ANALYSIS-AND-DESIGN-OF-PILE-FOUNDATION-AND-ITS-ABUTMENT-FOR-RAILWAY-GIRDER-BRIDGE-1

AIJREAS VOLUME 2, ISSUE 2 (2017, FEB) (ISSN-2455-6300) ONLINE
ANVESHANA’S INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATION AND ITS ABUTMENT FOR

RAILWAY GIRDER BRIDGE
Mr. K. NAVEEN B. GANESH Dr. ANAND GOYAL

Department of Civil Asst. Professor, Department HOD, Department of Civil
Engineering of Civil Engineering Engineering
Ashoka Institute of
Ashoka Institute of Ashoka Institute of
Engineering & Technology.
Engineering & Technology. Engineering & Technology.
ABSTRACT INVESTIGATION OF BRIDGES

A Newly Broad Gauge Doubling Project Bridge Need for Investigation
was proposed between Jaroli – Jakhapura in The aim of the investigation is to select a
Orissa, India under East Coast Railway. In this
project a number of cross drainage structures are
suitable site at which a bridge can be built
proposed, for canals, streams, etc. to cross the economically, at the same time satisfying
Railway. A deep study is made on one structure the demands of traffic, the stream, safety
proposed at Bridge No.133 which is a major and aesthetics. The investigation for a
important bridge and the same is submitted as minor bridge project should cover studies
Project Thesis and which in later the drawings so
developed using design are used for construction of
on technical
bridge (On-going Project). All the necessary data feasibility and economic considerations
was collected, studied, analyzed and designed to and should result in an investigation
serve the purpose. But this thesis only deal with the report. The success of the final design will
design of abutment and its sub-structure, rest was depend on the thoroughness of the
also designed but to present the same become
tedious.
information furnished by the officer in
charge of the investigation.
INTRODUCTION
This thesis mainly deals with Analysis and Selection of Bridge site
Design of newly proposed Bridge No.133 The characteristics of an ideal site for a
which is a major important bridge on the bridge across a river are:
proposed Broad Gauge Doubling Project, (a) A straight reach of the river.
Jaroli – Jakhapura in Orissa, India under (b) Steady river flow without serious
East Coast Railway at Chainage: 39078.2 whirls and cross currents.
m (39.078 Km), according to relevant (c) A narrow channel with firm banks.
Indian Railway Codes (IRS). Prior to (d) Suitable high banks above high flood
Design the decision on levels and location level on each side.
of Abutments and Piers, Number of spans, (e)Avoidance of excessive underwater
Type of bridge & superstructure, type of construction.
sub-structure were decided in MOM
meeting along with East Coast Railway Investigation of proposed bridge site
Officials, RVNL Officials and Project Detailed Topographic survey of stream
Management and Consultancy (PMC). In i.e., cross section at site of crossing 100m,
this thesis only design of Abutment, 150m, 300m and 500m on both upstream
Abutment Pile cap and Abutment piles are and downstream of the stream.
analysed and designed, rest were also Longitudinal section of the stream along
designed but to present the same becomes the flow line of the stream up to 500m on
Cumbersome but the concept being upstream and downstream. Local enquiry
similar. of floods for the past 20 years.
Preliminary Data to be collected

EMAIL ID:[email protected], WEBSITE:www.anveshanaindia.com
131
The investigation for a bridge should LEVEL (HFL) is the highest water level
collect the following information: Known to have occurred.
(a) Name of the stream, road and the
identification mark allotted to the crossing DATA COLLECTION
and location in Km to centre of crossing. Topographic Survey for the longitudinal
(b) Location to the nearest GTS (Great section and cross section To get the
Trigonometric Survey) bench mark with longitudinal and cross section for the
its reduced level. bridge having definite course of Stream,
(c) Present and anticipated future volume survey has been done in accordance with
and nature of traffic on the road at the IRS :Bridge sub-structures & Foundation
bridge site. code 2003.
(d) Soil profile along the probable bridge
sites over the length of the bridge and DATA FOR HYDROLOGICAL
approaches. CALCULATIONS:
(e) Need for large scale river training A comprehensive outline of hydrological
works. investigations for collecting the necessary
(f) Means of transport for materials. field data for the design of a bridge is
(g) Availability of electric power. given below. The nature and extent of
investigations and data to be collected will
HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGICAL depend upon the type and importance of
INVESTIGATION the bridge. In the case of minor bridges,
This document contains detailed the scope of data collection may be
hydrologic/hydraulic report for a major reduced.
important bridge on the proposed ―Jaroli –
Jakhapura Doubling‖ at Chainage: 39078.2 APPLICABLE STANDARDS/CODES
m (39.078 Km) which consists of 3 spans IRS specifications and codes followed for
18.3 m P.S.C. girder for 25T loading. The the hydraulic analysis and designing are
P.S.C superstructure is supported by MCC given below.
pier & RCC abutment which in turn IS : 1892-1962-Code of Practice for site
transmits the loads through pile cap to the investigations for foundations
bored cast-in- situ pile of 1200mm dia. IRS :Bridge sub-structures & Foundation
code 2003.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
AFFLUX (h) is the rise in water level METHODOLOGY FOR
upstream of a bridge as a result of HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS
obstruction to natural flow caused by the Investigation and data collection regarding
construction of the bridge and its hydraulic design has been carried out to
approaches. CAUSEWAY or Irish bridge decide hydraulic parameters for new
in a dip in the Railway track which allows structure and also to check the adequacy of
floods to pass over it. CLEARANCE (C) existing cross drainage structure. This
is the vertical distance between the water hydrological/ hydraulic report has been
level of the design discharge (Q) including prepared with objective
afflux and the point on the bridge super- to assess the hydraulic and drainage
structure where the clearance is required to capacity of the existing structure and
be measured. DEPTH OF SCOUR (D) is check for requirement of additional
the depth of the eroded bed of the river, drainage waterway to convey the peak
measured from the water level for the flow of water satisfactorily.
discharge considered. DESIGN
DISCHARGE (Q) is the estimated Estimation of Design Discharge (Q)
discharge for the design of the bridge and The estimation of design discharge for
its appurtenances. HIGHEST FLOOD waterway shall preferably be based,

132
wherever possible, on procedures evolved IRS Standard Live Loads

from actual hydro meteorological Railway Bridges including combined rail
observations of the same or similar and road bridges shall be designed for one
catchments. of the following standards of railway
Lacey‘s formula: loading which are in Cl.2.3 ―Rules
Specifying the loads for Design of
Superstructure and Sub-structure of
Where, Pw = wetted perimeter in metres Bridges and for assessment of the strength
which can be taken as the effective width of Existing bridges-2008‖
of waterway in case of large streams.
Q = design discharge in cum/sec. Dynamic Effect
C = a Coefficient normally equal to 2.67, The augmentation in load due to dynamic
but which may vary from 2.5 to 3.5 effects should be considered by adding a
according to local conditions depending load Equivalent to a Coefficient of
upon bed slope and bed material. Dynamic Augment (CDA) multiplied by
the live load giving the maximum stress in
Estimation of Depth of Scour the member under consideration.
In the case of natural channels flowing in Forces due to curvature and eccentricity
alluvial beds where the width of waterway of Track
provided is not less than Lacey‘s regime The horizontal load due to centrifugal
width, the normal depth or Scour (D) force which may be assumed to act at a
below the foundation design discharge height of 1830mm for ―25t Loading-
(Qf) level may be estimated from Lacey‘s 2008‖ for BG, 3000mm for ―DFC loading
formula as indicated below (32.5t axle load)‖ for BG and 1450mm for
MG above rail level is:
C = (WV2) / (12.95 R)
Where, C= Horizontal effect in kN/m run
Where due to constriction of waterway, the (t/m run) of span.
width is less than Lacey‘s regime width for W= Equivalent Distributed live load in
Qf or where it is narrow and deep as in the kN/m run (t/m run).
case of incised rivers and has sandy bed, V= Maximum speed in km per hour and
the normal depth of scour may be R= Radius of the curve in m.
estimated by the following formula:
WIND PRESSURE EFFECT
Where ‗Q f ‘ is the discharge intensity in

cubic metre per second per metre width
and f is silt factor.
LOADS AND STRESSES

Dead load is the weight of the structure FORCES AND EFFECTS DUE TO
itself together with the permanent loads EARTHQUAKE
Zones I to III - Seismic forces shall be
carried thereon. For design of ballasted
considered in case of bridges of overall-
deck bridges, a ballast cushion of 400mm
length more than 60m or spans more than
for BG and 300mm for MG shall be
15m.
considered. However, ballasted deck
Zone IV & V - Seismic forces shall be
bridges shall also be checked for a ballast
considered for all spans
cushion of 300mm on BG and 250mm on
MG. Design Seismic Coefficient
The design values of horizontal seismic

133
coefficient (α h ) shall be computed by the For pier cap, pile cap & piles M35 grade
following expression of concrete and
α h =δ I α 0 For pier MCC of M25 grade concrete has
δ= a coefficient depending upon the soil- been adopted.
foundation, In the design the critical load
Where, combinations, IRS standards have been
I = a coefficient depending upon the considered.
importance of the structure
α 0 = Basic horizontal seismic coefficient
HYDRAULIC DESIGN
CALCULATIONS
The Hydrological Data was supplied by
RVNL from concerned Irrigation
Authorities and Geo-technical
Investigation was done by local Sub-
Contractors both have been studied by
Architecture and Engineering Consultancy
(P) Ltd. and required parameters involved
in design such as Depth of embedment of
piles/pile group, Depth of scour etc. where
been worked out prior to design.
Load Calculation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
CALCULATIONS
New Bridge No.133 is a major important
bridge on the proposed ―Jaroli – Jakhapura
Doubling at Orissa State under East Coast
Railway of India‖ at Chainage: 39078.2 m
(39.078 Km). It consists of 3 spans 18.3 m
P.S.C. girder for 25T loading. The P.S.C
superstructure is supported by MCC pier
& RCC abutment which in turn transmits Seismic Loads:
the loads through pile cap to the bored
cast-in- situ pile of 1200mm dia.
The MSL for pier has been taken as RL ON ABUTMENT CAP

427.300 m.
The pile cap top of P1 is at RL .431.638 m
which is lower than that of P2.

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ON ABUTMENT
Forces due to earth pressure:
DYNAMIC INCREMENT ON EARTH

PRESSURE
CALCULATION OF LOAD &

MOMENT AND LOAD & MOMENT
COMBINATIONS
All the calculated loads & their moments
about centre line (CL) of pile cap base
(acting at a distance from 'A' in Fig: 6.1)
have been calculated and shown in Tabular
form, Table 6.2(A) for Vertical Load and
Table 6.2(B) for Longitudinal and
Transverse Load.
The summary of all forces and moments
which are calculated from Table 6.3(A),
Table 6.3(B) and Table 6.3(C) at pile cap
base are presented in Table 6.4.

135
Calculation of load carrying capacity of

pile (Under Abut)
Soil exploration data under A2 is only
available.
DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATION Hence the same date will be used for A1.
It is observed that N-value from RL
437.283 m to RL 416.283 m is very low
Weathered rock strata starts at RL
416.283m and continues up to 410.283 m.
Calculating pile head deflection

Ref. Clause C 4.2 IS 2911 (Part 1/Sec 2) :
2010 Page 16
For fixed head pile –
PILE REACTION FOR DIFFERENT
CASES
H = Lateral load = 52.371T, Load Case V

with seismic,
e = Cantilever length of pile = 332.1 cm,
Zf = Depth to point of fixity = 692 cm,
E = Young‘s modules of pile material =
295804 Kg/cm2
I = M.I. of material of pile = 10182857
cm4
y= (52371(332 + 692)3)/( 12 x 295804 x
10182857) = 1.56 cm
= 15.6 mm < 15.96 mm, Hence OK

136
CALCULATION OF MOMENTS AND

DESIGN OF PILE CAP LOAD & MOMENT COMBINATIONS
All the calculated loads & their moments
about centre line (CL) of Abutment base
(RL Bottom level of abutment = 437.178
m) has been calculated and shown in
Tabular form, Table 6.15(A) for Vertical
Load and Table 6.15(B) for Longitudinal
and Transverse Load.
Combination of these loads and moments
about pile cap base for Ultimate Limit
State (ULS) Design and Serviceability
Limit State (SLS) Design with appropriate
Computation for Moment Partial Safety Factors for three Cases have
been considered and shown in Table
6.16(A), Table 6.16(B) and Table 6.16(C)

137
bridge design i.e., 3 span of

18.3 m span consisting of 2 piers (P1, P2),
DESIGN OF ABUTMENT 1 Abutment (A1) which are partly
submerged in water and 1 Abutment (A2)
not being affected by flood was designed
and detailed drawing done satisfactorily.
essary Loads and
Effects as prescribed in codes and design
is done in accordance with it.
this design and they are good for

construction.
only and same is followed to A2 as it is at

higher level
and detailed drawing was also prepared

incl. sub structure and superstructure, but
presenting the design in this thesis will
become cumbersome viz., part of it is
submitted
CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE SCOPE FUTURE SCOPE

The following steps were followed for the 1. After designing it was found that much
above presentation: of ―material strength‖ is not utilized to full
extent as sections are provided in
i) Topographic survey for the stream and additional. But due to advancement in the
railway technology, we can do rigorous analysis
ii) Geotechnical investigation for sub soil quite easily and save material and
exploration at each support location. constructional time.
Topographic sheets etc) from concerned 2. Using Advnaced analysis programs like
department. ANSYS, using FEM we can find the
stresses at any point and thereby
i) Super structure: IRS – Bridge Rules and ―Optimization‖ can be done by using 2 or
IRS-Concrete Bridge Rules are taken for more variables with as many as
analyzing the Bending Moments and Shear parameters.
Forces and the following observations 3. The analysis i.e., Bending Moment,
were made: Shear Forces, etc. part are done according
a) The maximum bending moment valves to code values, if done by Model Analysis
are observed in Normal case with better designs could be developed.
Transverse Seismic & Vertical Seismic up 4. By FEM programs we can evaluate the
load combination i.e., CASE-3 is taken for stress variation quite easily and same is
design in both ULS and SLS conditions. used for design of shape, thus saving
ii) Sub structure: Manual analysis is material rather following standard tables.
carried out for design of Piles as per IS:
2911 and IRS provisions in relevant codes.
above results and are to be used for

construction of the bridge.

138
JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND

REFERENCES STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING,
1. IRS – CODE OF PRACTICE FOR Volume 1, No 3, 2010
PLAIN, REINFORCED &
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FOR
GENERAL BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION,
2003
2. IRS - CODE OF PRACTICE FORTHE
DESIGN OF SUB-STRUCTURES AND
FOUNDATIONS OF BRIDGES, 2003
3. IRS - CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE
DESIGN OF STEEL OR WROUGHT
IRON BRIDGES CARRYING RAIL,
ROAD OR PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC,
2003
4. IRS - PERMANENT WAY MANUAL,
2004
5. IRS - PERMANENT WAY MANUAL,
2004
6. IRS - Manual on the Design and
Construction of Well and Pile
Foundations, 1985
7. IRS – ―BRIDGE RULES‖ - RULES
SPECIFYING THE LOADS FOR
DESIGN OF SUPER-STRUCTURE AND
SUB-STRUCTURE OF BRIDGES AND
FOR ASSESSMENT OF THE
STRENGTH OF EXISTING BRIDGES
8. IS-2911 (Part1 –Section2) – 1979, Code
of Practise for Design and Construction of
Pile foundations
9. IS : 1892-1962-Code of Practice for site
investigations for foundations
10. SP 16 (1980): Design Aids for
Reinforced Concrete to IS:456-2000
11. IS 456-2000: Code of Practise for
Plain and Reinforced Concrete
12. IRC 78: Code of Practise for Road
Bridges
13. STRUCTURES DESIGN MANUAL
for Highways and Railways (Third
Edition), HIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT .
14. Journal - Indian practice on estimation
of scour around bridge piers—A comment
UMESH C KOTHYARI, Department of
Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of
UMESH C KOTHYARI, Department of
Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of
15. Analysis and Design of Underpass
RCC Bridge by Mohankar.R.H,
Ronghe.G.N in INTERNATIONAL

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AIJREAS VOLUME 2, ISSUE 2 (2017, FEB) (ISSN-2455-6300) ONLINE

ANVESHANA’S INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES