Respiratory System Anatomy
Respiratory System Anatomy
Respiratory System Anatomy
• Nose (Nasus)
• Mouth (Oris)
• Pharynx (Pharynx)
• Throat (Larynx)
• Windpipe (Trachea)
• Lung (Pulmo)
• M. cricoarytenoideus lateralis:
It narrows the mizmar space by
internally rotating the cartilago
arytenoidea.
• M. thyroarytenoideus: The pars
lateralis part pulls the cartilago
arytenoidea inward and narrows
the rima glottidis.
• M. vocalis: It is called the part of
M.thyroarytenoideus pars vocalis.
With its contraction, the plica vocalis
is stretched and thickened without
shortening.
• M. arytenoideus: It narrows the
mizmar space by bringing the
cartilago arytenoidea closer
together in their contractions.
Video of vocal cords while singing
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XGds2GAvGQ
Cavitas Laryngis
• Aditus Laryngis
• Vestibulum Laryngis
• Ventriculus Laryngis
• Cavitas Infraglottica
TRACHEA (RESPIRATORY PIPE)
• It starts from the lower edge of the larynx (at the level of the C6 vertebra) and extends to the upper edge of
the T5 (lower edge of the manubrium sterni).
• The trachea is a tube 2.5 cm wide, 10-12 cm long, composed of flexible, air-conducting cartilage rings.
• At the level of the T4-5 vertebral body, it is divided into two as bronchus principalis dexter (right) and sinister
(left) with an angle of approximately 55-70°.
• The trachea is in the mediastinum and midline, lying anterior to the esophagus.
• The pars cervicalis begins just below the larynx.
• Pars thoracica bifurcatio extends to the trachea.
• It is made of cartilage and membranes.
• It expands during inspiration (inhale) and contracts during expiration (exhale).
Posterior view
of trachea
• Trachea; It is divided
into two branches as
bronchus principalis
dexter and bronchus
Front view of
principalis sinister. trachea
• The fork formed by
these branches is called
bifurcatio trachea.
• Bronchus principalis dexter extends more vertically than
bronchus principalis sinister. Therefore, if a person aspirates a
foreign body, it is more likely to enter the bronchus principalis
dexter.
• Due to the asymmetry of the heart, the left main bronchus
(bronchus principalis sinister) is longer than the right one.
Neighborhoods of Trachea
• Pars cervicalis:
• On the front:
• isthmus section of
gl.thyroidea (at the level of
2,3rd rings)
• v. thyroid inferior
• m. sternohyoideus
• m. sternothyroideus
• fascia pretrachealis
• arcus venosus jugularis
• at the back
• esophagus
• Laterally
• a. carrotis communis
• g. lateral lobes of thyroidea
• a. thyroid inferior
• n. laryngealis recurrens
Neighborhoods of Trachea
• Pars thoracica:
• On the front:
– manubrium stern
– thymus remnants
– v. brachiocephalica sinistra
– arcus aortae
– truncus brachiocephalicus
– a. carrotis communis sinistra
• at the back
– esophagus
• On the right side
– pleura
– right n. vagus
– truncus brachiocephalicus at the root
of the neck
• on the left
– left n. laryngealis recurrens
– arcus aortae
– a. carrotis communis sinistra
– a. subclavia sinistra
Bronchial Branching
• Trachea • Trachea
• Bronchus principalis dexter – Bronchus principalis sinister
• Bronchus lobaris • Bronchus lobaris
• Bronchus segmentalis • Bronchus segmentalis
• Bronchiolus lobularis – Bronchiolus lobularis
• Bronchiolus terminalis – Bronchiolus terminalis
• Bronchiolus respiratorius – Bronchiolus respiratorius
• Ductus alveolaris » Ductus alveolaris
• Saccus alveolaris » Saccus alveolaris
• Alveolus pulmonis » Alveolus pulmonis
Bronchus Principalis Dexter
• Bronchus lobaris superior
dexter:
• Bronchus segmentalis apicalis BI
• Bronchus segmentalis posterior BII
• Bronchus segmentalis anterior BIII
• Bronchus lobaris medius dexter:
• Bronchus segmentalis lateralis BIV
• Bronchus segmentalis medialis BV
• Bronchus lobaris inferior dexter:
• Bronchus segmentalis superior BVI
• Bronchus segmentalis basalis
medialis VII
• Bronchus segmentalis basalis
anterior BVIII
• Bronchus segmentalis basalis
lateralis BIX
• Bronchus segmentalis basalis
posterior BX
Bronchus Principalis Sinister
• Bronchus lobaris superior
sinister:
• Bronchus segmentalis
apicoposterior BI+II
• Bronchus segmentalis anterior
BIII
• Bronchus lingularis superior
BIV
• Bronchus lingularis inferior BV
• Bronchus lobaris inferior
sinister:
• Bronchus segmentalis superior
BVI
• Bronchus segmentalis basalis
medialis BVII
• Bronchus segmentalis basalis
anterior BVIII
• Bronchus segmentalis basalis
lateralis BIX
• Bronchus segmentalis basalis
posterior BX
• The part of the body between
the neck and the abdomen is
the thorax.
• The thorax is an irregular
cylinder with a narrow opening
(apertura thoracis superior) at
the top and a relatively larger
opening (apertura thoracis
inferior) below.
• Apertura thoracis superior is
open, continuous with the neck;
The aperture thoracis is closed
by the inferior diaphragm.
• The space within this region is
called the thoracic cavity
(cavitas thoracis).
LUNGS
• Lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. They are located on either side of the heart and mediastinum and
occupy most of the chest cavity.
• Each lung is free in the pleural cavity, except for parts of the hilum and pulmonary ligament, where they attach to the
mediastinum.
• A healthy lung is spongy and elastic, with some air at all times.
• It can swim if it is removed from the thorax and placed in water.
• When removed from the thorax, they shrink to 1/3 their size as the negative pressure environments change.
• Its surface is smooth and shiny.
• It divides into 3 lobes on the right and 2 lobes on the left.
• The right lung weighs approximately
625 g and the left lung is 567 g.
• Lungs take approximately 3700 cm³ of
air in an adult male in inspiration after
a deep expiration.
• The volume of a fully filled lung,
together with its tissue and air, is
about 6500 cm³.
• However, in normal respiration, 500
cm³ of air is inhaled and exhaled in an
adult male.
• These values are less in women.
• Normal breathing is done 15-20 times
per minute.
LUNGS
• The lungs are responsible for uptake of oxygen into the
blood and expulsion of carbon dioxide.
• The functional design of the thorax facilitates this
complex process.
• Acting together, the respiratory muscles and diaphragm
increase the intrathoracic volume and create a negative
pressure in the pleural space that causes lung expansion.
• The resulting reduction in alveolar pressure allows air to
be delivered through the upper respiratory tract,
trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, and finally to the
alveoli, where gas exchange takes place.
Lung lobes and slits
• In the right lung:
• fissura obliqua; It separates the lobus medius and lobus inferior from each
other.
• fissura horizontalis; It is found only in the right lung and separates the lobus
superior and lobus medius.
• In the left lung:
• fissura obliqua; It separates the lobus superior and lobus inferior from each
other.
Right Lung (Pulmo dexter)
• Lobus superior
• Segmentum apicale SI
• Segmentum posterius SII
• Segmentum anterius SIII
• Lobus medius
• Segmentum laterale SIV
• Segmentum mediale SV
• Lobus inferior
• Segmentum superius SVI
• Segmentum basale mediale
SVII
• Segmentum basale
anterius SVIII
• Segmentum basale laterale
SIX
• Segmentum basale
posterius SX
Left Lung (Pulmo sinister)
• Lobus superior
• Segmentum apicoposterius
SI+II
• Segmentum anterius SIII
• Segmentum lingulare
superius SIV
• Segmentum lingulare inferius
SV
• Lobus inferior
• Segmentum superius SVI
• Segmentum basale mediale
SVII
• Segmentum basale anterius
SVIII
• Segmentum basale laterale
SIX
• Segmentum basale posterius
SX
LUNG (Pulmo)
• Apex pulmonis:
• It is approximately at the level of the 1st
and 2nd ribs. Because the right apex
pulmonis is smaller and closer to the
trachea than the left, percussion at the
root of the right neck does not respond as
well as the left.
• Basis pulmonis (Facies diaphragmatica):
• The broad base of the lung conforms to the
shape of the diaphragm. Through the
diaphragm, it is adjacent to the right lobe
of the liver on the right, the left lobe of the
liver, stomach and spleen on the left.
• Facies costalis:
• It is the largest facet of the lungs. The
traces of the costas are visible.
• Facies mediastinalis
• It is the side of the lungs facing
the mediastinum and each
other. Here is a large depression
called the impressio cardiaca
where the heart sits. Posterior
and superior to the Impressio
cardiaca is the hilum pulmonis.
From here, the vessels, nerves
and bronchi of the lung enter
and exit. All formations entering
and exiting the lung are called
radix pulmonis.
• In the right lung, facies
mediastinalis; v. azygos, v. traces
of the cava superior and
esophagus are found.
• In the left lung, there is a deeper
impressio cardiaca than the right
one, arcus aortae, subclavia
sinistra, v. traces of
brachiocephalica sinistra and
oesephagus are found.
• Facies interlobaris
• Margo anterior
• Margo inferior
Pleura (Lung Membrane)
• The lungs are surrounded by a serous
membrane called the pleura.
• It is in the form of two-layered
membranous sacs that surround both
lungs separately.
• The membrane layer just above the lung
is called the pleura visceralis.
• The parts of the thoracic cavity that
cover the inner surface of the
diaphragm, the upper surface of the
diaphragm, and the mediastinum facing
the lung are called is pleura parietalis.
• The space between the two layers of
pleura is called cavitas pleuralis.
• Since the sacs of the two lungs are
different from each other, the infection
that occurs in one does not pass to the
other.
Pleura (Lung Membrane)
• The space between the two pleural sacs is
called the mediastinum.
• Lungs; The airway is connected to the
mediastinum by a root formed by
pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic
tissues, and nerves.
• There is only a potential space between
the pleura visceralis covering the lung and
the pleura parietalis.
• The lung does not completely fill the
potential space of the pleural cavity, parts
that the lung does not fill form recesses
and are important for adapting to changes
in lung volume during breathing.
• The largest and most clinically significant
impasse, the recessus
costodiaphragmaticus, runs downward
between the thoracic wall and the
diaphragm.
Recessus costodiaphragmaticus
• The largest and clinically most important impasse,
recessus costodiaphragmaticus, occurs in the part of
the pleura parietalis between the costal pleura and the
diaphragmatic pleura.
• Recessus costodiaphragmaticus are the areas between
the lungs and the inferior margins of the pleural
cavities.
• After taking a deep breath, it takes its shallowest form,
and after a deep exhalation, it takes its deepest form.
• In normal breathing, the lower edges of the lungs
extend to the 6th rib at the linea medioclavicularis
(imaginary line passing through the middle of the
clavicula), to the 8th rib at the linea axillaris media line,
and to the 10th thoracic vertebra at the vertebral line.
• At the same level, it approaches the lower border of
the pleura parietalis, which is at the level of the 8th rib,
10th rib, and 12th thoracic vertebra, respectively. In this
way, recessus costodiaphragmaticus becomes shallow.
• Since the lungs will go up during exhalation, the
recessus costodiaphragmaticus deepens and expands
when exhaling.
Mediastinum
• The mediastinum is a midline segment that extends from the sternum anteriorly to the
thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and from the upper thoracic opening to the lower thoracic
opening, bordered laterally by the pleura mediastinalis.
• A horizontal plane passing through the intervertebral disc and angulus sterni between the
T4 and T5 vertebrae divides the mediastinum into its superior and inferior parts.
• The mediastinum superius is the portion above this passing plane.
• The mediastinum inferius is the portion below this passing plane and is segmented by the
pericardium surrounding the pericardial cavity in which the heart is located.
• Mediastinum medius contains the pericardium and heart.
• The mediastinum anterius is between the sternum and the pericardium.
• The mediastinum posterius is located between the pericardium and the thoracic vertebrae.
mediastinum sağ yandan görünüşü mediastinum sol yandan görünüşü
Diaphragm
• The diaphragm is a thin muscle-
tendon structure that fills the
lower thoracic opening and
separates the thoracic cavity from
the abdominal cavity.
• The structures it holds are:
• xiphoid process of the sternum
• costal margins of the chest wall
• XI. and XII. the ends of the costa
• posterior abdominal wall structures
• lumbar vertebrae
• Muscle fibers join from these
peripheral attachment points to
join the centrum tendineum. The
pericardium is attached to the
middle part of the central tendon.
• Structures passing through the thorax and abdomen pass through the diaphragm:
• The inferior V. cava passes through the centrum tendineum at approximately the level
of the 8th thoracic vertebra.
• The esophagus passes through the muscular part of the diaphragm just to the left of
the midline, approximately at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra.
• The vagus nerves pass through the esophagus and the diaphragm.
• The aorta passes through the diaphragm at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra.