Find the Full Original Textbook (PDF) in the link

below:

CLICK HERE
Preface xiv
1 The Sociological Imagination 2
Jeff Manza, Lynne Haney, and
Richard Arum
The Big Questions 4
1.1 What Is the Sociological Imagination, and Why Is It
Worth Acquiring? 5
THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION 5
Looking Through a Sociological Lens 5 • Engaging Our
Sociological Imaginations: From Personal Puzzles to
Sociological
Questions 6 • Sociological Questions: A Detailed
Example 8
• The Endless Reach of the Sociological Imagination 9
1.2 What Are Social Contexts, and Why Do
They Matter? 10
SOCIAL CONTEXTS: FROM INDIvIDUALS
TO SOCIETIES 10
Families and Communities 11 • Identities and Groups
11 •
Schools and Organizations 11 • Social and Historical
Contexts 12 • Sociology as the Study of Social
Contexts 12
1.3 Where Did Sociology Come From, and
How Is It Different from Other Social Sciences? 14
THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 14
The Birth of Sociology 14 • Sociology and
the Industrial Revolution 15 • Sociology’s
Siblings 16 • Sociology’s Children 18
Conclusion: Looking Ahead 18
The Big Questions Revisited 1 19
2 Social Theory 20
Jeff Manza, Thomas Ertman,
Lynne Haney, and Steven Lukes
The Big Questions 22
2.1 What is Social Theory? 23
SEEING THE SOCIAL WORLD THROUGH
SOCIAL THEORY 23
The Diversity of Social Theory 23 • Three Common
Themes 23
2.2 How Did the Early Social Theorists Make
Sense of the World? 24
CLASSICAL SOCIAL THEORY IN THE LATE
NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH
CENTURIES 24
Karl Marx (1818–1883) 26 • Emile Durkheim
(1858–1917) 28 • Max Weber (1864–1920) 30 • Georg
Simmel (1858–1918) 34 • W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963)
36
2.3 What Innovations in Social Theory Emerged
in the Mid-Twentieth Century? 38
NEW DIRECTIONS IN SOCIAL THEORY,
1937–1965 38
Structural Functionalism 38 • Conflict Theory 39 •
Symbolic
Interactionism 40
2.4 How Has a New Generation of
Social Theory Evolved? 42
SOCIAL THEORY SINCE THE TURBULENT
1960S 42
The Revival of Marxism 42 • Feminist Social Theory 44
• Michel
Foucault and the Problem of Power 45 • Pierre
Bourdieu: A
New Approach to Theorizing Social Inequality 46 •
Analytical
Sociology 47
Conclusion: Social Theory and the Sociological
Imagination 49
The Big Questions Revisited 2 50
3 Studying the Social World 52
Lynne Haney
The Big Questions 54
3.1 Where Do Sociological Questions Come From? 55
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF SOCIOLOGICAL
RESEARCH 55
Crafting Good Research Questions from Important
Topics 55
• How Do We Know What to Study? 56
3.2 What Is the Best Method to Research
Different Sociological Questions? 58
SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODS
AND CHALLENGES 58
Getting Started 59 • The Classical Scientific Method of
Research 59 • Quantitative versus Qualitative
Research
Methods 60 • Survey and Interview Methods and the
Dilemmas
of Design 60 • Ethnographic Methods and the
Challenge of
Theory 63 • Comparative–Historical Methods and the
Complexity
of Comparisons 66 • Matching the Question with a
Method 67
3.3 What Challenges Do Sociologists Face
When Collecting Data? 68
THE CHALLENGE OF DATA COLLECTION 68
Sampling Issues 69 • Issues of Reliability
and Validity 72 • The Complications of Causality 72
3.4 How Do Sociologists Make Sense of Their
Findings? 74
ANALYzING DATA AND REACHING
CONCLUSIONS 74
How Do the Puzzle Pieces Fit Together? 74 • What Do
Our
Conclusions Tell Us about the Social World? 75
Conclusion: Thinking Critically About Research 75
The Big Questions Revisited 3 76
4 Social Interaction 78
Harvey Molotch
The Big Questions 80
4.1 How Do We Develop a Sense of Self? 81
THE SOCIAL SELF 81
The Looking-Glass Self 81 • Significant Others,
Reference
Groups, and Generalized Others 82 • Life’s a Stage 83
4.2 How Do We Make Sense of Our Worlds? 84
PEOPLE’S METHODOLOGY 84
Context, Context, Context 84 • Conversational
Precision 85 • Emotion 86 • Self-Presentation in a
Digital
Age 87 • Interaction in Public 88
4.3 What Challenges Do We Face as We Move from
One Social Context to Another? 90
SHIFTS AND DILEMMAS 90
Status and Role Change 90 • Labeling 91
• Rule Use 91 • Conformity Experiments 92
Conclusion: What We Know and What We Don’t Know
94
The Big Questions Revisited 4 95
5 Social Structure 96
Jeff Manza
The Big Questions 98
5.1 What Is Social Structure? 99
SOCIAL STRUCTURE AS THE CONTEXT
OF HUMAN ACTION 99
Defining Social Structure 99 • Key Components of
Social
Structure 100
5.2 How Do Roles and Social Hierarchies
Shape Our Life Chances? 101
THE FIRST DIMENSION OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
ROLES AND SOCIAL HIERARCHIES 101
Roles 101 • Social Hierarchies 102 • Power and
Privilege
in Social Hierarchies 103 • Group Size and Social
Hierarchies 104
5.3 How Do Norms and Institutions Influence
Social Life? 107
THE SECOND DIMENSION OF SOCIAL
STRUCTURE: THE POWERS OF NORMS AND
INSTITUTIONS 107
Norms and Rules 107 • Institutions and the Patterning
of
Social Life 108 • Large Organizations and
Governments as
Institutions 109
5.4 How Do Social Structures Influence
Our Daily Lives and Social Interactions? 110
THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION 110
Socialization 110 • Social Structure and Social
Interaction 111 • Social Structure and Individual Free
Will 112
5.5 Why Are Social Structures Slow to Change? 113
THE ENDURANCE OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES 113
Path Dependency 113 • How Social Structures Persist
114
Conclusion: Social Structure 115
The Big Questions Revisited 5 116
6 Culture, Media, and Communication 118
Eric Klinenberg
The Big Questions 120
6.1 What Is Culture? 121
THE MANY MEANINGS OF CULTURE 121
Defining Culture 121 • Culture as a System of Meaning
and Symbols 122 • Culture as a Set of Values, Beliefs,
and
Practices 122 • Culture as a Form of Communication
123
6.2 How Does Culture Shape Our Collective Identity?
126
CULTURE AND GROUP IDENTITY 126
Mainstream Culture, Subcultures, and
Countercultures 126 •
Is There a Dominant Culture in the United States
Today? 127 •
National Cultures 128
6.3 How Do Our Cultural Practices Relate to
Class and Status? 131
CLASS, STATUS, AND CULTURE 131
Cultural Capital 131 • How Culture
Reproduces Class 132
6.4 Who Produces Culture, and Why? 133
THE CONDITIONS OF CULTURAL
PRODUCTION 133
The Public Sphere 134 • The Culture Industry Versus
Cultural
Democracy 135 • The Medium Is the Message 135
6.5 What Is the Relationship Between Media
and Democracy? 137
MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY: A CHANGING
LANDSCAPE 137
Making the News: The Media as a Cultural System 137
• Corporate Media Concentration 138 • Media,
Democracy,
and the Internet 138
Conclusion: Culture, Media, and Communication 139
The Big Questions Revisited 6 140
7 Power and Politics 142
Steven Lukes and Jeff Manza
The Big Questions 144
7.1 What Are the Distinct Forms of Power? 145
THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF POWER 145
The One-Dimensional View of Power 145 • The
Two-Dimensional View of Power 146 • The Three-
Dimensional
View of Power 148
7.2 What Is the State, and How Does It Distribute
Power in a Society? 149
THE INSTITUTIONS OF POWER 149
What Is the State? 149 • Why States Matter
in the Distribution of Power 151 • Promoting
the Interests of the Powerful? 151
7.3 Who Has Power in the United States Today? 153
POWER IN AMERICA 153
Who Wins? Policy and Politics in the First Dimension
153 •
Who Sets the Agenda? Power and Politics in the
Second
Dimension 157 • The Third Dimension: Do Americans
Believe in
Policies Benefiting the Powerful? 159
Conclusion: Power and Politics 162
The Big Questions Revisited 7 163
8 Markets, Organizations, and Work 164
Richard Arum and Jeff Manza
The Big Questions 166
8.1 How Do Social Factors Impact Markets? 167
THE CREATION AND FUNCTIONING
OF MARKETS 167
The Pervasiveness of Markets 167 • Defining Markets
168 •
Social Networks 169 • Markets and Power 170 •
Culture 171
169 • Markets and Power 170 • Culture 171
Contents ix
8.2 Why Are Organizations Important for
Social and Economic Life? 172
ORGANIzATIONS IN THE MODERN WORLD 172
Organizational Persistence 172 • The Downside of
Bureaucracy 173
8.3 What Is the Relationship Between Organizations
and Their External Environment? 175
ORGANIzATIONS AND THEIR ENvIRONMENTS 175
Organizational Structure 175 • Organizational
Similarity 176
8.4 How Is Work Inside Organizations Structured? 178
THE DIvISION OF LABOR IN MODERN
SOCIETIES 178
Increasing Specialization in the Division of Labor 178
• The Labor Process 179
8.5 How Do We Measure Work Satisfaction? 182
GOOD JOBS, BAD JOBS, NO JOBS:
WORK IN AMERICA 182
Work Satisfaction 182 • Comparing Work in America
with Similar Countries 183
Conclusion: Markets, Organizations, and
Work in the Twenty-First Century 186
The Big Questions Revisited 8 186
9 Cities and Communities 188
Patrick Sharkey
The Big Questions 190
9.1 What Draws People to Cities? 191
HOW THE WORLD BECAME URBAN 191
Urbanization and the Growth of Cities 191 • Urban,
Suburban,
and Rural Patterns of Settlement 192
9.2 How Do Neighborhoods Form and Change? 195
NEIGHBORHOODS AND URBAN CHANGE 195
Urban Ecology: The Chicago School 195 • The Political
Economy of Cities and Communities 196
9.3 How Do Cities Influence Who We Are,
Who Our Friends Are, and How We Live? 198
LIvING IN AN URBAN WORLD 198
Urbanism as a Way of Life 198 • Communities
and Networks 200
9.4 Why Are So Many Social Problems
Found in Cities? 202
SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THE CITY 202
Concentrated Poverty and the Urban Ghetto 203
• Segregation and Urban Diversity 206
9.5 How Will Cities Change in an Increasingly
Connected
World? 208
CITIES AND THE CONNECTED WORLD 208
Immigration and the Urban Landscape 208 •
Globalization
and the City 209
Conclusion: Our Urban Future 211
The Big Questions Revisited 9 212
10 Social Stratification, Inequality,
and Poverty 214
Florencia Torche, Richard Arum,
and Jeff Manza
The Big Questions 216
10.1 What Is Inequality? 217
INEQUALITY: AN INTRODUCTION 217
A Brief History of Inequality 217 • Measures of
Economic
Inequality: Wealth and Income 219 • Inequality by
Class 221
10.2 Why Is America So Unequal? 223
UNEQUAL AMERICA IN COMPARATIvE
PERSPECTIvE 223
Trends in Income Inequality in the United States and
Around
the World 223 • Why Did Inequality Increase? 224 •
The
1 Percent 228
10.3 Do We All Have an Equal Opportunity
to Succeed in Life? 230
INEQUALITY, EDUCATION, AND SOCIAL
MOBILITY 230
Measuring Opportunity: The Concept of Social
Mobility 230 •
Social Mobility in Comparative Perspective 231 •
Factors
Influencing Mobility 232 • Education and Social
Mobility 233
10.4 How Much Poverty Exists in the United States
and Around the World? 234
LIFE AT THE BOTTOM: THE PROBLEM
OF POvERTY 234
Different Measures of Poverty 234 • Poverty in the
United States: Who Are the Poor? 235 • Poverty in
International Comparative Perspective 236 • Poverty
and
Children 237 • Homelessness 238
Conclusion: Should We Be Concerned
About Excessive Inequality? 238
The Big Questions Revisited 10 239
11 Race and Ethnicity 242
Ann Morning
The Big Questions 244
11.1 What Is the Difference Between Race
and Ethnicity? 245
UNDERSTANDING RACE AND ETHNICITY 245
Sociological Definitions of Race and Ethnicity 245 •
Key
Distinctions Between Race and Ethnicity 246 •
Distinguishing
Racial and Ethnic Labels 247
11.2 Is Race Real? 248
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF RACE 248
Race and Society 248 • Race and Biology 249 • Race
and
Place 250 •
11.3 What Is Racism? 251
CONTEMPORARY RACISM 251
How Do Sociologists Define Racism and
Discrimination? 252 • Why Does Racism Occur? 253 •
Does
Racism Still Exist in the United States? 253
4 Do Race and Ethnicity Matter Anymore? 256
THE IMPACT OF RACE AND ETHNICITY
TODAY 256
Disparities in Income, Wealth, and Employment 256 •
Disparities
in Education 258 • Residential Segregation 259 •
Disparities
in the Criminal Justice System 259 • Disparities in
Health and
Healthcare Coverage 260 • Disparities in Political
Participation and
Representation 260 • How Do We Explain the
Privileges of Being
White? 261 • What About Affirmative Action? 262
11.5 How Are Race and Ethnicity Changing in the
Twenty-First Century? 263
RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE FUTURE 263
A Changing Population 264 • Changing Classification
and Identity 265 • Changing Stratification 266
Conclusion: Developing a Sociological Imagination
on Race and Ethnicity 267
The Big Questions Revisited 11 267
12 Gender and Sexuality 270
Paula England
The Big Questions 272
12.1 Where Do Gender Differences Come from? 272
GENDER DIFFERENCES 272
Sex Versus Gender: The Social Construction of
Gender 273
• Gender Socialization 274 • Gender Differences Vary
by Setting and Time 274 • The Impact of Stereotypes
275
12.2 How Have the Lives of Women and Men
Changed in the Last 50 Years? 277
THE GENDER REvOLUTION 277
Rising Women’s Employment and Education 277 •
Change
in Women’s Jobs and in the Pay Gap 278 • The Impact
on
Men 280
12.3 How Are Our Sex Lives Shaped by Biology
and Society? 282
SEXUALITY 282
Sexual Orientation 283 • Sexual Behavior 283 • LGBTQ
Discrimination 284
12.4 How Has Sexual Behavior Changed in the Last 50
Years? 287
THE SEXUAL REvOLUTION AND BEYOND 287
Sex Outside of Marriage 287 • Births Outside of
Marriage 289 • Gender Inequality in Sex and
Relationships 289
Conclusion: The Puzzle of Gender Inequality 291
The Big Questions Revisited 12 292
13 Families and Family Life 294
Kathleen Gerson
The Big Questions 296
13.1 What Is a Family? 297
THE MANY WAYS WE DEFINE FAMiLY 297
A Global and Historical Perspective 297 • Household
or Kinship System? 298
13.2 Why Are Families Changing? 301
CHANGING AMERICAN FAMILIES: A
CONTROvERSIAL TOPIC 301
The Family Values Perspective 302 • The Economic
Restructuring
Perspective 302 • The Gender Restructuring
Perspective 303
13.3 What Challenges Do We Face as We Develop
Relationships and Balance Family and Work? 304
THE NEW CONTOURS OF ADULTHOOD
COMMITMENT 304
Love and Marriage 304 • Mothers, Fathers, and
Work–Family Conflict 308
13.4 What Is It Like to Grow Up in a Twenty-
FirstCentury Family? 311
GROWING UP IN TODAY’S FAMILIES 311
Growing Up with Working Parents 311 • Growing Up
with
Divorced or Single Parents 312 • Growing Up with
Same-Sex
Parents 312 • The Changing Face of Childhood 313 •
Parenting
Values and Styles 313 • Becoming an Adult and
Forming
Families 314
13.5 What Social Policies Around the World Best
Support Changing Families? 317
FAMILIES IN THE UNITED STATES IN
COMPARATIvE PERSPECTIvE 317
Social Policy Around the World 318 • Social Policy in
the
United States 319 • Where Do We Go from Here? 319
Conclusion: The Future of Families 320
The Big Questions Revisited 13 320
14 Sociology of Religion 322
Gerald Marwell
The Big Questions 324
14.1 What Is Religion, and What Are Its Functions? 325
A SOCIOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF
RELIGION 325
Defining Religion 325 • The Incredible Variety of
Religions 327 • Early Religious Traditions and
Their Modern Variants 330 • Religion as a Social
Institution 330 • Denominations and Congregations:
Serving the Needs of the Community 331
14.2 How Does Social Structure Impact Religious
Choice? 335
PATTERNS OF RELIGIOUS CHOICE 335
Religious Segregation: Birds of a Feather 336 • Social
Class and Religious Preferences 337 • Conversion 339
• New Religious Movements 340
14.3 Why Are Some People More Religious
Than Others? 341
RELIGIOSITY BY GENDER AND AGE 341
Women as Generally More Religious 341 • Why Do
People Become More Religious as They Age? 342
14.4 Why Do People Kill Each Other in the Name of
Religion? 344
RELIGIOUS CONFLICT 344
Distinguishing Religious Conflicts from Ethnic and
Class
Conflicts 344 • An Example of Religious Conflict in
India 345
14.5 What Is the Future of Religion? 346
SECULARIzATION vERSUS INCREASED
RELIGIOSITY 346
European Irreligion 347 • American Exceptionalism
347
• The Future Decline of Religion in America? 349 • The
Rising
Importance of Religion in the Other Parts of the World
350
Conclusion: Sociology of Religion 351
The Big Questions Revisited 14 352
15 Education 354
Caroline H. Persell with Dirk Witteveen
The Big Questions 356
15.1 Why Is Formal Education Universal? 357
THE PURPOSES OF EDUCATION 357
Socialization 358 • Preparing for the Future 358 •
Economic
Benefits of Schooling 360 • The Great Equalizer? 361
15.2 How Is Education Related to Important Life
Outcomes? 363
EDUCATION AND LIFE OUTCOMES 363
Career Outcomes 363 • Health and Life Expectancy
366
• Family Life 367
15.3 Is Education Equally Available to All? 369
EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY 369
Social-Class Differences 369 • Racial and Ethnic
Gaps 371 • Gender Differences 373
15.4 How Is the American Educational System
Different from Other Countries? 376
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS AROUND
THE WORLD 376
Learning and Achievement in International
Perspective 376 • Control and Financing of Schools
378
• Private Schools 380 • Teacher Quality 380 •
Homeschooling 381 • Organizational Practices:
Testing
and Tracking 382
Conclusion: The Future of Education in a Global
Economy 385
The Big Questions Revisited 15 386
16 Health and Medicine 388
Ruth Horowitz and Jennifer Jennings
The Big Questions 390
16.1 How Do Social Contexts Affect Health? 391
A SOCIOLOGICAL vIEW OF HEALTH 391
The Population as Patient 391 • The Effects of Social
Contexts on Individual Behavior 392 • The
Accumulation
of Health Risks Across the Life Course 394 •
Differences
in Health Across Countries 394
16.2 Who Gets Sick, and Why? 396
HEALTH OUTCOMES AMONG DIFFERENT
GROUPS 396
Health and Socioeconomic Status 396 • Education
397
• Income and Wealth 398 • Race and Ethnicity 398
• Gender 399
16.3 How Did Modern Medicine Emerge? 400
THE PROFESSIONALIzATION OF AMERICAN
MEDICINE 400
The Early Days of Medicine 400 • Modern Medicine
as a Profession 401 • Gender and Medical
Professionalization 403 • The Rise of Health Insurance
and the Decline of Physicians’ Power 404
16.4 How Does Physician/Patient Interaction
Affect Health and Illness? 405
THE EXPERTISE OF THE PHYSICIAN AND THE
KNOWLEDGE OF THE PATIENT 405
Physicians and Power 406 • Patient-Centered Care
407
16.5 Why Is Healthcare in America More Expensive
and
Less Effective Than in Other Countries? 409
AMERICAN HEALTHCARE IN
COMPARATIvE PERSPECTIvE 409
The Structure of Health Insurance in the United
States 410 • Markets and Healthcare 411 • The Main
Suspects: Explaining the High Cost of Healthcare 412
• Can the System Be Fixed? 414
Conclusion: Health and Medicine 415
The Big Questions Revisited 16 416
17 Deviance and Social Control 418
Troy Duster and Jeff Manza
The Big Questions 420
17.1 What Is Deviance? 421
DEvIANCE AND THE GROUP 421
Groups and Group Boundaries 421 • Statistical versus
Social Deviance 423 • Social Norms: The Unstated
Rules
of Everyday Life 424
17.2 How Is Social Control Imposed on Society? 425
SOCIAL CONTROL AND SOCIAL ORDER 425
Socialization: Learning the Rules of the Game 425
• Sanctions and Rewards as Forms of Social Control
426
• Social Stigma and the Marking of Deviance 427
• Identifying Criminal Deviance 428
17.3 How Is Moral Behavior Defined and
Regulated? 429
THE PROBLEM OF MORAL REGULATION 429
Interested versus Disinterested Punishment 429
• An Example: The Temperance Movement as a Moral
Crusade 430 • The Campaign against Opium 431
• Contemporary Moral Crusades 433
17.4 How Do Power and Inequality Impact
Deviance? 435
CRIME, DEvIANCE, AND POWER 435
Labeling Deviance and Crime 435 • State Deviance,
Terrorism, and War Crimes 436
Conclusion: Deviance and the Sociological
Imagination 439
The Big Questions Revisited 17 440
18 Crime and Punishment 442
Jeff Manza, Patrick Sharkey, and Troy Duster
with Offer Egozy, Delaram Takyar, and
Matthew Wolfe
The Big Questions 444
18.1 What Constitutes a Crime, and What Are
the Different Offense Types? 445
CRIMES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES 445
Defining Crime 445 • Different Types of Crime: A Brief
Overview 446 • White-Collar Crime 447
18.2 How Much Crime, Particularly violent Crime,
Exists in America? 448
CRIME IN THE UNITED STATES 448
Trends in Crime 448 • Violent Crime: A Closer Look
449
• The Consequences of Violence 450
Contents
18.3 How Do Sociologists Seek to Understand
Crime and Punishment? 451
THEORIES OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 451
Classical Social Theorists on Punishment 452 •
Modern
Social Theories of Crime and Punishment 453 • Goals
of
Punishment 454
18.4 Why Is Mass Incarceration Controversial? 455
MASS INCARCERATION IN AMERICA 455
Punishment in America Today 456 • Causes of Mass
Incarceration 458 • Race and Punishment 459
• Punishing the Powerful? 462
18.5 What Are the Consequences of Mass
Incarceration? 465
THE FAR-REACHING IMPACT OF MASS
INCARCERATION 465
Consequences for Individuals 465 • Consequences
for Families 466 • Consequences for
Communities 466 • Consequences for Society 467
Conclusion: Crime and Punishment and the
Sociological Imagination 467
The Big Questions Revisited 18 468
19 Social Movements and
Revolutions 470
Jeff Goodwin
The Big Questions 472
19.1 What Are Social Movements? 472
STUDYING SOCIAL MOvEMENTS 472
Politics, Human Action, and Social Change 473 •
Moral
Sensibilities 474 • Understanding Social Movements
Today 474
19.2 Why Do Movements Emerge, and Who
Joins Them? 475
MOvEMENT ORIGINS AND RECRUITMENT 475
How Movements Take Shape 475 • Cultural Aspects of
Social Movements 477 • Recruitment: Joining or
Supporting
Movements 478
19.3 What Tactics Do Movements Use, and What
Outcomes Do They Achieve 483
MOvEMENT TACTICS AND OUTCOMES 483
The Strategies of Movements 483 • Tactical
Repertoires
of Movements 484 • The Decline and Disappearance
of
Movements 485 • Outcomes 487 • Cultural
Consequences
of Movements 488
19.4 What Are Revolutions, and Why Do They
Occur? 489
UNDERSTANDING REvOLUTIONS 489
Defining “Revolution” 489 • Revolutions, Violence,
and Other Forms of Conflict 490 • Revolutionary
Situations 491 • Revolutionary Movements and the
Seizure of State Power 493 • Political Environments
That
Encourage Revolutionary Movements 494
Conclusion: The Future of Movements and
Revolutions 496
The Big Questions Revisited 19 496
20 Environmental Sociology 498
Colin Jerolmack
The Big Questions 500
20.1 How Does Social Life Relate to the Natural
Environment? 501
UNDERSTANDING ENvIRONMENT–SOCIETY
RELATIONS 501
Traditional Societies 501 • Modern Societies 502 •
The Environment–Society Dialogue 503
20.2 How Has Human Activity Harmed the
Environment? 505
CONTEMPORARY ENvIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS 505
Global Warming 505 • Natural Resource Depletion
507
• Solid and Chemical Waste 509 • Air and Water
Pollution 511
20.3 How Do Environmental Factors Impact
Inequality? 512
THE ENvIRONMENTAL MOvEMENT
AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY 512
The Environmental Movement 513 • Environmental
Justice 514 • The Social Dimension of Natural
Disasters 516 • Global Environmental Inequality 517
20.4 How Can We Create More Sustainable Societies?
518
CONSUMPTION, PRODUCTION, AND
SUSTAINABILITY 518
The Tragedy of the Commons 518 • The Treadmill of
Production 519 • Toward Sustainability 520
Conclusion: Linking Environmental and Social Facts
524
The Big Questions Revisited 20 524
21 Population 526
Lawrence L. Wu
The Big Questions 528
21.1 Why Study Population? 529
POPULATION AND CENSUSES 529
The Census and Population Research 530 • Studying
Population 531
21.2 How Do Populations Change over Time? 533
POPULATION DYNAMICS 533
The First Demographic Transition 533 • Changes in
Fertility
and Mortality Around the World 534 • Immigration
and Population Momentum 537
21.3 What Factors Influence Fertility? 538
THEORIES OF FERTILITY DECLINE 538
Infant Mortality 538 • Economic Development 538 •
Birth
Control 539 • Childrearing 540 • Norms and Values
540
21.4 How Are Trends in Aging and Mortality
Emerging as Critical Issues in Many Societies? 541
THE IMPLICATIONS OF AN AGING
POPULATION 541
The Epidemiological Transition 541 • Aging of the Baby
Boomers 542 • Aging and Population Dynamics 544
• Health in an Aging Population 545 • Financing Old
Age
and Healthcare in Aging Societies 545 • Death and
Dying
Around the World 546
Conclusion: Population 547
The Big Questions Revisited 21 548
Immigration 550
Guillermina Jasso
The Big Questions 552
22.1 What Is Immigration, and How Do Governments
Regulate It? 553
IMMIGRATION: A SOCIOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIvE 553
Understanding Immigration from a Sociological
Perspective 553 • Restricting Immigration 554
• The Basic Structure of Immigration Policy in the
United
States 555 • The U.S. Legal Permanent Resident Visa
System 557 • Becoming a U.S. Citizen 557 • “Illegal”
or
Unauthorized Immigration 557
22.2 What Is the History of Immigration
in the United States? 558
THE HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION 558
The Four Eras of U.S. Immigration 559 • The U.S.–
Mexico
Border 562
22.3 Why Do People Move? 564
THE DYNAMICS OF MIGRATION 564
The Desire to Move and Migrant Energy 564 • Movers
and
Stayers 565
22.4 How Do Immigrants Fare in Their New
Environments? 566
THE ASSIMILATION PROCESS 566
Measures of Assimilation 566 • Recent Research
on Immigrant Assimilation 567 • A Closer Look at
Language
and Spatial Concentration: Ethnic Enclaves 568
22.5 What Are the Consequences of Immigration? 570
THE IMPACTS OF IMMIGRATION 570
Immigration Dilemmas for Families 570 • Children of
Migration 571 • Social and Economic Benefits and
Costs 573 • Remittances 573
Conclusion: Immigration and the Future 575
The Big Questions Revisited 22 576
23 Globalization 578
Vivek Chibber
The Big Questions 580
23.1 What Is Globalization? 580
GLOBALIzATION AND ITS ORIGINS 580
The Beginnings of Globalization 581 • The Course
of Globalization: From the Nineteenth Century to
Today 583
23.2 How Far-Reaching Is Globalization? 585
GLOBALIzATION’S REACH 585
The Degree of Globalization 585 • The Importance
of Regions 586
23.3 What Drives Globalization? 589
GLOBALIzATION’S DRIvING FORCES 589
Outsourcing and Global Value Chains 589 • China’s
Export Zones: A Case Study 590
23.4 What Are the Benefits and Drawbacks of
Globalization? 592
THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIzATION 592
Economic Policies in Developing Countries: 1930s to
1980s 593 • NAFTA: A Case Study 593 • Has
Globalization
Lived Up to Its Promise? 594
Conclusion: Globalization in Retrospect and Prospect
595
The Big Questions Revisited 23 596
Glossary A-1
References A-15
Credits A-36
Index A-41

Chapter 1: The Sociological Imagination

Who are we? When asked to describe ourselves, we

tend to think in terms of our individuality: our likes and
dislikes, our interests and skills, our experiences, our
friends and partners. But there is a lot more to each of
us than that. What about the time and place in which
we live? It wouldn’t really be appropriate to answer the
question by saying, “I am a person living in the United
States in the twenty-first century,” but clearly who we
are is at least partly the result of where and when we
were born and live out our lives. In fact, we are all
products of multiple contexts, such as the families we
grew up in, the neighborhoods and communities we
lived in, the schools we attended, the jobs and work
experiences we’ve had, the groups and organizations
we belong to, and so forth. Yes, we are individuals,
with our own desires, tastes, talents, and dreams. But
we are also social beings, connected to other people
in a wide variety of ways. What it means to be human
is in large part defined by the simple fact that we are
constantly interacting with others. The social nature of
our lives is becoming increasingly clear in recent years
with the advent of social media. In 2004, a Harvard
undergraduate named Mark Zuckerberg created a
website originally intended for students at Harvard to
make social connections with each other. His idea for
this new social website, which he called Facebook,
caught on like wildfire, and in its wake, a number of
similar sites have emerged. Social media platforms
such as Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, Snapchat,
Pinterest, and Tumblr each have unique features
which make them distinct, and each site attracts a
different demographic. People in their 30s and 40s are
far more likely to check in on Facebook than people in
their 20s. However, what all these social media sites
have in common is that they allow individuals to link to
and communicate with “friends” or followers, and
more importantly, they provide users with a means of
creating or joining communities of users. Through
these networks, individuals become linked together.
The founders My Sociological Imagination Jeff Manza
Growing up in the college town of Berkeley, California,
my family was neither elite (my parents worked for the
local university, but not as professors) nor
unprivileged. I experienced the differences between
these worlds, and in particular the inequalities they
represented, as an endlessly fascinating puzzle. I was
also always interested in politics and occasionally
participated in political protests and movements. My
intellectual interest in sociology began to develop
while I was an undergraduate student because it
provided a way of connecting my emerging concerns
about inequality and injustice with a set of theories
and ways of studying how those inequalities persist.
Since then, I have been exploring how social
inequalities influence political life. More recently, I
have become interested in how public opinion does or
does not shape government policies and how and
when public attitudes can be manipulated or misused
by political elites. I hope that my work can contribute,
in some small way, to making American democracy
more representative and egalitarian than it currently
is.

Find the Full Original Textbook (PDF) in the link

below:

CLICK HERE