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Description
Prepare. Practice. Review. Mike Sullivan’s time-tested approach focuses students
on the fundamental skills they need for the course: preparing for
class, practicing with homework, and reviewing the concepts. The Tenth
Edition has evolved to meet today’s course needs.
KEY TOPICS: Review; Equations and Inequalities; Graphs; Functions and Their
Graphs; Linear and Quadratic Functions; Polynomial and Rational Functions;
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions; Analytic Geometry; Systems of Equations
and Inequalities; Sequences; Induction; the Binomial Theorem; Counting and
Probability; Appendix: Graphing Utilities
MARKET: For all readers interested in college algebra.

About the Author


Michael Sullivan, Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at Chicago State University,
received a Ph.D. in mathematics from the Illinois Institute of Technology. Mike
taught at Chicago State for 35 years before recently retiring. He is a native of
Chicago’s South Side and divides his time between a home in Oak Lawn IL and a
condo in Naples FL.
Mike is a member of the American Mathematical Society and the Mathematical
Association of America. He is a past president of the Text and Academic Authors
Association and is currently Treasurer of its Foundation. He is a member of the
TAA Council of Fellows and was awarded the TAA Mike Keedy award in 1997 and
the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007. In addition, he represents TAA on the
Authors Coalition of America.
Mike has been writing textbooks for more than 35 years and currently has 15
books in print, twelve with Pearson Education. When not writing, he enjoys
tennis, golf, gardening, and travel.
Mike has four children: Kathleen teaches college mathematics; Michael III teaches
college mathematics and is his coauthor on two precalculus series; Dan works in
publishing; and Colleen teaches middle-school and secondary school
mathematics. Twelve grandchildren round out the family.

Product details
 Publisher : Pearson; 10th edition (December 24, 2014)
 Language : English
 Hardcover : 848 pages
 ISBN-10 : 0321979478
 ISBN-13 : 978-0321979476
 Item Weight : 4.09 pounds
 Dimensions : 8.75 x 1.4 x 11.15 inches
 Best Sellers Rank: #708,743 in Books
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The art of
decorating dry goods windows and interiors
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The art of decorating dry goods windows and interiors


A complete manual of window trimming, designed as
an educator in all the details of the art, according to
the best accepted methods, and treating fully every
important subject

Author: L. Frank Baum

Release date: May 11, 2024 [eBook #73606]

Language: English

Original publication: Chicago: The Show Window Publishing


Company, 1900

Credits: Richard Tonsing, Mary Glenn Krause, Beinecke Rare


Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ART OF


DECORATING DRY GOODS WINDOWS AND INTERIORS ***
Transcriber’s Note:
New original cover art included with this eBook is
granted to the public domain.
THE Art of Decorating

Dry Goods Windows and Interiors.

By L. FRANK BAUM.

A Complete Manual of Window Trimming, designed as an Educator


in all the Details of the Art, according to the best accepted methods,
and treating fully every important subject.

FULLY ILLUSTRATED.

CHICAGO:
The Show Window Publishing Company,
1900.
COPYRIGHTED

1900

BY L. FRANK BAUM.
INTRODUCTION.

The peddlars, or packmen, of ancient days, who were the first


recognized merchants, realized fully the advantage of displaying
their wares before prospective customers. Gaining entry to a castle, a
palace, or a mansion, the packman spread his goods upon the floor to
best advantage and then awaited patiently while the assembled bevy
of women gazed enraptured upon the treasures at their feet. If he
could not obtain permission to open his pack his visit was fruitless of
result.
In old Bagdad arose the custom of open booths built before the
entrances of houses, wherein was attractively displayed the
merchandise offered for sale. This custom is still extensively followed
in Eastern countries.
At Cheapside, in London, the method was to hang upon iron hooks
along the front of the building such articles as might induce the
observer to buy, or entice him to enter the shop.
The same custom was prevalent in the Colonial days in America,
and is not yet fully obsolete.
Thus from the earliest days merchants well knew the value of
display, and the modern show window is the logical outcome or
development of that knowledge.
Careful research fails to determine where the show window was
first utilized as an adjunct to merchandizing. It is probably a gradual
development from the small, many-paned front window of the
merchant shop, following the natural transformation of shops into
stores and of crude green-glass panes into clear plate-glass fronts.
However it came about, the modern mercantile establishment,
whether located in a retired village or upon the main street of a
thriving city, is to-day deemed incomplete without a front of the
clearest and best plate-glass. These windows are not intended to light
the interior of a store, although indirectly they may serve such
purpose. Their prime object is to sell goods.
Without advertising the modern merchant sinks into oblivion. The
busy world forgets him, and he is left to himself—to rust, to vegetate,
or to fail ignominiously.
Merchants of olden times stood in front of their shops and cried
“buy!—buy!” in imploring tones. Modern merchants still cry “buy!—
buy!” but they do it in a different way. They advertise in newspapers
and display their wares in their show windows.
These are the three grades—the three developments in advertising.
The street crier, the newspapers, the show window. The last mode of
inducing trade is the modern one, and therefore the best. More goods
are sold through window display than through newspaper
advertising. It is more direct. The newspaper advertisement says:
“We have goods to sell.” The show window says: “Here they are!”
But the judicious use of advertising through newspapers must not
be discouraged. Every man, woman and child in town does not pass
your windows. Those who do not may read in the newspaper of your
attractive display of goods, and so be induced to pass your way.
The most successful of modern merchants use the newspapers to
announce their window displays. This combination of the two
greatest forces in advertising has been found to succeed beyond any
other method.
To make a display of goods in your window that is most attractive,
that will sell readily the articles exhibited, is to-day acknowledged an
art.
Many things are to be considered. There are the technicalities to be
learned, judgment and good taste to be exercised, color harmony to
be secured; and, above all, there must be positive knowledge as to
what constitutes an attractive exhibit, and what will arouse in the
observer cupidity and a longing to possess the goods you offer for
sale.
It has been said that a window decorator is born, and not made.
Yet we find that those “born” decorators must acquire knowledge of
technicalities and detail work before they can succeed. Who shall
determine which are “born,” and which are “made” decorators? The
“born musician” must, unfortunately, learn to play the fiddle, and the
“born blacksmith” must be taught to shoe a horse. And the worldly
cynic will tell you that under proper instruction and with a desire to
learn, any son of Adam can play the fiddle or shoe a horse.
I have never known a man who desired to learn the art of
decorating fail to attain skill and subsequent success. Perhaps it is
only those “born” ones who desire to learn.
It is true that a clumsy man, a man without judgment or taste, a
man destitute of knowledge of the requirements of modern
merchandizing, might prove a lamentable failure as a store
decorator. But I have never known such a man desire to learn the art.
The object of this book is to place before the novice the
instructions necessary to fit him for successful work. The author
believes that this volume contains all information necessary to
enable a student to acquire proficiency in the Art of Decorating Dry
Goods Windows and Interiors. The field of merchandizing is so
broad that this work is confined to dry goods decorating, although
many of the chapters will be of service in decorating windows with
other lines of goods.
Much of the information offered has been gained by personal
experience, yet I am greatly indebted to many brother decorators,
and especially to prominent members of The National Association of
Window Trimmers of America, for assistance in my attempt to place
clearly before my readers the many details of the art.
Practical methods have in every instance been preferred to
theoretical. The simplest and easiest way of accomplishing any work
is always the best.
I am hopeful that those desiring to attain skill in decorating will
find much useful information in these pages, and if this book proves
of real assistance to its readers my object in writing it will have been
accomplished.
Most Sincerely,
L. FRANK BAUM.
THE ART OF DECORATING.
CHAPTER I.
HOW TO PLAN STORE FRONTS.

In building a store on modern principles the front is more


important than any other detail. For, a store being intended for the
sale of merchandise, the front is the first thing that meets the public
eye, and by its appearance the entire establishment is judged.
The size and shape of the windows depends, of course, upon the
size and location of the store, but the principle consideration is to
obtain as large an expanse of window as possible, and convenient
entrances.
In single store fronts, which we shall use as examples, the ordinary
arrangement is similar to that in diagram A, having the entrance,
with double doors, in the center. This gives two good sized windows,
if the front is of fair breadth, and admits the customer to the central
aisle.

To avoid dividing the expanse of window, and to render the display


more impressive, a popular arrangement is that in diagram B, having
the entrance at one side. Which side to place the entrance is
determined by the trend of traffic, the entrance being placed nearest
to the busy portion of the street, as more convenient to the customer.
Exception.—It is argued by some merchants that it is better to place
the entrance furthest from the crowded portion of the street, as in
this case the people must first pass before the window.
It will be noted that people intending to enter the store will not be
influenced by the window display, in which case the location of the
entrance is immaterial.
Diagram B shows the bevelled entrance, slanting diagonally from
the front window to the door, and thus giving the public a glance at
the small side window in passing or entering. In diagram D we show
the curved front, in which the side window is a curved or semi-
circular pane. This style is very attractive, but more expensive, and is
more liable to be broken than the flat pane.

Diagram C shows one of the most popular arrangements of store


fronts. This allows for a double entrance, with a broad expanse of
window between. In wide fronts these entrances are double doors, in
narrower fronts a single door is sufficient. Variations of this front
which has bevelled entrances, are shown in diagrams E and F. The
first has the semi-circular end panes, which are recommended as
especially imposing, and the latter shows a square perfectly
rectangular turn for the side panes. The advantage claimed for this
method is that it attracts the attention of those approaching the
window more quickly than will the slant or curve, but this does not
appear likely unless the front projects beyond the line of the
building.
The large central pane, with double or single side entrances, is a
very successful style of front, and is strongly endorsed by those who
have used them.
It sometimes happens that thick pillars of masonry obstruct the
front, as shown in diagram G. In this case the window panes should
be set at the outer edge of the pillars, rather than against the inner
edge, as much of the effect of the front would be lost by the
projecting pillars. The entrance, however, should be set at the inner
edges of the pillars, as indicated.

Posts are always to be avoided in window spaces, and there is


seldom an occasion where they are really necessary. But where a
front is rebuilt or altered and posts cannot be avoided, they should
invariably be set directly back of the window frames, as shown in
diagram H. When they are placed in this manner each window has a
clear space back of the pane, and the decorator has an opportunity of
putting one distinct trim in each window. But if the posts occupy the
center, or even the sides of the window, no decorator on earth can
trim the space properly or effectively.

Diagram H also illustrates the continuous front, where many


windows are placed side by side. Any of the fronts previously
described can be so extended indefinitely.
There are many other styles of store fronts, but most of them come
under the head of “freak fronts,” and are only appropriate for the
special buildings for which they were designed.
The main points to consider in building a front, are, (a) to get as
large an expanse of glass as possible; (b) to use iron framework,
occupying the least space where the panes join; (c) to avoid the use of
posts back of the panes, but where they are necessary to place each
post behind the point where two large plate-glass panes are joined
together.
A new idea in show window fronts is to allow the two sheets of
glass to come together at the corners, where they are held by brass
braces and set screws so that there is no corner space at all. This
arrangement looks well and has several advantages. The glass is less
liable to break than when set against a post or frame; and all
shadows in the window are avoided.
Last, if you have an old-fashioned front, get your landlord to take it
out and replace it with a modern, plate-glass front. If he refuses,
move elsewhere. You cannot afford to be in the mercantile business
without good windows to back up your enterprise.
CHAPTER II.
THE SHOW WINDOW.

In attempting to explain the fundamental principles of successful


store decoration, the window is the first thing to be considered, and
there are all kinds of windows, little and big, upright and oblong,
cramped and spacious. Some are hard to get at; some have big,
awkward posts in them; but no matter what they are or how
undesirable they seem, remember that anything with a pane of glass
before it may be made a show window.
Build a window floor on a level with the lower edge of the glass;
build it strongly and make it as deep as you are able. Three feet is a
fair depth; six feet is not too deep.
BOXING A WINDOW.
In order to produce a good window there must be a proper
foundation to work upon. An open-backed window is an
impossibility as considered from a window trimmer’s standpoint,
save in very few cases where articles are small and only require a
window shelf to display them.
All windows should have a substantial board backing and sides
extending about one-half the height of the window itself. A door
should be made in this at one side, to permit the trimmer easy
entrance and enable you to reach any goods you may wish to
withdraw from the window. Above this backing it is desirable to have
a sash reaching to the ceiling, which will serve to admit light and
prevent dust reaching the trim.
The distance of the backing from the glass is a matter of choice.
Some prefer very deep window embrasures, and for furniture,
carpets, stoves and like bulky articles, they are undoubtedly best. For
displays of light, small articles, a shallow window is very desirable,
and furnishings, notions, etc., may be effectively arranged in thirty
inches space. For the general window, however, where various
classes of merchandise are required to be exhibited, a depth of from
four to five feet is best; and even six feet, especially for a clothing or
cloak trim, is not considered too deep for good effects.
The floor of the window embrasure should be made perfectly level,
as this will admit of more substantial framework than an incline. A
removable, sloping floor may be provided for use when desired.
Against the solid backing brackets and shelves may be secured,
their arrangement being altered as occasion demands. It also admits
of tacking the draperies in a substantial manner, and there is a
satisfaction in knowing your window is solid and that any fragile
articles displayed are perfectly safe.
HOW TO WASH WINDOWS.
A clean window pane is a necessity in a show window. Nothing
destroys the attractiveness of a really good display so readily and
effectively as a streaked, flyspecked glass in front of it.
Many merchants dread window washing day. It shouldn’t be a
bugbear when a simple method like the following is understood.
Wait until the sun is off the window, for if the sun is shining on the
glass it will look streaked after drying, irrespective of the amount of
muscle expended in the rubbing. Dust the window thoroughly, inside
and out, and don’t touch the glass until after the inside woodwork
has been cleansed. Use nothing but warm water, mixed with
sufficient ammonia in washing the glass. Steer clear of soap. Dry the
windows with the rubber cleaner or soft cotton cloth. Linen leaves
lint on the glass. Polish with paper; that’s all that’s necessary.
TO PREVENT WINDOWS FROM FROSTING.
One of the merchant’s greatest trials is the sweating and frosting of
windows in cold weather, rendering them useless for display
purposes at the very season when they are most valuable.
Much has been written concerning methods of prevention of frost,
but most of them are theoretical, and, while they work well in some
instances, are absolute failures in others.
THE CAUSE.
Scientists will tell you that the reason a window sweats is because
there is an uneven temperature on the opposite sides of the window
pane. The cold air outside chills the pane, which condenses the
moisture in the warm air inside as it strikes the glass, and the
moisture is deposited in the form of “sweat” upon the inner surface
of the glass. It then freezes, producing “frost.” Occasionally, when
there is moisture in the outer air, a deposit is also made upon the
outer surface of the glass, but in either case the frost arises from the
uneven temperature of the air inside and outside the window glass.
THE REMEDY.
The foregoing cause of the evil being understood, it is also plain
that any arrangement which will render the temperature of the air
the same on both sides of the pane will remedy the difficulty. Any
other method is obviously imperfect and ineffectual. If the
temperature within and without the window is the same the glass
cannot sweat or frost.
To obtain an even temperature it is absolutely necessary to box the
window. It must be cut off entirely from the other part of the store.

FIG. 1.

The space under modern show windows is used largely for


ventilating cellars. Our sketch shows half of this space used for
ventilating cellar, and other half as a cold air passage to allow the
outside air to pass through the double perforated window floor,
thereby keeping the air within the window enclosure approximately
the same temperature as the outside, and thereby preventing the
sweating and freezing, so annoying to the trimmer.

FIG. 2.

A A, open space between double perforated bottom, to be filled


with loose cotton to permit the air to pass, but dense enough to keep
back the dust from the street.
The floor of the window should be made of boards, perforated and
made to fit in snugly without fastening down, so they can be taken up
occasionally to clean out the dust that will accumulate in time.

FIG. 3.

Fig. 3 shows how boards may be used without being perforated.


Small pieces of wood are nailed on one edge of each board, say about
one-eighth inch thick, so as to keep the boards about that distance
apart.
C is a small door that opens into the store room to reach the cold
air space, for cleaning occasionally.
B, opening for lighting and ventilating the cellar. A trap door may
be arranged to fit over the opening B, but a better arrangement is to
have two sashes of glass to fit the front of the openings immediately
back of the wire screens shown in Fig. 2. If hinged at the top, they
can be opened by pulling back with a cord or chain from the inside of
the room.
Fig. 2 shows a wire screen now much used instead of the more
expensive iron grille work formerly in vogue.
When possible, a glass roof should be used to inclose the window,
in which case the lights may be arranged above the glass. This
prevents heating the window. In using floor drapings, employ only
cheesecloth, or some light material that will allow air to pass
through.
All this may seem to require considerable trouble and alteration of
your windows, but wherever this method has been used it has been
found thoroughly practical and an absolute prevention of frost.
OTHER METHODS.
(1) An electric fan kept constantly in motion in a corner of the
window is said to avoid frosting by keeping the atmosphere in
circulation, and thus preventing condensation upon the surface of
the glass. In a large window there should be two fans, in opposite
corners, and these may be easily concealed from view.
(2) Electric Heaters.—As almost every store is now provided with
electric light service, and electric heaters can be purchased in all
sizes on the open market, the interest in this new application of
electric heating is universal. All that is necessary is to place a small
electric heater in the window in any concealed position, and to
connect it with the lighting mains.
(3) Several washes for the window glass have been recommended,
but our observation has been that these usually fail to prevent
frosting.
It is true that one method will succeed with a merchant, and fail
when utilized by his next door neighbor. It is hard to explain this
fact, save for the different atmospheric conditions of the two rooms.
It is not unusual to see one window as opaque as a sheet of felt and
another loom up as transparent as a crystal, when both are
apparently under the same conditions. One sees a window free from
frost where it is entirely enclosed, and that seems to explain the
reason. But a few doors further on another window similarly
enclosed is covered with ice. Some windows that have a half-length
enclosure inside are clear and others are frosty, and some that are
entirely open to receive the heat of the store room are clear while
others are not.
Among the various washes are pure glycerine, in which a flannel
cloth is dipped, ammonia and salt, and alcohol and water. As said
before, these are seldom effective in preventing frosting. The safest
and best remedy will be found in ventilation, as above described.
CHAPTER III.
SOME PRACTICAL HINTS.

Those who are inexperienced in window decoration will need a few


general instructions before attempting to trim in a practical and
successful manner. Experience has taught us several things which
apply so forcibly to the art of decoration that they may be considered
in the nature of rules, and must be studied carefully and thoroughly
by the novice.
SUGGESTIONS.
The trouble with most window trimmers and beginners is that they
ignore all suggestions offered, from the fact that they are window
trimmers, and are supposed to know it all, which is a grave mistake
(for no man knows it all). From experience, you will find that by
listening to any and all suggestions offered, there will be a time when
you will be glad to accept them. If you do not take to the suggestion,
pass it up, but in all cases it pays to listen and act accordingly.
SIMPLICITY.
There is nothing more “fetching” in a window than the simple
artistic arrangement of a few attractive goods. Simplicity has been
urged by almost every writer upon window trimming, yet it is
generally disregarded. More err in crowding a window than in
displaying insufficient goods.
A good background, throwing out a few articles that are good
values or distinct novelties, may be relied upon to arrest the
attention of the passing shopper. It is poor policy to display
expensive and inexpensive merchandise in the same window, or to
exhibit what is called a “mixed” window. A crowded window
bewilders the beholder, and while he may admire the general
arrangement and wealth of color, no one item will sufficiently attract
him to induce him to enter the store, or will impress his mind so far
that he will recollect it when occasion arises to purchase. The most
successful show windows are those where a few goods are well
displayed.
It is bad advertising to display too many lines in one window. The
most effective window usually contains but one line of goods. Dress
goods never show to advantage when mixed with other articles, and
silks and calicos, in the same window, each detract from the other.
Special windows always win more attention, and are more easily
trimmed and more quickly changed when they have served their
purpose.
DETAIL AND WORKMANSHIP.
I will here say a few words upon the subject of detail work in
window trimming. I have always found that anything which was
worth doing at all was worth doing well. It may take a little more
time and cost a little more money, but you will obtain the desired
results in the end, and your window will be the means of increased
sales of the goods displayed.
I have had a great deal of experience with window trimmers, and
have found that the great majority of them do not pay that strict
attention to detail which is so necessary in a perfectly dressed
window. They will say, “Oh, that is good enough,” “No one will notice
that,” etc., when they detect some omission in the detail of the work.
But they are wrong, for a great many of those whose attention is
attracted to the display will as quickly note the defect as the skilled
window trimmer himself.
One of the greatest troubles the window trimmer has to contend
with is the lack of time necessary to do complete and perfect work.
The house wants the window changed, and wants it immediately,
ignoring the fact that it requires time, both to take out the old and
put in the new display, and on that account it is absolutely necessary
that a great deal of the work should be done in the workshop before
going into the window at all. You may find a picture or model that
would make a good subject for a novelty window of certain kinds of
goods, and it could be worked out in fine style if only sufficient time
were given for detail work, that is, making all of the different parts of
the subject in their proper place, and leaving out of the work not the
slightest detail necessary to make the finished work identically like
the picture or model. This would, necessarily, require considerable
time and labor, but when the trimmer gets advanced in the work he
will become so interested that he will not be satisfied until he has it
complete in detail.
The special efforts of the most successful window trimmers are
directed toward the carrying out of the small details, without which
there can be no perfect specimen of the window trimmer’s art, and
for lack of which so many windows present a crude and unfinished
appearance.
WHAT TO DISPLAY.
The mission of the show window is not to display unsaleable
goods, but to sell goods. If you can’t make a pretty picture and sell
goods at the same time let the picture go, but make a display that will
sell the goods. But don’t forget that if you can make the window
attractive enough to arrest the gaze of the passerby your goods are
half sold. This may appear to you ambiguous at first, but a little
thought will teach you never to lose sight of the fact that goods must
be sold, and that an attractive window will help sell them. But a
“picture window,” in which the value or utility of the goods is
sacrificed to make the picture, is not art, but foolishness.
In the selection of goods for your window two classes are best.
First, new goods, of which there is ample stock; for, being new and
seasonable, they are in demand and can be sold with profit and the
money reinvested. Second, old goods which must be disposed of,
probably at a sacrifice, in order that the money tied up in them may
be used to better advantage. These last are “bargain” windows and
each article must bear its price ticket. Cut the price sufficiently to
interest people. Bear in mind that these goods might lie on your
shelves years without moving if there was no show window to
dispose of them. Properly displayed and properly priced, the show
window will sell them like hot cakes, even though they are old
enough to have gray whiskers. People dearly love bargains.
Don’t make the mistake of selecting a variety of goods for your
display. Confine it to one line as much as possible, and when that is
impossible confine it to kindred lines. You don’t need so very many
goods if you know how to display them. Some of the best windows I
ever saw contained very few goods; but, bear in mind, every piece
stood out as distinctly as a wart on a man’s nose. At the same time a
well-filled, or “stocky” window, as it is called, frequently is quite as
effective as any, and a reputation for carrying a full stock is a
desirable thing for any merchant. Unto them that have goods shall be
given trade. You can’t sell what you haven’t got.

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