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Software Engineering
for Resilient Systems
6th International Workshop, SERENE 2014
Budapest, Hungary, October 15–16, 2014
Proceedings
123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8785
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen
Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Alfred Kobsa
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Oscar Nierstrasz
University of Bern, Switzerland
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany
István Majzik Marco Vieira (Eds.)
Software Engineering
for Resilient Systems
6th International Workshop, SERENE 2014
Budapest, Hungary, October 15-16, 2014
Proceedings
13
Volume Editors
István Majzik
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Magyar tudósok krt.2
1117 Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]
Marco Vieira
University of Coimbra
CISUC, Department of Informatics Engineering
Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos
3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
E-mail: [email protected]
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Preface
General Chair
András Pataricza Budapest University of Technology and
Economics, Hungary
Steering Committee
Didier Buchs University of Geneva, Switzerland
Henry Muccini University of L’Aquila, Italy
Patrizio Pelliccione Chalmers University of Technology and
University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Alexander Romanovsky Newcastle University, UK
Elena Troubitsyna Åbo Akademi University, Finland
Program Chairs
István Majzik Budapest University of Technology and
Economics, Hungary
Marco Vieira University of Coimbra, Portugal
Program Committee
Paris Avgeriou University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Didier Buchs University of Geneva, Switzerland
Andrea Ceccarelli University of Florence, Italy
Vincenzo De Florio University of Antwerp, The Netherlands
Nikolaos Georgantas Inria, France
Felicita Di Giandomenico CNR-ISTI, Italy
Giovanna Di Marzo Serugendo University of Geneva, Switzerland
Holger Giese University of Potsdam, Germany
Nicolas Guelfi University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Kaustubh Joshi AT&T, USA
Mohamed Kaaniche LAAS-CNRS, France
Vyacheslav Kharchenko National Aerospace University, Ukraine
Zsolt Kocsis IBM, Hungary
Nuno Laranjeiro University of Coimbra, Portugal
Paolo Masci Queen Mary University, UK
Henry Muccini University of L’Aquila, Italy
Sadaf Mustafiz McGill University, Canada
Patrizio Pelliccione Chalmers University of Technology and
University of Gothenburg, Sweden
VIII Organization
External Reviewers
Rui André Oliveira University of Coimbra, Portugal
Johannes Dyck University of Postdam, Germany
Zoltán Szatmári Budapest University of Technology and
Economics, Hungary
Sebastian Wätzoldt University of Postdam, Germany
Roberto Nardone University of Naples Federico II, Italy
David Lawrence University of Geneva, Switzerland
András Vörös Budapest University of Technology
and Economics, Hungary
Christian Manteuffel University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Table of Contents
Invited Talk
Community Resilience Engineering: Reflections and Preliminary
Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Vincenzo De Florio, Hong Sun, and Chris Blondia
Analysis of Resilience
Modelling Resilience of Data Processing Capabilities of CPS . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Linas Laibinis, Dmitry Klionskiy, Elena Troubitsyna,
Anatoly Dorokhov, Johan Lilius, and Mikhail Kupriyanov
Monitoring
Using Instrumentation for Quality Assessment of Resilient Software in
Embedded Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
David Lawrence, Didier Buchs, and Armin Wellig
1 Introduction
A well-known article by Garrett Hardin states how no exclusively technologi-
cal solution exists to several significant societal problems [1]. The problem of
the optimal response to a crisis both natural and human-induced is likely to be
one such problem. Direct experience accrued during, e.g., the Katrina hurricane
crisis, showed that effective solutions to disastrous events and highly turbulent
conditions call for the involvement of society as a complex and very dense “col-
lective agent” [2]. The emerging attribute advocated by the Authors of the cited
paper is so-called Community Resilience (CR). While the need for CR has been
identified and justified, to the best of our knowledge no organizational solution
has been so far proposed such that the “grand potential” of CR—including, e.g.,
collective intelligence, advance autonomic behaviors, and the ability to tap into
the “wells” of social energy—may be harnessed into methods; architectures; and
solutions, to be deployed in preparation, during, and following critical events.
Our paper is structured as follows: first, in Sect. 2 we introduce CR. In Sect. 3
we enumerate those that we consider as the major requirements of any effective
community-resilient approach. After this we describe in Sect. 4 an organiza-
tion matching the above attributes—the fractal social organizations—and its
I. Majzik and M. Vieira (Eds.): SERENE 2014, LNCS 8785, pp. 1–8, 2014.
c Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
2 V. De Florio, H. Sun, and C. Blondia
A remarkable fact observed by the authors of the cited paper is that the
response to the Katrina disaster was far from ideal:
This is particularly surprising in that the severity of the situation was well
known, as it was also well known how the New Orleans area would have had
difficulties in the face of catastrophic events:
“New Orleans was a catastrophe waiting to happen with extensive and repeated
warnings from both scientists and the media that the ‘big one’ would eventually
hit the city.”
The major lesson that we derived from this case is that an event like Katrina
disrupts several concentric “social layers” at the same time, possibly associated
to multiple response organizations, and that one of the major problems following
the event is one of coordination. Multiple concurrent responses are triggered in
each of the social layers, including
Community Resilience Engineering 3
– the individual, the family, people sharing the same location, citizens, etc.;
– pre-existing organizations of the city, the region, the state, the nation;
– pre-existing organizations for civil protection, defense, order, etc.
A major classification of the above responders distinguishes institutional re-
sponders (namely the social layers corresponding to the above pre-existing or-
ganizations) from informal responders (non-institutional responders, originating
in “households, friends and family, neighborhoods, non-governmental and vol-
untary organizations, businesses, and industry” and corresponding to what is
known in the domain of ambient assisted living as “informal care-givers” [4].)
We observe how coordination failures during the Katrina crisis derived from
a number of reasons, the most important of which are—we deem—the following
ones:
– Conflicting goals and conflicting actions among the triggered responders.
Multiple uncoordinated efforts often resulted in wasting resources and in
some cases they masked each other out.
– As a simplistic way to avoid or recover from this kind of failures, institutional
responders tended to refuse or did not blend their action with that of informal
responders.
– Resources owned by institutional responders were not shared promptly and
dynamically according to the experienced needs.
Report [2] provides us with rich and valuable knowledge, which helps under-
stand how relevant the above reasons were in determining the quality of resilience
and the speed of the recovery after Katrina. It also provides us with a major
challenge, which the authors enunciate as follows:
“[Responders] would have been able to do more if the tri-level system (city,
state, federal) of emergency response was able to effectively use, collaborate
with, and coordinate the combined public and private efforts. How to do so, in
advance of hazard events, is a central task of enhancing community resilience.”
speed of intervention. Fractal Social Organizations (FSO) are one such possible
OoO. In a nutshell, they are an organization-of-organizations whose building
blocks are custom socio-technical systems called Service-oriented Communities
(SoC). In what follows we describe in more detail SoC and FSO.
A major aspect of the SoC is given by the assumption of a flat society: a cloud
of social resources are organized and orchestrated under the control of a central
“hub”—the service coordinator. Of course this flat organization introduces sev-
eral shortcomings; for instance, if the size of the community becomes “too big”
the coordinator may be slowed down (scalability failure); and in the presence
of a single and non-redundant coordinator a single failure may bring the whole
community to a halt (resilience failure).
6 Conclusions
Our vision about Community Resilience Engineering has been briefly presented.
Obviously much is yet to be done. The FSO protocols have not been formalized
and only a partial and static version of the system is currently available. Among the
1
Little Sister is a Flemish project funded by iMinds as well as by the Flemish Gov-
ernment Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT). Little Sister is
to design a low-cost autonomous technology to provide protection and assistance to
the elderly population [9, 10].
8 V. De Florio, H. Sun, and C. Blondia
many issues still missing we highlight here the following major ones: defining inter-
faces to reflect the state of an organization as well as the knowledge it has accrued
during a crisis event; expose such knowledge; define crisis management ontologies;
describe organizational services semantically; enable inter-organizational mutual-
istic cooperation; prepare for crises through co-evolutive strategies [13]; instruct
the communities on how to become a “living component” of a hosting organiza-
tion; log the evolution of social overlay networks emerging during a crisis in func-
tion of the evolution of the critical events; create tools for the analysis of the logs
so as to enable the identification of reiterating responses (which could be reused as
CR templates possibly re-occurring at different scales); simulating the operation of
FSO-compliant organizations during a crisis; and of course experimenting our ap-
proach in real-life situations. Despite so dense a research agenda we observe how the
specific traits of the FSO and its building block closely match requirements such as
the one in Sect. 3. This correspondence leads us to conjecture that mature designs
of the FSO and SoC may provide us with an answer to the questions drawn in the
introduction and designers with an effective practical “tool” for the engineering of
community-resilient socio-technical responses to crises.
References
1. Hardin, G.: The tragedy of the commons. Science 162(3859), 1243–1248 (1968)
2. Colten, C.E., Kates, R.W., Laska, S.B.: Community resilience: Lessons from New
Orleans and hurricane Katrina. Technical Report 3, CARRI (2008)
3. RAND: Community resilience (2014),
http://www.rand.org/topics/community-resilience.html
4. Sun, H., et al.: The missing ones: Key ingredients towards effective ambient assisted
living systems. J. Ambient Intell. Smart Environ. 2(2) (2010)
5. De Florio, V.: Behavior, organization, substance: Three gestalts of general systems
theory. In: Proc. of the 2014 Conf. on N. Wiener in the 21st Century. IEEE (2014)
6. De Florio, V., et al.: Models and concepts for socio-technical complex systems:
Towards fractal social organizations. Sys. Res. and Behav. Sci. 30(6) (2013)
7. Sun, H., De Florio, V., Gui, N., Blondia, C.: Participant: A new concept for
optimally assisting the elder people. In: Proc. of the 20th IEEE Int.l Symp. on
Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS 2007), Maribor, Slovenia (2007)
8. Pór, G.: Nurturing systemic wisdom through knowledge ecology. The System
Thinker 11(8), 1–5 (2000)
9. Anonymous: LittleSister: Low-cost monitoring for care and retail (2013),
http://www.iminds.be/en/research/overview-projects/
p/detail/littlesister
10. De Florio, V., Sun, H., Buys, J., Blondia, C.: On the impact of fractal organization
on the performance of socio-technical systems. In: Proc. of the 2013 Int.l Workshop
on Intelligent Techniques for Ubiq. Systems (ITUS 2013), Vietri, Italy (2013)
11. Gui, N., De Florio, V., Sun, H., Blondia, C.: ACCADA: A framework for continuous
context-aware deployment and adaptation. In: Guerraoui, R., Petit, F. (eds.) SSS
2009. LNCS, vol. 5873, pp. 325–340. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
12. Gui, N., et al.: Transformer: an adaptation framework with contextual adaptation
behavior composition support. Software: Practice & Experience (2012)
13. Adner, R., Kapoor, R.: Value creation in innovation ecosystems. Strategic Man-
agement Journal 31, 306–333 (2010)
Enhancing Architecture Design Decisions Evolution
with Group Decision Making Principles
1 Introduction
Dependability and resilience in software engineering have been analyzed since a long
time from a (purely) technical perspective, by proposing architectures and processes for
realizing dependable1 and resilient systems[1,2], by modeling and analysing properties
of resilience [3,4], by monitoring the system state at run-time [5], and so on.
More recently, human and social aspects are being considered as an important factor
when developing quality systems. The role of the human beings in automated software
testing has been the topic of a Dagstuhl seminar [6]. The role of socio-technical coor-
dination has been remarked by James Herbsleb in his keynote at ICSE 2014 (the 36th
1
Architecting Dependable Systems series of workshop: http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/
people/staff/rdl/ADSFuture/resources.htm
I. Majzik and M. Vieira (Eds.): SERENE 2014, LNCS 8785, pp. 9–23, 2014.
c Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
10 I. Malavolta, H. Muccini, and V. Smrithi Rekha
"Felix," she urged, almost in a whisper, for she was profoundly shaken,
"we did keep faith, did we not?"
She laughed a little hysterically. "I have just been explaining to Mr.
Vronsky how impossible it all is," she cried. "Of all the women that I could
not imagine Denzil to be in love with.—I always thought it was you, Felix!"
"It might have been," put in Vronsky. "Felix might have been her
favored suitor, had he so willed."
* * * * * *
*
He led Rona across the room, and presented her. "By great good fortune
I found Miss Leigh quite unexpectedly at Gretz, and brought her on," he
said. "The journey was one which she should never have attempted alone.
But she thought my brother was dying."
Rona had recovered her wonted control by now. "Mr. Denzil Vanston
has been like an elder brother to me ever since Felix was obliged to go
away," she explained. "When he telegraphed for us to come to him, it did
not seem to me possible to disregard the message. But I fear that I have
inadvertently given a great deal of trouble, for there is no inn at Savlinsky
where I could stay. Please forgive me. A telegram sounds so peremptory.
When Denzil telegraphed 'Come,' I concluded that he must have made
arrangements for our reception."
"All arrangements are made for your reception, my dear child," said
Miss Forester, warmly. "I tremble to think of your undertaking such a
journey; but what a good thing that Felix met you! And now that you are
safely here, all is well."
A short week ago it would have been otherwise. The story of the broken
sixpence about the neck of Felix had then been a thorn in her memory, for
she feared that the girl she loved might have to suffer.
But since the coming of Denzil all was changed. She was able to
welcome Rona without reservations, and to feel thankful that the two girls
were not rivals; for, even in her traveling garb, Veronica was beautiful
enough to strike the eye of any unprejudiced person.
His eyes were upon the face of the woman so incredibly surrendered to
him, and he smiled gravely. He had not yet had time to realize his happiness
—to appreciate what it all meant. The one supreme fact that Rona loved
him was destroying the proportions of everything else.
The Squire's brow was wet with the dews of apprehension. His heart
was in his mouth. What kind of situation was this? He had played the
traitor, and he stood confronted by the two girls—his old love and his new.
And behold, that same brother stood just within the room with the mien
of a conqueror, his head high, his glance confident, his mouth smiling.
"Ah," said Nadia, drawing a long breath, "I told you that they had
arrived—they must have arrived——" She came slowly forward.
"It is delightful to meet again," said Felix, taking her two hands. "May I
present to you my fiancée, Miss Leigh?"
Nadia smiled rapturously. Snatching her hands from Felix, she held
them impulsively to Rona.
"Oh," said she, "I have wanted so long to see an English girl! And you
are—you are—like the girls in story books, just as Mr. Vanston is exactly
like the men!"
The Squire made an effort to speak, but no words came. He licked his
dry lips. Was this some device of his younger brother to torture him?
"Lying up, lame, at St. Petersburg," said Felix. "But you need not be
anxious. I met Veronica at Gretz, and have taken care of her. She has not
felt the journey at all."
"Naturally," was the calm reply. "If it was an indiscretion on your part, it
was a blessed one for me. I was able to renew my acquaintance with Miss
Leigh, which had been of the briefest, in the favorable circumstances of a
five-hundred-mile tête-à-tête; and now we understand each other perfectly."
"Look at him," said Nadia, prettily. "He is quite convalescent, don't you
think? Miss Forester and I have done our poor little best for him."
"He will be all right now," said Rona, extending her hand with a smile
that certainly was unmixed with any resentment, "now that he knows that
Felix is safe and well and—and happy—won't you, Denzil?"
He could not speak. He wrung her hand and turned away, crimson. Miss
Forester was a little surprised, but Nadia thought tenderly of the
Englishman's proverbial taciturnity under pressure of emotion. These
people were heroes and heroines of romance to her.
She flung her arm caressingly about Rona's shoulders and led her from
the room. Miss Forester followed, and the three men were left in a gulf of
silence.
* * * * * *
*
What was this magic which had held him chained? Was it love, or
sorcery? He had never asked himself. He only knew that it was too strong
for him. It had blinded him to constancy, to honor, to his plighted word. He
stood aghast at the power of it.
The passion which possessed him was real enough; but he was no boy,
and even as he felt it he knew it could not last. What was worse, he knew
that he did not even wish it to last. He was a steady-going prosaic person,
and he foresaw that he could not dwell continuously upon the heights to
which his infatuation had drawn him.
His present ecstasy was not real life. It was illusion. The moment he
saw Felix he realized this.
What was he to say? And then, in the midst of his confusion, light leapt
to his mind. He had broken plight; but then, so had Rona!
"As you did upon your arrival," was the instant retort.
"Rona discovered," went on Felix, "upon the way here, that she had
done what many a very young girl does—she had mistaken gratitude for
love. But, having made this mistake, she was determined to abide by it, and
at all costs to keep her faith to you. She is, however, absolved from her
allegiance I think, by the scene I witnessed just now in the garden."
There was a pause. "Come, Denzil," said Felix, composedly, "do you
suppose that I want to quarrel with you for a slip which gives me my
happiness? Let us never speak of this again. And let me assure you that
never, in all the future, shall you hear a word from either of us of what has
happened. Nobody but Vronsky, Rona, and I know that any engagement
existed between you; and we shall never speak of it to anybody. I wish you
happiness with all my heart."
* * * * * *
*
Upon the previous day she had received a letter, forwarded from
Normansgrave, and written by no less a person than Rankin Leigh himself.
He wrote to say that he felt sure, judging by Miss Rawson's action in
removing his great-niece from the vicinity directly she found that he was
there, that his hopes of an old age soothed by her care and affection were
destined to remain unrealized. As it might, however, be important to the
family, in view of the deep interest they seemed to take in the girl, to know
more of her antecedents, he offered to go into the matter thoroughly, if his
expenses were guaranteed, and a certain sum over and above paid to him.
At the time of receiving this letter Aunt Bee was fully persuaded that
Denzil would marry Rona; and it seemed to her most desirable that all that
could be ascertained about her should come to light before things were
irrevocable. She considered that Rankin Leigh had most probably means of
coming at the truth, or sources of information, which they had not; and she
wrote empowering him to make inquiries, and mentioning the sum she was
prepared to pay for his services.
Hardly had she done this, when she received the startling news of
Denzil's faithlessness and the double engagement.
It was an occasion upon which the good lady became vividly sensible of
the mixture of motives which exists in the best of us.
She was really attached to Rona; yet it was impossible to deny that there
was a certain sensation of pleasure or gratified family pride that the new
mistress of Normansgrave would bring a suitable dower, and that she
boasted a noble pedigree, instead of being, however attractive, a Girl from
Nowhere.
It was arranged that the two couples, with Miss Forester as chaperon,
should all come to St. Petersburg together. There Felix and Rona would be
married, and Nadia and Miss Forester accompany Denzil and his aunt to
England, that the Russian girl might have a sight of her new home before
returning to Russia in the winter for her own wedding.
Before they arrived Miss Rawson was in possession of all that could
ever be known of Veronica's origin.
The young father, thus released, married almost immediately the lady
chosen by his parents. He placed his daughter in the Convent School,
keeping her existence a secret to the last. He probably intended to provide
for the child, but took no steps to do so. He was still a young man when his
death occurred, very unexpectedly. He left two sons by his second wife.
The Girl from Nowhere was then, as she had always felt, of good blood.
The race instinct had not deceived Aunt Bee, and she felt a pardonable pride
in realizing this.
She laid side by side the photo of Nadia and the photo of Rona, and
marveled as she reflected that Denzil had chosen the alien type.
She could not tell whether Rona was happy. She was haunted by the
idea that she must have stood aside upon finding that Denzil had changed
his mind, and that it had not been possible for her to evade an engagement
with the younger brother.
Altogether, in her lonely sojourn in the Russian capital the maiden aunt
went through a good deal.
It was with more agitation than she remembered to have experienced in
her sixty years that she awaited the arrival of the party from Savlinsky.
With regard to Denzil she was not so sure. When she actually saw the
lady upon whom he had fixed his mature affections, she was invaded with a
wonder as to what they would make of a life together in England in the
provinces.
Nadia was lovely, and in her presence he was evidently so moved out of
himself that he could not reason, he could only feel. But his temperament
was wholly unromantic, because unimaginative. As time went on, would he
be able to sustain the standard of feeling which the highly-wrought,
emotional girl demanded?
Aunt Bee fell back upon the comforting thought that such girls, when
touched by marriage and motherhood, often settle down into quite
humdrum persons. Meanwhile, the troubling of his whole being which the
Squire was undergoing was no doubt an excellent thing for him. Had he
married Rona, he would—nay, he must—have remained King Cophetua to
the end of the chapter, horribly pleased with himself. If anything would
ennoble his character, the experience of being Nadia's husband would be
likely to do it. It was better so.
"As Rona likes, of course," said Felix, "but I hardly see any reason for
our troubling them. The present Mrs. Mauleverer apparently knows nothing
at all of her late husband's former marriage. Would not the disclosure
wound her, cruelly and unnecessarily? We have nothing to ask from them.
Affection they are not likely to bestow, money we do not want. Were Rona's
father living, it might be her duty to go to him. As it is, there does not seem
to be a question of duty. Moreover, if they are such a high and mighty set of
people, how would they like to know that she was married to a man of my
record?"
THE END
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