LOW CURRENT SYSTEMS

TYPES OF LOW CURRENT SYSTEMS:

Low Current Systems are classified into several types based on their application, voltage, and current
ratings. Here are some common types of Low Current Systems:

1. Alarm Systems: - Intruder detection - Fire detection - Access control

2. CCTV Systems: - Analog - IP (Internet Protocol) - HD (High Definition)

3. Access Control Systems: - Card-based - Biometric - Keypad - Proximity card

4. Lighting Control Systems: - Dimming - Switching - Color changing

5. Building Management Systems (BMS): - HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) - Lighting -
Security - Energy management

6. Home Automation Systems: - Lighting - Temperature - Security - Entertainment

7. Nurse Call Systems: - Hospital - Healthcare - Assisted living

8. Public Address Systems: - Audio - Visual - Messaging

9. Intercom Systems: - Audio - Video - Door entry

10. FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (FSS)

11. DIGITAL METERING SYTEM (DMS)

12. AUTOMATIC SLIDING DOOR (ASD)

13. TURNSTILE (TOUR ENTRY AND EXIT SYTEM)

14. INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

15. NON- INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (NON-ICT)

1.Basics of Fire Alarm Systems

A Fire Alarm System (FAS) is a critical safety component in buildings, designed to detect and alert
occupants of potential fires. The main components of a Fire Alarm System include:

Initiating Devices: - Smoke detectors - Heat detectors - Flame detectors - Manual pull stations 2.

Signaling Devices: - Sirens - Strobe lights - Horns - Speakers (for voice evacuation systems) 3.

Control Panel: - Monitors and controls the system - Receives signals from initiating devices - Activates
signaling devices
4. Notification Devices: - Fire alarm control panels - Remote annunciators - Notification appliances (e.g.,
sirens, strobes)

5. Power Supply: - Primary power source (e.g., electricity) - Backup power source (e.g., batteries) The Fire
Alarm System works as follows:

1. Initiating devices detect potential fires and send signals to the control panel.

2. The control panel processes the signals and activates the signaling devices.

3. Signaling devices alert occupants and emergency responders.

4. Notification devices inform building occupants and emergency services of the potential fire.

5. The system provides early warning, enabling evacuation and fire response. Fire Alarm Systems are
essential for protecting lives and property in various settings, including commercial buildings, residential
complexes, and industrial facilities.

Fire Alarm Systems: - Conventional - Addressable - Aspirating smoke detection

These systems operate on low voltage and current, typically ranging from 12V to 48V DC and 1A to 20A.
The specific type of system used depends on the application, building size, and user requirements.

2.FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

A Fire Suppression System is a critical safety measure designed to extinguish or prevent fires in various
settings, such as:

Commercial buildings

Industrial facilities

Data centers

Laboratories

Vehicles

Types of Fire Suppression Systems:

1. Water-based systems (e.g., sprinklers)

2. Gas-based systems (e.g., clean agents, CO2)

3. Foam-based systems

4. Dry chemical systems

5. Wet chemical systems

Components of a Fire Suppression System:

1. Detectors (e.g., smoke, heat, flame)

2. Control panels

3. Actuators (e.g., valves, solenoids)

4. Agent storage containers

5. Distribution piping and nozzles

Fire Suppression Systems can be:

Automatic or manual

Local or networked

Monitored or unmonitored

Inspected and maintained regularly

Benefits of Fire Suppression Systems:

1. Property protection

2. Life safety

3. Business continuity

4. Compliance with regulations

5. Reduced insurance costs

Some popular technologies used in Fire Suppression Systems include:

Addressable systems

Networked systems

Wireless systems

Clean agent systems

Water mist systems

Fire Suppression Systems are essential for protecting people, property, and assets from fire-related
damage.
 3. BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (BMS)

A Building Management System (BMS) is a computerized control system that monitors, controls, and
optimizes various building systems, including:

1. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)

2. Lighting

3. Security

4. Fire Safety

5. Plumbing

6. Elevators

7. Energy Management

1. Sensors: Detect changes in temperature, humidity, light, and other parameters.

2. Controllers: Receive sensor data and send commands to devices.

3. Actuators: Carry out actions, like turning on lights or adjusting temperature.

4. Network infrastructure: Connects devices, controllers, and sensors.

5. Software: Monitors, analyzes, and controls the system.

6. User interface: Allows operators to monitor and control the system.

7. Database: Stores data for analysis and reporting.

BMS systems offer numerous benefits, including:

1. Energy efficiency

2. Improved comfort

3. Enhanced security

4. Increased productivity

5. Extended equipment lifespan

6. Reduced maintenance costs

7. Real-time monitoring and control

By integrating various building systems, BMS creates a unified and efficient infrastructure for building
management.

4.CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television)

The systems are surveillance systems used to monitor and secure areas. The main components of a CCTV
system include:

1. Cameras: Capture video footage

2. DVR/NVR: Records and stores footage

3. Monitors: Displays live and recorded footage

4. Cables: Connect cameras to DVR/NVR and monitors

5. Power supply: Powers the system

Types of CCTV cameras:

1. Analog cameras: Transmit analog video signals

2. IP cameras: Transmit digital video signals over IP networks

3. HD cameras: Provide high-definition video

4. Dome cameras: Vandal-resistant and discreet

5. Bullet cameras: Weather-resistant and compact

6. PTZ cameras: Pan, tilt, and zoom capabilities

7. Night vision cameras: Infrared or low-light sensitive

8. Wireless cameras: Transmit video signals wirelessly

Installation steps:

1. Assess the site and determine camera placement

2. Choose appropriate cameras and equipment

3. Install cameras and mounting hardware

4. Run cables and connect cameras to DVR/NVR

5. Configure DVR/NVR and set recording parameters

6. Install monitors and power supply

7. Test and adjust the system

Additional considerations:

1. Network infrastructure (for IP cameras)

2. Power supply and backup (e.g., batteries or generators)

3. Weather resistance and environmental factors

4. Compliance with local regulations and privacy laws

5. Maintenance and upkeep schedules By understanding CCTV systems and their components, you can
effectively install and utilize them for enhanced security and surveillance.

The standard color code for Cat 6 cable:

1. HALF ORANGE+ORANGE

2. HALF GREEN+BLUE

3. HALF BLUE+GREEN

4. HALF BROWN+BROWN

Color coding for straight cables is a standardized system used to identify and differentiate between
various cables, wires, or conductors within an electrical or telecommunications system. Here's a common
color coding scheme for straight cables:

1. Red: Typically used for:

- Positive (+) or hot wires

- Power cables

- Alarm or warning systems

2. Black: Typically used for:

- Negative (-) or neutral wires

- Grounding cables

- DC power return wires

3. Blue: Typically used for:

- Data or communication cables

- Telephone wires

- Audio or video cables

4. Green: Typically used for:

- Grounding cables (in some countries)

- Safety or emergency systems

- Building management systems

5. Yellow: Typically used for:

- Caution or warning cables

- Hazardous materials or areas

- Reserved for future use

6. White: Typically used for:

- Neutral or return wires

- Data or communication cables (in some countries)

- Building management systems

7. Gray: Typically used for:

- Data or communication cables

- Audio or video cables

- Reserved for future use

8. Brown: Typically used for:

- Power cables (in some countries)

- Building management systems

- Reserved for future use

9. Orange: Typically used for:

- Data or communication cables

- Telephone wires

- Audio or video cables

Note that this color coding scheme may vary depending on the country, region, or industry. It's essential
to consult local regulations, standards, or documentation for specific color coding requirements.

Color coding for non-straight cables, such as twisted pair, coaxial, or fiber optic cables, is used to identify
and differentiate between various wires, pairs, or fibers within a cable. Here's a common color coding
scheme for non-straight cables:

Twisted Pair Cables:

1. Blue: White/Blue (pair 1)

2. Orange: White/Orange (pair 2)

3. Green: White/Green (pair 3)

4. Brown: White/Brown (pair 4)

5. Gray: White/Gray (pair 5)

Coaxial Cables:

1. Braided Shield: Typically copper or aluminum braid

2. Dielectric Insulation: Various colors (e.g., white, black, red)

3. Conductor: Typically copper (silver or gold-plated)

Fiber Optic Cables:

1. Blue: Typically used for single-mode fibers

2. Orange: Typically used for multimode fibers

3. Green: Typically used for laser-optimized multimode fibers

4. Brown: Typically used for bend-insensitive multimode fibers

5. Gray: Typically used for reserved or future use

6. Red: Typically used for angled physical contact (APC) connectors

7. Yellow: Typically used for single-mode fibers (some countries)

8. Purple: Typically used for multimode fibers (some countries)

Note:

- Color coding may vary depending on the manufacturer, country, or industry.

- Some cables may use additional colors or combinations for specific purposes.
- It's essential to consult the manufacturer's documentation or industry standards for specific color coding
requirements.

Color coding is crucial for ensuring correct connections, preventing damage, and maintaining signal
integrity in non-straight cables.

Remember, color coding is crucial for ensuring safe and efficient cable management, as well as preventing
electrical shock, damage, or data transmission errors.

White/Orange (Pair 1) - White/Green (Pair 2) - White/Blue (Pair 3) - White/Brown (Pair 4) This color code
applies to the wire pairs within the cable, with each pair consisting of a solid-colored wire and a white wire
with a colored stripe. Here's a breakdown of the wire pairing and their corresponding colors: - Pair 1:
White/Orange (Transmit +, Transmit -) - Pair 2: White/Green (Receive +, Receive -) - Pair 3: White/Blue
(Transmit +, Transmit -) - Pair 4: White/Brown (Receive +, Receive -) This color coding ensures that the
wires are properly connected and paired, maintaining the integrity of the data transmission.

5.Access Control Systems

Access Control Systems (ACS) regulate and monitor access to a building, area, or
resource. The basics of ACS include:

1. Identification: Verifying an individual's identity

2. Authentication: Confirming an individual's credentials

3. Authorization: Granting access based on permissions

4. Access Control Points: Doors, gates, or barriers controlled by the system

5. Readers: Devices that read credentials (e.g., cards, biometrics)

6. Controllers: Manage access control decisions and door status

7. Software: Manages the system, users, and access levels

Installation steps:

1. Assess the site and determine access control points

2. Choose appropriate readers, controllers, and software

3. Install readers and controllers at access control points

4. Connect controllers to the software and network (if applicable)

5. Configure software and set access levels for users

6. Test and validate the system

7. Train users and administrators

Types of Access Control Systems:

1. Physical Access Control (PACS)

2. Logical Access Control (LACS)

3. Network Access Control (NAC)

Common Access Control Methods:

1. Card-based (magnetic stripe, smart cards)

2. Biometric (fingerprint, facial recognition)

3. Keypad (PIN entry)

4. Proximity cards (RFID)

5. Smartphones (mobile credentials)

When installing an ACS, consider:

1. Security risks and threats

2. Compliance with regulations and standards

3. Integration with existing systems (e.g., CCTV, alarm systems)

4. User experience and convenience

5. Scalability and flexibility

6. Maintenance and support requirements

6.Lighting Control Systems: - Dimming - Switching - Color changing

Lighting Control Systems! Those are indeed the three main categories:
1. Dimming: Adjusting the brightness of lights to create different ambiances or save energy.

2. Switching: Turning lights on and off to control their usage.

3. Color Changing: Altering the color temperature or hue of lights to create various moods or effects.

These categories can be achieved through various technologies, such as:

- Smart lighting systems

- LED lighting

- DMX (Digital Multiplex) protocols

- DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface)

- 0-10V or 1-10V analog dimming

Lighting control systems can be applied in various settings, including:

- Residential homes

- Commercial buildings

- Theaters and stages

- Public spaces

7.Home Automation Systems: - Lighting - Temperature - Security – Entertainment

Home Automation Systems! Those are indeed the four main categories:

1. Lighting: Controlling and automating lighting levels, scenes, and schedules for energy efficiency,
ambiance, and convenience.

2. Temperature: Regulating heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to maintain a
comfortable temperature and reduce energy consumption.

3. Security: Integrating features like door and window sensors, cameras, alarms, and access control to
ensure safety and protection.
4. Entertainment: Automating and controlling audio-visual systems, TVs, speakers, and media players for
an enhanced entertainment experience.

Home Automation Systems can be controlled and monitored through:

- Smartphones and tablets

- Voice assistants (e.g., Alexa, Google Assistant)

- Wall-mounted touchscreens

- Remote controls

Some popular Home Automation protocols and technologies include:

- Zigbee

- Z-Wave

- Bluetooth

- Wi-Fi

- SmartThings

- HomeKit

These systems can increase convenience, energy efficiency, and property value, while also providing peace
of mind and an enhanced living experience.

8.Nurse Call Systems: - Hospital - Healthcare - Assisted living

Nurse Call Systems! These are essential communication systems used in various healthcare settings to
alert caregivers and ensure timely assistance. The main categories include:

1. Hospital: Comprehensive systems for acute care settings, integrating with electronic health records
(EHRs) and hospital information systems (HIS).

2. Healthcare: Solutions for clinics, medical offices, and outpatient facilities, focusing on efficient
communication and patient care.

3. Assisted Living: Systems designed for senior living communities, skilled nursing facilities, and long-term
care environments, emphasizing resident safety and support.

Nurse Call Systems typically feature:

Call buttons or pendants for patients/residents to summon help

- Staff consoles or mobile devices for receiving and responding to calls

- Integration with other systems, such as access control, lighting, or entertainment

- Reporting and analytics for quality improvement and staff optimization

Some popular technologies used in Nurse Call Systems include:

- Wireless communication

- IP-based systems

- Mobile apps

- Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP)

- Integration with wearables or smart devices

These systems enhance patient care, reduce response times, and improve staff efficiency, ultimately
leading to better health outcomes and resident satisfaction.

1. Integration with Electronic Health Records (EHRs): How Nurse Call Systems can share data with EHRs to
streamline clinical workflows.

2. Mobile Solutions: How mobile apps and devices can enhance caregiver response and patient care.

3. Real-time Location Systems (RTLS): How RTLS technology can help track patients, staff, and assets
within healthcare facilities.

4. Customization and Scalability: How Nurse Call Systems can be tailored to meet the unique needs of
different healthcare environments.

5. Regulatory Compliance: How Nurse Call Systems can help healthcare facilities meet regulatory
requirements, such as HIPAA or Joint Commission standards.

6. Staff Workflow Optimization: How Nurse Call Systems can help reduce alarm fatigue and optimize staff
response times.

7. Patient Experience: How Nurse Call Systems can contribute to a more comfortable and satisfying
patient experience.

9. Intercom Systems: - Audio - Video - Door entry

Intercom Systems! These are communication systems used for real-time voice and/or video transmission
between individuals or groups in different locations. The three main types of Intercom Systems are:

1. Audio Intercom: Allows for two-way voice communication, often used in:

- Apartment buildings
 - Office buildings

- Schools

- Hospitals

2. Video Intercom: Enables video and voice communication, commonly used in:

- Secure facilities (e.g., government buildings, data centers)

- High-end residential buildings

- Healthcare facilities (e.g., for patient identification)

3. Door Entry Intercom: Combines audio and/or video communication with door access control, often
used in:

Residential buildings (e.g., apartments, condos)

Commercial buildings (e.g., offices, warehouses)

Industrial facilities

Intercom Systems can be:

Wired (analog or IP-based)

Wireless (RF or Wi-Fi)

IP-based (using internet protocol for network connectivity)

Integrated with other systems (e.g., access control, CCTV, alarm systems)

Some popular features of Intercom Systems include:

Hands-free communication

Call forwarding

-Video recording

-Motion detection

Integration with smart home systems

These systems enhance communication, security, and convenience in various settings

 10. Public Address Systems: - Audio - Visual – Messaging

Public Address (PA) Systems! These are communication systems used to broadcast information to a large
audience in a specific area, such as:

Audio PA Systems: Broadcasting voice messages, music, or announcements through speakers, commonly
used in:

1. Schools

2. Shopping malls

3. Airports

4. Train stations

5. Visual PA Systems: Displaying visual messages, images, or videos, often used in:

6. Digital signage

7. Scoreboards

8. Information displays

9. Messaging PA Systems: Combining audio and visual elements to convey messages, used in:

10. Emergency notification systems

11. Warning systems (e.g., weather alerts)

12. Informational messaging (e.g., news, updates)

PA Systems can be:

Analog or digital

-Wired or wireless

IP-based (using internet protocol for network connectivity)

Integrated with other systems (e.g., alarm systems, intercoms)

Some popular features of PA Systems include:

Zone control (targeting specific areas)

Scheduling (pre-programmed messages)

-Emergency alert systems

\Audio and video recording

Integration with mobile devices

These systems enhance communication, safety, and convenience in various public settings.

11.DIGITAL METERING SYSTEM (DMS)

A Digital Metering System (DMS) is a modern technology used for measuring and managing energy
consumption in various settings, such as:

Electricity

Water

Gas

HeatDMS offers advanced features like:

- Real-time monitoring

Remote reading

Automatic data logging

Tamper detection

Bi-directional communication

Benefits of DMS include:

Improved accuracy

Enhanced energy efficiency

Reduced labor costs

Increased customer satisfaction

Better demand management

DMS can be applied in:

Smart grids

Smart homes

Commercial buildings

Industrial facilities
Utility companies

Some popular technologies used in DMS include:

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

Internet of Things (IoT)

Cloud computing

Big data analytics

Artificial intelligence (AI)

DMS plays a crucial role in optimizing energy usage, reducing waste, and promoting sustainability.

12 .AUTOMATIC SLIDING DOOR

An Automatic Sliding Door is a type of door that opens and closes automatically, using sensors and
motors to detect and respond to approaching users. These doors are commonly used in:

- Commercial buildings (e.g., offices, hospitals, shopping malls)

- Public transportation hubs (e.g., airports, train stations)

- Healthcare facilities

- Hotels and resorts

- Retail stores

Benefits of Automatic Sliding Doors:

1. Convenience: Hands-free operation for easy access

2. Accessibility: Compliant with disability regulations (e.g., ADA)

3. Energy efficiency: Reduces heat transfer and air leakage

4. Safety: Prevents accidents and injuries

5. Security: Can be integrated with access control systems

Types of Automatic Sliding Doors:

1. Bi-parting doors (slide in both directions)

2. Single-sliding doors (slide in one direction)

3. Telescoping doors (slide within a frame)

4. Curved sliding doors (for unique architectural designs)

Components of Automatic Sliding Doors:

1. Sensors (e.g., infrared, motion, pressure)

2. Motors and gearboxes

3. Control panels and processors

4. Door leaves and frames

5. Safety features (e.g., soft-stop, obstacle detection)

Popular technologies used in Automatic Sliding Doors include:

- Microprocessor controls

- Brushless motors

- Advanced sensor systems

- Integration with building management systems (BMS)

- Energy-efficient designs

Automatic Sliding Doors enhance user experience, accessibility, and energy efficiency while providing a
secure and safe entrance solution.

13. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

ICT (Information and Communication Technology) systems refer to the hardware, software, and network
components that enable the creation, processing, storage, and communication of information. These
systems facilitate the flow of information and support various aspects of modern life, including:

1. Computing systems (PCs, servers, laptops)

2. Network infrastructure (routers, switches, firewalls)

3. Communication systems (phone, email, video conferencing)

4. Data storage systems (databases, data warehouses)

5. Software applications (productivity, creativity, entertainment)

6. Mobile devices and technologies (smartphones, tablets)

7. Internet of Things (IoT) devices (smart home, industrial sensors)

8. Cybersecurity systems ( threat detection, encryption)

9. Data analytics and business intelligence tools

10. Cloud computing infrastructure (public, private, hybrid)

ICT systems are used in various settings, including:

1. Businesses and organizations

2. Educational institutions

3. Government agencies

4. Healthcare facilities

5. Financial institutions

6. Transportation systems

7. Homes and personal devices

These systems enable:

1. Information sharing and collaboration

2. Data-driven decision-making

3. Efficient communication and workflow

4. Automation and process optimization

5. Innovation and digital transformation

In summary, ICT systems are the backbone of modern information society, supporting various aspects of
life, from communication and entertainment to education and business.

14. NON-INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (NON-ICT)

Non-Information and Communication Technology (Non-ICT) refers to products, services, or systems that
do not rely on ICT for their primary function or operation. Examples of Non-ICT categories include:

1. Mechanical devices (e.g., engines, gears, pumps)

2. Electrical devices (e.g., motors, generators, transformers)

3. Civil engineering structures (e.g., bridges, buildings, roads)

4. Medical devices (e.g., surgical instruments, diagnostic equipment)

5. Industrial equipment (e.g., manufacturing machinery, tools)

6. Aerospace and defense systems (e.g., aircraft, weapons)

7. Automotive systems (e.g., vehicles, parts)

8. Consumer goods (e.g., appliances, furniture, clothing)

9. Food and beverages

10. Arts and crafts

Non-ICT products and services are often characterized by:

1. Physical presence or tangible goods

2. Limited or no reliance on digital technologies

3. Traditional manufacturing or production processes

4. Less emphasis on software development or data analysis

Examples of Non-ICT industries include:

1. Agriculture

2. Construction

3. Manufacturing (e.g., textiles, food processing)

4. Healthcare (medical services, not including telemedicine)

5. Education (traditional classroom-based learning)

6. Energy and utilities (e.g., electricity generation, water supply)

7. Transportation (e.g., logistics, trucking)

8. Hospitality (hotels, restaurants)

9. Retail (brick-and-mortar stores)

10. Arts and entertainment (e.g., music, theater)

These industries and products are essential to the global economy, providing fundamental goods and
services that support daily life.
 15.TURNSTILE (TOUR ENTRY AND EXIT SYTEM)

A Turnstile is a physical barrier that controls access to a specific area, allowing only authorized individuals
to pass through. Turnstiles are commonly used in:

- Secure facilities (e.g., government buildings, data centers)

- Public transportation hubs (e.g., subway stations, airports)

- Sports stadiums and arenas

- Theme parks and attractions

- Office buildings and corporate campuses

Types of Turnstiles:

1. Full-height turnstiles (floor-to-ceiling)

2. Half-height turnstiles (waist-high)

3. Optical turnstiles (beam-based)

4. Swing gate turnstiles

5. Retractable turnstiles

Features of Turnstiles:

1. Access control integration

2. Biometric authentication (e.g., facial recognition, fingerprint scanning)

3. Card reader compatibility

4. Keyless entry

5. Emergency exit functionality

6. Tailgating detection and prevention

Benefits of Turnstiles:

1. Improved security and access control

2. Reduced risk of unauthorized entry

3. Increased efficiency and throughput

4. Enhanced user experience

5. Integration with existing security systems

Popular technologies used in Turnstiles include:

- Advanced biometrics

- AI-powered access control

- IoT connectivity

- Wireless communication

- Sustainable and energy-efficient designs

Turnstiles provide a secure and efficient way to manage access to restricted areas, ensuring only
authorized individuals can enter.