Full download textbook at textbookfull.

com

Foundations for microstrip circuit design Fourth

Edition Edwards

https://textbookfull.com/product/foundations-for-microstrip-
circuit-design-fourth-edition-edwards/

OR CLICK BUTTON

DOWLOAD EBOOK

Download more textbookfull from https://textbookfull.com

More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Practical Microstrip and Printed Antenna Design Anil

Pandey

https://textbookfull.com/product/practical-microstrip-and-
printed-antenna-design-anil-pandey/

Wideband Circuit Design First Edition Carlin

https://textbookfull.com/product/wideband-circuit-design-first-
edition-carlin/

Electronic Design Automation for IC Implementation

Circuit Design and Process Technology 2nd Edition
Luciano Lavagno

https://textbookfull.com/product/electronic-design-automation-
for-ic-implementation-circuit-design-and-process-technology-2nd-
edition-luciano-lavagno/

Microelectronic Circuit Design 5th edition 2015

Richard C. Jaeger

https://textbookfull.com/product/microelectronic-circuit-
design-5th-edition-2015-richard-c-jaeger/
Inverter-Based Circuit Design Techniques for Low Supply
Voltages 1st Edition Rakesh Kumar Palani

https://textbookfull.com/product/inverter-based-circuit-design-
techniques-for-low-supply-voltages-1st-edition-rakesh-kumar-
palani/

Power Electronics Circuit Analysis and Design Issa

Batarseh

https://textbookfull.com/product/power-electronics-circuit-
analysis-and-design-issa-batarseh/

Design of Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines

Subhamoy Bhattacharya

https://textbookfull.com/product/design-of-foundations-for-
offshore-wind-turbines-subhamoy-bhattacharya/

Microwave Integrated Circuit Components Design through

MATLAB® 1st Edition S Raghavan

https://textbookfull.com/product/microwave-integrated-circuit-
components-design-through-matlab-1st-edition-s-raghavan/

Circuit Design with VHDL (The MIT Press) 3rd Edition

Volnei A. Pedroni

https://textbookfull.com/product/circuit-design-with-vhdl-the-
mit-press-3rd-edition-volnei-a-pedroni/
FOUNDATIONS FOR
MICROSTRIP CIRCUIT
DESIGN
FOUNDATIONS FOR
MICROSTRIP CIRCUIT
DESIGN
FOURTH EDITION

Terry C. Edwards
Consultant

Michael B. Steer
North Carolina State University
This edition first published 2016
© 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Registered office
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for
permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be
available in electronic books.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and
product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing
this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of
this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is
sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the
publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert
assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for

ISBN: 9781118936191
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover Image: © Michael Steer, Steven Lipa and Alan Victor
Typeset in 10/12pt TimesLTStd by SPi Global, Chennai, India

1 2016
List of Trademarks
Ansys® is a registered trademark of SAS IP, Inc.
AT&T® is a registered trademark of AT&T Intellectual Property II, L.P.
Cuflon® , Polyflon® and Norclad® are registered trademarks of Crane Co.
DuPont® and Teflon® are registered trademarks of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
RT/Duroid® is a registered trademark of World Properties, Inc.
SONNET® is a trademark of Sonnet Software Inc.
Ultem® is a trademark of SABIC Global Technologies B.V.
LTE® is a registered trademark of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
WiMAX® is a registered trademark of the WiMAX Forum

All other trademarks are the properties of their respective owners.

Terry dedicates this book to his wife Patricia

Michael dedicates this book to his son Killian

Contents

Preface xxiii

Acknowledgements xxv

1 Introduction to Design Using Microstrip and Planar Lines 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Origins of Microstrip 2
1.3 RF and Microwave Modules 4
1.3.1 Reference LO Section 4
1.3.2 Frequency Conversion Section 7
1.3.3 Intermediate Frequency Section 11
1.3.4 Frequency Planning 12
1.3.5 Summary 13
1.4 Interconnections on RF and Microwave Integrated Circuits 13
1.5 High-speed Digital Interconnections 15
1.6 Summary 18
References 18

2 Fundamentals of Signal Transmission on Interconnects 19

2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Transmission Lines and Interconnects 19
2.3 Interconnects as Part of a Packaging Hierarchy 20
2.4 The Physical Basis of Interconnects 21
2.4.1 What an Interconnect is and How Information is Transmitted 22
2.5 The Physics, a Guided Wave 23
2.5.1 Transmission of a Pulse 23
2.5.2 Transverse Electromagnetic Lines 26
2.5.3 Multimoding 27
2.5.4 The Effect of Dielectric 28
2.5.5 Dielectric Loss Tangent, tan 𝛿 28
2.5.6 Magnetic Material Effect 29
2.5.7 Frequency-dependent Charge Distribution 30
2.5.8 Dispersion 31
x Contents

2.6 When an Interconnect Should be Treated as a Transmission Line 32

2.7 The Concept of RF Transmission Lines 34
2.8 Primary Transmission Line Constants 34
2.9 Secondary Constants for Transmission Lines 35
2.10 Transmission Line Impedances 37
2.11 Reflection 38
2.11.1 Reflection and Voltage Standing-wave Ratio 38
2.11.2 Forward- and Backward-traveling Pulses 39
2.11.3 Effect on Signal Integrity 40
2.12 Multiple Conductors 41
2.13 Return Currents 44
2.13.1 Common Impedance Coupling 46
2.14 Modeling of Interconnects 47
2.15 Summary 49
References 50

3 Microwave Network Analysis 51

3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Two-port Networks 51
3.2.1 Reciprocity, Symmetry, Passivity, and Linearity 52
3.2.2 Two-ports and Voltage and Current 52
3.2.3 ABCD Matrix Description of Two-port Networks 53
3.3 Scattering Parameter Theory 55
3.3.1 Introduction 55
3.3.2 Network Parameters 56
3.3.3 Normalized Scattering Parameters 57
3.3.4 Scattering Parameters for a Two-port Network 58
3.3.5 Definitions of Two-port S Parameters 60
3.3.6 Evaluation of Scattering Parameters 61
3.3.7 Multiport S Parameters 62
3.3.8 Three-port S Parameters 63
3.3.9 Cascaded Two-port Networks 65
3.3.10 Conversion between S Parameters and ABCD Parameters 67
3.3.11 Return Loss 68
3.3.12 Insertion Loss 69
3.4 Signal-flow Graph Techniques and S Parameters 70
3.4.1 Signal-flow Graphs 71
3.4.2 Simplification and Reduction of SFGs 72
3.5 Summary 74
References 74

4 Transmission Line Theory 76

4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Transmission Line Theory 76
4.2.1 Half-, Quarter- and Eighth-wavelength Lines 77
4.2.2 Simple (Narrowband) Matching 78
Contents xi

4.2.3 Equivalent Two-port Networks 79

4.3 Chain (ABCD) Parameters for a Uniform Length of Loss-free Transmission Line 81
4.4 Change in Reference Plane 82
4.5 Working With a Complex Characteristic Impedance 83
4.5.1 Traveling Waves 84
4.5.2 Pseudo Waves 85
4.5.3 Power Waves 86
4.5.4 Summary 87
4.6 Summary 87
References 88

5 Planar Interconnect Technologies 89

5.1 Introductory Remarks 89
5.2 Microwave Frequencies and Applications 89
5.3 Transmission Line Structures 91
5.3.1 Imageline 92
5.3.2 Microstrip 93
5.3.3 Finline (E-plane Circuits) 94
5.3.4 Inverted Microstrip 94
5.3.5 Slotline 95
5.3.6 Trapped Inverted Microstrip 95
5.3.7 Coplanar Waveguide 95
5.3.8 CPS and Differential Line 96
5.3.9 Stripline 96
5.3.10 Summary of Interconnect Properties 97
5.4 Substrates for Planar Transmission Lines 98
5.4.1 Substrate Choices 98
5.4.2 FR4 (PCB) 100
5.4.3 Ceramic Substrates 100
5.4.4 Sapphire – the ‘Benchmark’ Substrate Material 101
5.5 Thin-film Modules 102
5.5.1 Plate-through Technique 102
5.5.2 Etch-back Technique 103
5.5.3 Equipment Required 103
5.5.4 Thin Resistive Films 103
5.6 Thick-film Modules 104
5.6.1 Pastes, Printing, and Processing for Thick-film Modules 104
5.7 Monolithic Technology 105
5.7.1 Introduction 105
5.7.2 Multilayer Interconnect 106
5.7.3 Metallization 107
5.7.4 Low-k Dielectrics 108
5.7.5 Hybrid and Monolithic Approaches Compared 108
5.8 Printed Circuit Boards 108
5.8.1 Organic PCBs 109
5.8.2 Ceramic PCBs 110
xii Contents

5.9 Multichip Modules 111

5.9.1 MCM-L Substrates 112
5.9.2 MCM-C Substrates 112
5.9.3 MCM-D Substrates 112
5.9.4 Characterization of Interconnects on a Multichip Module: A Case Study 113
5.9.5 MCM Summary 116
5.10 Summary 116
References 117

6 Microstrip Design at Low Frequencies 120

6.1 The Microstrip Design Problem 120
6.1.1 A Transistor Amplifier Input Network 120
6.1.2 The Geometry of Microstrip 121
6.2 The Quasi-TEM Mode of Propagation 122
6.3 Static-TEM Parameters 124
6.3.1 The Characteristic Impedance Z0 124
6.3.2 The Effective Microstrip Permittivity 𝜀ef f 125
6.3.3 Synthesis: The Width-to-height Ratio 𝑤/h 126
6.3.4 Wavelength 𝜆, and Physical Length 𝓁 127
6.4 Effective Permittivity and Characteristic Impedance of Microstrip 127
6.4.1 Formulas for Effective Permittivity and Characteristic Impedance 128
6.4.2 A Convenient Approximation of Effective Permittivity 130
6.5 Filling Factor 132
6.6 Approximate Graphically Based Synthesis 134
6.7 Formulas for Accurate Static-TEM Design Calculations 137
6.7.1 Synthesis Formulas (Z0 and 𝜀r Given) 137
6.7.2 Analysis Formulas (w/h and 𝜀r Given) 138
6.7.3 Overall Accuracies to be Expected From the Previous Expressions 139
6.8 Electromagnetic Analysis-based Techniques 139
6.9 A Worked Example of Static-TEM Synthesis 140
6.9.1 Graphical Determination 140
6.9.2 Accurately Calculated Results 141
6.9.3 Final Dimensions of the Microstrip Element 141
6.10 Microstrip on a Dielectrically Anisotropic Substrate 141
6.11 Microstrip and Magnetic Materials 146
6.12 Effects of Finite Strip Thickness, Metallic Enclosure, and Manufacturing
Tolerances 147
6.12.1 Effects of Finite Strip Thickness 147
6.12.2 Alternative Treatment of the Effect of Strip Thickness 148
6.12.3 Effects of a Metallic Enclosure 149
6.12.4 Effects Due to Manufacturing Tolerances 150
6.13 Pulse Propagation along Microstrip Lines 151
6.14 Recommendations Relating to the Static-TEM Approaches 152
6.14.1 The Principal Static-TEM Synthesis Formulas 152
6.14.2 Microstrip on a Sapphire (Anisotropic) Substrate 153
6.14.3 Design Strategies Accommodating Manufacturing Tolerances 154
Contents xiii

6.15 Summary 154

References 155

7 Microstrip at High Frequencies 157

7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 Frequency-dependent Effects 157
7.2.1 Frequency-dependent Charge Distribution 158
7.2.2 Dielectric Dispersion and Current Bunching 158
7.2.3 Skin Effect 163
7.2.4 Surface and Edge Effects 167
7.3 Approximate Calculations Accounting for Dispersion 169
7.4 Accurate Design Formulas 173
7.4.1 Edwards and Owens’ Expressions 173
7.4.2 Expressions Suitable for Millimeter-wave Design 175
7.4.3 Dispersion Curves Derived from Simulations 179
7.4.4 Designs Requiring Dispersion Calculations, Worked Example 180
7.5 Effects due to Ferrite and to Dielectrically Anisotropic Substrates 182
7.5.1 Effects of Ferrite Substrates 182
7.5.2 Effects of a Dielectrically Anisotropic Substrate 182
7.6 Field Solutions 183
7.6.1 One Example of a ‘Classic‘ Frequency-dependent Computer-based
Field Solution 183
7.6.2 Asymmetry Effects 184
7.6.3 Time-domain Approaches 184
7.7 Frequency Dependence of Microstrip Characteristic Impedance 186
7.7.1 Different Definitions and Trends with Increasing Frequency 186
7.7.2 Use of the Planar Waveguide Model (Figure 7.24) 187
7.7.3 A First-order Expression for Z0 (f) 188
7.7.4 A Second-order Expression for Z0 (f) 188
7.7.5 A Further Alternative Expression 189
7.7.6 A Design Algorithm for Microstrip Width 189
7.8 Multimoding and Limitations on Operating Frequency 190
7.8.1 The Lowest-order Transverse Microstrip Resonance 190
7.8.2 The TM Mode Limitation 191
7.9 Design Recommendations 194
7.10 Summary 196
References 196

8 Loss and Power-dependent Effects in Microstrip 200

8.1 Introduction 200
8.2 Q Factor as a Measure of Loss 200
8.2.1 Definition 200
8.2.2 Loaded Q Factor 202
8.2.3 External Q Factor of an Open-circuited Microstrip Resonator 202
8.3 Power Losses and Parasitic Effects 208
8.3.1 Conductor Loss 209
xiv Contents

8.3.2 Dielectric Loss 210

8.3.3 Radiation 211
8.3.4 Q Factor and Attenuation Coefficient 212
8.3.5 Surface-wave Propagation 213
8.3.6 Parasitic Coupling 214
8.3.7 Radiation and Surface-wave Losses from Various Discontinuities 214
8.3.8 Losses in Microstrip on Semi-insulating GaAs 214
8.4 Superconducting Microstrip Lines 216
8.5 Power-handling Capabilities 219
8.5.1 Maximum Average Power Pma Under CW Conditions 219
8.5.2 Peak (Pulse) Power-handling Capability 220
8.6 Passive Intermodulation Distortion 221
8.6.1 Origins of PIM 221
8.6.2 PIM on Microstrip Transmission Lines 222
8.6.3 Design Guidelines 223
8.7 Summary 224
References 224

9 Discontinuities in Microstrip 227

9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 The Main Discontinuities 228
9.2.1 The Open Circuit 228
9.2.2 The Series Gap 232
9.2.3 Microstrip Short Circuits 234
9.2.4 Further Discontinuities 236
9.3 Bends in Microstrip 236
9.3.1 The Right-angled Bend or “Corner” 236
9.3.2 Mitered or “Matched” Microstrip Bends, Compensation Techniques 238
9.4 Step Changes in Width (Impedance Step) 241
9.4.1 The Symmetrical Microstrip Step 241
9.4.2 The Asymmetrical Step in Microstrip 243
9.5 The Narrow Transverse Slit 243
9.6 Microstrip Junctions 245
9.6.1 The Microstrip T Junction 245
9.6.2 Compensated T Junctions 248
9.6.3 Cross Junctions 248
9.6.4 Open Circuits and Series Gaps 251
9.6.5 Other Discontinuities 256
9.6.6 Cross and T Junctions 257
9.6.7 Radial Bends 259
9.6.8 Frequency Dependence of via Parameters 260
9.7 Recommendations for the Calculation of Discontinuities 261
9.7.1 Foreshortened Open Circuits 261
9.7.2 Series Gaps 263
9.7.3 Short Circuits 263
9.7.4 Right-angled and Mitered Bends 264
Contents xv

9.7.5 Transverse Slit 264

9.7.6 The T Junction 264
9.7.7 The Asymmetric Cross Junction 265
9.8 Summary 266
References 266

10 Parallel-coupled Microstrip Lines 268

10.1 Introduction 268
10.2 Coupled Transmission Line Theory 269
10.2.1 Parallel-coupled Transmission Lines 269
10.2.2 Even and Odd Modes 269
10.2.3 Transmission Line Equations 271
10.2.4 Capacitance Matrix Extraction 277
10.3 Formulas for Characteristic Impedance of Coupled Lines 278
10.3.1 Derivation of Bryant and Weiss 279
10.3.2 Derivation of Hammerstad and Jansen 280
10.3.3 Characteristic Impedances in Terms of the Coupling Factor 284
10.3.4 Connecting Microstrip Lines 287
10.4 Semi-empirical Analysis Formulas as a Design Aid 290
10.4.1 Dispersion 294
10.4.2 More Accurate Design Expressions, Including Dispersion 295
10.5 An Approximate Synthesis Technique 301
10.6 Summary 304
References 304

11 Applications of Parallel-coupled Microstrip Lines 306

11.1 Introduction 306
11.2 Directional Couplers 306
11.2.1 Overall Parameters for Couplers 308
11.3 Design Example: Design of a 10 dB Microstrip Coupler 308
11.3.1 Use of Bryant and Weiss’ Curves 309
11.3.2 Synthesis Using Akhtarzad’s Technique 309
11.3.3 Comparison of Methods 310
11.4 Frequency- and Length-Dependent Characteristics of Directional Couplers 310
11.4.1 Optimum Coupled-region Length 310
11.4.2 Overall Effects and Getsinger’s Model 313
11.4.3 Complete Coupling Section Response 314
11.4.4 Coupler Directivity 314
11.5 Special Coupler Designs with Improved Performance 315
11.5.1 The Lange Coupler 315
11.5.2 The Unfolded Lange Coupler 319
11.5.3 Shielded Parallel-coupled Microstrips 320
11.5.4 The Use of a Dielectric Overlay 321
11.5.5 The Incorporation of Lumped Capacitors 321
11.5.6 The Effect of a Dielectrically Anisotropic Substrate 324
11.5.7 Microstrip Multiplexers 324
xvi Contents

11.5.8 Multisection Couplers 325

11.5.9 Re-entrant Mode Couplers 326
11.5.10 Patch Couplers 327
11.5.11 Planar Combline Directional Couplers 328
11.6 Thickness Effects, Power Losses, and Fabrication Tolerances 329
11.6.1 Thickness Effects 329
11.6.2 Power Losses 329
11.6.3 Effects of Fabrication Tolerances 330
11.7 Choice of Structure and Design Recommendations 331
11.7.1 Design Procedure for Coupled Microstrips, where the Mid-band
Coupling Factor C < − 6 dB 331
11.7.2 Relatively Large Coupling Factors (typically C is between
−6 and −3 dB) 332
11.7.3 Length of the Coupled Region 333
11.7.4 Frequency Response 334
11.7.5 Coupled Structures with Improved Performance 334
11.7.6 Effects of Conductor Thickness, Power Losses, and Production
Tolerances 335
11.7.7 Crosstalk Between Microstrip Lines used in Digital Systems 335
11.7.8 Post-manufacture Circuit Adjustment 335
11.8 Summary 336
References 337

12 Microstrip Passive Elements 339

12.1 Introduction 339
12.2 Lumped Elements 339
12.2.1 Capacitors 339
12.2.2 Inductors 340
12.2.3 Transformers 342
12.2.4 Resistors 342
12.3 Terminations and Attenuators 343
12.3.1 Matched Terminations and Attenuators 343
12.3.2 Passive Intermodulation Distortion 345
12.4 Microstrip Stubs 345
12.4.1 Open Microstrip Stub 345
12.4.2 Short-circuited Microstrip Stub 346
12.4.3 Microstrip Radial Stubs 347
12.5 Hybrids and Couplers 348
12.5.1 Quadrature Hybrid 349
12.5.2 180∘ Hybrid 349
12.5.3 Branch-line Coupler 349
12.5.4 Rat-race Coupler 353
12.6 Power Combiners and Dividers 355
12.6.1 Wilkinson Combiner 355
12.6.2 Chireix Combiner 356
12.6.3 Branch-type Couplers and Power Dividers 356
Contents xvii

12.7 Baluns 357

12.7.1 Marchand Balun 357
12.8 Integrated Components 359
12.8.1 On-chip Resistors 360
12.8.2 On-chip Capacitors 360
12.8.3 Planar Inductors 362
12.9 Summary 365
References 365

13 Stripline Design 369

13.1 Introduction 369
13.2 Symmetrical Stripline 370
13.2.1 Characteristic Impedance 370
13.2.2 Zero Thickness 372
13.2.3 Attenuation 372
13.3 Asymmetrical Stripline 373
13.4 Suspended Stripline 375
13.5 Coupled Stripline 375
13.5.1 Edge-coupled Stripline 375
13.5.2 Broadside-coupled Stripline 378
13.6 Double-sided Stripline 379
13.7 Discontinuities 380
13.7.1 Stripline Open Circuit 380
13.7.2 Bends 381
13.7.3 Vias 381
13.7.4 Junctions 381
13.8 Design Recommendations 381
13.9 Summary 382
References 382

14 CPW Design Fundamentals 384

14.1 Introduction to Properties of Coplanar Waveguide 384
14.2 Modeling CPWs 389
14.2.1 Effective Permittivity 390
14.2.2 Characteristic Impedance 390
14.3 Formulas for Accurate Calculations 391
14.3.1 Analysis and Synthesis Approaches 391
14.4 Loss Mechanisms 393
14.4.1 Dielectric Loss 393
14.4.2 Conductor Loss 394
14.4.3 Radiation Loss 396
14.4.4 CPW with Intervening SiO2 Layer 396
14.5 Dispersion 397
14.5.1 Fundamental and Theoretical Considerations 397
14.5.2 Results from Test Runs using Electromagnetic Simulation 399
14.5.3 Experimental Results 406
xviii Contents

14.5.4 Leakage Suppression and 50 GHz Interconnect 407

14.6 Discontinuities 408
14.6.1 Step Changes in Width and Separation 409
14.6.2 Open Circuit 412
14.6.3 Symmetric Series Gap 413
14.6.4 Coplanar Short Circuit 414
14.6.5 Right-angle Bends 415
14.6.6 T Junctions 418
14.6.7 Air Bridges 418
14.6.8 Cross-Over Junctions 421
14.7 Circuit Elements 421
14.7.1 Interdigital Capacitors and Stubs 421
14.7.2 Filters 423
14.7.3 Couplers and Baluns 426
14.7.4 Power Dividers 427
14.7.5 CPW and Surface Mount Components 428
14.8 Variants on the Basic CPW Structure 430
14.8.1 CPW with Top and Bottom Metal Shields 430
14.8.2 Multilayer CPW 431
14.8.3 Trenched CPW on a Silicon MMIC 432
14.8.4 Differential Line and Coplanar Strip 433
14.9 Summary 439
References 439

15 Slotline 443
15.1 Introduction 443
15.2 Basic Concept and Structure 444
15.3 Operating Principles and Modes 444
15.4 Propagation and Dispersion Characteristics 447
15.5 Evaluation of Guide Wavelength and Characteristic Impedance 451
15.6 Losses 453
15.7 End-effects: Open Circuits and Short Circuits 455
15.7.1 Jansen’s Results 455
15.7.2 Chramiec’s Measurements 459
15.7.3 Some Other Results 463
15.8 Summary 463
References 463

16 Slotline Applications 465

16.1 Introduction 465
16.2 Comparators and Couplers 465
16.2.1 Comparators 465
16.2.2 Fundamentals of Parallel-coupled Slotlines 469
16.2.3 A Three-layer Wideband Coupler 470
16.3 Filter Applications 472
16.4 Magic T 474
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 doctrine of the second coming of our dear Redeemer, and of
his everlasting kingdom or reign in paradise restored.
“‘I fear that I shall not be able to attend at Boston.’

“His health was, however, so much improved, that, with Elder

Buckley, his companion in travel of the previous year, he left home
on the 20th of May, and arrived in Boston on the 22d, three days
before the Conference commenced.
“The day following was Sunday, and he preached two discourses,
in the afternoon and evening, at the saloon, at No. 9 Milk street,
where the Adventists then worshiped. On Monday evening he
preached, in the same place, on the resurrection of the body. He
took part in the discussions of the Conference during the week,
preached once on the following Sabbath, and on Monday left for
home, where he arrived on Tuesday, June 1. This was his last visit to
Massachusetts.
 CHAPTER XX.
LOSS OF SIGHT—HEALTH DECLINES—EXPRESSION OF
SYMPATHY—HIS REPLY—HIS LAST SICKNESS AND
DEATH—FUNERAL—LETTER OF CONDOLENCE TO
SURVIVING FRIENDS.

“On the 15th of September, 1847, he was present at a tent-

meeting at Basin Harbor, in Ferrisburg, Vt., which continued four
days. In a letter written on the 27th of the same month, he makes
the following reference to it:—

“‘Dear Brother Himes: I cannot refrain from writing a few

words to you, to let you know how my soul and body prosper
since our tent-meeting at Basin Harbor.
“‘That was to me a profitable time. It seemed like former
times, when the truth cut to the heart all who heard. The
preaching was plain, powerful, and convincing. The prayer-
meetings were humble, devotional, and penitent, and very
properly conducted. No uproar, confusion, or fanaticism,
which disturb the mind, and leave a bad savor upon the
hearts of the fastidious. The Conferences were perfect love-
feasts, and the songs such as the poet describes:—

“‘My willing soul would stay

In such a frame as this;
And sit and sing herself away
To everlasting bliss.’

I never expect to enjoy another such a feast of tabernacles in

the flesh. God was with us. Praise his holy name.’ ...
 “Toward the last of January, 1848, Mr. Miller was attacked with a
dimness of sight, which deprived him of his usual privilege of
reading and writing, which, through life, had been to him a source of
great enjoyment. His health, otherwise, continued as good as could
be expected, in his gradually declining age.
“With the loss of his sight, he had to depend on others to read to
him, and to write the letters which he dictated. He desired the
continuance of letters from his correspondents, but requested them
to excuse him from replying.
“The hope of soon meeting them where the lame man shall leap
as an hart, the tongue of the dumb sing, the blind receive their
sight, and the deaf hear, and the belief in the nearness of that day,
was a great consolation to him under his accumulating infirmities.
His loss of sight was communicated by his son, Wm. S. Miller, Esq.,
in a letter dated February 10, about two weeks after his attack.
“On the 7th of March, a letter, from a daughter-in-law of Mr. Miller,
stated that his general health was then better, but that he had been
unable to read a word for seven weeks anterior to the preceding
Sabbath. On that day, his son Robbins took the glass from the spy-
glass, and held it to his eye, so that he read a few words. She
added:—

“‘His eyes are not sore: the physician whom he has

consulted says the retina is affected. Father bears his
affliction well. I have never heard him murmur, nor say that it
was hard. I think that he feels somewhat “cast down, but not
forsaken.”’

“Appended to the above letter, Mr. Miller wrote, without being able
to see a word:—

“‘God bless you, bless you all, and save you, is my prayer.
Wm. Miller.’
 “After this, his general health was some improved, so that he was
able to be about and to busy himself with light work. He was able to
distinguish one object from another, and could often recognize his
friends and acquaintances; but, with the best glasses he could get,
he could not so distinguish letters as to read words. He sometimes
attempted to write without seeing the letters that he traced.
“On the 14th of September, 1848, he wrote to Mr. Himes:—

“‘Permit me to write a few words, although you may not be

able to read them. Yet it may fill up a lonesome hour or two
of many a wearisome day to think I have indited some of my
thoughts to my old brother traveler. It would, indeed, be a
sad and melancholy time with me were it not for the “blessed
hope,” of soon seeing Jesus. In this I flatter myself that I
cannot be mistaken. And although my natural vision is dark,
yet my mind’s vision is lit up with a bright and glorious
prospect of the future....
“‘Wm. Miller.’

“About the last of April, 1849, his health began to decline more
rapidly. This being communicated by Mr. Miller’s son to Mr. Himes,
and received by him at New York during the session of the annual
Conference there on the 10th of May, 1849, he stated to the
Conference the intelligence, and moved that they convey to Mr. M.
an expression of sympathy. The following resolution was
immediately drawn up by the president, and unanimously adopted
by a rising vote:—

“‘Advent Conference, New York, May 10, 1849.

“‘Whereas, Our beloved Brother William Miller has been
called to endure a great fight of afflictions; and as God has
been pleased, after employing him in advancing the cause of
truth, to lay his hand on him, and suspend his labors;
therefore,
 “‘Resolved, That we deeply sympathize with our brother in
his sorrows, and assure him that our love to him is steadfast,
and that he has our earnest prayers that “these light
afflictions, which are but for a moment, may work out for him
a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory;” and that
we hope, ere long, we may meet with him and all the saints
in the new heavens and earth, where there will be no more
sighing, sorrow, or death.
“‘(Signed,) Nathan N. Whiting, Pres.
“‘Sylvester Bliss, O. R. Fassett, Sec’s.’

“Mr. Miller received the above on the 12th of May, by the hand of
his biographer. On entering his room, he was reclining on a lounge.
At the mention of his name, he immediately arose, and recognized
the messenger. He was much affected with the expression of
sympathy sent by the Conference, and returned the following reply,
which was received by the Conference at Boston, to which place it
had adjourned, where it was entered on its minutes, May 29, 1849.

“‘Low Hampton, May 12, 1849.

“‘To my beloved brethren in Christ, assembled in
Conference, and to the saints scattered abroad. Grace be
unto you, and peace, from God our Father and the Lord Jesus
Christ:—
“‘I give thanks to God for your kind remembrance of me, as
expressed in the resolution of the 10th of May inst., in your
late meeting at New York city, and forwarded to me by the
hand of Bro. Bliss. I have not ceased to make mention of you
alway in my prayers, that you might walk together worthy of
your high calling in Christ Jesus, that you may be filled with
the knowledge of his will, in all wisdom and spiritual
understanding, being fruitful in every good work, and
increasing in the knowledge of God. I feel myself greatly
revived by your expression of sympathy, and trust that you
will never have occasion to feel that it has been misplaced.
“‘My multiplied and increasing infirmities admonish me that
the time of my departure is drawing nigh. My earthly labors
have ceased, and I now await the Master’s call, to be ready at
his appearing, or, if it so please him, for the little while his
coming may be delayed, to depart and be with Christ, which
is far better than to abide in the flesh. I feel that I have but
little choice, whether I shall be continued in life till that event,
or my spirit be gathered to the spirits of just men made
perfect. However God may be pleased to deal with me, I am
sustained by the blessed assurance that, whether I wake or
sleep, I shall be present with the Lord.
“‘I daily have you all in grateful remembrance; and rejoice
that so many of you continue steadfast in the faith once
delivered to the saints, looking for that blessed hope and the
glorious appearing of the great God, even our Saviour Jesus
Christ. I pray God that your faith may fail not, and that you
may continue working together in harmony, building up one
another in the most holy faith, and, by your blameless lives
and godly conversation, commending this gospel of Christ to
the hearts and consciences of dying men.
“‘I have but little hope, in my present weakness and
infirmities, of seeing the faces of many of you in the flesh.
Permit me, therefore, to exhort you not to be ashamed of the
doctrine of the kingdom of Christ, nor of acknowledging on all
proper occasions your confidence in the nearness of his
coming.
“‘My belief is unshaken in the correctness of the
conclusions I have arrived at and maintained during the last
twenty years. I see no reason to question the evidence on
which rest the fundamental principles of our faith. I cannot
avoid the belief that this earth is to be restored to its Eden
state, and become the eternal residence of the saints; that
Christ is to come personally, to reign on the earth; that he will
redeem us from death, and ransom us from the power of the
grave; that he will change our vile bodies into the likeness of
his glorified body, and destroy those who destroy the earth;
and that at his coming will be the restoration of all things,
spoken of by the mouth of all the holy prophets since the
world began, the establishment of the new heavens and new
earth, the resurrection of the righteous, and the change of
the living wicked from the earth,—whose resurrection will not
transpire till after one thousand years.
“‘The evidences of Christ’s coming are continually
thickening; it hasteth greatly; and should this earthly house
of my tabernacle be dissolved, my hope is still strong that I
shall shortly meet him in the air. The political clouds in the
Eastern horizon indicate to me the near approach of the
battle of the Lord God Almighty, the destruction of the
kingdoms of the earth, and the establishment of the kingdom
of God. We may not know the precise time, but I entreat of
you all to be prepared for the approaching crisis.
“‘Grudge not one against another, brethren. Be patient, for
the coming of the Lord draweth nigh. Be not many masters,
but let each one do the work which God has fitted him for.
Avoid vain janglings and questions which gender strife. Keep
constantly in view the great question of the coming of the
Lord,—the hope which purifieth the heart, and tends to the
unity of the whole body of believers. If you do this, you will
do well, and will each seek the other’s good in preference to
his own, and thus become living epistles, known and read of
all men.
“‘In unity of effort will be your only strength. Therefore I
recommend your meeting often in conference, as you have
done, to consult with and encourage each other, in these
times of trial and temptation. Be not turned away from your
great work by friends or foes; but let each one occupy the
 talent intrusted to him—each working in his appropriate field
of labor. Be charitable to all, and not indulge in harsh and
bitter denunciations against those who are not enabled to see
with you. Cultivate that spirit of good will toward all men,
which shall fit you to be instrumental, in the hands of God, of
saving some; and be less interested to advance the prosperity
of party or sect than to extend the cause of truth. Above all,
keep close to the word of God. And, finally, brethren, farewell.
Be perfect, be of good cheer, be of one mind, live in peace;
and the God of love and peace shall be with you.
“‘Wm. Miller.’

“He was at this time somewhat disposed to melancholy, but while

the writer was with him, which was two days, he partook of his food
with the family, and ate with considerable relish—which was, they
stated, what he had not done before for several weeks. He never
doubted his acceptance through the blood of Jesus, but rather
shrank from the expected sufferings attending the dissolution of the
body. Still he was willing to endure all that for the sake of the
prospect beyond. In a letter written at this date, he said:—

“‘If the meeting of one kindred spirit is so cheering to a sick

man here, what must be the joy of our greeting in the other
world! The thought of death is a chilling one; but a meeting
with the kindred spirits who are with Christ waiting for the
consummation of his kingdom reconciles me to the idea of
passing through the dark valley.’

“In November, 1849, Elder L. Kimball, who had had the charge of
the church in Low Hampton, took his leave of that people. He writes:
—

“‘Agreeably to Bro. Miller’s urgent request, we held the

evening meeting (of the first Sunday in Nov.) at his house. He
 said he wanted to hear me preach once more. He also
desired the singers to attend. After assembling, he called me
to his room, and gave me for a text, “And when they had
seen the brethren, they comforted them and departed.” Acts
16:40. He was drawn, in his easy chair, from his room to the
kitchen, where he remained till the close of the services. He
was unable to take any part, but expressed himself gratified,
and wished that he could have said a few words to the
brethren and friends present. It was to me a solemn season.’

“About the first of December, Elder D. I. Robinson visited him. He

writes:—

“‘Such was the state of the roads that I did not arrive there
till sunset. His house stood in sight of the stage-road to
Rutland, so that it was a subject for observation to all the
passengers in the stage. It was pointed out to me by one of
them, who lived in an adjoining village. It was to me a fruitful
subject, as I beheld, for the first time, both beauty and
sublimity in the cultivated vale and snow-capped, venerable
mountains in the vicinity. I thought how appropriate—how like
the hills and vales of Judea, where Amos and other shepherds
and former servants of the Most High lived, were called, and
sent to warn mankind!
“‘As I approached across the farm, I passed the grove
where he had meditated, wept, and prayed, and entered the
house of the aged, wornout, sick and dying servant of God,
who had been so scorned by the world. I felt favored of God.
I was welcomed in the simple, hearty, easy style of a Vermont
Christian farmer’s family. That pleasant, beaming
countenance of his wife, and the hearty shake of the hand,
told me I was at home; and the kettle of hominy, just taken
from the fire, was at once prophetic of my supper. And all the
members of the family, intelligent, modest, and cordial, made
 me feel how really glad they were of the call, and to hear
from those abroad.
“‘I was quickly invited into the “east room,” where “Father
Miller” greeted me, though he could not see so as to know
me; but, when told, recollected distinctly. He was much
changed, and yet so changed as to leave all the good outlines
of former acquaintance behind. His sufferings through the
summer and fall had been very great. He was much swollen
by dropsy. His strength and sight were much diminished. His
venerable white locks were few and thin, and his flesh was
like that of a child. But his voice was full, his memory good,
his intellect strikingly strong and clear, and his patience and
resignation were remarkable. He asked of my welfare, and of
the friends; and said he was never so strong in his mind that
we were right as now. He was sure it could not be long
before the coming of the Lord. He wished him to come soon;
but, if not, to be taken himself to the Lord.’

“He was drawn to the table in his chair, and ate supper with the
family, probably for the last time. Elder R. left the next morning
between four and five o’clock; but Mr. Miller was awake, and arose
to take an affectionate leave of him.
“For several months he had been confined mostly to his room.
During a part of the time he had been confined to his bed, lounge,
or easy chair; and he suffered excruciating pain, which he endured
with Christian patience. During his greatest sufferings, he solaced
himself by quotations of numerous passages of Scripture, and
favorite hymns of Watts and others, expressive of the hope and joy
of the redeemed.
“He had watched all the occurrences in Europe with great interest;
but, giving up the idea of seeing the Saviour before his death, he
had arranged all his business, and waited for the summons when he
might ‘depart and be with Christ.’[89]
 “On the 13th of December he had one of the most severe attacks
of pain which he was called to endure. It was then thought he would
not survive till the next morning, and Elder Himes was immediately
telegraphed for, at the request of Mr. M. Mr. Himes wrote:—

“‘On my arrival, early in the morning of the 17th, he had

obtained some relief, and was quite comfortable. On entering
his room, he immediately recognized my voice, and, on
approaching his bed-side, he was able to distinguish my
features, though his eyes were dim.
“‘Then you do know me, Father Miller, do you?’
“‘Oh! yes; I understand,—I know what is passing.’
“‘He was then silent for a few moments, apparently in a
deep study. Presently he introduced the subject of my
connection with the Advent cause, and spoke of my
responsibility; expressed much anxiety about the cause, and
alluded to his own departure. I assured him that he had
faithfully discharged his duty, was clear from the blood of all
men, and could now leave this matter in the hands of God;
and, so far as I was concerned, I hoped for grace to enable
me to be faithful in the ministry I had received. He seemed to
assent, and fell into a doze,—being weak, and unable to
converse longer than a few moments at a time.
“‘He then spoke on the subject of the “spirit of adoption,”
which we have now, and of the final adoption for which we
look at the second coming of the blessed Saviour. Last
evening he said to Bro. Bosworth:—
“‘Tell them [the brethren] we are right. The coming of the
Lord draweth nigh; but they must be patient, and wait for
him.’
“‘His mind is still clear and strong on the subject of the
conscious intermediate state. He believes that when he shall
be absent from the body he will be present with the Lord. He
expects that his flesh will slumber in the ground till Jesus
comes and bids it rise, when he will be perfected. He never
looked for the crown at death, but at the time when Jesus
should come in his glory. The intermediate state is not that
for which he longs most (though, with the apostle, he thinks
it is “better” than this state of toil and sorrow), but the final,
the glorified state, when the body shall be redeemed, and
made like unto the glorious body of Christ, is the subject of
this hope.
“‘For some weeks past, his mind dwelt much on the
subjects of the Judgment, the “adoption,” and the new
heavens and earth.
“‘Such views of the future glory tended to mitigate the
pains of his body, which, at times, were violent.

“‘Happy the spirit released from its clay.’

was one of the hymns in which he was deeply interested

during the last four weeks of his life. It was sung by his
children, and those who visited him, repeatedly, at his
request. It enraptured his soul during his last hours, when he
seemed to be absent, conversing with God and Heaven. He
often repeated:—

“‘Victory! victory! shouting in death!’

“‘The closing scene finally came. On the 20th of December,

in the morning, it was manifest to all that he must soon
depart. During the morning he made no particular
conversation, but would break forth in expressions like the
following:—
“‘Mighty to save!’ ‘Oh, I long to be there!’ ‘Victory! victory!’
‘Shouting in death!’ &c.
“‘He finally sunk down into an easy sleeping or dozing
state. Occasionally he roused up and opened his eyes, but
was not able to speak, though perfectly rational, and knew us
all. He continued to breathe shorter, and shorter, till five
minutes past three o’clock, p. m., when he calmly and sweetly
gave his last breath. The silver cord was loosed, the golden
bowl was broken at the fountain, and the wheel broken at the
cistern; the dust was left to return to the dust as it was, and
the spirit returned to God who gave it. Peacefully and happily
he died, with his wife, children, and friends, about his bed! I
closed his eyes, while all other eyes were filled with tears. It
was a solemn scene. While the wife and children and friends
were weeping the loss of a beloved relative, I was there to
weep the loss of a father in Israel.
“‘The funeral service was attended on Sunday, December
23. The Advent chapel in Low Hampton being too small to
accommodate the family, friends, and citizens, who were
desirous of attending, Mr. Shaw, pastor of the Congregational
church in Fairhaven, kindly offered the use of his large and
commodious house. It had been Mr. Miller’s request that the
funeral service should be held in the Advent chapel; but this
being found impossible, the family decided to have a short
service at their residence, to bury the body, and then to
proceed to the Congregational house, for the performance of
the more public service.
“‘The relatives of the deceased, and a large number of his
neighbors and others, assembled at the house at 10 a. m. I
read the following portions of Scripture, namely, 1 Thess.
4:13-18; Phil. 3:20, 21; Col. 3:1-3. The choir from the
Fairhaven church then sung the hymn commencing with—

“‘Unveil thy bosom, faithful tomb.’

After a prayer, those present took leave of the corpse, and

the procession—formed under the direction of Dr. Smith, of
Castleton—proceeded to the old family burying-ground, about
half a mile distant. The body being lowered into the tomb, the
following hymn was sung by the choir:—

“‘Happy the spirit released from its clay,’ &c.

“‘With a last, lingering look, we turned from the tomb, and

proceeded with the numerous friends to the meeting-house,
to attend the more public service. About one hundred sleighs
followed in the procession.
“‘On arriving at the house, I found it densely filled with
people, with the exception of seats reserved for the family,
and those who had formed the procession. The service was
commenced by singing the hymn in the “Harp,” beginning
with—

“‘How blest the righteous when he dies.’

Mr. Shaw, pastor of the church, read the 90th psalm, and
addressed the throne of grace; after which the hymn—

“‘Why do we mourn departed friends?’

was sung. I gave a discourse from Acts 26:6-8: “And now I

stand and am judged for the hope of the promise made of
God unto our fathers; unto which promise our twelve tribes,
instantly serving God day and night, hope to come. For which
hope’s sake, King Agrippa, I am accused of the Jews. Why
should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God
should raise the dead?” With a narration of the prominent
events in the history of the deceased, and a brief synopsis of
his views, the speaker presented the hope of the promise of
God to the fathers, to be consummated at the coming of the
Lord. The services lasted three hours, and were concluded
with the hymn—

“‘They sleep in Jesus, and are blessed.’

 The audience were attentive and interested to the close.
J. V. Himes.’

“Mr. Miller left a wife, six sons, and two daughters.

“At the annual Conference, held in New York, in May following, by
a unanimous vote, the following letter of condolence, prepared by a
committee appointed for that purpose, was addressed to the
relatives of the deceased:—

“‘In Conference, New York, May 8, 1850.

“‘To Mrs. Lucy Miller, her children, and other relatives—
“‘Afflicted Friends: Since our last meeting, you have been
called to mourn the death of a beloved husband, a tender
parent, and an affectionate friend. In your bereavement we
truly sympathize. In your loss we also have lost a friend and
brother. But we mourn our loss in view of higher
considerations. We regard him as a man called of God to a
most important work; and as a man greatly blessed in the
successful performance of that work. The unsullied integrity
of his life was crowned by a peaceful and hopeful death. The
deep sense of gratitude we feel to God for the benefits
conferred on us through his instrumentality, we trust will find
a response in many Christian hearts. Through the divine
blessing on his teaching, our attention has been directed to a
more faithful study of the Scriptures, to clearer, more
harmonious and correct views of divine truth. We have thus
been led to rejoice in hope of the glory to be revealed at the
appearing of Christ. We fondly hoped that he might have
been spared till our expectations were realized. He has
passed away. May we remember that our obligations are
increased by the truth which he taught. May we be prepared
for a reunion with him and all the redeemed in that day. Our
sincere and united prayer is, that the grace which sustained
 him under his severe trials, and in the closing scene, may
support you in your bereavement, and in all the afflictions of
the present state, and secure to you the enjoyment of the
glorious future. Tendering to your acceptance this expression
of our sympathy and condolence, we remain your affectionate
brethren in the faith once delivered to the saints.
“‘(Signed,) N. N. Whiting, Pres.
“‘O. R. Fassett, S. Bliss, Sec’s.’

“The death of Mr. Miller was very generally noticed by the religious
and secular press, many of whom spoke in just terms of his honesty
and ability. Other papers connected with his memory extravagances
with which he had no sympathy and never participated in.”
 FOOTNOTES
[1] For a full exposition of the subject of the sanctuary and the
nature of its cleansing, see Thoughts on Daniel, by U. Smith, and
The Sanctuary and Twenty-three Hundred Days, by J. N.
Andrews.
[2] See John 14:3; Acts. 1:11; 1 Thess. 4:16; Rev. 1:7; Matt.
16:27; 24:30; Mark. 8:38; 13:26; Dan. 7:13.
[3] Dan. 7:14, 18, 22, 27; Matt. 25:34; Luke 12:32; 19:12, 15;
22:29; 1 Cor. 9:25; 2 Tim. 4:1, 8; James 1:12; 1 Pet. 5:4.
[4] 2 Pet. 3:7-10; Isa. 65:17-19; Rev. 21:22.
[5] 1 Cor. 15:20, 23, 49, 51-53; Phil. 3:20, 21; 1 Thess. 4:14-
17; 1 John 3:2.
[6] Isa. 34:8; 40:2, 5; 41:10-12; Rom. 8:21-23; 1 Cor. 1:7, 8;
4:14; 15:54, 56; Eph. 5:27; Col. 1:22; 1 Thess. 3:13; Heb. 2:13-
15; Jude 24; Rev. 20:1-6.
[7] It will be seen that Wm. Miller held the doctrine of
consciousness in death, which most of the Adventists have
renounced.
j. w.

[8] Ps. 50:3; 97:3; Isa. 60:15, 16; 24:21, 22; Dan. 7:10; Mal.
4:1; Matt. 3:12; John 25:29; Acts 24:15; 1 Cor. 3:13; 1 Thess.
5:2, 3; 2 Thess. 1:7-9; 1 Peter 1:7; 2 Peter 3:7, 10; Jude 6, 7, 14,
15; Rev. 20:3, 13-15.
[9] Ps. 37:9-11, 22, 28, 29, 34; Prov. 2:21, 22; 10:30; Isa.
40:21; Matt. 5:5; 6:10.
[10] Rev. 20:2-7.
[11] Matt. 13:37-43; 24:14; Dan. 7:21, 22; 2 Thess. 2:8.
[12] 2 Pet. 3; Isa. 65:17; Rev. 21:22.
[13] Rom. 2:14, 15; 4:13; 9:6; 10:12; 11:17; Gal. 3:29; Eph.
2:14, 15.
 [14] The supposition that two of the periods of Daniel extended
to the second advent constituted Mr. Miller’s mistake, hence the
consequent disappointment.
j. w.

[15] At this place they raised, and placed in his hands, quite a
sum of money for his services. He took $1.50 to pay his stage
fare to the next place, and directed them to give the balance to
some benevolent object.
[16] A son of Mr. M., who was at that time postmaster in Low
Hampton.
[17] Mr. M. was in the habit of replying to those who denied
that God has revealed the time by asking them: “What ‘wonders’
are referred to in Daniel 12:6?” “Who gave the answer to the
inquiry there asked?” and “If those ‘wonders’ include the
resurrection,—and the Lord has sworn with an oath that it shall
be for a time, times, and a half,—is not the time revealed?”
adding. “Whether we understand it correctly or not, is another
question.”
[18] See Introduction, vol. 1, p. 333; vol. 4, pp. 189, 191.
[19] See Harmony of Scripture.
[20] Theol. Dic., p. 228.
[21] A Hebrew scholar, of high reputation, makes the following
remarks upon the word: “The verb chathak (in the Niphal form,
passive, nechtak), is found only in Daniel 9:24. Not another
instance of its use can be traced in the entire Hebrew Testament.
As Chaldaic and Rabbinical usage must give us the true sense of
the word: if we are guided by these, it has the single signification
of cutting or cutting off. In the Chaldeo-Rabbinic dictionary of
Stockius, the word ‘chathak’ is thus defined:—
“‘Scidit, abscidit, conscidit, inscidit, excidit.’—To cut, to cut
away, to cut in pieces, to cut or engrave, to cut off.
“Mercerus, in his ‘Thesaurus,’ furnishes a specimen of
Rabbinical usage in the phrase chathikah shelbasar—‘a piece of
flesh,’ or ‘a cut of flesh.’ He translates the word as it occurs in
Daniel 9:24, by ‘præcisa est’—was cut off.
“In the literal version of Arias Montanus it is translated ‘decisa
est’—was cut off; in the marginal reading, which is grammatically
correct, it is rendered by the plural ‘decisæ sunt’—were cut off.
 “In the Latin version of Junius and Tremellius, nechtak is
rendered ‘decisæ sunt.’—were cut off.
“Again: in Theodotion’s Greek version of Daniel (which is the
version used in the Vatican copy of the Septuagint as being the
most faithful), it is rendered by συνετμἡθησαν—were cut off; and
in the Venetian copy by τετμήνται—have been cut. The idea of
cutting off is pursued in the Vulgate, where the phrase is
‘abbreviatæ sunt,’ have been shortened.
“Thus Chaldaic and Rabbinical authority, and that of the earliest
versions,—the Septuagint and Vulgate,—give the single
signification of cutting off to this verb.”

[22] Dowling’s Reply to Miller.

[23] It will be evident to the reader that Mr. Miller held the
doctrine of endless misery in a local hell at the time he gave this
discourse. In fact, there is no evidence that he changed his views
on the immortality question to the time of his death. His writings
and his labors give evidence that his mind was not called to the
investigation of the subject, it being fully occupied with the great
second advent question. The discussion of the immortality theme
among the Adventists seems to have been left to younger men at
a later period.
j. w.

[24] From personal acquaintance with Mr. Miller, and a

thorough knowledge of his teachings, we are happy to state that
during his entire public life he had no sympathy whatever with
those teachings and influences which lead to fanaticism; and that
his broad and liberal feelings of Christian fellowship are expressed
in the following address.
j. w.

[25] While it may now appear very evident that the stand taken
by Mr. Miller, relative to the character, and the final results, of the
fanaticism of which he speaks, was a proper and right one, it is
not so clear that he disposed of the question of the gifts and
manifestations of the Spirit of God, in harmony with the general
scope of Scripture testimony upon the subject. The reader will
observe that he does not produce the proof, in his accustomed
style of proving his points, that the great commission, with its
duties, and its blessings, was given to the ministry for only a
limited portion of the Christian age. Mr. Miller, Mr. Himes, and
other leading Adventists, failed to show the time when, and by
whom, the gifts were removed from the church of God. This gave
the fanatics great advantage; and as they maintained the
scriptural position upon the perpetuity of spiritual gifts they
gained very large numbers to their ranks. The false positions of
those who opposed them added fuel to the flame of fanaticism
already kindled, and resulted in the breaking up of the once
united and happy body of believers.
Seventh-day Adventists have held the scriptural position upon
the perpetuity of the gifts from their first existence. They have
taken heed to the admonition of Paul to “Despise not
prophesyings;” but to “Prove all things;” and “Hold fast that
which is good.” 2 Thess. 5:20, 21. They have with their Bibles in
their hands applied the rule of John by which to test the spirits.
“Believe not every spirit; but try the spirits, whether they are of
God.” 1 John 4:1. With this position those who have held it have
been prepared to meet every form of fanaticism that has sought a
place among us, and now our people are reaping the good fruits
of their patient, firm, and energetic efforts upon this point, in the
unparalleled union and order throughout the ranks. We would not
encourage a disposition to blame those who acted according to
the best light they had under the pressure of the trials of the
past; but we here express our solemn conviction that very much
of the past fanaticism and confusion among the Adventists who
could not adopt an unscriptural position, is chargeable to those
leaders who took a false position relative to the perpetuity of
spiritual gifts.
j. w.

[26] “1. The ark rested on the seventh month, seventeenth

day. This has an appearance of a type, the rest of the gospel ark
at the judgment. Gen. 8:4.
“2. The sanctuary and worshipers, and all appertaining to it,
were cleansed on the seventh month, tenth to seventeenth day.
Lev. 16:29-34. Surely this is a type.
“3. The Israelites of God were to afflict their souls, from the
evening of the ninth to the evening of the tenth day, seventh
month. Lev. 23:27-32, a type of the troubles, Dan. 12:1.
“4. The holy convocation of all Israel, seventh month, 1-15th
day, Lev. 23:24; Num. 29:1. Is not this a type of the gathering of
the elect? Ps. 81:3, 4; 98:6-9.
 “5. The great feast, seventh month, fifteenth day, all Israel
appeared before the Lord. Lev. 23:34; 1 Kings 8:2. Type of the
marriage supper. Heb. 9:9, 10.
“6. The jubilee trump sounded, seventh month, tenth day,
throughout all the land. Lev. 25:9, 10. Type of final redemption. 1
Thess. 4:14-17.
“7. The time of release of all Hebrews in bondage, seventh
month, fifteenth day. Deut. 15:1-15; 31:10, 11; Jer. 34:8-14, at
the feast of the tabernacles. This evidently is typical of the
release of the Israel of God.
“8. The atonement was made on the tenth day of the seventh
month, and is certainly typical of the atonement Christ is now
making for us. Lev. 16:1-34, antitype. Heb. 9:1-28.
“9. When the high priest came out of the holy of holies after
making the atonement, he blessed the people. Lev. 9:22, 23; 2
Sam. 6:18. So will our great High Priest. Heb. 9:28. This was on
the seventh month, tenth day.
“10. This was in harvest time, the feast of harvest was kept in
the seventh month, from the tenth day to the seventeenth. Lev.
23:10. And the end of the world is compared to the harvest. Matt.
13:30. Christ says plain in “harvest time.”
“11. Also in the feast of tabernacles, in the great day of the
feast in the last day. John 7:2, 37. So in the last great day, Jesus’
voice will call forth the righteous dead. John 5:28, 29; 1 Thess.
4:16.”— Wm. Miller in Sings of the Times for May 17, 1843.
[27] Here Mr. Miller expresses the views and feelings of the
Adventists generally for a time after the disappointment in
October, 1844. Many of the leading men in the movement soon
became impatient, and backed out of this position by rashly
condemning the time movements of 1843 and 1844 as the result
of error, and they took the majority of believers with them. This
division left those who took good heed to the godly exhortations
of Mr. Miller exposed to great trials and the ravages of fanaticism.
God had the great sanctuary question in reserve for the
Adventists, which, in connection with the three messages of Rev.
14, if they had waited patiently in the position where his word
and providence had brought them, would have explained the
past, given certainty to the then present, and would have opened
before them the future work of the third message.
 j. w.

[28] From this communication, the reader will be able to gather

much relative to the trials of the time when it was written. Mr.
Miller had not the true light upon the sanctuary question,
consequently held that the 2300 and 1335 days reached to the
second coming of Christ. But at the same time, his convictions
were so very strong that the hand of God had been in the distinct
movements of 1843 and 1844, that leading Adventists could not
influence him to reject the work of God in his past deep
experience. This communication called out a reply nearly twice its
length from the editors of the Herald. He respected and loved
these his fellow-laborers; and any statement that he was not
influenced by them to a greater or less extent would be
unreasonable. And although at a later period he did enter the
lecturing field, he held firmly, to the day of his death, that he was
fully justified in preaching the time.
j. w.

[29] The leading object in giving matter of this kind from the
pen of Mr. Miller is to let the Christian character and tender spirit
of the man appear, whom God had raised up to do a great work.
He had been a brave soldier in the service of his country, and had
fearlessly stood in defense of unpopular truth, and had dared to
meet opposition, scoffs, and even scandal, from the popular
churches. But now, under the most trying circumstances, we see
the aged Christian warrior, clothed with humility as with a
garment, and his spirit all softened and sweetened by divine
grace, tenderly entreating his brethren to be patient, gentle, true,
and kind.
j. w.

[30] 2 Pet. 3:7, 10, 13.

[31] Dan. 7:27.
[32] Heb. 9:28.
[33] Acts 1:9, 11.
[34] Matt. 2:1.
[35] Matt. 1:18.
[36] Matt. 1:25.
[37] Matt. 11:5.
 [38] 1 Pet. 3:18.
[39] Luke 23:46.
[40] Luke 23:53.
[41] 1 Cor. 15:4.
[42] Luke 24:51.
[43] Acts 3:21.
[44] 1 Thess. 4:16, 17; 1 Cor. 15:52.
[45] 2 Thess. 1:7, 8.
[46] 2 Tim. 4:1.
[47] Matt. 24:33.
[48] Dan. 7:25; 8:14; 9:24; 12:7, 11, 12; Rev. 9:10, 15; 11:2,
3; 12:6, 14; 13:5.
[49] Dan. 2d, 7th, 8th, 9th, 11th, and 12th chaps.; Rev. 9th,
11th, 12th, 13th, 14th and 17th chaps.
[50] Matt. 24:29; Luke 21:25, 26.
[51] Luke 21:28; 1 Thess. 4:18.
[52] 2 Cor. 5:11.
[53] Luke 13:24, 25.
[54] Acts 20:21; Mark 1:15.
[55] Titus 2:11-13.
[56] John 5:28, 29.
[57] Acts 24:15.
[58] 1 Cor. 15:23.
[59] Rev. 20:5.
[60] 1 Cor. 15:51, 52.
[61] Rev. 20:2-7.
[62] Isa. 11; 35:1, 2, 5-10; 65:17-25.
[63] Rom. 4:13.
[64] Rom. 9:6.
[65] Rom. 10:12.
[66] Eph. 2:14, 15.
 [67] Rom. 2:6.
[68] Gal. 3:29.
[69] Eze. 37:12; Heb. 11:12, 13; Rom. 11:17; John 5:28, 29.
[70] Matt. 24:14.
[71] Dan. 7:21, 22.
[72] Matt. 13:37-43.
[73] 2 Thess. 2:8.
[74] Rev. 5:9, 10; 21:24.
[75] Matt. 28:19, 20.
[76] Rev. 14:7.
[77] Acts 3:19, 20.
[78] Dan. 12:13; Rev. 6:9-11; Rom. 8:22, 23.
[79] Heb. 11:40.
[80] 1 Pet. 1:4, 5.
[81] 2 Tim. 4:8.
[82] Ps. 17:15.
[83] Matt. 25:34.
[84] Luke 20:36.
[85] The great sin of this time evidently was the disposition of
the leading men in the cause to draw back from the clear
position, powerful work, and deep experience, of the time
movement. They were disappointed and greatly embarrassed.
And, instead of patiently waiting for God to open to their minds
the great sanctuary question in his own good time, they
impatiently and rashly cast away their confidence in the work of
God, and abandoned themselves to the fearful work described in
the following prophetic exhortation of Paul: “Cast not away
therefore your confidence, which hath great recompense of
reward. For ye have need of patience, that, after ye have done
the will of God, ye might receive the promise. For yet a little
while, and he that shall come will come, and will not tarry. Now
the just shall live by faith; but if any man draw back, my soul
shall have no pleasure in him. But we are not of them who draw
back unto perdition; but of them that believe to the saving of the
soul.” Heb. 10:35-39.
 The application of this exhortation is so very natural and
forcible that it will hardly be called in question. It was a fearful
time. Satan was in a most powerful manner attaching the fancies
and extravagances of fanaticism to the only true and correct
position. This made the gulf between the two parties still wider.
Both in their extreme positions hurt each other. The course of
those who were drawing back filled the other with terror, while
their extremes in turn confirmed the more prudent that to draw
back was the only safe position.
In such a position, with God’s frown upon them, he could not
bless their associated efforts at the Albany Conference to rise
above existing elements of confusion, and shake off the reproach
that was being brought upon the second advent cause.
Associated action, upon proper ground, has been right in all
periods of the Christian church; but that work at the Albany
Conference proved itself not of God, in that it has, in the main,
come to nought. The present condition of the surviving leaders in
that compact to facilitate a grand march into Egypt, and who
drew Mr. Miller in a degree into their confederacy, is indeed
deplorable. But that faithful man of God, with the weight of years,
and the feebleness of the terrible strain of labors upon him, could
not be induced to deny the hand of God in the advent movement,
to which he had confidingly devoted all.
j. w.

[86] With Mr. Miller, there were very many who deplored the
spirit in which the Babylon question was handled by rash spirits,
and a very few, including Mr. Miller, never accepted the view that
the term applied to all corrupted Christianity, Protestant as well as
Papal. But we do not regard the error of these a tithe as injurious
to the cause of truth and religion as the conduct of selfish and
rash ones who held the truth in unrighteousness.
j. w.

[87] The reader may now understand the real position of the
man whom God had led in the great movement which occurred in
fulfillment of the first message of Rev. 14. We believe that the
third message, now being proclaimed, and the preparatory work
for the coming of the Son of man now in progress with those who
embrace it, is by the direct providence of God, in fulfillment of
certain portions of his word. And this position makes the
conclusions that the first and second messages of the same series
were given under the same providence, and that God raised up
William Miller to bring out the great truths of the first message,
appear very reasonable. Hence we are the more willing to let him
speak for himself, that the candid reader may correctly view this
representative and providential servant of Jesus Christ, whose
name is associated in the public mind with Adventism
everywhere.
But few public men “grow old gracefully.” Mr. Miller entered
upon his public labors as a lecturer upon the prophecies in the
strength of manhood, after acquiring habits of self-reliance,
firmness, and undaunted courage, as an army and civil officer.
And this stamp of character, sanctified by the grace of God,
constituted one of the important qualifications necessary to meet
the different forms of determined opposition and persecution
which he met. And then, after nerving himself to the battle for
thirteen years, forming the strongest combative habits at that
period of his life when he was about sixty years of age, when
strong men’s habits generally become very strongly established,
to see him calmly and gently laying off the armor, and under his
bitter disappointment, to witness his resignation to the will of
God, and his affectionate appeals and warnings to his younger
brethren to be holy men of God, ready for the coming of the Son
of man, carries the strongest conviction to candid minds that God
had raised him up to do the very work which he did do. As he
thus laid his armor off, he said to his brethren that his work was
done. In this we can see the hand of God. He had spent the
strength of his ripe manhood in giving the first message. His
burden fell off, which he interpreted, for a short time, to mean
that the work of warning sinners was done. But the great work of
the third message was then in the future, and had God designed
to use him in giving it, he would have given him a new lease of
life, and opened the subject to his mind. But he did not see this
work nor feel its importance; and why should he? He had done
his work faithfully and well, and was soon to sleep in Jesus.
It is proper here to state that Mr. Miller did not view the second
message as we do. Neither did he change his views upon the
immortality and Sabbath questions. Having finished his mission in
giving the first message, and having reached the point in respect
to age and debility, from his extremely arduous labors as a
lecturer for thirteen years, with no periods of cessation, only
when compelled by sickness, the candid reader can see the love
and wisdom of God in not impressing his mind with those
subjects which he could not investigate and vindicate before the
people.
Having done, and well done, the great work given him to do,
the probation of public labor with him successfully past according
to the will of God, he could say in the language of Paul, “I have
fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the
faith; henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness,
which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day;
and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his
appearing.” 2 Tim. 4:7, 8.
It is just what might be expected, that those who
understandingly embrace the principles of the third message,
would first inquire relative to the second and first messages, and
would feel the deepest interest in the man whom God raised up
to lead off in the opening work of giving the great threefold
warning to the world.
Those who have been continually publishing a new time upon
the heels of a failure, have been, not only disgusting the public,
but, at each effort, have been virtually condemning the position
of Mr. Miller on the time question, and losing regard for his
valuable labors. These can have but little, if any, interest in his life
and views.
And on the other hand, those who stood with him on the time
question in 1844, and have confessed to the world that they were
in error, and have given up their past second-advent experience,
virtually condemn his position and work, and can take,
comparatively, but little interest in the history of his life, views,
and labors. Both of these classes have departed from the position
of Mr. Miller, and have denied, or, at least, hold very lightly their
past second-advent experience, and have left the field to
Seventh-day Adventists, who stand upon the “original advent
faith.” And while occupying the position we do relative to the past
movement, the public have reason to expect that, while we hold
that Mr. Miller moved in the providence of God in his work, we
should publish the facts as they existed in his life, views, and
labors, in explanation and defense, so far as such facts constitute
a defense, of our position.
We still love the advent name, and hold it very dear. And while
we hold the name, consistency would lead us to cherish and also
hold dear the very means that made us Adventists. To still hold
the advent name, and turn round and curse, or deny, or even
hold lightly, the means God employed to make us what we are,
seems the very climax of inconsistency. When Seventh-day
Adventists can no longer honor the great second-advent
movement, but feel called upon to confess to the world that the
pioneers of the cause were mistaken on the very calculation that
shook the world, and which resulted in making Adventists a
separate people, then they will drop “Adventists” from their
denominational name, and pass for simply Sabbatarian Christians.
j. w.

[88] God in his providence is justifying the preaching of time by

the light of the heavenly sanctuary, in connection with the third
angel’s message.
j. w.

[89] Mr. Bliss, Mr. Miller’s biographer, served a party who held
the popular views of consciousness in death. This is also true of
Eld. Himes, who professed faith in the same views of man in
death at that time. This accounts for the decided efforts of both
these friends of Mr. Miller to use his last experience on the side of
natural immortality. It is proper, however, here to state that Eld.
Himes, when differently related to the Advent people, was
suddenly and unexpectedly found on the other side of the
immortality question, and has since given his pen and voice in
support of unconsciousness in death and immortality alone
through Christ. The effort to use the honest convictions of this
aged and wornout pilgrim before and at his last sickness on the
side of popular error shows a want of plain Bible testimony to
sustain a sinking cause.
The state between the cessation of the mortal life and the
resurrection to immortal life being unconsciousness, hence no
apparent lapse of time do those who sleep in Jesus, it seems
most reasonable that the Holy Spirit should impress the dying
Christian with the scenes of glory which he is next to witness at
the resurrection of the just, whether the time of that resurrection
to consciousness be near or distant. And how very natural for
those who die in the faith of consciousness in death to suppose
that they immediately enter upon the glories of the heavenly
world.
j. w.
 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Articles of belief, pp. 59-64

Address to believers in the advent near, 173-176
Admissions of a lawyer, 155
Address to Christians of all denominations, 272-277
Address concerning the disappointment, 282
An illustration of the Advent message, 304
Address to believers, after the passing of the time, 320-334
Answer to letter of N. N. Whiting on the subject of the “shut
door”, 335-338
Albany Conference—Declaration of principles, 344-350
Albany Conference—Miller’s address, 350-355
Associated action, 347
Apology and defense, 359-362
Address to the public, 381-385

Boston Investigator, letter in, 101

Boston Post, letter in, 162

Conversion, 43, 357

Conviction of duty to preach, 65, 72
Correspondence on his views, 68
Calls for labor in many places, 102
Christian Secretary, 159
Christian Reflector, account of labor in, 191
Camp-meeting, East Kingston, N. H., 162
Exeter, N. H., 248
Plainfield, Ct., 254
Conference address, 249
Counsel to believers, 315-319
Conference at Albany, 343
Conference letter to his family, 407-408

Deistical Sentiments, 25-32

Difficulties in his study, 66, 67
Death of his mother—his impression, 105-107
Dr. Dowling, 190, 195, 200, 204, 205, 206, 211, 213
Dr. Chase, 190, 192, 193, 195
Dr. Jarvis, 190, 193, 196, 199, 205, 211, 215
Dr. Hamilton, 190, 193, 204, 205
Disappointment of seventh month movement, 300
Definiteness of prophetic time, 362
Death and funeral, 405-407

Early life, 13-18

Early Christian life, 64-66
Eld. Hendryx’ first acquaintance with Miller, 73
Eld. T. Cole, Lowell, his disappointment, &c., 122
Eld. Himes’ first acquaintance, 127