result of 96.82 percent and an accuracy of
0.9777 by using Support Vector Machine. They researched particulary the
previous breakthrough of using the comparitative analysis of using both the
Artificial Neural Networks and Deep Belief Network into just using the ANNs to
get an accuracy of above 95% previously researched by the scholar Shannon
[2011].
 Chang Ming in 2019 used BCRAT and BOADICEA
together with eight simulated datasets with the cancer carriers and their
cancer free relatives and found at a shocking result of one of the cancer free
patients giving away a positive accuracy of 97% making them prone to cancer
relatively.

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing model for the customer segmentation depicts that it is based on the K-
means clustering algorithm which comes under centroid-based clustering. The
suitable K value for the given dataset is selected appropriately which represents the
predefined clusters. Raw and unlabeled data is taken as input which is further
divided into clusters until the best clusters are found. Centroid based algorithm used
in this model is efficient but sensitive to initial conditions and outliers

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The main proposal of this project is to get the maximum accuracy, that is being
vakued at above 95% without using parameter tuning and overfitting. To do so, every

3.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

Customer segmentation is the practice of dividing a company‟s customers into

groups that reflect similarities among customers in each group. The main objective of
segmenting customers is to decide how to relate to customers in each segment to
maximize the value of each customer to the business

The emergence of many competitors and entrepreneurs has caused a lot of tension
among competing businesses to find new buyers and keep the old ones. As a result
of the predecessor, the need for exceptional customer service becomes appropriate
regardless of the size of the business.Furthermore, the ability of any business to
understand the needs of each of its customers will provide greater customer support
in providing targeted customer services and developing customized customer
service plans. This understanding is possible through structured customer service.

3.4 SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.4.1 Software Requirements:

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  Python

 Anaconda

 Jupyter Notebook

3.4.2 Hardware Requirements:

 Processor: Intel Core i5

 RAM: 8GB

 OS: Windows

3.4.3 Libraries:

 Tkinter- Tkinter is a library of python used often by everyone. It is a library

that is used to create GUI-based applications easily. It contains so many
widgets like radio buttons, text files and so on. We have used this for
creating an account registration screen, log in or register screen, prediction
interface which is a GUI based application
 Sklearn- Scikit Learn also known as sklearn is an open-source library for
python programming used for implementing machine learning algorithms. It
features various classification, clustering, regression machine learning
algorithms. In this, it is used for importing machine learning models, getting
accuracy, get a confusion matrix.
 Pandas- Library of python which can be used easily. It gives speed results
and is also easily understandable. It is a library that can be used without
any cost. We have used it for data analysis and to read the dataset.
 Matplotlib- Library of python used for visualizing the data using graphs,
scatterplots, and so on. Here, we have used it for data visualization.

 Numpy- Library of python used for arrays computation. It has so many

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 functions. We have used this module to change the 2-dimensional array into
a contiguous flattened array by using the ravel function.
 Pandas Profiling-This is a library of python which can be used by anyone
free of cost. It is used for data analysis. We have used this for getting the
report of the dataset.

3.5. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

3.5.1 Python

Python is the best programing language fitted to Machine Learning. In step with
studies and surveys, Python is the fifth most significant language yet because
the preferred language for machine learning and information science.
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with
dynamic semantics. Its high-level built in data structures, combined with
dynamic typing and dynamic binding, make it very attractive for Rapid
Application Development, as well as for use as a scripting or glue language to
connect existing components together. Python's simple, easy to learn syntax
emphasizes readability and therefore reduces the cost of program
maintenance. Python supports modules and packages, which encourages
program modularity and code reuse. The Python interpreter and the extensive
standard library are available in source or binary form without charge for all
major platforms, and can be freely distributed. Since there is no compilation
step, the edit-test-debug cycle is incredibly fast. Debugging Python programs is
easy: a bug or bad input will never cause a segmentation fault. Instead, when
the interpreter discovers an error, it raises an exception. When the program
doesn't catch the exception, the interpreter prints a stack trace. A source level
debugger allows inspection of local and global variables, evaluation of arbitrary
expressions, setting breakpoints, stepping through the code a line at a time,
and so on. The debugger is written in Python itself, testifying to Python's
introspective power. On the other hand, often the quickest way to debug a
program is to add a few print statements to the source: the fast edit-test-debug
cycle makes this simple approach very effective.

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 Features of python
There are many features in Python, some of which are discussed below –

1. Easy to code: Python is a high-level programming language. Python is very

easy to learn the language as compared to other languages like C, C#, Java
script, Java, etc. It is very easy to code in python language and anybody can
learn python basics in a few hours or days. It is also a developer-friendly
language.
2. Free and Open Source: Python language is freely available at the official
website and can download it easily.
3. Object-Oriented Language: One of the key features of python is Object-
Oriented programming. Python supports object-oriented language and concepts of
classes, objects encapsulation, etc.
4. High-Level Language: Python is a high-level language. When we write
programs in python, we do not need to remember the system architecture, nor do we
need to manage the memory.
5. Extensible feature: Python is an Extensible language. We can write us some
Python code into C or C++ language and also, we can compile that code in C/C++
language.
6. Python is Portable language: Python language is also a portable language.
For example, if we have python code for windows and if we want to run this code on
other platforms such as Linux, Unix, and Mac then we do not need to change it, we
can run this code on any platform.
7. Python is Integrated language: Python is also an Integrated language because
we can easily integrated python with other languages like C, C++, etc.
8. Interpreted Language: Python is an Interpreted Language because Python code
is executed line by line at a time. like other languages C, C++, Java, etc. there is no
need to compile python code this makes it easier to debug our code. The source
code of python is converted into an immediate form called bytecode
9. Large Standard Library: Python has a large standard library which provides a
rich set of module and functions so you do not have to write your own code for every
single thing. There are many libraries present in python for such as regular
expressions, unit-testing, web browsers, etc.

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 10. Dynamically Typed Language: Python is a dynamically-typed language. That
means the type (for example- int, double, long, etc.) for a variable is decided at run
time not in advance because of this feature we don‟t need to specify the type of
variable.

Advantages of python

 Integration Feature: Python integrates the Enterprise Application Integration that

makes it easy to develop Web services by invoking COM or COBRA
components. It has powerful control capabilities as it calls directly through C, C++
or Java via Python. Python also processes XML and other mark-up languages as
it can run on all modern operating systems through same byte code.

 Improved Programmer’s Productivity:The language has extensive support

libraries and clean object-oriented designs that increase two to tenfold of
programmer‟s productivity while using the languages like Java, VB, Perl, C, C++
and C#.

 Productivity: With its strong process integration features, unit testing framework
and enhanced control capabilities contribute towards the increased speed for
most applications and productivity of applications. It is a great option for building
scalable multi-protocol network applications.

Disadvantages of Python

Python has varied advantageous features, and programmers prefer this language to
other programming languages because it is easy to learn and code too. However, this
language has still not made its place in some computing arenas that includes
Enterprise Development Shops. Therefore, this language may not solve some of the
enterprise solutions, and limitations include-
 Difficulty in Using Other Languages: The Python lovers become so
accustomed to its features and its extensive libraries, so they face problem in
learning or working on other programming languages. Python experts may see

24
 the declaring of cast “values” or variable “types”, syntactic requirements of
adding curly braces or semi colons as an onerous task.

 Weak in Mobile Computing: Python has made its presence on many desktop
and server platforms, but it is seen as a weak language for mobile computing.
This is the reason very few mobile applications are built in it like Carbon Nelle.
 Gets Slow in Speed: Python executes with the help of an interpreter instead of
the compiler, which causes it to slow down because compilation and execution
help it to work normally. On the other hand, it can be seen that it is fast for
many web applications too.
 Run-time Errors: The Python language is dynamically typed so it has many
design restrictions that are reported by some Python developers. It is even
seen that it requires more testing time, and the errors show up when the
applications are finally run.
 Underdeveloped Database Access Layers: As compared to the popular
technologies like JDBC and ODBC, the Python‟s database access layer is
found to be bit underdeveloped and primitive. However, it cannot be applied in
the enterprises that need smooth interaction of complex legacy data.

3.5.2 Domain

Machine learning could be a subfield of computer science (AI). The goal of

machine learning typically is to know the structure information of knowledge of
information and match that data into models which will be understood and
used by folks. Although machine learning could be a field inside technology, it
differs from ancient process approaches. In ancient computing, algorithms are
sets of expressly programmed directions employed by computers to calculate
or downside solve. Machine learning algorithms instead give computers to
coach on knowledge inputs and use applied math analysis to output values
that fall inside a particular vary. Thanks to this, machine learning facilitates
computers in building models from sample knowledge to modify decision-
making processes supported knowledge inputs.

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3.6 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

FIG 1: WORKING ARCHITECTURE OF THE MODULE

Data collection

Data used in this project is a set of product reviews collected from credit card
transactions records. This step is concerned with selecting the subset of all available
data that you will be working with. ML problems start with data preferably, lots of
data (examples or observations) for which you already know the target answer. Data
for which I already know the target answer is called labelled data.

Data pre-processing

Pre-processing is the process of three important and common steps as follows:

 Formatting: It is the process of putting the data in a legitimate way that it would be
suitable to work with. Format of the data files should be formatted according to the
need. Most recommended format is .csv files.
 Cleaning: Data cleaning is a very important procedure in the path of data science
as it constitutes the major part of the work. It includes removing missing data and
complexity with naming category and so on. For most of the data scientists, Data
Cleaning continues of 80% of work.
 Sampling: This is the technique of analysing the subsets from whole large
datasets, which could provide a better result and help in understanding the

26
behaviour and pattern of data in an integrated way

Data visualization

Data Visualization is the method of representing the data in a graphical and pictorial
way, data scientists depict a story by the results they derive from analysing and
visualizing the data. The best tool used is Tableau which has many features to play
around with data and fetch wonderful results.

Feature extraction

Feature extraction is the process of studying the behaviour and pattern of the
analysed data and draw the features for further testing and training. Finally, my
models are trained using the Classifier algorithm. I used to classify module on
Natural Language Toolkit library on Python. I used the labelled dataset gathered.
The rest of my labelled data will be used to evaluate the models. Some machine
learning algorithms were used to classify pre-processed data. The chosen classifiers
were Random forest. These algorithms are very popular in text classification tasks.

Evaluation model

Evaluation is an essential part of the model development process. It helps to find the
best model that represents our data and how well the selected model will work in the
future. Evaluating model performance with the data used for training is not
acceptable in data science because it can effortlessly generate overoptimistically
and over fitted models. To avoid overfitting, evaluation methods such as hold out
and cross-validations are used to test to evaluate model performance. The result will
be in the visualized form. Representation of classified data in the form of graphs.
Accuracy is well-defined as the proportion of precise predictions for the test data. It
can be calculated easily by mathematical calculation i.e. dividing the number of
correct predictions by the number of total predictions.

3.7 ALGORITHMS USED

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3.7.1 Logistic Regression
Logistic regression predicts the output of a categorical dependent variable. Therefore
the outcome must be a categorical or discrete value. It can be either Yes or No, 0 or
1, true or False, etc. but instead of giving the exact value as 0 and 1, it gives the
probabilistic values which lie between 0 and 1.

3.7.2 Decision Tree

A decision tree is one of the simplest yet highly effective classification and prediction
visual tools used for decision making. It takes a root problem or situation and
explores all the possible scenarios related to it on the basis of numerous decisions.
Since decision trees are highly resourceful, they play a crucial role in different
sectors. From programming to business analysis, decision tree examples are
everywhere. If you also want to learn what a decision tree is and how to create one,
then you are in the right place. Let‟s begin and uncover every essential detail about
decision tree diagrams.

3.7.3 Random Forest

A random forest (RF) is an ensemble classifier and consisting of many DTs similar to
the way a forest is a collection of many trees. DTs that are grown very deep often
cause overfitting of the training data, resulting a high variation in classification
outcome for a small change in the input data. They are very sensitive to their training
data, which makes them error-prone to the test dataset. The different DTs of an RF
are trained using the different parts of the training dataset. To classify a new sample,
the input vector of that sample is required to pass down with each DT of the forest.
Each DT then considers a different part of that input vector and gives a classification
outcome. The forest then chooses the classification of having the most „votes‟ (for
discrete classification outcome) or the average of all trees in the forest (for numeric
classification outcome). Since the RF algorithm considers the outcomes from many
different DTs, it can reduce the variance resulted from the consideration of a single
DT for the same dataset.

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Steps for Implementation:

 Initialise the classifier to be used.

 Train the classifier: All classifiers in scikit-learn uses a fit(X, y) method to fit the
model(training) for the given train data X and train label y.

 Predict the target: Given an non-label observation X, the predict(X) returns the
predicted label y.

 Evaluate the classifier model

3.8 MODULES

The project contains three parts:

 Dataset Collection- We had collected datasets from Kaggle notebooks. The

dataset contains the symptoms and the corresponding disease. It contains
303 rows.

 Train and test the model- We had used three classification algorithms
named Decision Tree, Logistic regression, and Random Forest to train the
dataset. After training, we had tested the model and found the prediction of
disease with maximum accuracy.

 Hyperparameter tuning-Hyperparameters cannot be directly learned from

the regular training process. They are usually fixed before the actual training
process begins. These parameters express important properties of the
model such as its complexity or how fast it should learn.

Following are the steps to do this project (use Jupyter Notebook):

29
A) Collect the dataset.

B) Import the necessary libraries.

C) Visualize the dataset.

D) Train the dataset using LR, KNN, RF, SVM.

E) Test the model and find the accuracy score

F) Based on the scores predict which algorithm is best for prediction.

G) Build a deployment model using Azure, AWS or Heroku

H) Enter the values and predict the accuracy.

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Coming to the performance it works in a time rate of 1 second per statement and
code implied. Duplicated and similar lookalike data‟s can be removed efficiently too.
The performance of a predictive model is calculated and compared by choosing the
right metrics. So, it is very crucial to choose the right metrics for a particular
predictive model in order to get an accurate outcome. It is very important to evaluate
proper predictive models because various kinds of data sets are going to be used for
the same predictive model.

F-
Algorithm Precision Recall Accuracy
measure

KNN 0.845 0.823 0.835 89.62%

Logistic Regression 0.857 0.882 0.869 92.25%

30
Random Forest 0.867 0.882 0.909 86.16%

SVM 0.837 0.911 0.873 88.25%

Fig 3: Accuracies Obtained

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

Nothing should go noticed. Symptoms should be checked upon before the arrival of
the unnoticed demon. Prevention is, was and will always be better than the cure.
Cancer are the most brutal thing a person will be experiencing in their lifetime, but if
found beforehand. It can be handled and the respective person can see through their
remission.
In this paper, we have researched the possible outcome of almost every Machine
Learning algorithm and came to a discussion that whatever be the algorithm, a clear
cut need of pre-processing, training and testing is needed to achieve the maximum
accuracy in not just this Breast Cancer Module, but every module.
Using this bit of a code, one can easily detect the possibility of whether a person has
Breast Cancer or not and can enquire the hospitals about further actions to be taken.
The subsequent results show us that by the usage of graphical representation and
attribute filtering in successive levels increased the accuracy to almost a whopping
6% in our case.
The highest accuracy obtained here was almost 97% which has been achiever by
using Random Forest Algorithm. Due to the proper cleaning mechanism, almost

31
every algorithm can reach up to a minimum of a 90 percent value and out of this
Random Forest stands out.
Physical diagnosis has become a very well waged business nowadays. Even a
slightest help from a machine can help one save heap loads of money for someone
in any corner of the world. By this way Machine Learning provided a significant
breakthrough not only in medical field but every other field too. Random Forest not
only gives the perfect result but it stands out and stays stable throughout the code
making it relevant to make it possible to use it for every other code too.

REFERENCES

[1] Shannon Doherty, Breast cancer analysis using lazy 2011learners

https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/features/ shannen-doherty-breast-cancer

[2] M Navya Sri, ANIT, Analaysis of NNC and SVM for Machine Learning 2020

[3] N Gupta, Google Scholar, Prediction of Areolar cancer

[4] Jiaxin Li, Jilin University, 5year survival forpersonhaving-breast-cancer(2020).

[5] Mohammad Milan Islam, University of Waterloo, Prediction of residual diseases

and breast cancer.2020 https:// link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42979-020-00305-

[6] National Cancer Institute. Inflammatory breast cancer.

http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/ibc-fact-sheet, 2016.

[7] Chang Ming, BCRAT and BOADICEA comparison. Peking

University,2019,Presonalized breast cancer risk prediction
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s42979-020-00305-w

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[8] Rouse HC, Ussher S, Kavanagh AM, Cawson JN. Examining invasive biopsy of
ultrasound mammogram in breast cancer 2019.

[9] Nitasha, Punjab Technical Univerisity, 2019, Review on Prediction of breast

cancer using data mining http://www.ijcstjournal.org/volume-7/issue-4/IJCST-
V7I4P8.pdf

[10] Rucha Kanade, Xavier School of Engineering 2019, Breast cacner prediction
using gradient boosters.

APPENDICES

A. SOURCE CODE

import numpy

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import pandas as pd

import seaborn as sns

df=pd.read_csv("data.csv")

df.head()

df.info()

df.isna().sum()

df.shape

df=df.dropna(axis=1)

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df.shape

df.describe()

df['diagnosis'].value_counts()

sns.countplot(df['diagnosis'])

from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder

labelencoder_Y = LabelEncoder()

df.iloc[:,1]=labelencoder_Y.fit_transform(df.iloc[:,1].values)

df.iloc[:,1:32].corr()

plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))

sns.heatmap(df.iloc[:,1:10].corr(),annot=True,fmt=".0%")

X=df.iloc[:,2:31].values

Y=df.iloc[:,1].values

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

X_train,X_test,Y_train,Y_test=train_test_split(X,Y,test_size=0.20,random_state=0)

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

X_train=StandardScaler().fit_transform(X_train)

X_test=StandardScaler().fit_transform(X_test)

def models(X_train,Y_train):

from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression

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 log=LogisticRegression(random_state=0)

log.fit(X_train,Y_train)

from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier

tree=DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=0,criterion='entropy')

tree.fit(X_train,Y_train)

from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier

forest=RandomForestClassifier(random_state=0,criterion="entropy",n_estimators=10
)

forest.fit(X_train,Y_train)

print('[0]logistic regression accuracy:',log.score(X_train,Y_train))

print('[1]Decision tree accuracy:',tree.score(X_train,Y_train))

print('[2]Random forest accuracy:',forest.score(X_train,Y_train))

return log,tree,forest

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model=models(X_train,Y_train)

from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score

from sklearn.metrics import classification_report

for i in range(len(model)):

print("Model",i)

print(classification_report(Y_test,model[i].predict(X_test)))

print('Accuracy : ',accuracy_score(Y_test,model[i].predict(X_test)))

B. SCREENSHOTS

B-1: DATASET

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B-2: COUNTPLOT

37
B-3: PAIRPLOT

B-4: HEAT MAP

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 B-5: REPORT GENERATION

B-6: DETAILED COMPARISION OF THE ACCURACIES

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 B-7: CONSTRUCTING THE WEB APPLICATION (UI)

C. PLAGIARISM REPORT

40