Lecture 1

STATISTICS is a scientific body of knowledge that deals with
• collection
• organization or presentation
• analysis and interpretation
• Interpretation of numerical data
Collection of data refer to the process of obtaining numerical measurements
Tabulation or presentation refer to the organization of data into tables,

graphs or chart so that logical conclusions can be derived from the collected
measurements
Analysis of data pertains to the process of extracting relevant information

from which numerical description can be formulated
Interpretation of data refers to the task of drawing conclusions from the

analysed data. It normally involves the formulation of forecasts or predictions
about larger groups based on the data collected from small groups.
Subdivisions of Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• Inferential Statistics
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS is a statistical procedure concerned with describing

the characteristics and properties of a group of persons, places ort things; it
is based on easily verifiable facts
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS organizes the presentation, description, and

interpretation of data gathered. It includes the study of relationships among
variables.
Measurements Falling Under Descriptive Statistics

• Measures of Central Tendency
• Measures of Dispersion
• Skewness
• Kurtosis
• And other items which help in the description of the data.
Inferential statistics demands a higher order of critical judgment and

mathematical methods. It aims to give information about large groups
without dealing with each and every element of these groups. It uses only a
small portion of the total set of data in order to draw conclusions or
judgments regarding the entire set of data.
The topics under the inferential statistics

• z-test
• t-test
• simple linear regression
• analysis of variance
• chi-square test
• regression analysis and
• time series analysis
Determining Sample Size: Cochran’s Formula

2
z pq
n o= 2
e
Where:
n o=sample ¿ ¿
z=value of selected α level
p=estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in the population
q=1− p
e = margin of error
no
n1=
n
1+ o
N
Where:
n1=required return sample
n o=sample ¿ ¿
N=¿ the population
Example 1: Find the sample size if the population size is 20,000, at 95%
level of significance, proportion is 0.5 and the margin of error is 5%.
2
(1.96) (0.5)(0.5)
n o=
¿¿
384
n1 = =377
384
1+
20000
Example 2: Find the sample size if the population size is 20,000, level of
significance is 99%, proportion is 0.55 and the margin of error is 1%.
2
(2.575) (0.55)(0.45)
n o=
¿¿
16411
n1 = =9014
16411
1+
20000
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Population refers to the totality of objects, individuals or reactions that can
be described as having a unique combination of qualities. In statistical
investigations, population is defined by naming its unique characteristics.
The following may be considered populations
• Graduating students of a particular school
• Employees of the company
• Depositors in a bank
More precisely, a population consists of numerical values associated with
objects or individuals. So that we can discuss about the ages of the
graduating students, the educational attainment of the employees or the
amount of savings of depositors.
Census-taking is the process of collecting, tabulating, compiling and

publishing data pertaining to each and every unit of a whole set of objects or
persons
When to use sampling method?

• When the population is too big, census taking is impractical, if not
impossible. Suppose that we want to determine the length of life of all
batteries produced by a company. We would have to use up all the
batteries in order to get the data on their length of life.
• When the mass of data is too great to be handled in its entirety, the
sampling method is utilized.
Sampling method is a system of getting facts from a small but representative

cross-section of the population.
The representative part of the population is called the sample.
Sample is used to describe the population from which it is taken.
Sampling Methods
 Probability Sampling - samples are chosen with members of the
population having a known or sometimes equal probability of being
included in the sample.
a. Simple Random Sampling
b. Systematic Random Sampling
c. Stratified Random Sampling
Simple random sampling – samples are chosen at random with members of

the population having a known or sometimes equal chance of being included
in the samples
• Lottery – needs a complete listing of the members of the population.
The process is relatively easy for small population but complicated and
time consuming for large populations.
• Use of random numbers – computers and even calculators can
generate random numbers.
Systematic random sampling – samples are chosen following certain rules
set by the researcher. This involves choosing the kth member of the
N
population, with k = , but there should be a random start.
n
Example, choose a sample size of 12 from a population of 600, using

systematic random sampling
600
Step 1, determine k = = 50, it means that you have to include every 50 th
12
member of the population after choosing a random start
Step 2, put the random start at 7
Step 3, include in the sample the following 7, 57, 107,157, 207,257,307, 357,
407, 457, 507, and 557
Stratified random sampling – this method is used when the population is too
big to handle, thus dividing N into subgroups or strata is necessary. Samples
per stratum are then randomly selected, but considerations must be given to
the sizes of the random samples to be selected from the subgroups.
A survey is conducted to find if families living in a certain municipality are in

favor of the anti-drug campaign. To ensure that all income groups are
represented, respondents are divided into high-income (Class A), middle
(Class B) and low-income (Class C) groups. Below is the distribution of the
income groups
Strata No. of Families
Class A 1,000
Class B 2,500
Class C 1,500
1. Using a 5% margin of error and proportion of 0.5, how many families

should be included in the sample?
2. Using stratified random sampling, how many from each group should be
taken?
Using Cochran’s formula,

2
(1.96) (0.5)(0.5) 4
n o=
¿¿
384
n1 = =357
384
1+
5000
so, 357 families should be included in the survey
STRATA Number of Families Number of sample

Class A 1,000 1000
x 357 = 71
5000
Class B 2,500 2500
x 357 = 179
5000
Class C 1,500 1500
x 357 = 107
5000
N = 5,000 n = 357
Non-probability sampling – each member of the population does not have a

known chance of being included in the sample. Instead, personal judgment
plays a very important role in the selection
• Convenience sampling is used due to the convenience it offers to the
researcher
• Quota sampling – quotas are given to each researcher
• Purposive sampling – respondents are chosen based on the criteria set
by the researcher

Lecture 1

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Lecture 1

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STATISTICS is a scientific body of knowledge that deals with

Collection of data refer to the process of obtaining numerical measurements

Tabulation or presentation refer to the organization of data into tables,

Analysis of data pertains to the process of extracting relevant information

Interpretation of data refers to the task of drawing conclusions from the

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS is a statistical procedure concerned with describing

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS organizes the presentation, description, and

Measurements Falling Under Descriptive Statistics

Inferential statistics demands a higher order of critical judgment and

The topics under the inferential statistics

Determining Sample Size: Cochran’s Formula

Census-taking is the process of collecting, tabulating, compiling and

When to use sampling method?

Sampling method is a system of getting facts from a small but representative

The representative part of the population is called the sample.

Sample is used to describe the population from which it is taken.

Simple random sampling – samples are chosen at random with members of

Example, choose a sample size of 12 from a population of 600, using

A survey is conducted to find if families living in a certain municipality are in

1. Using a 5% margin of error and proportion of 0.5, how many families

Using Cochran’s formula,

STRATA Number of Families Number of sample

Non-probability sampling – each member of the population does not have a

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