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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of
Campanalogia
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Campanalogia
or The art of ringing improved : with plain and easie
rules to guide the practitioner in the ringing all kinds of
changes, to which is added, great variety of new peals.

Author: Fabian Stedman

Release date: April 18, 2024 [eBook #73423]

Language: English

Original publication: London: W. Godbid, 1677

Credits: Richard Tonsing, Jonathan Ingram, and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAMPANALOGIA

***
Transcriber’s Note:
New original cover art included with this eBook is
granted to the public domain.
 CAMPANALOGIA:

OR THE

ART
OF

RINGING

Improved.
With plain and easie Rules to

guide the Practitioner in the

Ringing all kinds of Changes.

TO
Which is added, great variety of

NEW PEALS.

LONDON,

Printed by W. Godbid, for W.S. and are to be sold by Langley

Curtis in Goat-Court on Ludgate-hill. 1677.
 TO
THE HONOURED
AND TO
His much Esteemed FRIENDS,
The Members of the Society of
COLLEDG YOUTHS.

Gentlemen,
As your Society even ab origine hath deservedly acquired an
eminency in many respects above others of this kind; so more
especially for the pregnancy of its Members in the composing of
Peals. For when the Art of Cross-pricking lay enveloped in such
obscurity, that it was thought impossible that double Changes on five
bells could be made to extend farther than ten, and triple and double
Changes on six farther than sixty; then it was that a worthy and
knowing Member of your Society, to dissipate those mists of
Ignorance, and to usher in the bright morn of Knowledg, prickt those
much applauded Peals of Grandsire and Grandsire Bob; which for
their excellency have for many years together continued triumphant
in practice amidst all others whatsoever; and which indeed have been
a great light in the production of that great variety of new Peals
herein contained; the greatest part of which being also the offspring
of your Society, I therefore thought fit to usher them into the world
under the wings of your Protection.
Gentlemen, as a member I held my self obliged to add my Mite
to your full fraught Treasury of Speculative and Practical Knowledg
of this kind; though I confess your acquisition on this account will be
very mean, since my want of ability sufficient to undertake a thing of
this nature, and also want of opportunity by converse with others to
supply my own defects, have rendred the Book less acceptable than it
might have been done by some more knowing head and acuter Pen.
And although I am conscious that it meriteth not your acceptance;
yet I assume the confidence to believe that you will favour it with a
kind entertainment amongst you; and the rather, for that I know you
are too judicious to sentence it without first casting into the ballance
of your indifferent judgments some Grains of Allowance: The
countenance you shew it will silence Detractors, and be Armour of
proof against the fools bolts which may happen to be soon shot at the
Author, who is
Gentlemen,

A constant well-wisher to
the Prosperity (though an
unworthy member)
of your Society,

F.S.
 ERRATA.

Courteous Reader,
Some few faults have escaped the Press: as page 27 line the 4th, for
grateful read graceful. page 31. line the 19th. for imitatieg read
imitating, with some others, which you are desired either candidly
to amend, or tasitly to pass over.
 OF THE
ART
OF
Changes.

These clear dayes of Knowledge, that have ransackt the dark corners
of most Arts and Sciences, and freed their hidden mysteries from the
bonds of obscurity, have also registred this of Ringing, in the
Catalogue of their Improvements; as well the Speculative as the
Practick part, which of late years remain’d in Embryo, are now
become perfect, and worthy the knowledge of the most ingenious.
Although the Practick part of Ringing is chiefly the subject of this
Discourse, yet first I will speak something of the Art of Changes, its
Invention being Mathematical, and produceth incredible effects, as
hereafter will appear. But first, I will premise a word or two, to shew
what the nature of those Changes are. Some certain number of
things are presupposed to be changed or varied; as 2.3.4.5.6. or any
greater number whatsoever; then the number of things to be so
varied must have the like number of fixed places assigned them. As if
five men were sitting upon five stools in a row; the stools are
supposed to be fixed places for the five men, but the men by consent
may move or change to each others places at pleasure, yet still sitting
in a row as at first: now this Art directs how, and in what order those
five men may change places with each other, whereby they may sit
sixscore times in a row, and not twice alike. And likewise a Peal of
five Bells, being raised up to a fit compass for ringing of Changes, are
there supposed to have five fixed places, which time assigns to their
notes or strokes; yet the notes of the Bells may change into each
others places at pleasure: now this Art also directs the manner and
method of changing the five notes in such sort, that they may strike
sixscore times round, and not twice alike.
The numbers of Changes are thus to be discovered. Two must
first be admitted to be varied two wayes; then to find out the
Changes in three, the Changes on two must be multiplied by three,
and the product will be six, which are the compleat number of
Changes on three.
Those six Changes being multiplied by four, will produce 24,
which are the compleat number of Changes on four. The 24 Changes
on four, being multiplied by five, will produce 120, which are the
compleat number of Changes on five. And in like manner the 120,
being multiplied by six, will produce 720, which are the compleat
number on six. The 720, being multiplied, by seven, will produce
5040, which are the number of Changes on seven. The 5040, being
multiplied by eight, will produce 40320, which are the number of
Changes on eight. Those Changes on eight, being multiplied by nine,
will produce 362880, which are the number of Changes on nine.
Those Changes on nine, being multiplied by ten, will produce
3628800, which are the number on ten. Those on ten, being
multiplied by eleven, will produce 39916800, which are the number
on eleven. Those also being multiplied by twelve, will produce
479001600, which are the compleat number of Changes on twelve.
And if twelve men should attempt to ring all those Changes on twelve
Bells, they could not effect it in less than seventy five years, twelve
Lunar Months, one week, and three days, notwithstanding they ring
without intermission, and after the proportion of 720 Changes every
hour. Or if one man should attempt to prick them down upon Paper,
he could not effect it in less than the aforesaid space. And 1440 being
prickt in a sheet, they would take up six hundred sixty five Reams of
Paper, and upwards, reckoning five hundred Sheets to a Ream;
which Paper at five shillings the Ream, would cost one hundred sixty
six Pounds five Shillings,
The reason of the aforesaid Multiplication, by which the
numbers of Changes are discovered, and also that those Products are
the true numbers of Changes, will plainly and manifestly appear in
these following Demonstrations.
But first, two must be admitted to be varied two ways, thus.——
 12
21
And then consequently, three will make three times as many
Changes as two; for there are three times two figures to be produced
out of three, and not twice two the same figures, which are to be
produced by casting away each of the three figures one after another.
First, cast away 3, and 1.2 will, remain; cast away 2, and 1.3 will
remain; cast away 1, and 2.3 will remain. So that here are three times
two figures produced out of the three, and not twice two the same
figures, as 12. 13. 23. each two may be varied two ways, as before:
then to the changes which each two makes add the third figure which
is wanting; as to the two changes made by 1.2 add the 3, to the
changes on 1.3 add the 2, and to the changes on 2.3 add the 1, and
the three figures will stand six times together, and not twice alike, as
here appeareth.
123
213

132
312

231
321

Four will make four times as many changes as three. For there
are four times three figures to be had out of four, and not twice three
the same figures, which are to be produced by casting away each of
the four figures by turns. First cast away 4, and 123 will remain; cast
away 3, and 124 will remain; cast away 2, and 134 will remain; and
lastly, casting away 1, and 234 will remain; so that here is 123, 124,
134, 234, and not twice three the same figures. Now each three may
be varied six ways, according to the preceding Example. Then to the
six changes which each three makes, add the fourth figure which is
wanting; as to the six changes on 123 add the 4, to the six changes on
124 add the 3, to the six changes on 134 add the 2, and to the six
changes on 234 add the 1, which renders the changes compleat; for
then the four figures stand twenty four times together, and not twice
alike, as here appears.
1234
2134

1324
3124

2314
3214

1243
2143

1423
4123

2413
4213

1342
3142

1432
4132

3412
4312

2341
3241

2431
4231

3421
4321
 Five will make five times as many changes as four; for there are
five times four figures to be had out of five, and not twice four the
same figures, which are to be produced as before, by casting away
each of the five figures by turns. Cast away 5, and 1234 will remain;
cast away way 4, and 1235 will remain; cast away 3, and 1245 will
remain; cast away 2, and 1345 will remain; cast away 1, and 2345 will
remain. So that here are five times four figures produced, and not
twice four the same figures. Now each four may be varied twenty four
ways, as in the preceding example; then to the twenty four changes
which each four makes, add the fifth figure which is wanting: as to
the twenty four changes on 1234, add the 5; to the twenty four
changes on 1235, add the 4. to the changes on 1245, add 3. to the
changes on 1345, add 2. and to the changes on 2345, add 1. which
renders the changes compleat, for then the five figures stand sixscore
times together, and not twice alike.
12345 12354 12453 13452 23451
21345 21354 21453 31452 32451

13245 13254 14253 14352 24351

31245 31254 41253 41352 42351

23145 23154 24153 34152 34251

32145 32154 42153 43152 43251

12435 12534 12543 13542 23541

21435 21534 21543 31542 32541

14235 15234 15243 15342 25341

41235 51234 51243 51342 52341

24135 25134 25143 35142 35241

42135 52134 52143 53142 53241

13425 13524 14523 14532 24531

31425 31524 41523 41532 42531

14325 15324 15423 15432 25431

41325 51324 51423 51432 52431

34125 35124 45123 45132 45231

43125 53124 54123 54132 54231

23415 23514 24513 34512 34521

32415 32514 42513 43512 43521

24315 25314 25413 35412 35421

42315 52314 52413 53412 53421

34215 35214 45213 45312 45321

43215 53214 54213 54312 54321
And in this manner the compleat numbers of changes on six, seven,
eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, &c. may also be demonstrated.
The numbers of changes will also plainly appear by the methods,
whereby they are commonly prickt and rung. Now the nature of
these methods is such, that the changes on one number
comprehends the changes on all lesser numbers, and that so
regularly, that the compleat number of changes on each lesser
number are made in a most exact method within the greater;
insomuch that a compleat Peal of changes on one number seemeth to
be formed by uniting of the compleat Peals on all lesser numbers into
one entire body; which will manifestly appear in the 479001600
changes on twelve: for that Peal comprehends the 39916800 changes
on eleven; these likewise comprehend the 3628800 changes on ten,
these changes on ten comprehend the 362880 on nine, these on nine
comprehend the 40320 on eight, these on eight comprehend the
5040 on seven, these likewise the 720 on six, the 720 also
comprehend the 120 on five, the 120 comprehend the 24 changes on
four, these also comprehend the six changes on three, and the six
comprehend the two changes on two. Each of these Peals (viz.) on
eleven, ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, and two, being
made in a most exact method within the changes on twelve. For
Example, two are first admitted to be varied two ways, thus——
12
21
Now the figure 3 being hunted through each of those two
changes, will produce the six changes on three. The term Hunt, is
given to a Bell to express its motion in Ringing, which in figures is
after this manner. It must lie behind, betwixt, and before the two
figures: first behind them thus, 1 2 3; then betwixt them, thus, 1 3 2;
now before them, thus, 3 1 2: this is called a hunting motion, and
here it has hunted through the first change of the two, wherein it
made three variations, as appears in the figures, standing thus in
order.——
123
132
312
 Now it must hunt through the other change, which is 2 1, in the
same manner as before; that is, first it must lie before, then betwixt
the two figures, then behind them, thus, 321, 231, 213. Here it has
hunted through again, wherein it made three more variations; which
three being set directly under the former, the six variations will then
plainly appear, as in these figures: where the three figures stand six
times together, and not twice alike.
123
132
312
321
231
213
Now the figure 4 being in like manner hunted through each of
those six changes, will produce the 24 changes on four. First,
therefore it must hunt through the first, which is 123, letter (a), then
through the second change of the six, which is 132, letter (b); then
through the third, which is 312, letter (c), and so it being hunted
through the rest of the changes likewise, will produce the twenty four
changes on four.
(a) 1234
1243
1423
4123

(b) 4132
1432
1342
1324

(c) 3124
3142
3412
4312
The figure 5 being hunted through each of those twenty four
changes, will produce the 120 changes on five, First therefore it must
hunt through the first, which is 1234, letter (a); then through the
second, which is 1243, letter (b); then also through the third, which is
1423, letter (c). In which manner it being hunted through the rest of
the twenty four changes, will produce the 120 on five. And then the
figure 6 being hunted through each of those sixscore changes will
produce the 720 changes on six. And the figure 7 being hunted
through each of those 720 changes, will produce the 5040. In which
manner also the eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth, being
successively hunted through each Peal in the aforesaid order, will at
length produce the compleat number of changes on twelve. Wherein
’tis observable, that all the figures, except two, have a hunting
motion; which two may properly be term’d the Center, about which
the rest do circulate. By these methods it is evident, that every
hunting figure hath a certain number of figures assigned, through
which tis constantly to hunt: as in the aforesaid Example on twelve,
where the 1.2 are assigned for the figure 3 to hunt through, as
appears in the six changes before. And in like manner, 123 are
assigned for the figure 4 to hunt through; 1234 are assigned for the
figure 5 to hunt through; 12345 for 6 to hunt through, &c. Now the
figure 3 hunts as many times through the 1.2. as those two make
changes, that is, two times wherein it makes twice three changes,
that is, six, as before appeareth. The figure 4 hunts as many times
through the 123, as those three figures make changes, that is, six
times; wherein it makes six times four changes, which amounts to
twenty four. The figure 5 hunteth as many times through the 1234, as
those four figures make changes, that is, twenty four times; wherein
it makes twenty four times five changes, which amounts to 120. The
figure 6 hunts as many times through the 12345, as those five make
changes, that is 120 times, wherein it maketh 120 times six changes,
which amounts to 720. And in like manner the figure 7 hunts 720
times through 123456, wherein it maketh 720 times seven changes,
which amounts to 5040. The eighth hunteth 5040 times through
1234567, wherein it makes 40320 changes. The 9th hunteth 40320
times through 12345678, wherein it makes 362880 changes. The
tenth hunteth 362880 times through 123456789, wherein it makes
3628800. The eleventh hunteth 3628800 times through
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10. wherein it makes 39916800. And lastly, the
twelfth hunteth 39916800 times through 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.
wherein it makes 39916800 times twelve changes, which amounts to
479001600, being the compleat number on twelve. By which ’tis
evident, that every hunting figure hunts as many times through its
assigned number of figures, as those figures are capable of making
changes, which in short comprehends the summe and substance of
this method, which is universal from two, to all greater numbers
whatsoever.
(a) 12345
12354
12534
15234
51234

(b) 51243
15243
12543
12453
12435

(c) 14235
14253
14523
15423
51423
If we consider the multitude of different words, wherewith we
express our selves in Speech, it may be thought almost impossible
that such numbers should arise out of twenty four Letters; yet this
Art of variation will produce much more incredible effects. To give an
instance thereof, I will shew the numbers of every quantity of Letters
from two to twelve, that may be produced out of the Alphabet. The
generality of Words consisting of these quantities, (viz.) two letters,
three letters, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, and twelve
letters. There are 10626 times four letters to be produced out of the
twenty four letters of the Alphabet, and not twice four all the same
Letters. There are likewise 42504 times five letters, 134596 times six
letters, 346104 times seven, 735471 times eight, 1307504 times nine,
1961256 times ten, 2496144 times eleven, and 2704156 times twelve.
Now each quantity being varied by the rules of this Art, will produce
incredible numbers. First the 10626 times four letters, being
multiplied by 24, which are the number of ways to vary each four
letters, will produce 255024 that is to say, four letters may be
produced out of the Alphabet to stand together after this manner (a b
c d) two hundred fifty five thousand and twenty four times, and not
twice alike. And in like manner, the 42504 times five Letters, being
multiplied by 120, which are the number of ways to vary each five,
will produce 5100480. The 134596 times six letters, being also
multiplied by 720, will produce 96909120. The 346104, being
multiplied by 5040, will produce 1744364160. The 735471, being
multiplied by 40320, will produce 29654190720. The 1307504, being
multiplied by 362880, will produce 474467051520. The 1961256,
being multiplied by 3628800, will produce 7117005772800. The
2496144, being multiplied by 39916800, will produce
99638080819200. And lastly, the 2704156 time twelve letters, being
multiplied by 479001600, will produce 1295295050649600, which
products being all added together, as also 12696 which are the
numbers consisting of two and three letters, the whole will amount
to 1402556105125320, wherein there are not two alike, nor two
letters of one sort in any one of them; which being written or printed
on large Paper in folio, allowing 5000 to a sheet, they would take up
561022442 Reams of Paper and upwards, reckoning 500 sheets to a
Ream: which Paper all the Houses in the City and Liberties of
London would not contain; and in quantity doubtless infinitely
exceeds all the Books that ever were printed in the world, reckoning
only one of each Impression. And at the rate of five shillings the
Ream, the Paper would cost 140255610.5 Pounds sterling; which is
above four times as much as the yearly Rent of all the Lands and
Houses in England amounts to. And all the people both young and
old in the City and Suburbs of London (admitting they are five
hundred thousand) could not speak the like numbers of words under
forty years and upwards, each of them speaking 15000 every hour,
and twelve hours every day. These prodigious numbers are the more
to be admired, considering that the greatest number of letters in any
of them, exceeds not twelve, neither are two letters of one sort in any
one of them: but by producing and varying all the greater quantities,
and placing two or more letters of one sort, or two of one sort and
two of another, with all variety of the like nature that commonly
happens in words, the numbers arising thereby would infinitely
exceed the former; And if all the numbers of every quantity of letters
from one to twenty four, together with all the variety as aforesaid,
were methodically drawn out and varied according to the rules of this
Art; which might easily be performed in respect of the plain and
practical method of doing it; but the infinite numbers of them would
not permit a Million of men to effect it in some thousands of years: it
would be evident, that there is no word or syllable in any language or
speech in the world, which can be exprest with the character of our
Alphabet, but might be found literatim and entire therein; and more
by many thousands of Millions than can be pronounced, or that ever
were yet made use of in any language.
I will here give one instance of another kind, shewing the
admirable effects of this Art, and so conclude. A man having twenty
Horses, contracts with a Brick-maker to give him one hundred
pound Sterling; conditionally that the Brick-maker will deliver him
as many Loads of Bricks, as there are several Teams of six Horses to
be produced out of the aforesaid twenty to fetch them, and not one
Team or Sett of six Horses to fetch two Loads. The Brick-maker
might be thought to have made a very advantageous bargain, but the
contrary will appear. For there are thirty eight thousand seven
hundred and sixty several Teams of six Horses, to be produced out of
twenty, and not twice six the same Horses; then the Brick-maker
must deliver as many Loads as there are Teams, and each Load
consisting of five hundred Bricks, the whole would amount to
19380000, which being bought for one hundred pounds as aforesaid,
would not cost above five Farthings a thousand; and at the rate of
thirteen shillings and four pence the thousand, they amount to
twelve thousand nine hundred and twenty pounds Sterling. But
should a contract be made with the Brick-maker to deliver as many
Loads of Bricks, as there are Teams of six Horses in each, to be
produced out of the aforesaid twenty, which shall stand in the Cart in
a differing manner; that is to say, although there may be the same
Horses in several Teams, yet their places shall be so changed, that
they shall not stand twice alike in any two Teams. On this account
the Brick-maker must deliver seven hundred and twenty times as
many as before; for there are 38760 several Teams as before I have
shewed: then each Team may be placed 720 ways in the Cart, and not
twice alike, which is to be done according to the methods whereby
the 720 changes on six Bells are rung. So that 38760, which are the
number of Teams, multiplied by 720, which are the number of ways
to vary the six Horses in each Team, the product will be 27907200,
which are the compleat number of Teams; and every Team carrying
one Load, consisting of five hundred Bricks, the Whole will amount
to 13953600000 Bricks. And after the proportion of a hundred and
fifty thousand of Bricks to a House, they would build ninety three
thousand and twenty four Houses; which are above six times as
many as the late dreadful fire in London consumed. And at the rate
of thirteen shillings and four pence the thousand, they are worth
6976800 pounds Sterling, which is at least four hundred Waggon-
loads of money, as much as five Horses can ordinarily draw.
 AN
INTRODUCTION
To the Practice of
RINGING

As the original design of casting Peals of Bells was in order to make

pleasant Musick thereon; so the Notes in every Peal are formed apt
for that end and purpose, every Peal of Bells being tun’d according to
the principles of Musick; for in a Peal of six Bells are the six plain
Song-Notes, whereupon all Musick consists, namely, la sol fa mi re
ut. But in regard that in ringing of them the Notes cannot be had at
command, as the Notes of other Instruments may; therefore, as the
Practitioners in ancient time found some necessity to cause all the
Notes to strike successively after one another, so likewise they
thought fit in ringing them to place the Notes in this following order.
The least note to lead or strike first, then the Note which is the next
degree deeper or flatter, and so the rest of the notes to strike after
each other according to their degrees, the flattest striking last; in
which order the notes were successively reiterated both at fore-
stroke and back-stroke, from the beginning to the end of each Peal.
And at this day the same order is also observed in raising, ceasing,
and ringing them at a low compass; wherein each note being confin’d
to strike in a certain place, therefore had they their terms of First,
Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, &c. given them, to denote their order
and places of striking; from whence also the Bells derive those terms
of distinction by which they are now known. Although the ringing of
a Peal of Bells in the aforesaid order, (which is commonly term’d
Round-ringing) is in it self Musical; yet the Notes may be so placed
in ringing, that their Musick may be rendred much more pleasant:
for in Musick there are Concords, which indeed may be term’d the
very life and soul of it, that renders all Musick exceeding pleasant:
the principal are Thirds, Fifths, and Eights; Thirds are 1 3. 2 4. and
such like: Fifths are 1 5. 2 6. &c. Eights are 1 8. 2 9. 3 10. &c. each
Concord consisting of two notes. They may well be termed Concords,
in respect of their agreement and harmony; for the two notes (as if it
were by mutual consent) being struck together at one instant, or else
immediately after one another, affords delightful melody to the ear;
in which respect, a peal of five Bells are capable of making better
Musick than a peal of four; six better than five; and more especially
will ten or twelve make more excellent Musick than any lesser
numbers can possibly do, there being greater variety of Concords
therein, and especially of Eights. For this Musical end were changes
on Bells first practised, changes being nothing else but a moving and
placing of the Notes in ringing, whereby variety of pleasant Musick is
made; and as the manner of moving the notes, is, for two notes to
change places with each other, therefore are they called Changes.
The methods of changes being somewhat intricate, I have therefore
penn’d the following Treatise as a Clue to guide the Practitioner
through the Labirinth of them, wherein I have made use of figures to
represent the notes of Bells, the manner thus. In a peal of five Bells
there are five several notes, which with figures are thus exprest, 1 2 3
4 5: the figure 1 represents the least or sharpest note, which is term’d
the First, because its place in round ringing is to lead; this note is
most commonly called the Treble. The figure 2 represents the note
which is the next degree deeper or flatter, and is term’d the Second,
because it strikes in the second place. And in like manner 3
represents the note of the third Bell, 4 the note of the fourth Bell, and
5 the note of the Fifth or Tennor. In which manner, the figures in all
the following methods do likewise represent the notes of Bells.
Since the ringing of changes requires the peal of Bells, on which
the changes are to be rung, to be first raised up to a set Pull, which
compass is most proper for the ringing of them; therefore the
Learners first practice must be to raise a Bell true in peal, to ring it at
a low compass, and also to cease it true in peal, wherein consists the
chief grounds of this Art, which depends on the Ear, and therefore
much judgment is required therein. And to speak the truth, most
practitioners are in these days somewhat deficient herein; the
ringing of changes having generally diverted the Learners fancy from
the practice of raising, round-ringing, and ceasing, by which means
we have in a manner lost one Excellency in the pursuit of another.
Therefore I could wish that the Practitioners of this Art would set a
greater esteem on true Ringing in general, since the only excellency
as well in the ringing of Changes as Rounds, depends thereon: the
keeping of time being as essential to render all kinds of ringing
pleasant to the ear, as ’tis to render any other kind of Musick;
therefore the practitioner ought to have a Musical eare, and to have
some judgment in beating time, without which he can never ring his
Bell true in its place. A prospect of true ringing at any certain
compass under the Sett, may thus be taken; for Instance, in ringing a
peal of 5 Bells; from the fore-stroke of every note to the next fore-
stroke of the same note, there ought to be eleven punctums or Beats
of time, which are all supposed to stand at Æquidistances: now in ten
of these punctums, the five notes ought exactly to strike at the fore-
stroke and back-stroke, and the eleventh stands as a Cypher to guide
the Treble-note at fore-stroke to a double proportion of time from
the Tennor-note at back-stroke: which blank punctum must also be
beaten in the same place by every note, to render its fore-stroke
answerable to that of the Treble. For example; the third note having
struck at fore-stroke, it must beat eleven punctums of equidistance
unto its striking there again. The first punctum is that of the 4th note,
the second 5, the third 1, the fourth 2, the fifth 3, the sixth 4, the
seventh 5, the eighth 0, the ninth 1, the tenth 2, the eleventh its own
place of striking again at fore-stroke. These punctums or Beats of
time, must be proportioned either wider or closer, according to the
compass of the Treble: therefore first the Treble must fix its compass
certain and true at fore-stroke, which ought to be proportionate to
what the number of the notes, and compass of the peal of Bells, may
according to judgment permit; and then from one fore-stroke of it to
the next, if there are five notes; there ought to be eleven punctums of
equidistance assigned, wherein the notes should exactly strike
(except the blank) as before. From hence ’tis, that the most judicious
Ringer ought to be put to the Treble; for that bell cannot possibly be
rung true by any other means than by beating of its own time; and
although the exactness of true ringing requires the like in every note,
when once the compass is fixed, yet the leading note being rung true,
may be a guide to the rest of the notes, which may tolerably take
their measures of time from the Treble-note: but for every note to
take its measure of time solely from the next preceding note, must
needs be very erronious; for thereby they implicitely lead one
another out of the way. Or else in the ringing of five bells, from the
fore-stroke of every note to the next fore-stroke of the same note,
there may be one and twenty punctums or beats of time assigned, to
stand at equidistances; and the five notes, as they follow one another,
at the fore-stroke and back-stroke to strike in every second punctum,
except the Treble-note at fore-stroke, which must strike in the third
punctum from the Tenor at back-stroke; so that then there will be
two of those spaces betwixt every note, and three betwixt the note of
the Tenor at back-stroke and the note of the Treble at fore-stroke,
which possibly by some may be held a better compass than the
former: but quot homines tot sententiæ. Every Practitioner, that has
judgment to beat his own time, has the advantage of ringing his bell
true, whilst the rest of the notes commit faults; for the compass being
once fixed, as many bells as do either rise or fall from thence commit
errors.
The truest way of raising a peal of bells according to the best of
modern practice, is, as quick as may be; every Ringer taking
assistance to raise his bell, according as the going of it requires. In
raising of them, the lesser bells as the Treble &c. ought at the first
pull to be swayed very deep, and held down in the sway by strength
of armes as much as may be, to delay the time of their first striking,
by which means the bigger bells, which carry a large compass, may
have space to come in; and the raising of the smaller bells to be
continued with a strong pull, giving them scope over head (for the
aforesaid reason) untill they come up Frame-high, or thereabouts,
and then the pull to be slacken’d, and the bells leisurely to be raised
to the intended height or pitch. The bigger bells of the peal, as the
Tenor &c. must in their first raising be checkt or pinch’d over head,
by which means the notes of all the bells may be made to strike
round in their due place and order from the beginning; and observe,
that at the first pull all the bells must follow one another as close as
may be. A peal of bells may thus be ceased: the falling of the bells
from a Sett-pull must gradually be done, by checking them only at
Sally, until the low compass renders the Sally useless; and when they
are ceased so low, that they scarce strike at back-stroke for want of
compass: then he that rings the Treble, may give notice (by stamping
on the ground) that the next time the bells come to strike at the fore-
stroke, they may be checkt down so low as to cease their striking at
the back-stroke, yet their striking round at the fore-stroke may be
continued, until they are brought into a chime, which is a graceful
conclusion of a peal.
In raising of a peal of bells, all the notes ought to strike round at
one pull: but mistake me not, I do not mean at the first pull; for at
small bells ’tis usual to sway them all round at the first pull without
striking; at the second pull to strike them at the fore-stroke, and at
the third pull at back-stroke. In raising of a peal of more weighty
bells, ’tis usual to strike them double at the fourth pull, because the
extraordinary weight and large compass of the hind-bells permits it
not to be done sooner. In the first raising of a peal of bells, one bell
ought not to strike before the rest, or to miss striking when the rest
go round: neither ought any bell in ceasing to strike after the rest, or
to leave striking before the rest; all which, according to the strictness
of true ringing, are accounted great faults.
The peal of bells on which the changes are to be rung, must first
be raised up to a Sett-pull, which compass is most proper for the
ringing of changes; for then the notes of the bells may be had at
command. Therefore before the young Practitioner can be capable of
ringing changes, he must be extraordinary well skill’d in the
managing of a bell at a Sett-pull, which is absolutely requisite, for
this reason: In the ringing of changes, his mind will be so busied and
wholly taken up with the consideration of the course and method of
them, and his eye continually wandring about to direct his pull in the
following of the other bells; that unless he has extraordinary skill in
the managing of his own bell, and can set it in a manner hood-winkt,
he will be apt either to drop or overturn it; or else on the other hand,
for want of skill, his eye and mind will be so fixed on his own rope
and bell to guide the managing of it, that he cannot at the same time
mind the course of the changes, and then no wonder if he is in a
wood, which consequently follows; and indeed hence partly ’tis, that
the Learners in their first practice do oftentimes toil and moil
themselves to so little purpose. Therefore ’tis not enough that the
young Practitioner can set a bell it may be half a score times together,
when ’tis an even wager that he either drops or overturns it in those
ten-pulls: but he must be so perfectly skill’d, as that he might
adventure to lay ten to one, that he can set it thirty or forty times
together, both fore-stroke and back-stroke, without dropping or