MINERAL RESOURCES

Minerals are natural substances of organic or inorganic origin

with definite chemical and physical properties two type of
Minerals are metallic and Non-meta llic.

UNIQUE Characteristics of Minerals:

a) They are not evenly distributed over space.
b) They are exhaustible over time.
c) They have inverse relationship in quality & quantity.

IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS:
i) The economic development of a country is dependent on
minerals
ii) They form the base of several large-scale industries.
iii) Fertilizers are also made from minerals.
IRON ORE - Most widely
distributed mineral. Forms the
backbone of modern civilisation
and foundation of our basic
industry. India is one of the largest
irons producing country.
VARIETIES OF IRON ORE -
a) Haematite - 'red ore' contain 60 - 70% pure iron. Odisha,
Jharkhand.
b) Magnetite - 'black ore' contain > 70% pure iron. Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka.
c) Limonite - 'brown ore' contain 35 - 50% pure iron. Uttarakhand,
U.P.
USES OF IRON ORE -
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1) 90% of it make steel as it is strong and hard.
2) Used in metallurgy products like magnets, auto parts.
3) Radioactive iron is used in medicine and research.
DISTRIBUTION
Chhattisgarh- Bailadilla in
Dantewada and Durg.
Jharkhand - Singhbhum and
Palamau.
Odisha - Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj,
Sambalpur.
Karnataka - Chikmagalur,
Bellary, Hospet.
Tamil Nadu - Salem, North
Arcot, Tiruchirapalli.

MANGANESE - is a black, hard

and iron-like metal which occurs
as natural oxide. It is an important
raw material for smelting of Iron
Ore and also used for
manufacturing ferro alloys.

Uses:
1) To make steel hard and rust-
free.
2) To make black enamel, bleaching powder.
3) To make dry cells batteries.

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4) To make enzymes for metabolism of fats & protein. It regulates
sugar and support immune system.
Distribution
Andhra Pradesh - Vishakhapatnam,
Srikakulam
Telangana - Adilabad
Jharkhand - Singhbhum, Palamau
Karnataka - Sandur, Shimoga,
Chitradurga, Bellary
Madhya Pradesh - Chhindwara,
Balaghat, Mandla
Maharashtra - Nagpur, Bhandara

COPPER - is an important non-ferrous metal and the earliest

metal used by man. In nature,
copper occurs in the native form
and in three principal combinations,
that is, sulphides, oxides and
carbonates.

USES:
1) Used for making electric wire and equipment.
2) Used in automobiles and defence industry.
3) Used to make stainless steel which is used for making utensil.
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4) With zinc it forms brass and with tin forms bronze.

Distribution
M.P. - Balaghat Betul, Jabalpur.
Rajasthan - Alwar, Ajmer,
Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Bundi etc.
Maharashtra - Bhandara,
Chandrapur
Andhra Pradesh - Guntur, Kurnool

BAUXITE
Bauxite is an oxide of aluminium. It is
found mainly in tertiary deposits and
is associated with laterite rocks
occurring extensively either on the
plateau or hill ranges of Peninsular
India and also in the coastal tracts of
the country.

USES
(i) Bauxite is the main source of aluminium, which is a
lightweight, strong and rust resistant metal.
(ii) Aluminium is used in aircrafts, automobiles, rail wagons,
coaches, shipping industry and household appliances.
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(iii) It is used in electrical equipment industry and for transmitting
electricity because it is a good conductor of electricity.
(iv) Pure aluminium is the best material for making headlight
reflectors and mirrors and in telescopes.

DISTRIBUTION
There are extensive
deposits of bauxite in India.
The main reserves are
found in the following
States:
Goa - Mopa and Pernem
Odisha - Kalahandi and
Sambalpur
Gujarat - Jamnagar, Kheda,
Surat and Kutch
Madhya Pradesh -
Jabalpur, Balaghat,
Shahdol, Mandla and
Amarkantak Plateau

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

Those source which has been used by man
for long time and still being tapped & used
abundantly. Ex-Coal, petroleum, Natural
gas and hydel power.

COAL:
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It is combustible solid rock of organic and mineral matter. It is
formed due to accumulation of organic matter buried millions of
years ago. Types of Coal:
(1) Anthracite Coal - hardest, shiny, jet black, best variety. 90%
Carbon and burns without smoke. It has high heating value so it
is preferred for Domestic use.
(2) Bituminous Coal - hard, black, compact, 50% to 80% carbon,
Coking Coal is high grade bituminous coal because when heated
in coke oven it fuse into coke.
(3) Lignite Coal - brown, lower grade coal, 40% Carbon.
(4) Peat - It is first stage of wood into coal. Least Carbon content.
Distribution:-
India is IIIrd largest producer of
coal.
Old Coalfield - Raniganj, WB &
largest coal.
Coalfield - Jharia, Jharkhand.
India has large deposit of
Bituminous Coal.
Anthracite - J & K; Bituminous -
Gondwana Coal Mines
Lignite - T. Nadu, Rajasthan; Peat -
Nilgiri Hills.

1) Gondwana Coalfields - 98% of Total reserves of India. It is free

from moisture, contain sulphur and phosphorus. Found near river
valleys of Damodar, Mahanadi, and Godawari. Important states
and coalfields are:
Jharkhand - Jharia, Karnpura, Ramgarh.
M.P. - Singrauli, Narsinghpur, Chhindwara
Maharashtra - Kamptee, Wardha
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W. Bengal - Raniganj, Bardhaman, Bankura.

2) Teritary Coalfields - It has high moisture, more sulphur & less

calorific value. Important States - Assam, Arunachal pradesh,
Nagaland, Neyveli Lignite is largest lignite deposit field in South
India.

Advantages:
i) Important source of power for machine, trains.
ii) Used in making Iron & Steel.
iii) Used in thermal power plant.

Disadvantages:
i) Causes pollution.
ii) Calorific value of coal is low.
iii) Coal reserves are scattered.

PETROLEUM:
It is made from two word. Petra means
rock and oleum means oil so it means
rock oil. It is called Liquid Gold because
even the smallest part of it is not
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wasted or remain unused. Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, LPG,
Lubricant and paraffin wax are some product obtained from
refining petroleum.

Advantages:
i) It is used as fuel so help in transportation on land, on sea and in
air.
ii) It is raw material for production of rubber, PVC, gasoline,
paints, varnishes.
iii) It is used in thermal power plants.

Disadvantages:
i) It is now renewable, fast depleting.
ii) cause pollution, global warming.
iii) It is costly.
iv) Highly inflammable causes fire.

Oil Refineries - First private sector

Refinery - Reliance Petroleum Ltd
Jamnagar, Gujarat.
Refinery are located near the oil field or coast to reduced cost of
transportation and risk of fire.

Distribution:-
i) Mumbai High - because of the height of
syncline rock structure.
ii) Oilfields of East - Digboi (biggest),
Moran, Bappapung.
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iii) Oil field of West - Kalol, koyali, kosamba, Sanaud, Kathana,
Ankleshwar.

NATURAL GAS:
Natural gas occurs in association with
mineral oil. Therefore, an oilfield fields
natural gas almost invariably. It is mainly
composed of methane (95 %) with small
amounts of propane and ethane. The gas
used for running vehicles is known as
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): The main component of LPG is
butane. It is odourless, but the LPG in our domestic gas cylinders
gives a foul smell due to ethyl mercaptan, a foul-smelling gas.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): It is being used as an alternative
to petrol and diesel for transport of vehicles.
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Distribution: Over three-fourths of India's natural gas comes from
Mumbai High, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Tripura.

ADVANTAGES:
1) Natural gas is an eco-friendly fuel.
2) It is easier to preserve than other fuels.
3) It can be piped into houses for heating and cooking purposes
and running a variety of appliances.
4) It is a cleaner, cheaper fuel than diesel or gasoline.
5) It is used for producing hydrogen, ammonia for fertilizers and
some paints and plastics.

Disadvantages:
1) Leaks of natural gas are difficult to detect and are very
dangerous. Such leaks may cause explosions or fire.
2) Natural gas though found in abundance is non-renewable and
hence likely to be exhausted.
3) The infrastructure for natural gas production and distribution is
fairly expensive.

HYDEL POWER:
Electricity generated from water is
called hydel power or hydroelectricity.
Hydroelectricity is produced from the
energy that is released when water
falls from a high level with great force.
The water flowing in a river is collected
by constructing a big dam where the
water is stored. Then it is allowed to fall from a height. The blades
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of the turbine located at the bottom of the dam move with the
force of falling water, which in turn rotates the generator and
produces electricity.

Advantages:
1) Hydel power is a clean, non-polluting source of energy.
2) It does not produce any Greenhouse Gases and prevents us
from the harmful effects of Global Warming.
3) It is a renewable sources of energy which can be used again
and again.
4) The dams built to produce hydroelectricity help to save and
restore water.
5) It is economical.

Disadvantages:
1) The cost of building dams for producing hydroelectricity is
quite high. Building a large dam alters the natural water-table
level.
2) Building a large dam can cause serious geological damage. It
disturbs their life physically, mentally and psychologically.

Bhakra Nangal Dam:

The Bhakra Nangal Project is a
joint venture of Punjab. Haryana
and Rajasthan Governments. The
two dams, one at Bhakra and
another at Nangal, together is
referred to as Bhakra-Nangal
Project.
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The Bhakra-Nangal project comprises the following:
i) Two dams at Bhakra and Nangal
ii) Nangal hydel plant
iii) Power houses
iv) Bhakra canal system
1. The Bhakra Dam is built across the Sutlej River.
2. The Nangal Dam has been constructed at Nangal on the river
Sutlej in Punjab.
3. Power Houses four power houses at Ganguwal, Kotla, left bank
power house.
4. Bhakra Canal System provides irrigation facility to 10 million
acres of land in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.
The aim of these projects are:
i) to provide water for irrigation, to
ii) generate hydro-electricity, and
iii) to prevent flooding from Sutlej-Beas’s rivers.

HIRAKUD DAM:
Hirakud Dam is built across the
Mahanadi River.
The dam helps control floods in the
Mahanadi delta and irrigates 75,000
square kilometres of land.
The project provides kharif and rabi irrigation in districts of San
Sambalpur Bargarh, Bolangir, and Subarnpur.

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY
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Those sources which have been developed in the recent past as
an alternative to conventional sources of energy. These
renewable, inexhautible, non-polluting, less expensive and easy
to maintain. Ex: - Solar Energy, Wind
Energy, Tidal Energy.

SOLAR ENERGY:
India is lucky to receive high amount of
solar energy due to location on Tropic's.
The per hour unit solar per km2 solar energy is 5 to 7 kW.

GENERATION OF SOLAR ENERGY

i) Solar Cells - Photovoltaic cells are made of
semiconductors they can convert solar energy
into electricity. It is used in calculators, watches,
street light, water pumps.

ii) Solar Cooker - It is a device that absorbs

solar energy and cooks raw food.

iii) Solar Water Heater - A device which heats

water and store it for use.

ADVANTAGES:
i) It is renewable source of energy,
ii) It can be put to many use such as produce electricity, distill
water, power the satellites.
iii) It is easy to maintain.
iv) It saves fossil fuels, reduces e bill and pollution.
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WIND ENERGY:
Difference in heating causes
differences in pressure which in
turns results in wind. Movement
of air from H.P. to LP is Wind.

GENERATION OF WIND
ENERGY
The wind energy is obtained by making use of wind mills. The
blades of windmill move by force of wind. These moving blades
drives a of machines like number water pumps, flour mills and
electric generators.
A number of windmills installed in a definite pattern in cluster is
called wind farm. Largest wind farm in India - Nagarcoil to
Madurai in Tamil Nadu.

ADVANTAGES:
i) It is renewable source of energy.
ii) It is cleanest source of energy.
iii) It reduces our dependence on fossil fuels.
iv) Provide additional source of income.

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TIDAL ENERGY
The term 'tide' is used for the
periodic rise and fall of waters of
the ocean and produced by the
attraction of the Moon and the
Sun. This rise and fall of water
produces a large amount of
energy called tidal energy.

GENERATION OF TIDAL ENERGY

The tidal energy can be harnessed by constructing a tidal
barrage. During high tide, the sea-water flows into the reservoir of
the barrage and turns the turbine, which in turn produces
electricity by rotating the generators. The reverse process takes
place during the low tide, when the sea level is low, the sea water
stored in the barrage reservoir flows out in the sea. During the
process, the flowing water turns the turbines. There are only a
few sites in the world where tidal energy can be suitably
harnessed. In India, the prospective sites for exploitation of tidal
energy are Gulf of Kutch, Cambay and Sunderbans. Other
suitable sites are near Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and
Nicobar Islands.

ADVANTAGES
(i) Massive amounts of water in the oceans move in extremely
predictable patterns. This makes it easy to harness the tidal
energy.
(ii) Tides are controlled by the gravitational pull between the
earth, sun, and moon. This means that as long as the earth is
being orbited by the moon, the tides will continue to be there
producing energy and tidal energy is an inexhaustible source of
energy.

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(iii) After the initial construction costs, there are very few
additional costs to keep the tidal energy plant running. They
require little maintenance and minimal personnel as well.
(iv) Tidal energy can be produced even if the water moves at low
speed.
(v) There are no carbon emissions from tidal energy plant, making
it an energy source that does not negatively affect the global
environment.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Geothermal energy is the heat
energy contained in the rock and
fluid that fills the fractures and
pores within the rock in the earth's
crust. It is clean and sustainable.

GENERATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground
to steam, hot water and hot rock accessed by drilling wells up to
thousands of feet beneath the earth's surface. The extremely high
temperatures in the deeper geothermal reservoirs. are used for
the generation of electricity. The high-pressure steam spins a
turbine that rotates a generator and produces electricity,
Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a well
under high pressure. When the water reaches the surface, the
pressure is dropped, which causes the water to turn into steam.
The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that
produces electricity. The steam cools off in a cooling tower and
condenses back to water. The cooled water is pumped back into
the Earth to begin the process again.

ADVANTAGES
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The general characteristics of geothermal energy that make it of
significant importance for both electricity production and direct
use include:
• It is easily accessible because of its extensive distribution.
• It is environment-friendly in nature; has low emission of sulphur,
carbon dioxide and other Greenhouse Gases.
• It is independent of external supply and demand effects and
fluctuations in exchange rates.
• It is independent of weather and season.

DISTRIBUTION
India has about 12,000 MW of geothermal power potential that can
be harnessed for various purposes. In India, geothermal plants
are located in Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley in
Ladakh.
The surface temperature of the hot springs ranges from 35°C to
as much as 98°C. These hot springs have been grouped together
and termed as different geothermal provinces. Different regions
are - Himalayan geothermal province, Naga-Lushai geothermal
province, Andaman-Nicobar Islands geothermal province and
Cambay graben, Son-Narmada-Tapti graben, West coast,
Damodar valley, Mahanadi valley, Godavari valley.

NUCLEAR POWER
Nuclear power is obtained from
energy stored in the nuclei of
atoms of naturally occurring
radioactive elements like
Uranium, Thorium and
Plutonium.

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GENERATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY:
When atoms of these radioactive substances react, they split
apart. This process of splitting of atoms is called nuclear fission.

DISTRIBUTION:
Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India
after thermal. Uranium and Thorium, which are available in
Jharkhand and the Aravali ranges of Rajasthan are used for
generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of
Kerala is also rich in Thorium.

Advantages:
1) Nuclear energy reduces the amount of energy generated from
fossil fuels and reduces the use of fossil fuels and lowers
Greenhouse Gas emissions.
2) It saves on raw materials but also in transport, handling and
extraction of nuclear fuel.
3) It reduces the price volatility of other fuels such as petrol.

Disadvantages:
1) Remains of Nuclear is highly polluting.
2) Leakage of Nuclear material, it will lead to disaster.

BIOGAS:
Biogas is composed of methane,
carbon dioxide, hydrogen and
hydrogen sulphide. It is produced
by anaerobic degradation of
animal and plant wastes in the
presence of water. The residue left
behind in the tank is rich in
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nutrients and can be used as manure. The plants which use cattle
dung are called 'Gobar Gas Plants'. They provide twin benefits to
the farmers in the form of energy and good quality manure. The
gas is used for cooking, lighting and pumping water from wells.

GENERATION OF BIOGAS
A digester tank is placed underground. The digester tank receives
the dung-water mixture through inlet pipe while the other side
discharges the spent slurry through outlet pipe. In the digester
tank, there is a gas outlet which is controlled by a pipe. Waste
Recycling and Resources Recovery Programmes (WRRSE) are
now being used from the organic plant waste and night soil. This
helps in improving the sanitary conditions in our cities and
villages. The plants generate enriched organic manure useful for
supplementing chemical fertilisers.

Advantages:
1) Biogas is a clean, non-polluting and cheap.
2) There is direct supply of gas from the plant. Therefore, there is
no storage problem.
3) The sludge left behind is a rich fertiliser containing bacterial
biomass.

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